Merge branch 'bw/rebase-autostash-keep-current-branch'

"git rebase --autostash <upstream> <branch>", when <branch> is
different from the current branch, incorrectly moved the tip of the
current branch, which has been corrected.

* bw/rebase-autostash-keep-current-branch:
  builtin/rebase.c: Remove pointless message
  builtin/rebase.c: make sure the active branch isn't moved when autostashing
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 521d8f4..fc445ed 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -231,7 +231,6 @@
 *.ipdb
 *.dll
 .vs/
-*.manifest
 Debug/
 Release/
 /UpgradeLog*.htm
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.24.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.24.0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff48d85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.24.0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+Git 2.24 Release Notes
+======================
+
+Updates since v2.23
+-------------------
+
+Backward compatibility note
+
+ * (no entry yet so far)
+
+
+UI, Workflows & Features
+
+ * We now have an active interim maintainer for the Git-Gui part of
+   the system.  Praise and thank Pratyush Yadav for volunteering.
+
+ * The command line parser learned "--end-of-options" notation; the
+   standard convention for scripters to have hardcoded set of options
+   first on the command line, and force the command to treat end-user
+   input as non-options, has been to use "--" as the delimiter, but
+   that would not work for commands that use "--" as a delimiter
+   between revs and pathspec.
+
+ * A mechanism to affect the default setting for a (related) group of
+   configuration variables is introduced.
+
+ * "git fetch" learned "--set-upstream" option to help those who first
+   clone from their private fork they intend to push to, add the true
+   upstream via "git remote add" and then "git fetch" from it.
+
+ * Device-tree files learned their own userdiff patterns.
+   (merge 3c81760bc6 sb/userdiff-dts later to maint).
+
+ * "git rebase --rebase-merges" learned to drive different merge
+   strategies and pass strategy specific options to them.
+
+ * A new "pre-merge-commit" hook has been introduced.
+
+ * Command line completion updates for "git -c var.name=val" have been
+   added.
+
+ * The lazy clone machinery has been taught that there can be more
+   than one promisor remote and consult them in order when downloading
+   missing objects on demand.
+
+ * The list-objects-filter API (used to create a sparse/lazy clone)
+   learned to take a combined filter specification.
+
+
+Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc.
+
+ * The code to write commit-graph over given commit object names has
+   been made a bit more robust.
+
+ * The first line of verbose output from each test piece now carries
+   the test name and number to help scanning with eyeballs.
+
+ * Further clean-up of the initialization code.
+
+ * xmalloc() used to have a mechanism to ditch memory and address
+   space resources as the last resort upon seeing an allocation
+   failure from the underlying malloc(), which made the code complex
+   and thread-unsafe with dubious benefit, as major memory resource
+   users already do limit their uses with various other mechanisms.
+   It has been simplified away.
+
+ * Unnecessary full-tree diff in "git log -L" machinery has been
+   optimized away.
+
+ * The http transport lacked some optimization the native transports
+   learned to avoid unnecessary ref advertisement, which has been
+   corrected.
+
+
+Fixes since v2.23
+-----------------
+
+ * "git grep --recurse-submodules" that looks at the working tree
+   files looked at the contents in the index in submodules, instead of
+   files in the working tree.
+   (merge 6a289d45c0 mt/grep-submodules-working-tree later to maint).
+
+ * Codepaths to walk tree objects have been audited for integer
+   overflows and hardened.
+   (merge 5aa02f9868 jk/tree-walk-overflow later to maint).
+
+ * "git pack-refs" can lose refs that are created while running, which
+   is getting corrected.
+   (merge a613d4f817 sc/pack-refs-deletion-racefix later to maint).
+
+ * "git checkout" and "git restore" to re-populate the index from a
+   tree-ish (typically HEAD) did not work correctly for a path that
+   was removed and then added again with the intent-to-add bit, when
+   the corresponding working tree file was empty.  This has been
+   corrected.
+
+ * Compilation fix.
+   (merge 70597e8386 rs/nedalloc-fixlets later to maint).
+
+ * "git gui" learned to call the clean-up procedure before exiting.
+   (merge 0d88f3d2c5 py/git-gui-do-quit later to maint).
+
+ * We promoted the "indent heuristics" that decides where to split
+   diff hunks from experimental to the default a few years ago, but
+   some stale documentation still marked it as experimental, which has
+   been corrected.
+   (merge 64e5e1fba1 sg/diff-indent-heuristic-non-experimental later to maint).
+
+ * Fix a mismerge that happened in 2.22 timeframe.
+   (merge acb7da05ac en/checkout-mismerge-fix later to maint).
+
+ * "git archive" recorded incorrect length in extended pax header in
+   some corner cases, which has been corrected.
+   (merge 71d41ff651 rs/pax-extended-header-length-fix later to maint).
+
+ * On-demand object fetching in lazy clone incorrectly tried to fetch
+   commits from submodule projects, while still working in the
+   superproject, which has been corrected.
+   (merge a63694f523 jt/diff-lazy-fetch-submodule-fix later to maint).
+
+ * Prepare get_short_oid() codepath to be thread-safe.
+   (merge 7cfcb16b0e rs/sort-oid-array-thread-safe later to maint).
+
+ * "for-each-ref" and friends that show refs did not protect themselves
+   against ancient tags that did not record tagger names when asked to
+   show "%(taggername)", which have been corrected.
+   (merge 8b3f33ef11 mp/for-each-ref-missing-name-or-email later to maint).
+
+ * The "git am" based backend of "git rebase" ignored the result of
+   updating ".gitattributes" done in one step when replaying
+   subsequent steps.
+   (merge 2c65d90f75 bc/reread-attributes-during-rebase later to maint).
+
+ * Tell cURL library to use the same malloc() implementation, with the
+   xmalloc() wrapper, as the rest of the system, for consistency.
+   (merge 93b980e58f cb/curl-use-xmalloc later to maint).
+
+ * Other code cleanup, docfix, build fix, etc.
+   (merge d1387d3895 en/fast-import-merge-doc later to maint).
+   (merge 1c24a54ea4 bm/repository-layout-typofix later to maint).
+   (merge 415b770b88 ds/midx-expire-repack later to maint).
+   (merge 19800bdc3f nd/diff-parseopt later to maint).
+   (merge 58166c2e9d tg/t0021-racefix later to maint).
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.1.txt
index 6553d69..6323fea 100644
--- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.1.txt
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.7.1.txt
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
    setting GIT_WORK_TREE environment themselves.
 
  * The "exclude_list" structure has the usual "alloc, nr" pair of
-   fields to be used by ALLOC_GROW(), but clear_exclude_list() forgot
+   fields to be used by ALLOC_GROW(), but clear_pattern_list() forgot
    to reset 'alloc' to 0 when it cleared 'nr' to discard the managed
    array.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.0.txt
index 2507971..5fbe1b8 100644
--- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.0.txt
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.8.0.txt
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@
    setting GIT_WORK_TREE environment themselves.
 
  * The "exclude_list" structure has the usual "alloc, nr" pair of
-   fields to be used by ALLOC_GROW(), but clear_exclude_list() forgot
+   fields to be used by ALLOC_GROW(), but clear_pattern_list() forgot
    to reset 'alloc' to 0 when it cleared 'nr' to discard the managed
    array.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/config.txt b/Documentation/config.txt
index e3f5bc3..77f3b14 100644
--- a/Documentation/config.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config.txt
@@ -345,6 +345,8 @@
 
 include::config/fastimport.txt[]
 
+include::config/feature.txt[]
+
 include::config/fetch.txt[]
 
 include::config/format.txt[]
diff --git a/Documentation/config/core.txt b/Documentation/config/core.txt
index 75538d2..852d2ba 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/core.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/core.txt
@@ -86,7 +86,9 @@
 	it will automatically be removed, if set to `false`. Before
 	setting it to `true`, you should check that mtime is working
 	properly on your system.
-	See linkgit:git-update-index[1]. `keep` by default.
+	See linkgit:git-update-index[1]. `keep` by default, unless
+	`feature.manyFiles` is enabled which sets this setting to
+	`true` by default.
 
 core.checkStat::
 	When missing or is set to `default`, many fields in the stat
@@ -577,7 +579,7 @@
 
 core.commitGraph::
 	If true, then git will read the commit-graph file (if it exists)
-	to parse the graph structure of commits. Defaults to false. See
+	to parse the graph structure of commits. Defaults to true. See
 	linkgit:git-commit-graph[1] for more information.
 
 core.useReplaceRefs::
diff --git a/Documentation/config/diff.txt b/Documentation/config/diff.txt
index 5afb5a2..ff09f1c 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/diff.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/diff.txt
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@
 include::../mergetools-diff.txt[]
 
 diff.indentHeuristic::
-	Set this option to `true` to enable experimental heuristics
+	Set this option to `false` to disable the default heuristics
 	that shift diff hunk boundaries to make patches easier to read.
 
 diff.algorithm::
diff --git a/Documentation/config/feature.txt b/Documentation/config/feature.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..545522f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/config/feature.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+feature.*::
+	The config settings that start with `feature.` modify the defaults of
+	a group of other config settings. These groups are created by the Git
+	developer community as recommended defaults and are subject to change.
+	In particular, new config options may be added with different defaults.
+
+feature.experimental::
+	Enable config options that are new to Git, and are being considered for
+	future defaults. Config settings included here may be added or removed
+	with each release, including minor version updates. These settings may
+	have unintended interactions since they are so new. Please enable this
+	setting if you are interested in providing feedback on experimental
+	features. The new default values are:
++
+* `pack.useSparse=true` uses a new algorithm when constructing a pack-file
+which can improve `git push` performance in repos with many files.
++
+* `fetch.negotiationAlgorithm=skipping` may improve fetch negotiation times by
+skipping more commits at a time, reducing the number of round trips.
+
+feature.manyFiles::
+	Enable config options that optimize for repos with many files in the
+	working directory. With many files, commands such as `git status` and
+	`git checkout` may be slow and these new defaults improve performance:
++
+* `index.version=4` enables path-prefix compression in the index.
++
+* `core.untrackedCache=true` enables the untracked cache. This setting assumes
+that mtime is working on your machine.
diff --git a/Documentation/config/fetch.txt b/Documentation/config/fetch.txt
index ba890b5..d402110 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/fetch.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/fetch.txt
@@ -59,7 +59,8 @@
 	effort to converge faster, but may result in a larger-than-necessary
 	packfile; The default is "default" which instructs Git to use the default algorithm
 	that never skips commits (unless the server has acknowledged it or one
-	of its descendants).
+	of its descendants). If `feature.experimental` is enabled, then this
+	setting defaults to "skipping".
 	Unknown values will cause 'git fetch' to error out.
 +
 See also the `--negotiation-tip` option for linkgit:git-fetch[1].
diff --git a/Documentation/config/format.txt b/Documentation/config/format.txt
index 414a5a8..cb629fa 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/format.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/format.txt
@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@
 	A boolean that controls whether to generate a cover-letter when
 	format-patch is invoked, but in addition can be set to "auto", to
 	generate a cover-letter only when there's more than one patch.
+	Default is false.
 
 format.outputDirectory::
 	Set a custom directory to store the resulting files instead of the
diff --git a/Documentation/config/gc.txt b/Documentation/config/gc.txt
index 02b92b1..00ea0a6 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/gc.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/gc.txt
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
 	If true, then gc will rewrite the commit-graph file when
 	linkgit:git-gc[1] is run. When using `git gc --auto`
 	the commit-graph will be updated if housekeeping is
-	required. Default is false. See linkgit:git-commit-graph[1]
+	required. Default is true. See linkgit:git-commit-graph[1]
 	for details.
 
 gc.logExpiry::
diff --git a/Documentation/config/index.txt b/Documentation/config/index.txt
index f181503..7cb50b3 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/index.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/index.txt
@@ -24,3 +24,4 @@
 index.version::
 	Specify the version with which new index files should be
 	initialized.  This does not affect existing repositories.
+	If `feature.manyFiles` is enabled, then the default is 4.
diff --git a/Documentation/config/pack.txt b/Documentation/config/pack.txt
index 9cdcfa7..1d66f0c 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/pack.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/pack.txt
@@ -112,7 +112,8 @@
 	objects. This can have significant performance benefits when
 	computing a pack to send a small change. However, it is possible
 	that extra objects are added to the pack-file if the included
-	commits contain certain types of direct renames.
+	commits contain certain types of direct renames. Default is `false`
+	unless `feature.experimental` is enabled.
 
 pack.writeBitmaps (deprecated)::
 	This is a deprecated synonym for `repack.writeBitmaps`.
diff --git a/Documentation/config/remote.txt b/Documentation/config/remote.txt
index 6c4cad8..a8e6437 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/remote.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/remote.txt
@@ -76,3 +76,11 @@
 +
 See also `remote.<name>.prune` and the PRUNING section of
 linkgit:git-fetch[1].
+
+remote.<name>.promisor::
+	When set to true, this remote will be used to fetch promisor
+	objects.
+
+remote.<name>.partialclonefilter::
+	The filter that will be applied when fetching from this
+	promisor remote.
diff --git a/Documentation/fetch-options.txt b/Documentation/fetch-options.txt
index 3c9b4f9..99df1f3 100644
--- a/Documentation/fetch-options.txt
+++ b/Documentation/fetch-options.txt
@@ -169,6 +169,13 @@
 	Disable recursive fetching of submodules (this has the same effect as
 	using the `--recurse-submodules=no` option).
 
+--set-upstream::
+	If the remote is fetched successfully, pull and add upstream
+	(tracking) reference, used by argument-less
+	linkgit:git-pull[1] and other commands. For more information,
+	see `branch.<name>.merge` and `branch.<name>.remote` in
+	linkgit:git-config[1].
+
 --submodule-prefix=<path>::
 	Prepend <path> to paths printed in informative messages
 	such as "Fetching submodule foo".  This option is used
diff --git a/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt b/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt
index cc940eb..784e934 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@
 into 'git fast-import'.
 
 You can use it as a human-readable bundle replacement (see
-linkgit:git-bundle[1]), or as a kind of an interactive
-'git filter-branch'.
-
+linkgit:git-bundle[1]), or as a format that can be edited before being
+fed to 'git fast-import' in order to do history rewrites (an ability
+relied on by tools like 'git filter-repo').
 
 OPTIONS
 -------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt b/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt
index fad327a..0bb2762 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@
 	('encoding' SP <encoding>)?
 	data
 	('from' SP <commit-ish> LF)?
-	('merge' SP <commit-ish> LF)?
+	('merge' SP <commit-ish> LF)*
 	(filemodify | filedelete | filecopy | filerename | filedeleteall | notemodify)*
 	LF?
 ....
diff --git a/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt
index 6b53dd7..5876598 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt
@@ -16,6 +16,19 @@
 	[--original <namespace>] [-d <directory>] [-f | --force]
 	[--state-branch <branch>] [--] [<rev-list options>...]
 
+WARNING
+-------
+'git filter-branch' has a plethora of pitfalls that can produce non-obvious
+manglings of the intended history rewrite (and can leave you with little
+time to investigate such problems since it has such abysmal performance).
+These safety and performance issues cannot be backward compatibly fixed and
+as such, its use is not recommended.  Please use an alternative history
+filtering tool such as https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo/[git
+filter-repo].  If you still need to use 'git filter-branch', please
+carefully read <<SAFETY>> (and <<PERFORMANCE>>) to learn about the land
+mines of filter-branch, and then vigilantly avoid as many of the hazards
+listed there as reasonably possible.
+
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
 Lets you rewrite Git revision history by rewriting the branches mentioned
@@ -445,36 +458,236 @@
   (or if your git-gc is not new enough to support arguments to
   `--prune`, use `git repack -ad; git prune` instead).
 
-NOTES
------
+[[PERFORMANCE]]
+PERFORMANCE
+-----------
 
-git-filter-branch allows you to make complex shell-scripted rewrites
-of your Git history, but you probably don't need this flexibility if
-you're simply _removing unwanted data_ like large files or passwords.
-For those operations you may want to consider
-http://rtyley.github.io/bfg-repo-cleaner/[The BFG Repo-Cleaner],
-a JVM-based alternative to git-filter-branch, typically at least
-10-50x faster for those use-cases, and with quite different
-characteristics:
+The performance of git-filter-branch is glacially slow; its design makes it
+impossible for a backward-compatible implementation to ever be fast:
 
-* Any particular version of a file is cleaned exactly _once_. The BFG,
-  unlike git-filter-branch, does not give you the opportunity to
-  handle a file differently based on where or when it was committed
-  within your history. This constraint gives the core performance
-  benefit of The BFG, and is well-suited to the task of cleansing bad
-  data - you don't care _where_ the bad data is, you just want it
-  _gone_.
+* In editing files, git-filter-branch by design checks out each and
+every commit as it existed in the original repo.  If your repo has 10\^5
+files and 10\^5 commits, but each commit only modifies 5 files, then
+git-filter-branch will make you do 10\^10 modifications, despite only
+having (at most) 5*10^5 unique blobs.
 
-* By default The BFG takes full advantage of multi-core machines,
-  cleansing commit file-trees in parallel. git-filter-branch cleans
-  commits sequentially (i.e. in a single-threaded manner), though it
-  _is_ possible to write filters that include their own parallelism,
-  in the scripts executed against each commit.
+* If you try and cheat and try to make git-filter-branch only work on
+files modified in a commit, then two things happen
 
-* The http://rtyley.github.io/bfg-repo-cleaner/#examples[command options]
-  are much more restrictive than git-filter branch, and dedicated just
-  to the tasks of removing unwanted data- e.g:
-  `--strip-blobs-bigger-than 1M`.
+  ** you run into problems with deletions whenever the user is simply
+     trying to rename files (because attempting to delete files that
+     don't exist looks like a no-op; it takes some chicanery to remap
+     deletes across file renames when the renames happen via arbitrary
+     user-provided shell)
+
+  ** even if you succeed at the map-deletes-for-renames chicanery, you
+     still technically violate backward compatibility because users are
+     allowed to filter files in ways that depend upon topology of
+     commits instead of filtering solely based on file contents or names
+     (though this has not been observed in the wild).
+
+* Even if you don't need to edit files but only want to e.g. rename or
+remove some and thus can avoid checking out each file (i.e. you can use
+--index-filter), you still are passing shell snippets for your filters.
+This means that for every commit, you have to have a prepared git repo
+where those filters can be run.  That's a significant setup.
+
+* Further, several additional files are created or updated per commit by
+git-filter-branch.  Some of these are for supporting the convenience
+functions provided by git-filter-branch (such as map()), while others
+are for keeping track of internal state (but could have also been
+accessed by user filters; one of git-filter-branch's regression tests
+does so).  This essentially amounts to using the filesystem as an IPC
+mechanism between git-filter-branch and the user-provided filters.
+Disks tend to be a slow IPC mechanism, and writing these files also
+effectively represents a forced synchronization point between separate
+processes that we hit with every commit.
+
+* The user-provided shell commands will likely involve a pipeline of
+commands, resulting in the creation of many processes per commit.
+Creating and running another process takes a widely varying amount of
+time between operating systems, but on any platform it is very slow
+relative to invoking a function.
+
+* git-filter-branch itself is written in shell, which is kind of slow.
+This is the one performance issue that could be backward-compatibly
+fixed, but compared to the above problems that are intrinsic to the
+design of git-filter-branch, the language of the tool itself is a
+relatively minor issue.
+
+  ** Side note: Unfortunately, people tend to fixate on the
+     written-in-shell aspect and periodically ask if git-filter-branch
+     could be rewritten in another language to fix the performance
+     issues.  Not only does that ignore the bigger intrinsic problems
+     with the design, it'd help less than you'd expect: if
+     git-filter-branch itself were not shell, then the convenience
+     functions (map(), skip_commit(), etc) and the `--setup` argument
+     could no longer be executed once at the beginning of the program
+     but would instead need to be prepended to every user filter (and
+     thus re-executed with every commit).
+
+The https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo/[git filter-repo] tool is
+an alternative to git-filter-branch which does not suffer from these
+performance problems or the safety problems (mentioned below). For those
+with existing tooling which relies upon git-filter-branch, 'git
+repo-filter' also provides
+https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo/blob/master/contrib/filter-repo-demos/filter-lamely[filter-lamely],
+a drop-in git-filter-branch replacement (with a few caveats).  While
+filter-lamely suffers from all the same safety issues as
+git-filter-branch, it at least ameloriates the performance issues a
+little.
+
+[[SAFETY]]
+SAFETY
+------
+
+git-filter-branch is riddled with gotchas resulting in various ways to
+easily corrupt repos or end up with a mess worse than what you started
+with:
+
+* Someone can have a set of "working and tested filters" which they
+document or provide to a coworker, who then runs them on a different OS
+where the same commands are not working/tested (some examples in the
+git-filter-branch manpage are also affected by this).  BSD vs. GNU
+userland differences can really bite.  If lucky, error messages are
+spewed.  But just as likely, the commands either don't do the filtering
+requested, or silently corrupt by making some unwanted change.  The
+unwanted change may only affect a few commits, so it's not necessarily
+obvious either.  (The fact that problems won't necessarily be obvious
+means they are likely to go unnoticed until the rewritten history is in
+use for quite a while, at which point it's really hard to justify
+another flag-day for another rewrite.)
+
+* Filenames with spaces are often mishandled by shell snippets since
+they cause problems for shell pipelines.  Not everyone is familiar with
+find -print0, xargs -0, git-ls-files -z, etc.  Even people who are
+familiar with these may assume such flags are not relevant because
+someone else renamed any such files in their repo back before the person
+doing the filtering joined the project.  And often, even those familiar
+with handling arguments with spaces may not do so just because they
+aren't in the mindset of thinking about everything that could possibly
+go wrong.
+
+* Non-ascii filenames can be silently removed despite being in a desired
+directory.  Keeping only wanted paths is often done using pipelines like
+`git ls-files | grep -v ^WANTED_DIR/ | xargs git rm`.  ls-files will
+only quote filenames if needed, so folks may not notice that one of the
+files didn't match the regex (at least not until it's much too late).
+Yes, someone who knows about core.quotePath can avoid this (unless they
+have other special characters like \t, \n, or "), and people who use
+ls-files -z with something other than grep can avoid this, but that
+doesn't mean they will.
+
+* Similarly, when moving files around, one can find that filenames with
+non-ascii or special characters end up in a different directory, one
+that includes a double quote character.  (This is technically the same
+issue as above with quoting, but perhaps an interesting different way
+that it can and has manifested as a problem.)
+
+* It's far too easy to accidentally mix up old and new history.  It's
+still possible with any tool, but git-filter-branch almost invites it.
+If lucky, the only downside is users getting frustrated that they don't
+know how to shrink their repo and remove the old stuff.  If unlucky,
+they merge old and new history and end up with multiple "copies" of each
+commit, some of which have unwanted or sensitive files and others which
+don't.  This comes about in multiple different ways:
+
+  ** the default to only doing a partial history rewrite ('--all' is not
+     the default and few examples show it)
+
+  ** the fact that there's no automatic post-run cleanup
+
+  ** the fact that --tag-name-filter (when used to rename tags) doesn't
+     remove the old tags but just adds new ones with the new name
+
+  ** the fact that little educational information is provided to inform
+     users of the ramifications of a rewrite and how to avoid mixing old
+     and new history.  For example, this man page discusses how users
+     need to understand that they need to rebase their changes for all
+     their branches on top of new history (or delete and reclone), but
+     that's only one of multiple concerns to consider.  See the
+     "DISCUSSION" section of the git filter-repo manual page for more
+     details.
+
+* Annotated tags can be accidentally converted to lightweight tags, due
+to either of two issues:
+
+  ** Someone can do a history rewrite, realize they messed up, restore
+     from the backups in refs/original/, and then redo their
+     git-filter-branch command.  (The backup in refs/original/ is not a
+     real backup; it dereferences tags first.)
+
+  ** Running git-filter-branch with either --tags or --all in your
+     <rev-list options>.  In order to retain annotated tags as
+     annotated, you must use --tag-name-filter (and must not have
+     restored from refs/original/ in a previously botched rewrite).
+
+* Any commit messages that specify an encoding will become corrupted
+by the rewrite; git-filter-branch ignores the encoding, takes the original
+bytes, and feeds it to commit-tree without telling it the proper
+encoding.  (This happens whether or not --msg-filter is used.)
+
+* Commit messages (even if they are all UTF-8) by default become
+corrupted due to not being updated -- any references to other commit
+hashes in commit messages will now refer to no-longer-extant commits.
+
+* There are no facilities for helping users find what unwanted crud they
+should delete, which means they are much more likely to have incomplete
+or partial cleanups that sometimes result in confusion and people
+wasting time trying to understand.  (For example, folks tend to just
+look for big files to delete instead of big directories or extensions,
+and once they do so, then sometime later folks using the new repository
+who are going through history will notice a build artifact directory
+that has some files but not others, or a cache of dependencies
+(node_modules or similar) which couldn't have ever been functional since
+it's missing some files.)
+
+* If --prune-empty isn't specified, then the filtering process can
+create hoards of confusing empty commits
+
+* If --prune-empty is specified, then intentionally placed empty
+commits from before the filtering operation are also pruned instead of
+just pruning commits that became empty due to filtering rules.
+
+* If --prune empty is specified, sometimes empty commits are missed
+and left around anyway (a somewhat rare bug, but it happens...)
+
+* A minor issue, but users who have a goal to update all names and
+emails in a repository may be led to --env-filter which will only update
+authors and committers, missing taggers.
+
+* If the user provides a --tag-name-filter that maps multiple tags to
+the same name, no warning or error is provided; git-filter-branch simply
+overwrites each tag in some undocumented pre-defined order resulting in
+only one tag at the end.  (A git-filter-branch regression test requires
+this surprising behavior.)
+
+Also, the poor performance of git-filter-branch often leads to safety
+issues:
+
+* Coming up with the correct shell snippet to do the filtering you want
+is sometimes difficult unless you're just doing a trivial modification
+such as deleting a couple files.  Unfortunately, people often learn if
+the snippet is right or wrong by trying it out, but the rightness or
+wrongness can vary depending on special circumstances (spaces in
+filenames, non-ascii filenames, funny author names or emails, invalid
+timezones, presence of grafts or replace objects, etc.), meaning they
+may have to wait a long time, hit an error, then restart.  The
+performance of git-filter-branch is so bad that this cycle is painful,
+reducing the time available to carefully re-check (to say nothing about
+what it does to the patience of the person doing the rewrite even if
+they do technically have more time available).  This problem is extra
+compounded because errors from broken filters may not be shown for a
+long time and/or get lost in a sea of output.  Even worse, broken
+filters often just result in silent incorrect rewrites.
+
+* To top it all off, even when users finally find working commands, they
+naturally want to share them.  But they may be unaware that their repo
+didn't have some special cases that someone else's does.  So, when
+someone else with a different repository runs the same commands, they
+get hit by the problems above.  Or, the user just runs commands that
+really were vetted for special cases, but they run it on a different OS
+where it doesn't work, as noted above.
 
 GIT
 ---
diff --git a/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt b/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt
index b9b97e6..0ac56f4 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@
 		   [--signature-file=<file>]
 		   [-n | --numbered | -N | --no-numbered]
 		   [--start-number <n>] [--numbered-files]
-		   [--in-reply-to=Message-Id] [--suffix=.<sfx>]
+		   [--in-reply-to=<message id>] [--suffix=.<sfx>]
 		   [--ignore-if-in-upstream]
-		   [--rfc] [--subject-prefix=Subject-Prefix]
+		   [--rfc] [--subject-prefix=<subject prefix>]
 		   [(--reroll-count|-v) <n>]
 		   [--to=<email>] [--cc=<email>]
 		   [--[no-]cover-letter] [--quiet]
@@ -159,9 +159,9 @@
 itself.  If you want `git format-patch` to take care of threading, you
 will want to ensure that threading is disabled for `git send-email`.
 
---in-reply-to=Message-Id::
+--in-reply-to=<message id>::
 	Make the first mail (or all the mails with `--no-thread`) appear as a
-	reply to the given Message-Id, which avoids breaking threads to
+	reply to the given <message id>, which avoids breaking threads to
 	provide a new patch series.
 
 --ignore-if-in-upstream::
@@ -171,9 +171,9 @@
 	patches being generated, and any patch that matches is
 	ignored.
 
---subject-prefix=<Subject-Prefix>::
+--subject-prefix=<subject prefix>::
 	Instead of the standard '[PATCH]' prefix in the subject
-	line, instead use '[<Subject-Prefix>]'. This
+	line, instead use '[<subject prefix>]'. This
 	allows for useful naming of a patch series, and can be
 	combined with the `--numbered` option.
 
@@ -314,7 +314,8 @@
 --base=<commit>::
 	Record the base tree information to identify the state the
 	patch series applies to.  See the BASE TREE INFORMATION section
-	below for details.
+	below for details. If <commit> is "auto", a base commit is
+	automatically chosen.
 
 --root::
 	Treat the revision argument as a <revision range>, even if it
@@ -330,8 +331,9 @@
 -------------
 You can specify extra mail header lines to be added to each message,
 defaults for the subject prefix and file suffix, number patches when
-outputting more than one patch, add "To" or "Cc:" headers, configure
-attachments, and sign off patches with configuration variables.
+outputting more than one patch, add "To:" or "Cc:" headers, configure
+attachments, change the patch output directory, and sign off patches
+with configuration variables.
 
 ------------
 [format]
@@ -343,7 +345,8 @@
 	cc = <email>
 	attach [ = mime-boundary-string ]
 	signOff = true
-	coverletter = auto
+	outputDirectory = <directory>
+	coverLetter = auto
 ------------
 
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-gc.txt b/Documentation/git-gc.txt
index 247f765..0c114ad 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-gc.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-gc.txt
@@ -115,15 +115,14 @@
 -----
 
 'git gc' tries very hard not to delete objects that are referenced
-anywhere in your repository. In
-particular, it will keep not only objects referenced by your current set
-of branches and tags, but also objects referenced by the index,
-remote-tracking branches, refs saved by 'git filter-branch' in
-refs/original/, reflogs (which may reference commits in branches
-that were later amended or rewound), and anything else in the refs/* namespace.
-If you are expecting some objects to be deleted and they aren't, check
-all of those locations and decide whether it makes sense in your case to
-remove those references.
+anywhere in your repository. In particular, it will keep not only
+objects referenced by your current set of branches and tags, but also
+objects referenced by the index, remote-tracking branches, notes saved
+by 'git notes' under refs/notes/, reflogs (which may reference commits
+in branches that were later amended or rewound), and anything else in
+the refs/* namespace.  If you are expecting some objects to be deleted
+and they aren't, check all of those locations and decide whether it
+makes sense in your case to remove those references.
 
 On the other hand, when 'git gc' runs concurrently with another process,
 there is a risk of it deleting an object that the other process is using
diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge.txt b/Documentation/git-merge.txt
index 01fd52d..092529c 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-merge.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-merge.txt
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 --------
 [verse]
 'git merge' [-n] [--stat] [--no-commit] [--squash] [--[no-]edit]
-	[-s <strategy>] [-X <strategy-option>] [-S[<keyid>]]
+	[--no-verify] [-s <strategy>] [-X <strategy-option>] [-S[<keyid>]]
 	[--[no-]allow-unrelated-histories]
 	[--[no-]rerere-autoupdate] [-m <msg>] [-F <file>] [<commit>...]
 'git merge' (--continue | --abort | --quit)
diff --git a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt
index 6156609..639a417 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [<options>] [--exec <cmd>] [--onto <newbase>]
-	[<upstream> [<branch>]]
+'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [<options>] [--exec <cmd>]
+	[--onto <newbase> | --keep-base] [<upstream> [<branch>]]
 'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [<options>] [--exec <cmd>] [--onto <newbase>]
 	--root [<branch>]
 'git rebase' (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit | --edit-todo | --show-current-patch)
@@ -217,6 +217,24 @@
 merge base of A and B if there is exactly one merge base. You can
 leave out at most one of A and B, in which case it defaults to HEAD.
 
+--keep-base::
+	Set the starting point at which to create the new commits to the
+	merge base of <upstream> <branch>. Running
+	'git rebase --keep-base <upstream> <branch>' is equivalent to
+	running 'git rebase --onto <upstream>... <upstream>'.
++
+This option is useful in the case where one is developing a feature on
+top of an upstream branch. While the feature is being worked on, the
+upstream branch may advance and it may not be the best idea to keep
+rebasing on top of the upstream but to keep the base commit as-is.
++
+Although both this option and --fork-point find the merge base between
+<upstream> and <branch>, this option uses the merge base as the _starting
+point_ on which new commits will be created, whereas --fork-point uses
+the merge base to determine the _set of commits_ which will be rebased.
++
+See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below.
+
 <upstream>::
 	Upstream branch to compare against.  May be any valid commit,
 	not just an existing branch name. Defaults to the configured
@@ -369,6 +387,10 @@
 +
 If either <upstream> or --root is given on the command line, then the
 default is `--no-fork-point`, otherwise the default is `--fork-point`.
++
+If your branch was based on <upstream> but <upstream> was rewound and
+your branch contains commits which were dropped, this option can be used
+with `--keep-base` in order to drop those commits from your branch.
 
 --ignore-whitespace::
 --whitespace=<option>::
@@ -543,8 +565,8 @@
  * --preserve-merges and --interactive
  * --preserve-merges and --signoff
  * --preserve-merges and --rebase-merges
- * --rebase-merges and --strategy
- * --rebase-merges and --strategy-option
+ * --keep-base and --onto
+ * --keep-base and --root
 
 BEHAVIORAL DIFFERENCES
 -----------------------
@@ -832,7 +854,8 @@
 	This happens if the 'subsystem' rebase had conflicts, or used
 	`--interactive` to omit, edit, squash, or fixup commits; or
 	if the upstream used one of `commit --amend`, `reset`, or
-	`filter-branch`.
+	a full history rewriting command like
+	https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo[`filter-repo`].
 
 
 The easy case
@@ -870,7 +893,7 @@
       --interactive` will be **resurrected**!
 
 The idea is to manually tell 'git rebase' "where the old 'subsystem'
-ended and your 'topic' began", that is, what the old merge-base
+ended and your 'topic' began", that is, what the old merge base
 between them was.  You will have to find a way to name the last commit
 of the old 'subsystem', for example:
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-replace.txt b/Documentation/git-replace.txt
index 246dc99..f271d75 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-replace.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-replace.txt
@@ -123,10 +123,10 @@
 CREATING REPLACEMENT OBJECTS
 ----------------------------
 
-linkgit:git-filter-branch[1], linkgit:git-hash-object[1] and
-linkgit:git-rebase[1], among other git commands, can be used to create
-replacement objects from existing objects. The `--edit` option can
-also be used with 'git replace' to create a replacement object by
+linkgit:git-hash-object[1], linkgit:git-rebase[1], and
+https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo[git-filter-repo], among other git commands, can be used to
+create replacement objects from existing objects. The `--edit` option
+can also be used with 'git replace' to create a replacement object by
 editing an existing object.
 
 If you want to replace many blobs, trees or commits that are part of a
@@ -148,13 +148,13 @@
 SEE ALSO
 --------
 linkgit:git-hash-object[1]
-linkgit:git-filter-branch[1]
 linkgit:git-rebase[1]
 linkgit:git-tag[1]
 linkgit:git-branch[1]
 linkgit:git-commit[1]
 linkgit:git-var[1]
 linkgit:git[1]
+https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo[git-filter-repo]
 
 GIT
 ---
diff --git a/Documentation/git-svn.txt b/Documentation/git-svn.txt
index 3071162..53774f5 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-svn.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-svn.txt
@@ -769,11 +769,11 @@
 +
 This option is NOT recommended as it makes it difficult to track down
 old references to SVN revision numbers in existing documentation, bug
-reports and archives.  If you plan to eventually migrate from SVN to Git
-and are certain about dropping SVN history, consider
-linkgit:git-filter-branch[1] instead.  filter-branch also allows
-reformatting of metadata for ease-of-reading and rewriting authorship
-info for non-"svn.authorsFile" users.
+reports, and archives.  If you plan to eventually migrate from SVN to
+Git and are certain about dropping SVN history, consider
+https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo[git-filter-repo] instead.
+filter-repo also allows reformatting of metadata for ease-of-reading
+and rewriting authorship info for non-"svn.authorsFile" users.
 
 svn.useSvmProps::
 svn-remote.<name>.useSvmProps::
diff --git a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt
index fb1d188..c5a528c 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt
@@ -810,6 +810,8 @@
 
 - `css` suitable for cascading style sheets.
 
+- `dts` suitable for devicetree (DTS) files.
+
 - `fortran` suitable for source code in the Fortran language.
 
 - `fountain` suitable for Fountain documents.
diff --git a/Documentation/gitcli.txt b/Documentation/gitcli.txt
index 1ed3ca3..4b32876 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitcli.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitcli.txt
@@ -37,6 +37,12 @@
    file called HEAD in your work tree, `git diff HEAD` is ambiguous, and
    you have to say either `git diff HEAD --` or `git diff -- HEAD` to
    disambiguate.
+
+ * Because `--` disambiguates revisions and paths in some commands, it
+   cannot be used for those commands to separate options and revisions.
+   You can use `--end-of-options` for this (it also works for commands
+   that do not distinguish between revisions in paths, in which case it
+   is simply an alias for `--`).
 +
 When writing a script that is expected to handle random user-input, it is
 a good practice to make it explicit which arguments are which by placing
diff --git a/Documentation/githooks.txt b/Documentation/githooks.txt
index 82cd573..50365f2 100644
--- a/Documentation/githooks.txt
+++ b/Documentation/githooks.txt
@@ -103,6 +103,28 @@
 `hooks.allownonascii` config option unset or set to false--prevents
 the use of non-ASCII filenames.
 
+pre-merge-commit
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This hook is invoked by linkgit:git-merge[1], and can be bypassed
+with the `--no-verify` option.  It takes no parameters, and is
+invoked after the merge has been carried out successfully and before
+obtaining the proposed commit log message to
+make a commit.  Exiting with a non-zero status from this script
+causes the `git merge` command to abort before creating a commit.
+
+The default 'pre-merge-commit' hook, when enabled, runs the
+'pre-commit' hook, if the latter is enabled.
+
+This hook is invoked with the environment variable
+`GIT_EDITOR=:` if the command will not bring up an editor
+to modify the commit message.
+
+If the merge cannot be carried out automatically, the conflicts
+need to be resolved and the result committed separately (see
+linkgit:git-merge[1]). At that point, this hook will not be executed,
+but the 'pre-commit' hook will, if it is enabled.
+
 prepare-commit-msg
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -425,10 +447,12 @@
 
 This hook is invoked by commands that rewrite commits
 (linkgit:git-commit[1] when called with `--amend` and
-linkgit:git-rebase[1]; currently `git filter-branch` does 'not' call
-it!).  Its first argument denotes the command it was invoked by:
-currently one of `amend` or `rebase`.  Further command-dependent
-arguments may be passed in the future.
+linkgit:git-rebase[1]; however, full-history (re)writing tools like
+linkgit:git-fast-import[1] or
+https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo[git-filter-repo] typically
+do not call it!).  Its first argument denotes the command it was
+invoked by: currently one of `amend` or `rebase`.  Further
+command-dependent arguments may be passed in the future.
 
 The hook receives a list of the rewritten commits on stdin, in the
 format
diff --git a/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt b/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt
index 43f80c8..a5c3c04 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt
@@ -297,9 +297,13 @@
 	same batch are complete. Only objects which were reported
 	in the output of 'list' with a sha1 may be fetched this way.
 +
-Optionally may output a 'lock <file>' line indicating a file under
-GIT_DIR/objects/pack which is keeping a pack until refs can be
-suitably updated.
+Optionally may output a 'lock <file>' line indicating the full path of
+a file under `$GIT_DIR/objects/pack` which is keeping a pack until
+refs can be suitably updated.  The path must end with `.keep`. This is
+a mechanism to name a <pack,idx,keep> tuple by giving only the keep
+component.  The kept pack will not be deleted by a concurrent repack,
+even though its objects may not be referenced until the fetch completes.
+The `.keep` file will be deleted at the conclusion of the fetch.
 +
 If option 'check-connectivity' is requested, the helper must output
 'connectivity-ok' if the clone is self-contained and connected.
diff --git a/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt b/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt
index 216b11e..d6388f1 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
 	here are often called 'unpacked' (or 'loose') objects.
 
 objects/pack::
-	Packs (files that store many object in compressed form,
+	Packs (files that store many objects in compressed form,
 	along with index files to allow them to be randomly
 	accessed) are found in this directory.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/merge-options.txt b/Documentation/merge-options.txt
index 79a00d2..59b8ff1 100644
--- a/Documentation/merge-options.txt
+++ b/Documentation/merge-options.txt
@@ -40,20 +40,24 @@
 	case of a merge conflict.
 
 --ff::
-	When the merge resolves as a fast-forward, only update the branch
-	pointer, without creating a merge commit.  This is the default
-	behavior.
-
 --no-ff::
-	Create a merge commit even when the merge resolves as a
-	fast-forward.  This is the default behaviour when merging an
-	annotated (and possibly signed) tag that is not stored in
-	its natural place in 'refs/tags/' hierarchy.
-
 --ff-only::
-	Refuse to merge and exit with a non-zero status unless the
-	current `HEAD` is already up to date or the merge can be
-	resolved as a fast-forward.
+	Specifies how a merge is handled when the merged-in history is
+	already a descendant of the current history.  `--ff` is the
+	default unless merging an annotated (and possibly signed) tag
+	that is not stored in its natural place in the `refs/tags/`
+	hierarchy, in which case `--no-ff` is assumed.
++
+With `--ff`, when possible resolve the merge as a fast-forward (only
+update the branch pointer to match the merged branch; do not create a
+merge commit).  When not possible (when the merged-in history is not a
+descendant of the current history), create a merge commit.
++
+With `--no-ff`, create a merge commit in all cases, even when the merge
+could instead be resolved as a fast-forward.
++
+With `--ff-only`, resolve the merge as a fast-forward when possible.
+When not possible, refuse to merge and exit with a non-zero status.
 
 -S[<keyid>]::
 --gpg-sign[=<keyid>]::
@@ -105,6 +109,10 @@
 +
 With --squash, --commit is not allowed, and will fail.
 
+--no-verify::
+	This option bypasses the pre-merge and commit-msg hooks.
+	See also linkgit:githooks[5].
+
 -s <strategy>::
 --strategy=<strategy>::
 	Use the given merge strategy; can be supplied more than
diff --git a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt
index bb1251c..90ff9e2 100644
--- a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt
+++ b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt
@@ -756,6 +756,22 @@
 Note that the form '--filter=sparse:path=<path>' that wants to read
 from an arbitrary path on the filesystem has been dropped for security
 reasons.
++
+Multiple '--filter=' flags can be specified to combine filters. Only
+objects which are accepted by every filter are included.
++
+The form '--filter=combine:<filter1>+<filter2>+...<filterN>' can also be
+used to combined several filters, but this is harder than just repeating
+the '--filter' flag and is usually not necessary. Filters are joined by
+'{plus}' and individual filters are %-encoded (i.e. URL-encoded).
+Besides the '{plus}' and '%' characters, the following characters are
+reserved and also must be encoded: `~!@#$^&*()[]{}\;",<>?`+&#39;&#96;+
+as well as all characters with ASCII code &lt;= `0x20`, which includes
+space and newline.
++
+Other arbitrary characters can also be encoded. For instance,
+'combine:tree:3+blob:none' and 'combine:tree%3A3+blob%3Anone' are
+equivalent.
 
 --no-filter::
 	Turn off any previous `--filter=` argument.
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt
index 5abb8e8..76b6e4f 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/api-directory-listing.txt
@@ -111,11 +111,11 @@
 * Prepare `struct dir_struct dir` and clear it with `memset(&dir, 0,
   sizeof(dir))`.
 
-* To add single exclude pattern, call `add_exclude_list()` and then
-  `add_exclude()`.
+* To add single exclude pattern, call `add_pattern_list()` and then
+  `add_pattern()`.
 
 * To add patterns from a file (e.g. `.git/info/exclude`), call
-  `add_excludes_from_file()` , and/or set `dir.exclude_per_dir`.  A
+  `add_patterns_from_file()` , and/or set `dir.exclude_per_dir`.  A
   short-hand function `setup_standard_excludes()` can be used to set
   up the standard set of exclude settings.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-tree-walking.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-tree-walking.txt
index bde1862..7962e32 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/api-tree-walking.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/api-tree-walking.txt
@@ -62,9 +62,7 @@
 `setup_traverse_info`::
 
 	Initialize a `traverse_info` given the pathname of the tree to start
-	traversing from. The `base` argument is assumed to be the `path`
-	member of the `name_entry` being recursed into unless the tree is a
-	top-level tree in which case the empty string ("") is used.
+	traversing from.
 
 Walking
 -------
@@ -140,6 +138,10 @@
 	This utilizes the memory structure of a tree entry to avoid the
 	overhead of using a generic strlen().
 
+`strbuf_make_traverse_path`::
+
+	Convenience wrapper to `make_traverse_path` into a strbuf.
+
 Authors
 -------
 
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/partial-clone.txt b/Documentation/technical/partial-clone.txt
index 896c7b3..210373e 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/partial-clone.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/partial-clone.txt
@@ -30,12 +30,20 @@
 times and disk usage.  Missing objects can later be "demand fetched"
 if/when needed.
 
+A remote that can later provide the missing objects is called a
+promisor remote, as it promises to send the objects when
+requested. Initialy Git supported only one promisor remote, the origin
+remote from which the user cloned and that was configured in the
+"extensions.partialClone" config option. Later support for more than
+one promisor remote has been implemented.
+
 Use of partial clone requires that the user be online and the origin
-remote be available for on-demand fetching of missing objects.  This may
-or may not be problematic for the user.  For example, if the user can
-stay within the pre-selected subset of the source tree, they may not
-encounter any missing objects.  Alternatively, the user could try to
-pre-fetch various objects if they know that they are going offline.
+remote or other promisor remotes be available for on-demand fetching
+of missing objects.  This may or may not be problematic for the user.
+For example, if the user can stay within the pre-selected subset of
+the source tree, they may not encounter any missing objects.
+Alternatively, the user could try to pre-fetch various objects if they
+know that they are going offline.
 
 
 Non-Goals
@@ -100,18 +108,18 @@
 Handling Missing Objects
 ------------------------
 
-- An object may be missing due to a partial clone or fetch, or missing due
-  to repository corruption.  To differentiate these cases, the local
-  repository specially indicates such filtered packfiles obtained from the
-  promisor remote as "promisor packfiles".
+- An object may be missing due to a partial clone or fetch, or missing
+  due to repository corruption.  To differentiate these cases, the
+  local repository specially indicates such filtered packfiles
+  obtained from promisor remotes as "promisor packfiles".
 +
 These promisor packfiles consist of a "<name>.promisor" file with
 arbitrary contents (like the "<name>.keep" files), in addition to
 their "<name>.pack" and "<name>.idx" files.
 
 - The local repository considers a "promisor object" to be an object that
-  it knows (to the best of its ability) that the promisor remote has promised
-  that it has, either because the local repository has that object in one of
+  it knows (to the best of its ability) that promisor remotes have promised
+  that they have, either because the local repository has that object in one of
   its promisor packfiles, or because another promisor object refers to it.
 +
 When Git encounters a missing object, Git can see if it is a promisor object
@@ -123,12 +131,12 @@
 - Since almost all Git code currently expects any referenced object to be
   present locally and because we do not want to force every command to do
   a dry-run first, a fallback mechanism is added to allow Git to attempt
-  to dynamically fetch missing objects from the promisor remote.
+  to dynamically fetch missing objects from promisor remotes.
 +
 When the normal object lookup fails to find an object, Git invokes
-fetch-object to try to get the object from the server and then retry
-the object lookup.  This allows objects to be "faulted in" without
-complicated prediction algorithms.
+promisor_remote_get_direct() to try to get the object from a promisor
+remote and then retry the object lookup.  This allows objects to be
+"faulted in" without complicated prediction algorithms.
 +
 For efficiency reasons, no check as to whether the missing object is
 actually a promisor object is performed.
@@ -157,8 +165,7 @@
 +
 We are not happy with this global variable and would like to remove it,
 but that requires significant refactoring of the object code to pass an
-additional flag.  We hope that concurrent efforts to add an ODB API can
-encompass this.
+additional flag.
 
 
 Fetching Missing Objects
@@ -182,21 +189,63 @@
   though they are not necessary.
 
 
+Using many promisor remotes
+---------------------------
+
+Many promisor remotes can be configured and used.
+
+This allows for example a user to have multiple geographically-close
+cache servers for fetching missing blobs while continuing to do
+filtered `git-fetch` commands from the central server.
+
+When fetching objects, promisor remotes are tried one after the other
+until all the objects have been fetched.
+
+Remotes that are considered "promisor" remotes are those specified by
+the following configuration variables:
+
+- `extensions.partialClone = <name>`
+
+- `remote.<name>.promisor = true`
+
+- `remote.<name>.partialCloneFilter = ...`
+
+Only one promisor remote can be configured using the
+`extensions.partialClone` config variable. This promisor remote will
+be the last one tried when fetching objects.
+
+We decided to make it the last one we try, because it is likely that
+someone using many promisor remotes is doing so because the other
+promisor remotes are better for some reason (maybe they are closer or
+faster for some kind of objects) than the origin, and the origin is
+likely to be the remote specified by extensions.partialClone.
+
+This justification is not very strong, but one choice had to be made,
+and anyway the long term plan should be to make the order somehow
+fully configurable.
+
+For now though the other promisor remotes will be tried in the order
+they appear in the config file.
+
 Current Limitations
 -------------------
 
-- The remote used for a partial clone (or the first partial fetch
-  following a regular clone) is marked as the "promisor remote".
+- It is not possible to specify the order in which the promisor
+  remotes are tried in other ways than the order in which they appear
+  in the config file.
 +
-We are currently limited to a single promisor remote and only that
-remote may be used for subsequent partial fetches.
-+
-We accept this limitation because we believe initial users of this
-feature will be using it on repositories with a strong single central
-server.
+It is also not possible to specify an order to be used when fetching
+from one remote and a different order when fetching from another
+remote.
 
-- Dynamic object fetching will only ask the promisor remote for missing
-  objects.  We assume that the promisor remote has a complete view of the
+- It is not possible to push only specific objects to a promisor
+  remote.
++
+It is not possible to push at the same time to multiple promisor
+remote in a specific order.
+
+- Dynamic object fetching will only ask promisor remotes for missing
+  objects.  We assume that promisor remotes have a complete view of the
   repository and can satisfy all such requests.
 
 - Repack essentially treats promisor and non-promisor packfiles as 2
@@ -218,15 +267,17 @@
 Future Work
 -----------
 
-- Allow more than one promisor remote and define a strategy for fetching
-  missing objects from specific promisor remotes or of iterating over the
-  set of promisor remotes until a missing object is found.
+- Improve the way to specify the order in which promisor remotes are
+  tried.
 +
-A user might want to have multiple geographically-close cache servers
-for fetching missing blobs while continuing to do filtered `git-fetch`
-commands from the central server, for example.
+For example this could allow to specify explicitly something like:
+"When fetching from this remote, I want to use these promisor remotes
+in this order, though, when pushing or fetching to that remote, I want
+to use those promisor remotes in that order."
+
+- Allow pushing to promisor remotes.
 +
-Or the user might want to work in a triangular work flow with multiple
+The user might want to work in a triangular work flow with multiple
 promisor remotes that each have an incomplete view of the repository.
 
 - Allow repack to work on promisor packfiles (while keeping them distinct
diff --git a/GIT-VERSION-GEN b/GIT-VERSION-GEN
index a1539a7..98f88a2 100755
--- a/GIT-VERSION-GEN
+++ b/GIT-VERSION-GEN
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
 GVF=GIT-VERSION-FILE
-DEF_VER=v2.23.0
+DEF_VER=v2.23.GIT
 
 LF='
 '
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index f925534..f879697 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -884,7 +884,6 @@
 LIB_OBJS += ewah/ewah_rlw.o
 LIB_OBJS += exec-cmd.o
 LIB_OBJS += fetch-negotiator.o
-LIB_OBJS += fetch-object.o
 LIB_OBJS += fetch-pack.o
 LIB_OBJS += fsck.o
 LIB_OBJS += fsmonitor.o
@@ -948,6 +947,7 @@
 LIB_OBJS += pretty.o
 LIB_OBJS += prio-queue.o
 LIB_OBJS += progress.o
+LIB_OBJS += promisor-remote.o
 LIB_OBJS += prompt.o
 LIB_OBJS += protocol.o
 LIB_OBJS += quote.o
@@ -965,6 +965,7 @@
 LIB_OBJS += ref-filter.o
 LIB_OBJS += remote.o
 LIB_OBJS += replace-object.o
+LIB_OBJS += repo-settings.o
 LIB_OBJS += repository.o
 LIB_OBJS += rerere.o
 LIB_OBJS += resolve-undo.o
diff --git a/RelNotes b/RelNotes
index 248d137..fc657e7 120000
--- a/RelNotes
+++ b/RelNotes
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Documentation/RelNotes/2.23.0.txt
\ No newline at end of file
+Documentation/RelNotes/2.24.0.txt
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/apply.c b/apply.c
index cde9536..57a61f2 100644
--- a/apply.c
+++ b/apply.c
@@ -4643,6 +4643,7 @@ static int apply_patch(struct apply_state *state,
 	struct patch *list = NULL, **listp = &list;
 	int skipped_patch = 0;
 	int res = 0;
+	int flush_attributes = 0;
 
 	state->patch_input_file = filename;
 	if (read_patch_file(&buf, fd) < 0)
@@ -4670,6 +4671,14 @@ static int apply_patch(struct apply_state *state,
 			patch_stats(state, patch);
 			*listp = patch;
 			listp = &patch->next;
+
+			if ((patch->new_name &&
+			     ends_with_path_components(patch->new_name,
+						       GITATTRIBUTES_FILE)) ||
+			    (patch->old_name &&
+			     ends_with_path_components(patch->old_name,
+						       GITATTRIBUTES_FILE)))
+				flush_attributes = 1;
 		}
 		else {
 			if (state->apply_verbosity > verbosity_normal)
@@ -4746,6 +4755,8 @@ static int apply_patch(struct apply_state *state,
 	if (state->summary && state->apply_verbosity > verbosity_silent)
 		summary_patch_list(list);
 
+	if (flush_attributes)
+		reset_parsed_attributes();
 end:
 	free_patch_list(list);
 	strbuf_release(&buf);
diff --git a/archive-tar.c b/archive-tar.c
index 3e53aac..e16d3f7 100644
--- a/archive-tar.c
+++ b/archive-tar.c
@@ -142,19 +142,25 @@ static int stream_blocked(const struct object_id *oid)
  * string and appends it to a struct strbuf.
  */
 static void strbuf_append_ext_header(struct strbuf *sb, const char *keyword,
-				     const char *value, unsigned int valuelen)
+				     const char *value, size_t valuelen)
 {
-	int len, tmp;
+	size_t orig_len = sb->len;
+	size_t len, tmp;
 
 	/* "%u %s=%s\n" */
 	len = 1 + 1 + strlen(keyword) + 1 + valuelen + 1;
-	for (tmp = len; tmp > 9; tmp /= 10)
+	for (tmp = 1; len / 10 >= tmp; tmp *= 10)
 		len++;
 
 	strbuf_grow(sb, len);
-	strbuf_addf(sb, "%u %s=", len, keyword);
+	strbuf_addf(sb, "%"PRIuMAX" %s=", (uintmax_t)len, keyword);
 	strbuf_add(sb, value, valuelen);
 	strbuf_addch(sb, '\n');
+
+	if (len != sb->len - orig_len)
+		BUG("pax extended header length miscalculated as %"PRIuMAX
+		    ", should be %"PRIuMAX,
+		    (uintmax_t)len, (uintmax_t)(sb->len - orig_len));
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/attr.c b/attr.c
index 93dc16b..d02d081 100644
--- a/attr.c
+++ b/attr.c
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ struct pattern {
 	const char *pattern;
 	int patternlen;
 	int nowildcardlen;
-	unsigned flags;		/* EXC_FLAG_* */
+	unsigned flags;		/* PATTERN_FLAG_* */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -400,11 +400,11 @@ static struct match_attr *parse_attr_line(const char *line, const char *src,
 		char *p = (char *)&(res->state[num_attr]);
 		memcpy(p, name, namelen);
 		res->u.pat.pattern = p;
-		parse_exclude_pattern(&res->u.pat.pattern,
+		parse_path_pattern(&res->u.pat.pattern,
 				      &res->u.pat.patternlen,
 				      &res->u.pat.flags,
 				      &res->u.pat.nowildcardlen);
-		if (res->u.pat.flags & EXC_FLAG_NEGATIVE) {
+		if (res->u.pat.flags & PATTERN_FLAG_NEGATIVE) {
 			warning(_("Negative patterns are ignored in git attributes\n"
 				  "Use '\\!' for literal leading exclamation."));
 			goto fail_return;
@@ -991,10 +991,10 @@ static int path_matches(const char *pathname, int pathlen,
 	int prefix = pat->nowildcardlen;
 	int isdir = (pathlen && pathname[pathlen - 1] == '/');
 
-	if ((pat->flags & EXC_FLAG_MUSTBEDIR) && !isdir)
+	if ((pat->flags & PATTERN_FLAG_MUSTBEDIR) && !isdir)
 		return 0;
 
-	if (pat->flags & EXC_FLAG_NODIR) {
+	if (pat->flags & PATTERN_FLAG_NODIR) {
 		return match_basename(pathname + basename_offset,
 				      pathlen - basename_offset - isdir,
 				      pattern, prefix,
diff --git a/banned.h b/banned.h
index 447af24..60a18d4 100644
--- a/banned.h
+++ b/banned.h
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 #define vsprintf(...) BANNED(vsprintf)
 #else
 #define sprintf(buf,fmt,arg) BANNED(sprintf)
-#define vsprintf(buf,fmt,arg) BANNED(sprintf)
+#define vsprintf(buf,fmt,arg) BANNED(vsprintf)
 #endif
 
 #endif /* BANNED_H */
diff --git a/builtin/am.c b/builtin/am.c
index 1aea657..ee7305e 100644
--- a/builtin/am.c
+++ b/builtin/am.c
@@ -1272,7 +1272,9 @@ static void get_commit_info(struct am_state *state, struct commit *commit)
 	buffer = logmsg_reencode(commit, NULL, get_commit_output_encoding());
 
 	ident_line = find_commit_header(buffer, "author", &ident_len);
-
+	if (!ident_line)
+		die(_("missing author line in commit %s"),
+		      oid_to_hex(&commit->object.oid));
 	if (split_ident_line(&id, ident_line, ident_len) < 0)
 		die(_("invalid ident line: %.*s"), (int)ident_len, ident_line);
 
diff --git a/builtin/cat-file.c b/builtin/cat-file.c
index 995d47c..d6a1aa7 100644
--- a/builtin/cat-file.c
+++ b/builtin/cat-file.c
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #include "sha1-array.h"
 #include "packfile.h"
 #include "object-store.h"
+#include "promisor-remote.h"
 
 struct batch_options {
 	int enabled;
@@ -524,8 +525,8 @@ static int batch_objects(struct batch_options *opt)
 	if (opt->all_objects) {
 		struct object_cb_data cb;
 
-		if (repository_format_partial_clone)
-			warning("This repository has extensions.partialClone set. Some objects may not be loaded.");
+		if (has_promisor_remote())
+			warning("This repository uses promisor remotes. Some objects may not be loaded.");
 
 		cb.opt = opt;
 		cb.expand = &data;
diff --git a/builtin/check-ignore.c b/builtin/check-ignore.c
index 5990973..5a4f923 100644
--- a/builtin/check-ignore.c
+++ b/builtin/check-ignore.c
@@ -32,19 +32,19 @@ static const struct option check_ignore_options[] = {
 	OPT_END()
 };
 
-static void output_exclude(const char *path, struct exclude *exclude)
+static void output_pattern(const char *path, struct path_pattern *pattern)
 {
-	char *bang  = (exclude && exclude->flags & EXC_FLAG_NEGATIVE)  ? "!" : "";
-	char *slash = (exclude && exclude->flags & EXC_FLAG_MUSTBEDIR) ? "/" : "";
+	char *bang  = (pattern && pattern->flags & PATTERN_FLAG_NEGATIVE)  ? "!" : "";
+	char *slash = (pattern && pattern->flags & PATTERN_FLAG_MUSTBEDIR) ? "/" : "";
 	if (!nul_term_line) {
 		if (!verbose) {
 			write_name_quoted(path, stdout, '\n');
 		} else {
-			if (exclude) {
-				quote_c_style(exclude->el->src, NULL, stdout, 0);
+			if (pattern) {
+				quote_c_style(pattern->pl->src, NULL, stdout, 0);
 				printf(":%d:%s%s%s\t",
-				       exclude->srcpos,
-				       bang, exclude->pattern, slash);
+				       pattern->srcpos,
+				       bang, pattern->pattern, slash);
 			}
 			else {
 				printf("::\t");
@@ -56,11 +56,11 @@ static void output_exclude(const char *path, struct exclude *exclude)
 		if (!verbose) {
 			printf("%s%c", path, '\0');
 		} else {
-			if (exclude)
+			if (pattern)
 				printf("%s%c%d%c%s%s%s%c%s%c",
-				       exclude->el->src, '\0',
-				       exclude->srcpos, '\0',
-				       bang, exclude->pattern, slash, '\0',
+				       pattern->pl->src, '\0',
+				       pattern->srcpos, '\0',
+				       bang, pattern->pattern, slash, '\0',
 				       path, '\0');
 			else
 				printf("%c%c%c%s%c", '\0', '\0', '\0', path, '\0');
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ static int check_ignore(struct dir_struct *dir,
 	const char *full_path;
 	char *seen;
 	int num_ignored = 0, i;
-	struct exclude *exclude;
+	struct path_pattern *pattern;
 	struct pathspec pathspec;
 
 	if (!argc) {
@@ -103,15 +103,15 @@ static int check_ignore(struct dir_struct *dir,
 	seen = find_pathspecs_matching_against_index(&pathspec, &the_index);
 	for (i = 0; i < pathspec.nr; i++) {
 		full_path = pathspec.items[i].match;
-		exclude = NULL;
+		pattern = NULL;
 		if (!seen[i]) {
 			int dtype = DT_UNKNOWN;
-			exclude = last_exclude_matching(dir, &the_index,
+			pattern = last_matching_pattern(dir, &the_index,
 							full_path, &dtype);
 		}
-		if (!quiet && (exclude || show_non_matching))
-			output_exclude(pathspec.items[i].original, exclude);
-		if (exclude)
+		if (!quiet && (pattern || show_non_matching))
+			output_pattern(pathspec.items[i].original, pattern);
+		if (pattern)
 			num_ignored++;
 	}
 	free(seen);
diff --git a/builtin/checkout.c b/builtin/checkout.c
index 6123f73..1283727 100644
--- a/builtin/checkout.c
+++ b/builtin/checkout.c
@@ -126,6 +126,7 @@ static int update_some(const struct object_id *oid, struct strbuf *base,
 	if (pos >= 0) {
 		struct cache_entry *old = active_cache[pos];
 		if (ce->ce_mode == old->ce_mode &&
+		    !ce_intent_to_add(old) &&
 		    oideq(&ce->oid, &old->oid)) {
 			old->ce_flags |= CE_UPDATE;
 			discard_cache_entry(ce);
@@ -730,13 +731,6 @@ static int merge_working_tree(const struct checkout_opts *opts,
 				      "the following files:\n%s"), sb.buf);
 			strbuf_release(&sb);
 
-			if (repo_index_has_changes(the_repository,
-						   get_commit_tree(old_branch_info->commit),
-						   &sb))
-				warning(_("staged changes in the following files may be lost: %s"),
-					sb.buf);
-			strbuf_release(&sb);
-
 			/* Do more real merge */
 
 			/*
@@ -1714,6 +1708,15 @@ int cmd_checkout(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	opts.checkout_index = -2;    /* default on */
 	opts.checkout_worktree = -2; /* default on */
 
+	if (argc == 3 && !strcmp(argv[1], "-b")) {
+		/*
+		 * User ran 'git checkout -b <branch>' and expects
+		 * the same behavior as 'git switch -c <branch>'.
+		 */
+		opts.switch_branch_doing_nothing_is_ok = 0;
+		opts.only_merge_on_switching_branches = 1;
+	}
+
 	options = parse_options_dup(checkout_options);
 	options = add_common_options(&opts, options);
 	options = add_common_switch_branch_options(&opts, options);
diff --git a/builtin/clean.c b/builtin/clean.c
index d5579da..851beb7 100644
--- a/builtin/clean.c
+++ b/builtin/clean.c
@@ -648,7 +648,7 @@ static int filter_by_patterns_cmd(void)
 	struct strbuf confirm = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct strbuf **ignore_list;
 	struct string_list_item *item;
-	struct exclude_list *el;
+	struct pattern_list *pl;
 	int changed = -1, i;
 
 	for (;;) {
@@ -671,7 +671,7 @@ static int filter_by_patterns_cmd(void)
 			break;
 
 		memset(&dir, 0, sizeof(dir));
-		el = add_exclude_list(&dir, EXC_CMDL, "manual exclude");
+		pl = add_pattern_list(&dir, EXC_CMDL, "manual exclude");
 		ignore_list = strbuf_split_max(&confirm, ' ', 0);
 
 		for (i = 0; ignore_list[i]; i++) {
@@ -679,7 +679,7 @@ static int filter_by_patterns_cmd(void)
 			if (!ignore_list[i]->len)
 				continue;
 
-			add_exclude(ignore_list[i]->buf, "", 0, el, -(i+1));
+			add_pattern(ignore_list[i]->buf, "", 0, pl, -(i+1));
 		}
 
 		changed = 0;
@@ -901,7 +901,7 @@ int cmd_clean(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	struct pathspec pathspec;
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct string_list exclude_list = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
-	struct exclude_list *el;
+	struct pattern_list *pl;
 	struct string_list_item *item;
 	const char *qname;
 	struct option options[] = {
@@ -958,9 +958,9 @@ int cmd_clean(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	if (!ignored)
 		setup_standard_excludes(&dir);
 
-	el = add_exclude_list(&dir, EXC_CMDL, "--exclude option");
+	pl = add_pattern_list(&dir, EXC_CMDL, "--exclude option");
 	for (i = 0; i < exclude_list.nr; i++)
-		add_exclude(exclude_list.items[i].string, "", 0, el, -(i+1));
+		add_pattern(exclude_list.items[i].string, "", 0, pl, -(i+1));
 
 	parse_pathspec(&pathspec, 0,
 		       PATHSPEC_PREFER_CWD,
diff --git a/builtin/clone.c b/builtin/clone.c
index f665b28..2048b67 100644
--- a/builtin/clone.c
+++ b/builtin/clone.c
@@ -1160,13 +1160,11 @@ int cmd_clone(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		transport->server_options = &server_options;
 
 	if (filter_options.choice) {
-		struct strbuf expanded_filter_spec = STRBUF_INIT;
-		expand_list_objects_filter_spec(&filter_options,
-						&expanded_filter_spec);
+		const char *spec =
+			expand_list_objects_filter_spec(&filter_options);
 		transport_set_option(transport, TRANS_OPT_LIST_OBJECTS_FILTER,
-				     expanded_filter_spec.buf);
+				     spec);
 		transport_set_option(transport, TRANS_OPT_FROM_PROMISOR, "1");
-		strbuf_release(&expanded_filter_spec);
 	}
 
 	if (transport->smart_options && !deepen && !filter_options.choice)
diff --git a/builtin/commit-graph.c b/builtin/commit-graph.c
index 38027b8..5786361 100644
--- a/builtin/commit-graph.c
+++ b/builtin/commit-graph.c
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ static int graph_write(int argc, const char **argv)
 	struct string_list *commit_hex = NULL;
 	struct string_list lines;
 	int result = 0;
-	unsigned int flags = COMMIT_GRAPH_PROGRESS;
+	enum commit_graph_write_flags flags = COMMIT_GRAPH_WRITE_PROGRESS;
 
 	static struct option builtin_commit_graph_write_options[] = {
 		OPT_STRING(0, "object-dir", &opts.obj_dir,
@@ -192,9 +192,9 @@ static int graph_write(int argc, const char **argv)
 	if (!opts.obj_dir)
 		opts.obj_dir = get_object_directory();
 	if (opts.append)
-		flags |= COMMIT_GRAPH_APPEND;
+		flags |= COMMIT_GRAPH_WRITE_APPEND;
 	if (opts.split)
-		flags |= COMMIT_GRAPH_SPLIT;
+		flags |= COMMIT_GRAPH_WRITE_SPLIT;
 
 	read_replace_refs = 0;
 
@@ -213,8 +213,10 @@ static int graph_write(int argc, const char **argv)
 
 		if (opts.stdin_packs)
 			pack_indexes = &lines;
-		if (opts.stdin_commits)
+		if (opts.stdin_commits) {
 			commit_hex = &lines;
+			flags |= COMMIT_GRAPH_WRITE_CHECK_OIDS;
+		}
 
 		UNLEAK(buf);
 	}
diff --git a/builtin/describe.c b/builtin/describe.c
index 2001542..e048f85 100644
--- a/builtin/describe.c
+++ b/builtin/describe.c
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ static void describe_commit(struct object_id *oid, struct strbuf *dst)
 		 */
 		append_name(n, dst);
 		if (longformat)
-			append_suffix(0, n->tag ? &n->tag->tagged->oid : oid, dst);
+			append_suffix(0, n->tag ? get_tagged_oid(n->tag) : oid, dst);
 		if (suffix)
 			strbuf_addstr(dst, suffix);
 		return;
diff --git a/builtin/fetch.c b/builtin/fetch.c
index 717dd14..9b27ae9 100644
--- a/builtin/fetch.c
+++ b/builtin/fetch.c
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@
 #include "packfile.h"
 #include "list-objects-filter-options.h"
 #include "commit-reach.h"
+#include "branch.h"
+#include "promisor-remote.h"
 
 #define FORCED_UPDATES_DELAY_WARNING_IN_MS (10 * 1000)
 
@@ -50,7 +52,8 @@ static int fetch_prune_tags_config = -1; /* unspecified */
 static int prune_tags = -1; /* unspecified */
 #define PRUNE_TAGS_BY_DEFAULT 0 /* do we prune tags by default? */
 
-static int all, append, dry_run, force, keep, multiple, update_head_ok, verbosity, deepen_relative;
+static int all, append, dry_run, force, keep, multiple, update_head_ok;
+static int verbosity, deepen_relative, set_upstream;
 static int progress = -1;
 static int enable_auto_gc = 1;
 static int tags = TAGS_DEFAULT, unshallow, update_shallow, deepen;
@@ -123,6 +126,8 @@ static struct option builtin_fetch_options[] = {
 	OPT__VERBOSITY(&verbosity),
 	OPT_BOOL(0, "all", &all,
 		 N_("fetch from all remotes")),
+	OPT_BOOL(0, "set-upstream", &set_upstream,
+		 N_("set upstream for git pull/fetch")),
 	OPT_BOOL('a', "append", &append,
 		 N_("append to .git/FETCH_HEAD instead of overwriting")),
 	OPT_STRING(0, "upload-pack", &upload_pack, N_("path"),
@@ -1238,13 +1243,10 @@ static struct transport *prepare_transport(struct remote *remote, int deepen)
 	if (update_shallow)
 		set_option(transport, TRANS_OPT_UPDATE_SHALLOW, "yes");
 	if (filter_options.choice) {
-		struct strbuf expanded_filter_spec = STRBUF_INIT;
-		expand_list_objects_filter_spec(&filter_options,
-						&expanded_filter_spec);
-		set_option(transport, TRANS_OPT_LIST_OBJECTS_FILTER,
-			   expanded_filter_spec.buf);
+		const char *spec =
+			expand_list_objects_filter_spec(&filter_options);
+		set_option(transport, TRANS_OPT_LIST_OBJECTS_FILTER, spec);
 		set_option(transport, TRANS_OPT_FROM_PROMISOR, "1");
-		strbuf_release(&expanded_filter_spec);
 	}
 	if (negotiation_tip.nr) {
 		if (transport->smart_options)
@@ -1367,6 +1369,51 @@ static int do_fetch(struct transport *transport,
 		retcode = 1;
 		goto cleanup;
 	}
+
+	if (set_upstream) {
+		struct branch *branch = branch_get("HEAD");
+		struct ref *rm;
+		struct ref *source_ref = NULL;
+
+		/*
+		 * We're setting the upstream configuration for the
+		 * current branch. The relevent upstream is the
+		 * fetched branch that is meant to be merged with the
+		 * current one, i.e. the one fetched to FETCH_HEAD.
+		 *
+		 * When there are several such branches, consider the
+		 * request ambiguous and err on the safe side by doing
+		 * nothing and just emit a warning.
+		 */
+		for (rm = ref_map; rm; rm = rm->next) {
+			if (!rm->peer_ref) {
+				if (source_ref) {
+					warning(_("multiple branch detected, incompatible with --set-upstream"));
+					goto skip;
+				} else {
+					source_ref = rm;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if (source_ref) {
+			if (!strcmp(source_ref->name, "HEAD") ||
+			    starts_with(source_ref->name, "refs/heads/"))
+				install_branch_config(0,
+						      branch->name,
+						      transport->remote->name,
+						      source_ref->name);
+			else if (starts_with(source_ref->name, "refs/remotes/"))
+				warning(_("not setting upstream for a remote remote-tracking branch"));
+			else if (starts_with(source_ref->name, "refs/tags/"))
+				warning(_("not setting upstream for a remote tag"));
+			else
+				warning(_("unknown branch type"));
+		} else {
+			warning(_("no source branch found.\n"
+				"you need to specify exactly one branch with the --set-upstream option."));
+		}
+	}
+ skip:
 	free_refs(ref_map);
 
 	/* if neither --no-tags nor --tags was specified, do automated tag
@@ -1510,37 +1557,27 @@ static inline void fetch_one_setup_partial(struct remote *remote)
 	 * If no prior partial clone/fetch and the current fetch DID NOT
 	 * request a partial-fetch, do a normal fetch.
 	 */
-	if (!repository_format_partial_clone && !filter_options.choice)
+	if (!has_promisor_remote() && !filter_options.choice)
 		return;
 
 	/*
-	 * If this is the FIRST partial-fetch request, we enable partial
-	 * on this repo and remember the given filter-spec as the default
-	 * for subsequent fetches to this remote.
+	 * If this is a partial-fetch request, we enable partial on
+	 * this repo if not already enabled and remember the given
+	 * filter-spec as the default for subsequent fetches to this
+	 * remote.
 	 */
-	if (!repository_format_partial_clone && filter_options.choice) {
+	if (filter_options.choice) {
 		partial_clone_register(remote->name, &filter_options);
 		return;
 	}
 
 	/*
-	 * We are currently limited to only ONE promisor remote and only
-	 * allow partial-fetches from the promisor remote.
-	 */
-	if (strcmp(remote->name, repository_format_partial_clone)) {
-		if (filter_options.choice)
-			die(_("--filter can only be used with the remote "
-			      "configured in extensions.partialClone"));
-		return;
-	}
-
-	/*
 	 * Do a partial-fetch from the promisor remote using either the
 	 * explicitly given filter-spec or inherit the filter-spec from
 	 * the config.
 	 */
 	if (!filter_options.choice)
-		partial_clone_get_default_filter_spec(&filter_options);
+		partial_clone_get_default_filter_spec(&filter_options, remote->name);
 	return;
 }
 
@@ -1661,7 +1698,7 @@ int cmd_fetch(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	if (depth || deepen_since || deepen_not.nr)
 		deepen = 1;
 
-	if (filter_options.choice && !repository_format_partial_clone)
+	if (filter_options.choice && !has_promisor_remote())
 		die("--filter can only be used when extensions.partialClone is set");
 
 	if (all) {
@@ -1695,7 +1732,7 @@ int cmd_fetch(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	}
 
 	if (remote) {
-		if (filter_options.choice || repository_format_partial_clone)
+		if (filter_options.choice || has_promisor_remote())
 			fetch_one_setup_partial(remote);
 		result = fetch_one(remote, argc, argv, prune_tags_ok);
 	} else {
diff --git a/builtin/gc.c b/builtin/gc.c
index c18efad..fadb454 100644
--- a/builtin/gc.c
+++ b/builtin/gc.c
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #include "pack-objects.h"
 #include "blob.h"
 #include "tree.h"
+#include "promisor-remote.h"
 
 #define FAILED_RUN "failed to run %s"
 
@@ -41,7 +42,6 @@ static int aggressive_depth = 50;
 static int aggressive_window = 250;
 static int gc_auto_threshold = 6700;
 static int gc_auto_pack_limit = 50;
-static int gc_write_commit_graph;
 static int detach_auto = 1;
 static timestamp_t gc_log_expire_time;
 static const char *gc_log_expire = "1.day.ago";
@@ -148,7 +148,6 @@ static void gc_config(void)
 	git_config_get_int("gc.aggressivedepth", &aggressive_depth);
 	git_config_get_int("gc.auto", &gc_auto_threshold);
 	git_config_get_int("gc.autopacklimit", &gc_auto_pack_limit);
-	git_config_get_bool("gc.writecommitgraph", &gc_write_commit_graph);
 	git_config_get_bool("gc.autodetach", &detach_auto);
 	git_config_get_expiry("gc.pruneexpire", &prune_expire);
 	git_config_get_expiry("gc.worktreepruneexpire", &prune_worktrees_expire);
@@ -661,7 +660,7 @@ int cmd_gc(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			argv_array_push(&prune, prune_expire);
 			if (quiet)
 				argv_array_push(&prune, "--no-progress");
-			if (repository_format_partial_clone)
+			if (has_promisor_remote())
 				argv_array_push(&prune,
 						"--exclude-promisor-objects");
 			if (run_command_v_opt(prune.argv, RUN_GIT_CMD))
@@ -685,11 +684,11 @@ int cmd_gc(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		clean_pack_garbage();
 	}
 
-	if (gc_write_commit_graph &&
-	    write_commit_graph_reachable(get_object_directory(),
-					 !quiet && !daemonized ? COMMIT_GRAPH_PROGRESS : 0,
-					 NULL))
-		return 1;
+	prepare_repo_settings(the_repository);
+	if (the_repository->settings.gc_write_commit_graph == 1)
+		write_commit_graph_reachable(get_object_directory(),
+					     !quiet && !daemonized ? COMMIT_GRAPH_WRITE_PROGRESS : 0,
+					     NULL);
 
 	if (auto_gc && too_many_loose_objects())
 		warning(_("There are too many unreachable loose objects; "
diff --git a/builtin/grep.c b/builtin/grep.c
index 5600517..69ac053 100644
--- a/builtin/grep.c
+++ b/builtin/grep.c
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ static int grep_tree(struct grep_opt *opt, const struct pathspec *pathspec,
 static int grep_submodule(struct grep_opt *opt,
 			  const struct pathspec *pathspec,
 			  const struct object_id *oid,
-			  const char *filename, const char *path)
+			  const char *filename, const char *path, int cached)
 {
 	struct repository subrepo;
 	struct repository *superproject = opt->repo;
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ static int grep_submodule(struct grep_opt *opt,
 		strbuf_release(&base);
 		free(data);
 	} else {
-		hit = grep_cache(&subopt, pathspec, 1);
+		hit = grep_cache(&subopt, pathspec, cached);
 	}
 
 	repo_clear(&subrepo);
@@ -523,7 +523,8 @@ static int grep_cache(struct grep_opt *opt,
 			}
 		} else if (recurse_submodules && S_ISGITLINK(ce->ce_mode) &&
 			   submodule_path_match(repo->index, pathspec, name.buf, NULL)) {
-			hit |= grep_submodule(opt, pathspec, NULL, ce->name, ce->name);
+			hit |= grep_submodule(opt, pathspec, NULL, ce->name,
+					      ce->name, cached);
 		} else {
 			continue;
 		}
@@ -598,7 +599,8 @@ static int grep_tree(struct grep_opt *opt, const struct pathspec *pathspec,
 			free(data);
 		} else if (recurse_submodules && S_ISGITLINK(entry.mode)) {
 			hit |= grep_submodule(opt, pathspec, &entry.oid,
-					      base->buf, base->buf + tn_len);
+					      base->buf, base->buf + tn_len,
+					      1); /* ignored */
 		}
 
 		strbuf_setlen(base, old_baselen);
@@ -1108,8 +1110,8 @@ int cmd_grep(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			strbuf_addf(&buf, "+/%s%s",
 					strcmp("less", pager) ? "" : "*",
 					opt.pattern_list->pattern);
-			string_list_append(&path_list, buf.buf);
-			strbuf_detach(&buf, NULL);
+			string_list_append(&path_list,
+					   strbuf_detach(&buf, NULL));
 		}
 	}
 
diff --git a/builtin/index-pack.c b/builtin/index-pack.c
index 0d55f73..a23454d 100644
--- a/builtin/index-pack.c
+++ b/builtin/index-pack.c
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 #include "thread-utils.h"
 #include "packfile.h"
 #include "object-store.h"
-#include "fetch-object.h"
+#include "promisor-remote.h"
 
 static const char index_pack_usage[] =
 "git index-pack [-v] [-o <index-file>] [--keep | --keep=<msg>] [--verify] [--strict] (<pack-file> | --stdin [--fix-thin] [<pack-file>])";
@@ -1352,7 +1352,7 @@ static void fix_unresolved_deltas(struct hashfile *f)
 		sorted_by_pos[i] = &ref_deltas[i];
 	QSORT(sorted_by_pos, nr_ref_deltas, delta_pos_compare);
 
-	if (repository_format_partial_clone) {
+	if (has_promisor_remote()) {
 		/*
 		 * Prefetch the delta bases.
 		 */
@@ -1366,8 +1366,8 @@ static void fix_unresolved_deltas(struct hashfile *f)
 			oid_array_append(&to_fetch, &d->oid);
 		}
 		if (to_fetch.nr)
-			fetch_objects(repository_format_partial_clone,
-				      to_fetch.oid, to_fetch.nr);
+			promisor_remote_get_direct(the_repository,
+						   to_fetch.oid, to_fetch.nr);
 		oid_array_clear(&to_fetch);
 	}
 
diff --git a/builtin/log.c b/builtin/log.c
index 44b10b3..c4b35fd 100644
--- a/builtin/log.c
+++ b/builtin/log.c
@@ -627,6 +627,7 @@ int cmd_show(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			break;
 		case OBJ_TAG: {
 			struct tag *t = (struct tag *)o;
+			struct object_id *oid = get_tagged_oid(t);
 
 			if (rev.shown_one)
 				putchar('\n');
@@ -638,10 +639,10 @@ int cmd_show(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			rev.shown_one = 1;
 			if (ret)
 				break;
-			o = parse_object(the_repository, &t->tagged->oid);
+			o = parse_object(the_repository, oid);
 			if (!o)
 				ret = error(_("could not read object %s"),
-					    oid_to_hex(&t->tagged->oid));
+					    oid_to_hex(oid));
 			objects[i].item = o;
 			i--;
 			break;
diff --git a/builtin/ls-files.c b/builtin/ls-files.c
index 670e8fb..f069a02 100644
--- a/builtin/ls-files.c
+++ b/builtin/ls-files.c
@@ -492,7 +492,7 @@ static int option_parse_exclude_from(const struct option *opt,
 	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
 
 	exc_given = 1;
-	add_excludes_from_file(dir, arg);
+	add_patterns_from_file(dir, arg);
 
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -516,7 +516,7 @@ int cmd_ls_files(int argc, const char **argv, const char *cmd_prefix)
 	int require_work_tree = 0, show_tag = 0, i;
 	const char *max_prefix;
 	struct dir_struct dir;
-	struct exclude_list *el;
+	struct pattern_list *pl;
 	struct string_list exclude_list = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
 	struct option builtin_ls_files_options[] = {
 		/* Think twice before adding "--nul" synonym to this */
@@ -594,9 +594,9 @@ int cmd_ls_files(int argc, const char **argv, const char *cmd_prefix)
 
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, builtin_ls_files_options,
 			ls_files_usage, 0);
-	el = add_exclude_list(&dir, EXC_CMDL, "--exclude option");
+	pl = add_pattern_list(&dir, EXC_CMDL, "--exclude option");
 	for (i = 0; i < exclude_list.nr; i++) {
-		add_exclude(exclude_list.items[i].string, "", 0, el, --exclude_args);
+		add_pattern(exclude_list.items[i].string, "", 0, pl, --exclude_args);
 	}
 	if (show_tag || show_valid_bit || show_fsmonitor_bit) {
 		tag_cached = "H ";
diff --git a/builtin/merge-tree.c b/builtin/merge-tree.c
index 97b54ca..e72714a 100644
--- a/builtin/merge-tree.c
+++ b/builtin/merge-tree.c
@@ -180,8 +180,9 @@ static struct merge_list *create_entry(unsigned stage, unsigned mode, const stru
 
 static char *traverse_path(const struct traverse_info *info, const struct name_entry *n)
 {
-	char *path = xmallocz(traverse_path_len(info, n) + the_hash_algo->rawsz);
-	return make_traverse_path(path, info, n);
+	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+	strbuf_make_traverse_path(&buf, info, n->path, n->pathlen);
+	return strbuf_detach(&buf, NULL);
 }
 
 static void resolve(const struct traverse_info *info, struct name_entry *ours, struct name_entry *result)
diff --git a/builtin/merge.c b/builtin/merge.c
index e2ccbc4..c9746e3 100644
--- a/builtin/merge.c
+++ b/builtin/merge.c
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ static int show_progress = -1;
 static int default_to_upstream = 1;
 static int signoff;
 static const char *sign_commit;
-static int verify_msg = 1;
+static int no_verify;
 
 static struct strategy all_strategy[] = {
 	{ "recursive",  DEFAULT_TWOHEAD | NO_TRIVIAL },
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ static struct option builtin_merge_options[] = {
 	  N_("GPG sign commit"), PARSE_OPT_OPTARG, NULL, (intptr_t) "" },
 	OPT_BOOL(0, "overwrite-ignore", &overwrite_ignore, N_("update ignored files (default)")),
 	OPT_BOOL(0, "signoff", &signoff, N_("add Signed-off-by:")),
-	OPT_BOOL(0, "verify", &verify_msg, N_("verify commit-msg hook")),
+	OPT_BOOL(0, "no-verify", &no_verify, N_("bypass pre-merge-commit and commit-msg hooks")),
 	OPT_END()
 };
 
@@ -816,6 +816,18 @@ static void write_merge_heads(struct commit_list *);
 static void prepare_to_commit(struct commit_list *remoteheads)
 {
 	struct strbuf msg = STRBUF_INIT;
+	const char *index_file = get_index_file();
+
+	if (!no_verify && run_commit_hook(0 < option_edit, index_file, "pre-merge-commit", NULL))
+		abort_commit(remoteheads, NULL);
+	/*
+	 * Re-read the index as pre-merge-commit hook could have updated it,
+	 * and write it out as a tree.  We must do this before we invoke
+	 * the editor and after we invoke run_status above.
+	 */
+	if (find_hook("pre-merge-commit"))
+		discard_cache();
+	read_cache_from(index_file);
 	strbuf_addbuf(&msg, &merge_msg);
 	if (squash)
 		BUG("the control must not reach here under --squash");
@@ -842,7 +854,7 @@ static void prepare_to_commit(struct commit_list *remoteheads)
 			abort_commit(remoteheads, NULL);
 	}
 
-	if (verify_msg && run_commit_hook(0 < option_edit, get_index_file(),
+	if (!no_verify && run_commit_hook(0 < option_edit, get_index_file(),
 					  "commit-msg",
 					  git_path_merge_msg(the_repository), NULL))
 		abort_commit(remoteheads, NULL);
diff --git a/builtin/pack-objects.c b/builtin/pack-objects.c
index 76ce906..5876583 100644
--- a/builtin/pack-objects.c
+++ b/builtin/pack-objects.c
@@ -610,12 +610,12 @@ static int mark_tagged(const char *path, const struct object_id *oid, int flag,
 		       void *cb_data)
 {
 	struct object_id peeled;
-	struct object_entry *entry = packlist_find(&to_pack, oid, NULL);
+	struct object_entry *entry = packlist_find(&to_pack, oid);
 
 	if (entry)
 		entry->tagged = 1;
 	if (!peel_ref(path, &peeled)) {
-		entry = packlist_find(&to_pack, &peeled, NULL);
+		entry = packlist_find(&to_pack, &peeled);
 		if (entry)
 			entry->tagged = 1;
 	}
@@ -996,12 +996,11 @@ static int no_try_delta(const char *path)
  * few lines later when we want to add the new entry.
  */
 static int have_duplicate_entry(const struct object_id *oid,
-				int exclude,
-				uint32_t *index_pos)
+				int exclude)
 {
 	struct object_entry *entry;
 
-	entry = packlist_find(&to_pack, oid, index_pos);
+	entry = packlist_find(&to_pack, oid);
 	if (!entry)
 		return 0;
 
@@ -1141,13 +1140,12 @@ static void create_object_entry(const struct object_id *oid,
 				uint32_t hash,
 				int exclude,
 				int no_try_delta,
-				uint32_t index_pos,
 				struct packed_git *found_pack,
 				off_t found_offset)
 {
 	struct object_entry *entry;
 
-	entry = packlist_alloc(&to_pack, oid->hash, index_pos);
+	entry = packlist_alloc(&to_pack, oid);
 	entry->hash = hash;
 	oe_set_type(entry, type);
 	if (exclude)
@@ -1171,11 +1169,10 @@ static int add_object_entry(const struct object_id *oid, enum object_type type,
 {
 	struct packed_git *found_pack = NULL;
 	off_t found_offset = 0;
-	uint32_t index_pos;
 
 	display_progress(progress_state, ++nr_seen);
 
-	if (have_duplicate_entry(oid, exclude, &index_pos))
+	if (have_duplicate_entry(oid, exclude))
 		return 0;
 
 	if (!want_object_in_pack(oid, exclude, &found_pack, &found_offset)) {
@@ -1190,7 +1187,7 @@ static int add_object_entry(const struct object_id *oid, enum object_type type,
 
 	create_object_entry(oid, type, pack_name_hash(name),
 			    exclude, name && no_try_delta(name),
-			    index_pos, found_pack, found_offset);
+			    found_pack, found_offset);
 	return 1;
 }
 
@@ -1199,17 +1196,15 @@ static int add_object_entry_from_bitmap(const struct object_id *oid,
 					int flags, uint32_t name_hash,
 					struct packed_git *pack, off_t offset)
 {
-	uint32_t index_pos;
-
 	display_progress(progress_state, ++nr_seen);
 
-	if (have_duplicate_entry(oid, 0, &index_pos))
+	if (have_duplicate_entry(oid, 0))
 		return 0;
 
 	if (!want_object_in_pack(oid, 0, &pack, &offset))
 		return 0;
 
-	create_object_entry(oid, type, name_hash, 0, 0, index_pos, pack, offset);
+	create_object_entry(oid, type, name_hash, 0, 0, pack, offset);
 	return 1;
 }
 
@@ -1507,7 +1502,7 @@ static int can_reuse_delta(const unsigned char *base_sha1,
 	 * First see if we're already sending the base (or it's explicitly in
 	 * our "excluded" list).
 	 */
-	base = packlist_find(&to_pack, &base_oid, NULL);
+	base = packlist_find(&to_pack, &base_oid);
 	if (base) {
 		if (!in_same_island(&delta->idx.oid, &base->idx.oid))
 			return 0;
@@ -2342,15 +2337,6 @@ static void find_deltas(struct object_entry **list, unsigned *list_size,
 	free(array);
 }
 
-static void try_to_free_from_threads(size_t size)
-{
-	packing_data_lock(&to_pack);
-	release_pack_memory(size);
-	packing_data_unlock(&to_pack);
-}
-
-static try_to_free_t old_try_to_free_routine;
-
 /*
  * The main object list is split into smaller lists, each is handed to
  * one worker.
@@ -2391,12 +2377,10 @@ static void init_threaded_search(void)
 	pthread_mutex_init(&cache_mutex, NULL);
 	pthread_mutex_init(&progress_mutex, NULL);
 	pthread_cond_init(&progress_cond, NULL);
-	old_try_to_free_routine = set_try_to_free_routine(try_to_free_from_threads);
 }
 
 static void cleanup_threaded_search(void)
 {
-	set_try_to_free_routine(old_try_to_free_routine);
 	pthread_cond_destroy(&progress_cond);
 	pthread_mutex_destroy(&cache_mutex);
 	pthread_mutex_destroy(&progress_mutex);
@@ -2579,7 +2563,7 @@ static void add_tag_chain(const struct object_id *oid)
 	 * it was included via bitmaps, we would not have parsed it
 	 * previously).
 	 */
-	if (packlist_find(&to_pack, oid, NULL))
+	if (packlist_find(&to_pack, oid))
 		return;
 
 	tag = lookup_tag(the_repository, oid);
@@ -2603,7 +2587,7 @@ static int add_ref_tag(const char *path, const struct object_id *oid, int flag,
 
 	if (starts_with(path, "refs/tags/") && /* is a tag? */
 	    !peel_ref(path, &peeled)    && /* peelable? */
-	    packlist_find(&to_pack, &peeled, NULL))      /* object packed? */
+	    packlist_find(&to_pack, &peeled))      /* object packed? */
 		add_tag_chain(oid);
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -2715,10 +2699,6 @@ static int git_pack_config(const char *k, const char *v, void *cb)
 		use_bitmap_index_default = git_config_bool(k, v);
 		return 0;
 	}
-	if (!strcmp(k, "pack.usesparse")) {
-		sparse = git_config_bool(k, v);
-		return 0;
-	}
 	if (!strcmp(k, "pack.threads")) {
 		delta_search_threads = git_config_int(k, v);
 		if (delta_search_threads < 0)
@@ -2803,7 +2783,7 @@ static void show_object(struct object *obj, const char *name, void *data)
 		for (p = strchr(name, '/'); p; p = strchr(p + 1, '/'))
 			depth++;
 
-		ent = packlist_find(&to_pack, &obj->oid, NULL);
+		ent = packlist_find(&to_pack, &obj->oid);
 		if (ent && depth > oe_tree_depth(&to_pack, ent))
 			oe_set_tree_depth(&to_pack, ent, depth);
 	}
@@ -3034,7 +3014,7 @@ static void loosen_unused_packed_objects(void)
 
 		for (i = 0; i < p->num_objects; i++) {
 			nth_packed_object_oid(&oid, p, i);
-			if (!packlist_find(&to_pack, &oid, NULL) &&
+			if (!packlist_find(&to_pack, &oid) &&
 			    !has_sha1_pack_kept_or_nonlocal(&oid) &&
 			    !loosened_object_can_be_discarded(&oid, p->mtime))
 				if (force_object_loose(&oid, p->mtime))
@@ -3343,6 +3323,10 @@ int cmd_pack_objects(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	read_replace_refs = 0;
 
 	sparse = git_env_bool("GIT_TEST_PACK_SPARSE", 0);
+	prepare_repo_settings(the_repository);
+	if (!sparse && the_repository->settings.pack_use_sparse != -1)
+		sparse = the_repository->settings.pack_use_sparse;
+
 	reset_pack_idx_option(&pack_idx_opts);
 	git_config(git_pack_config, NULL);
 
diff --git a/builtin/pull.c b/builtin/pull.c
index f1eaf6e..d25ff13 100644
--- a/builtin/pull.c
+++ b/builtin/pull.c
@@ -129,6 +129,7 @@ static char *opt_refmap;
 static char *opt_ipv4;
 static char *opt_ipv6;
 static int opt_show_forced_updates = -1;
+static char *set_upstream;
 
 static struct option pull_options[] = {
 	/* Shared options */
@@ -243,6 +244,9 @@ static struct option pull_options[] = {
 		PARSE_OPT_NOARG),
 	OPT_BOOL(0, "show-forced-updates", &opt_show_forced_updates,
 		 N_("check for forced-updates on all updated branches")),
+	OPT_PASSTHRU(0, "set-upstream", &set_upstream, NULL,
+		N_("set upstream for git pull/fetch"),
+		PARSE_OPT_NOARG),
 
 	OPT_END()
 };
@@ -556,6 +560,8 @@ static int run_fetch(const char *repo, const char **refspecs)
 		argv_array_push(&args, "--show-forced-updates");
 	else if (opt_show_forced_updates == 0)
 		argv_array_push(&args, "--no-show-forced-updates");
+	if (set_upstream)
+		argv_array_push(&args, set_upstream);
 
 	if (repo) {
 		argv_array_push(&args, repo);
diff --git a/builtin/push.c b/builtin/push.c
index 021dd3b..3742daf 100644
--- a/builtin/push.c
+++ b/builtin/push.c
@@ -385,30 +385,14 @@ static int push_with_options(struct transport *transport, struct refspec *rs,
 }
 
 static int do_push(const char *repo, int flags,
-		   const struct string_list *push_options)
+		   const struct string_list *push_options,
+		   struct remote *remote)
 {
 	int i, errs;
-	struct remote *remote = pushremote_get(repo);
 	const char **url;
 	int url_nr;
 	struct refspec *push_refspec = &rs;
 
-	if (!remote) {
-		if (repo)
-			die(_("bad repository '%s'"), repo);
-		die(_("No configured push destination.\n"
-		    "Either specify the URL from the command-line or configure a remote repository using\n"
-		    "\n"
-		    "    git remote add <name> <url>\n"
-		    "\n"
-		    "and then push using the remote name\n"
-		    "\n"
-		    "    git push <name>\n"));
-	}
-
-	if (remote->mirror)
-		flags |= (TRANSPORT_PUSH_MIRROR|TRANSPORT_PUSH_FORCE);
-
 	if (push_options->nr)
 		flags |= TRANSPORT_PUSH_OPTIONS;
 
@@ -548,6 +532,7 @@ int cmd_push(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	struct string_list push_options_cmdline = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
 	struct string_list *push_options;
 	const struct string_list_item *item;
+	struct remote *remote;
 
 	struct option options[] = {
 		OPT__VERBOSITY(&verbosity),
@@ -602,20 +587,6 @@ int cmd_push(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		die(_("--delete is incompatible with --all, --mirror and --tags"));
 	if (deleterefs && argc < 2)
 		die(_("--delete doesn't make sense without any refs"));
-	if (flags & TRANSPORT_PUSH_ALL) {
-		if (tags)
-			die(_("--all and --tags are incompatible"));
-		if (argc >= 2)
-			die(_("--all can't be combined with refspecs"));
-	}
-	if (flags & TRANSPORT_PUSH_MIRROR) {
-		if (tags)
-			die(_("--mirror and --tags are incompatible"));
-		if (argc >= 2)
-			die(_("--mirror can't be combined with refspecs"));
-	}
-	if ((flags & TRANSPORT_PUSH_ALL) && (flags & TRANSPORT_PUSH_MIRROR))
-		die(_("--all and --mirror are incompatible"));
 
 	if (recurse_submodules == RECURSE_SUBMODULES_CHECK)
 		flags |= TRANSPORT_RECURSE_SUBMODULES_CHECK;
@@ -632,11 +603,43 @@ int cmd_push(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		set_refspecs(argv + 1, argc - 1, repo);
 	}
 
+	remote = pushremote_get(repo);
+	if (!remote) {
+		if (repo)
+			die(_("bad repository '%s'"), repo);
+		die(_("No configured push destination.\n"
+		    "Either specify the URL from the command-line or configure a remote repository using\n"
+		    "\n"
+		    "    git remote add <name> <url>\n"
+		    "\n"
+		    "and then push using the remote name\n"
+		    "\n"
+		    "    git push <name>\n"));
+	}
+
+	if (remote->mirror)
+		flags |= (TRANSPORT_PUSH_MIRROR|TRANSPORT_PUSH_FORCE);
+
+	if (flags & TRANSPORT_PUSH_ALL) {
+		if (tags)
+			die(_("--all and --tags are incompatible"));
+		if (argc >= 2)
+			die(_("--all can't be combined with refspecs"));
+	}
+	if (flags & TRANSPORT_PUSH_MIRROR) {
+		if (tags)
+			die(_("--mirror and --tags are incompatible"));
+		if (argc >= 2)
+			die(_("--mirror can't be combined with refspecs"));
+	}
+	if ((flags & TRANSPORT_PUSH_ALL) && (flags & TRANSPORT_PUSH_MIRROR))
+		die(_("--all and --mirror are incompatible"));
+
 	for_each_string_list_item(item, push_options)
 		if (strchr(item->string, '\n'))
 			die(_("push options must not have new line characters"));
 
-	rc = do_push(repo, flags, push_options);
+	rc = do_push(repo, flags, push_options, remote);
 	string_list_clear(&push_options_cmdline, 0);
 	string_list_clear(&push_options_config, 0);
 	if (rc == -1)
diff --git a/builtin/rebase.c b/builtin/rebase.c
index 118205e..4a20582 100644
--- a/builtin/rebase.c
+++ b/builtin/rebase.c
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@
 #include "rebase-interactive.h"
 
 static char const * const builtin_rebase_usage[] = {
-	N_("git rebase [-i] [options] [--exec <cmd>] [--onto <newbase>] "
-		"[<upstream>] [<branch>]"),
+	N_("git rebase [-i] [options] [--exec <cmd>] "
+		"[--onto <newbase> | --keep-base] [<upstream> [<branch>]]"),
 	N_("git rebase [-i] [options] [--exec <cmd>] [--onto <newbase>] "
 		"--root [<branch>]"),
 	N_("git rebase --continue | --abort | --skip | --edit-todo"),
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ struct rebase_options {
 	const char *onto_name;
 	const char *revisions;
 	const char *switch_to;
-	int root;
+	int root, root_with_onto;
 	struct object_id *squash_onto;
 	struct commit *restrict_revision;
 	int dont_finish_rebase;
@@ -374,6 +374,7 @@ static int run_rebase_interactive(struct rebase_options *opts,
 	flags |= abbreviate_commands ? TODO_LIST_ABBREVIATE_CMDS : 0;
 	flags |= opts->rebase_merges ? TODO_LIST_REBASE_MERGES : 0;
 	flags |= opts->rebase_cousins > 0 ? TODO_LIST_REBASE_COUSINS : 0;
+	flags |= opts->root_with_onto ? TODO_LIST_ROOT_WITH_ONTO : 0;
 	flags |= command == ACTION_SHORTEN_OIDS ? TODO_LIST_SHORTEN_IDS : 0;
 
 	switch (command) {
@@ -1260,24 +1261,44 @@ static int is_linear_history(struct commit *from, struct commit *to)
 	return 1;
 }
 
-static int can_fast_forward(struct commit *onto, struct object_id *head_oid,
-			    struct object_id *merge_base)
+static int can_fast_forward(struct commit *onto, struct commit *upstream,
+			    struct commit *restrict_revision,
+			    struct object_id *head_oid, struct object_id *merge_base)
 {
 	struct commit *head = lookup_commit(the_repository, head_oid);
-	struct commit_list *merge_bases;
-	int res;
+	struct commit_list *merge_bases = NULL;
+	int res = 0;
 
 	if (!head)
-		return 0;
+		goto done;
 
 	merge_bases = get_merge_bases(onto, head);
-	if (merge_bases && !merge_bases->next) {
-		oidcpy(merge_base, &merge_bases->item->object.oid);
-		res = oideq(merge_base, &onto->object.oid);
-	} else {
+	if (!merge_bases || merge_bases->next) {
 		oidcpy(merge_base, &null_oid);
-		res = 0;
+		goto done;
 	}
+
+	oidcpy(merge_base, &merge_bases->item->object.oid);
+	if (!oideq(merge_base, &onto->object.oid))
+		goto done;
+
+	if (restrict_revision && !oideq(&restrict_revision->object.oid, merge_base))
+		goto done;
+
+	if (!upstream)
+		goto done;
+
+	free_commit_list(merge_bases);
+	merge_bases = get_merge_bases(upstream, head);
+	if (!merge_bases || merge_bases->next)
+		goto done;
+
+	if (!oideq(&onto->object.oid, &merge_bases->item->object.oid))
+		goto done;
+
+	res = 1;
+
+done:
 	free_commit_list(merge_bases);
 	return res && is_linear_history(onto, head);
 }
@@ -1376,6 +1397,7 @@ int cmd_rebase(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	struct rebase_options options = REBASE_OPTIONS_INIT;
 	const char *branch_name;
 	int ret, flags, total_argc, in_progress = 0;
+	int keep_base = 0;
 	int ok_to_skip_pre_rebase = 0;
 	struct strbuf msg = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct strbuf revisions = STRBUF_INIT;
@@ -1394,6 +1416,8 @@ int cmd_rebase(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		OPT_STRING(0, "onto", &options.onto_name,
 			   N_("revision"),
 			   N_("rebase onto given branch instead of upstream")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "keep-base", &keep_base,
+			 N_("use the merge-base of upstream and branch as the current base")),
 		OPT_BOOL(0, "no-verify", &ok_to_skip_pre_rebase,
 			 N_("allow pre-rebase hook to run")),
 		OPT_NEGBIT('q', "quiet", &options.flags,
@@ -1547,6 +1571,13 @@ int cmd_rebase(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		warning(_("git rebase --preserve-merges is deprecated. "
 			  "Use --rebase-merges instead."));
 
+	if (keep_base) {
+		if (options.onto_name)
+			die(_("cannot combine '--keep-base' with '--onto'"));
+		if (options.root)
+			die(_("cannot combine '--keep-base' with '--root'"));
+	}
+
 	if (action != ACTION_NONE && !in_progress)
 		die(_("No rebase in progress?"));
 	setenv(GIT_REFLOG_ACTION_ENVIRONMENT, "rebase", 0);
@@ -1833,15 +1864,6 @@ int cmd_rebase(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			      "'--reschedule-failed-exec'"));
 	}
 
-	if (options.rebase_merges) {
-		if (strategy_options.nr)
-			die(_("cannot combine '--rebase-merges' with "
-			      "'--strategy-option'"));
-		if (options.strategy)
-			die(_("cannot combine '--rebase-merges' with "
-			      "'--strategy'"));
-	}
-
 	if (!options.root) {
 		if (argc < 1) {
 			struct branch *branch;
@@ -1872,7 +1894,9 @@ int cmd_rebase(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			options.squash_onto = &squash_onto;
 			options.onto_name = squash_onto_name =
 				xstrdup(oid_to_hex(&squash_onto));
-		}
+		} else
+			options.root_with_onto = 1;
+
 		options.upstream_name = NULL;
 		options.upstream = NULL;
 		if (argc > 1)
@@ -1882,12 +1906,22 @@ int cmd_rebase(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	}
 
 	/* Make sure the branch to rebase onto is valid. */
-	if (!options.onto_name)
+	if (keep_base) {
+		strbuf_reset(&buf);
+		strbuf_addstr(&buf, options.upstream_name);
+		strbuf_addstr(&buf, "...");
+		options.onto_name = xstrdup(buf.buf);
+	} else if (!options.onto_name)
 		options.onto_name = options.upstream_name;
 	if (strstr(options.onto_name, "...")) {
-		if (get_oid_mb(options.onto_name, &merge_base) < 0)
-			die(_("'%s': need exactly one merge base"),
-			    options.onto_name);
+		if (get_oid_mb(options.onto_name, &merge_base) < 0) {
+			if (keep_base)
+				die(_("'%s': need exactly one merge base with branch"),
+				    options.upstream_name);
+			else
+				die(_("'%s': need exactly one merge base"),
+				    options.onto_name);
+		}
 		options.onto = lookup_commit_or_die(&merge_base,
 						    options.onto_name);
 	} else {
@@ -2011,13 +2045,13 @@ int cmd_rebase(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 
 	/*
 	 * Check if we are already based on onto with linear history,
-	 * but this should be done only when upstream and onto are the same
-	 * and if this is not an interactive rebase.
+	 * in which case we could fast-forward without replacing the commits
+	 * with new commits recreated by replaying their changes. This
+	 * optimization must not be done if this is an interactive rebase.
 	 */
-	if (can_fast_forward(options.onto, &options.orig_head, &merge_base) &&
-	    !is_interactive(&options) && !options.restrict_revision &&
-	    options.upstream &&
-	    !oidcmp(&options.upstream->object.oid, &options.onto->object.oid)) {
+	if (can_fast_forward(options.onto, options.upstream, options.restrict_revision,
+		    &options.orig_head, &merge_base) &&
+	    !is_interactive(&options)) {
 		int flag;
 
 		if (!(options.flags & REBASE_FORCE)) {
diff --git a/builtin/repack.c b/builtin/repack.c
index 632c0c0..3b3dd14 100644
--- a/builtin/repack.c
+++ b/builtin/repack.c
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include "midx.h"
 #include "packfile.h"
 #include "object-store.h"
+#include "promisor-remote.h"
 
 static int delta_base_offset = 1;
 static int pack_kept_objects = -1;
@@ -361,7 +362,7 @@ int cmd_repack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	argv_array_push(&cmd.args, "--all");
 	argv_array_push(&cmd.args, "--reflog");
 	argv_array_push(&cmd.args, "--indexed-objects");
-	if (repository_format_partial_clone)
+	if (has_promisor_remote())
 		argv_array_push(&cmd.args, "--exclude-promisor-objects");
 	if (write_bitmaps > 0)
 		argv_array_push(&cmd.args, "--write-bitmap-index");
diff --git a/builtin/replace.c b/builtin/replace.c
index 644b21c..2a4afb3 100644
--- a/builtin/replace.c
+++ b/builtin/replace.c
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ static int check_one_mergetag(struct commit *commit,
 		if (get_oid(mergetag_data->argv[i], &oid) < 0)
 			return error(_("not a valid object name: '%s'"),
 				     mergetag_data->argv[i]);
-		if (oideq(&tag->tagged->oid, &oid))
+		if (oideq(get_tagged_oid(tag), &oid))
 			return 0; /* found */
 	}
 
diff --git a/builtin/rev-list.c b/builtin/rev-list.c
index 301ccb9..b8dc2e1 100644
--- a/builtin/rev-list.c
+++ b/builtin/rev-list.c
@@ -473,8 +473,10 @@ int cmd_rev_list(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 				die(_("object filtering requires --objects"));
 			if (filter_options.choice == LOFC_SPARSE_OID &&
 			    !filter_options.sparse_oid_value)
-				die(_("invalid sparse value '%s'"),
-				    filter_options.filter_spec);
+				die(
+					_("invalid sparse value '%s'"),
+					list_objects_filter_spec(
+						&filter_options));
 			continue;
 		}
 		if (!strcmp(arg, ("--no-" CL_ARG__FILTER))) {
diff --git a/builtin/update-index.c b/builtin/update-index.c
index dff2f4b..49302d9 100644
--- a/builtin/update-index.c
+++ b/builtin/update-index.c
@@ -966,6 +966,7 @@ int cmd_update_index(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	struct parse_opt_ctx_t ctx;
 	strbuf_getline_fn getline_fn;
 	int parseopt_state = PARSE_OPT_UNKNOWN;
+	struct repository *r = the_repository;
 	struct option options[] = {
 		OPT_BIT('q', NULL, &refresh_args.flags,
 			N_("continue refresh even when index needs update"),
@@ -1180,11 +1181,12 @@ int cmd_update_index(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		remove_split_index(&the_index);
 	}
 
+	prepare_repo_settings(r);
 	switch (untracked_cache) {
 	case UC_UNSPECIFIED:
 		break;
 	case UC_DISABLE:
-		if (git_config_get_untracked_cache() == 1)
+		if (r->settings.core_untracked_cache == UNTRACKED_CACHE_WRITE)
 			warning(_("core.untrackedCache is set to true; "
 				  "remove or change it, if you really want to "
 				  "disable the untracked cache"));
@@ -1196,7 +1198,7 @@ int cmd_update_index(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		return !test_if_untracked_cache_is_supported();
 	case UC_ENABLE:
 	case UC_FORCE:
-		if (git_config_get_untracked_cache() == 0)
+		if (r->settings.core_untracked_cache == UNTRACKED_CACHE_REMOVE)
 			warning(_("core.untrackedCache is set to false; "
 				  "remove or change it, if you really want to "
 				  "enable the untracked cache"));
diff --git a/builtin/worktree.c b/builtin/worktree.c
index a5bb02b..7f094f8 100644
--- a/builtin/worktree.c
+++ b/builtin/worktree.c
@@ -880,7 +880,7 @@ static void check_clean_worktree(struct worktree *wt,
 			  original_path);
 	ret = xread(cp.out, buf, sizeof(buf));
 	if (ret)
-		die(_("'%s' is dirty, use --force to delete it"),
+		die(_("'%s' contains modified or untracked files, use --force to delete it"),
 		    original_path);
 	close(cp.out);
 	ret = finish_command(&cp);
diff --git a/bulk-checkin.c b/bulk-checkin.c
index 39ee7d6..583aacb 100644
--- a/bulk-checkin.c
+++ b/bulk-checkin.c
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ static int deflate_to_pack(struct bulk_checkin_state *state,
 	git_hash_ctx ctx;
 	unsigned char obuf[16384];
 	unsigned header_len;
-	struct hashfile_checkpoint checkpoint;
+	struct hashfile_checkpoint checkpoint = {0};
 	struct pack_idx_entry *idx = NULL;
 
 	seekback = lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_CUR);
diff --git a/cache-tree.c b/cache-tree.c
index 706ffcf..0e5724f 100644
--- a/cache-tree.c
+++ b/cache-tree.c
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include "cache-tree.h"
 #include "object-store.h"
 #include "replace-object.h"
+#include "promisor-remote.h"
 
 #ifndef DEBUG_CACHE_TREE
 #define DEBUG_CACHE_TREE 0
@@ -357,7 +358,7 @@ static int update_one(struct cache_tree *it,
 		}
 
 		ce_missing_ok = mode == S_IFGITLINK || missing_ok ||
-			(repository_format_partial_clone &&
+			(has_promisor_remote() &&
 			 ce_skip_worktree(ce));
 		if (is_null_oid(oid) ||
 		    (!ce_missing_ok && !has_object_file(oid))) {
@@ -713,7 +714,7 @@ static struct cache_tree *find_cache_tree_from_traversal(struct cache_tree *root
 	if (!info->prev)
 		return root;
 	our_parent = find_cache_tree_from_traversal(root, info->prev);
-	return cache_tree_find(our_parent, info->name.path);
+	return cache_tree_find(our_parent, info->name);
 }
 
 int cache_tree_matches_traversal(struct cache_tree *root,
diff --git a/cache.h b/cache.h
index b1da1ab..5624e6c 100644
--- a/cache.h
+++ b/cache.h
@@ -636,6 +636,9 @@ int daemonize(void);
  * at least 'nr' entries; the number of entries currently allocated
  * is 'alloc', using the standard growing factor alloc_nr() macro.
  *
+ * Consider using ALLOC_GROW_BY instead of ALLOC_GROW as it has some
+ * added niceties.
+ *
  * DO NOT USE any expression with side-effect for 'x', 'nr', or 'alloc'.
  */
 #define ALLOC_GROW(x, nr, alloc) \
@@ -649,6 +652,25 @@ int daemonize(void);
 		} \
 	} while (0)
 
+/*
+ * Similar to ALLOC_GROW but handles updating of the nr value and
+ * zeroing the bytes of the newly-grown array elements.
+ *
+ * DO NOT USE any expression with side-effect for any of the
+ * arguments.
+ */
+#define ALLOC_GROW_BY(x, nr, increase, alloc) \
+	do { \
+		if (increase) { \
+			size_t new_nr = nr + (increase); \
+			if (new_nr < nr) \
+				BUG("negative growth in ALLOC_GROW_BY"); \
+			ALLOC_GROW(x, new_nr, alloc); \
+			memset((x) + nr, 0, sizeof(*(x)) * (increase)); \
+			nr = new_nr; \
+		} \
+	} while (0)
+
 /* Initialize and use the cache information */
 struct lock_file;
 void preload_index(struct index_state *index,
@@ -937,8 +959,6 @@ extern int grafts_replace_parents;
 #define GIT_REPO_VERSION 0
 #define GIT_REPO_VERSION_READ 1
 extern int repository_format_precious_objects;
-extern char *repository_format_partial_clone;
-extern const char *core_partial_clone_filter_default;
 extern int repository_format_worktree_config;
 
 /*
diff --git a/ci/lib.sh b/ci/lib.sh
index 44db2d5..29dc740 100755
--- a/ci/lib.sh
+++ b/ci/lib.sh
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@
 		export CC=gcc-8
 	fi
 
-	export GIT_TEST_HTTPD=YesPlease
+	export GIT_TEST_HTTPD=true
 
 	# The Linux build installs the defined dependency versions below.
 	# The OS X build installs much more recent versions, whichever
diff --git a/commit-graph.c b/commit-graph.c
index fe954ab..9b02d2c 100644
--- a/commit-graph.c
+++ b/commit-graph.c
@@ -467,7 +467,6 @@ static void prepare_commit_graph_one(struct repository *r, const char *obj_dir)
 static int prepare_commit_graph(struct repository *r)
 {
 	struct object_directory *odb;
-	int config_value;
 
 	if (git_env_bool(GIT_TEST_COMMIT_GRAPH_DIE_ON_LOAD, 0))
 		die("dying as requested by the '%s' variable on commit-graph load!",
@@ -477,9 +476,10 @@ static int prepare_commit_graph(struct repository *r)
 		return !!r->objects->commit_graph;
 	r->objects->commit_graph_attempted = 1;
 
+	prepare_repo_settings(r);
+
 	if (!git_env_bool(GIT_TEST_COMMIT_GRAPH, 0) &&
-	    (repo_config_get_bool(r, "core.commitgraph", &config_value) ||
-	    !config_value))
+	    r->settings.core_commit_graph != 1)
 		/*
 		 * This repository is not configured to use commit graphs, so
 		 * do not load one. (But report commit_graph_attempted anyway
@@ -783,7 +783,8 @@ struct write_commit_graph_context {
 
 	unsigned append:1,
 		 report_progress:1,
-		 split:1;
+		 split:1,
+		 check_oids:1;
 
 	const struct split_commit_graph_opts *split_opts;
 };
@@ -1134,7 +1135,8 @@ static int add_ref_to_list(const char *refname,
 	return 0;
 }
 
-int write_commit_graph_reachable(const char *obj_dir, unsigned int flags,
+int write_commit_graph_reachable(const char *obj_dir,
+				 enum commit_graph_write_flags flags,
 				 const struct split_commit_graph_opts *split_opts)
 {
 	struct string_list list = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
@@ -1193,8 +1195,8 @@ static int fill_oids_from_packs(struct write_commit_graph_context *ctx,
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static void fill_oids_from_commit_hex(struct write_commit_graph_context *ctx,
-				      struct string_list *commit_hex)
+static int fill_oids_from_commit_hex(struct write_commit_graph_context *ctx,
+				     struct string_list *commit_hex)
 {
 	uint32_t i;
 	struct strbuf progress_title = STRBUF_INIT;
@@ -1215,20 +1217,21 @@ static void fill_oids_from_commit_hex(struct write_commit_graph_context *ctx,
 		struct commit *result;
 
 		display_progress(ctx->progress, i + 1);
-		if (commit_hex->items[i].string &&
-		    parse_oid_hex(commit_hex->items[i].string, &oid, &end))
-			continue;
-
-		result = lookup_commit_reference_gently(ctx->r, &oid, 1);
-
-		if (result) {
+		if (!parse_oid_hex(commit_hex->items[i].string, &oid, &end) &&
+		    (result = lookup_commit_reference_gently(ctx->r, &oid, 1))) {
 			ALLOC_GROW(ctx->oids.list, ctx->oids.nr + 1, ctx->oids.alloc);
 			oidcpy(&ctx->oids.list[ctx->oids.nr], &(result->object.oid));
 			ctx->oids.nr++;
+		} else if (ctx->check_oids) {
+			error(_("invalid commit object id: %s"),
+			    commit_hex->items[i].string);
+			return -1;
 		}
 	}
 	stop_progress(&ctx->progress);
 	strbuf_release(&progress_title);
+
+	return 0;
 }
 
 static void fill_oids_from_all_packs(struct write_commit_graph_context *ctx)
@@ -1752,7 +1755,7 @@ static void expire_commit_graphs(struct write_commit_graph_context *ctx)
 int write_commit_graph(const char *obj_dir,
 		       struct string_list *pack_indexes,
 		       struct string_list *commit_hex,
-		       unsigned int flags,
+		       enum commit_graph_write_flags flags,
 		       const struct split_commit_graph_opts *split_opts)
 {
 	struct write_commit_graph_context *ctx;
@@ -1773,9 +1776,10 @@ int write_commit_graph(const char *obj_dir,
 	if (len && ctx->obj_dir[len - 1] == '/')
 		ctx->obj_dir[len - 1] = 0;
 
-	ctx->append = flags & COMMIT_GRAPH_APPEND ? 1 : 0;
-	ctx->report_progress = flags & COMMIT_GRAPH_PROGRESS ? 1 : 0;
-	ctx->split = flags & COMMIT_GRAPH_SPLIT ? 1 : 0;
+	ctx->append = flags & COMMIT_GRAPH_WRITE_APPEND ? 1 : 0;
+	ctx->report_progress = flags & COMMIT_GRAPH_WRITE_PROGRESS ? 1 : 0;
+	ctx->split = flags & COMMIT_GRAPH_WRITE_SPLIT ? 1 : 0;
+	ctx->check_oids = flags & COMMIT_GRAPH_WRITE_CHECK_OIDS ? 1 : 0;
 	ctx->split_opts = split_opts;
 
 	if (ctx->split) {
@@ -1830,8 +1834,10 @@ int write_commit_graph(const char *obj_dir,
 			goto cleanup;
 	}
 
-	if (commit_hex)
-		fill_oids_from_commit_hex(ctx, commit_hex);
+	if (commit_hex) {
+		if ((res = fill_oids_from_commit_hex(ctx, commit_hex)))
+			goto cleanup;
+	}
 
 	if (!pack_indexes && !commit_hex)
 		fill_oids_from_all_packs(ctx);
diff --git a/commit-graph.h b/commit-graph.h
index df9a3b2..486e64e 100644
--- a/commit-graph.h
+++ b/commit-graph.h
@@ -71,9 +71,13 @@ struct commit_graph *parse_commit_graph(void *graph_map, int fd,
  */
 int generation_numbers_enabled(struct repository *r);
 
-#define COMMIT_GRAPH_APPEND     (1 << 0)
-#define COMMIT_GRAPH_PROGRESS   (1 << 1)
-#define COMMIT_GRAPH_SPLIT      (1 << 2)
+enum commit_graph_write_flags {
+	COMMIT_GRAPH_WRITE_APPEND     = (1 << 0),
+	COMMIT_GRAPH_WRITE_PROGRESS   = (1 << 1),
+	COMMIT_GRAPH_WRITE_SPLIT      = (1 << 2),
+	/* Make sure that each OID in the input is a valid commit OID. */
+	COMMIT_GRAPH_WRITE_CHECK_OIDS = (1 << 3)
+};
 
 struct split_commit_graph_opts {
 	int size_multiple;
@@ -87,12 +91,13 @@ struct split_commit_graph_opts {
  * is not compatible with the commit-graph feature, then the
  * methods will return 0 without writing a commit-graph.
  */
-int write_commit_graph_reachable(const char *obj_dir, unsigned int flags,
+int write_commit_graph_reachable(const char *obj_dir,
+				 enum commit_graph_write_flags flags,
 				 const struct split_commit_graph_opts *split_opts);
 int write_commit_graph(const char *obj_dir,
 		       struct string_list *pack_indexes,
 		       struct string_list *commit_hex,
-		       unsigned int flags,
+		       enum commit_graph_write_flags flags,
 		       const struct split_commit_graph_opts *split_opts);
 
 #define COMMIT_GRAPH_VERIFY_SHALLOW	(1 << 0)
diff --git a/commit.c b/commit.c
index a98de16..3fe5f8f 100644
--- a/commit.c
+++ b/commit.c
@@ -364,8 +364,8 @@ struct object_id *get_commit_tree_oid(const struct commit *commit)
 void release_commit_memory(struct parsed_object_pool *pool, struct commit *c)
 {
 	set_commit_tree(c, NULL);
-	c->index = 0;
 	free_commit_buffer(pool, c);
+	c->index = 0;
 	free_commit_list(c->parents);
 
 	c->object.parsed = 0;
diff --git a/common-main.c b/common-main.c
index 582a7b1..71e21dd 100644
--- a/common-main.c
+++ b/common-main.c
@@ -39,16 +39,16 @@ int main(int argc, const char **argv)
 
 	git_resolve_executable_dir(argv[0]);
 
-	trace2_initialize();
-	trace2_cmd_start(argv);
-	trace2_collect_process_info(TRACE2_PROCESS_INFO_STARTUP);
-
 	git_setup_gettext();
 
 	initialize_the_repository();
 
 	attr_start();
 
+	trace2_initialize();
+	trace2_cmd_start(argv);
+	trace2_collect_process_info(TRACE2_PROCESS_INFO_STARTUP);
+
 	result = cmd_main(argc, argv);
 
 	trace2_cmd_exit(result);
diff --git a/compat/mingw.c b/compat/mingw.c
index 738f0a8..7a0d619 100644
--- a/compat/mingw.c
+++ b/compat/mingw.c
@@ -1161,14 +1161,21 @@ static char *lookup_prog(const char *dir, int dirlen, const char *cmd,
 			 int isexe, int exe_only)
 {
 	char path[MAX_PATH];
+	wchar_t wpath[MAX_PATH];
 	snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "%.*s\\%s.exe", dirlen, dir, cmd);
 
-	if (!isexe && access(path, F_OK) == 0)
+	if (xutftowcs_path(wpath, path) < 0)
+		return NULL;
+
+	if (!isexe && _waccess(wpath, F_OK) == 0)
 		return xstrdup(path);
-	path[strlen(path)-4] = '\0';
-	if ((!exe_only || isexe) && access(path, F_OK) == 0)
-		if (!(GetFileAttributes(path) & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY))
+	wpath[wcslen(wpath)-4] = '\0';
+	if ((!exe_only || isexe) && _waccess(wpath, F_OK) == 0) {
+		if (!(GetFileAttributesW(wpath) & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY)) {
+			path[strlen(path)-4] = '\0';
 			return xstrdup(path);
+		}
+	}
 	return NULL;
 }
 
@@ -1265,7 +1272,7 @@ static wchar_t *make_environment_block(char **deltaenv)
 		}
 
 		ALLOC_ARRAY(result, size);
-		memcpy(result, wenv, size * sizeof(*wenv));
+		COPY_ARRAY(result, wenv, size);
 		FreeEnvironmentStringsW(wenv);
 		return result;
 	}
@@ -1309,7 +1316,7 @@ static wchar_t *make_environment_block(char **deltaenv)
 			continue;
 
 		size = wcslen(array[i]) + 1;
-		memcpy(p, array[i], size * sizeof(*p));
+		COPY_ARRAY(p, array[i], size);
 		p += size;
 	}
 	*p = L'\0';
diff --git a/compat/mingw.h b/compat/mingw.h
index a03e40e..9ad204c 100644
--- a/compat/mingw.h
+++ b/compat/mingw.h
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ typedef _sigset_t sigset_t;
 #undef _POSIX_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS
 #endif
 
-extern int mingw_core_config(const char *var, const char *value, void *cb);
+int mingw_core_config(const char *var, const char *value, void *cb);
 #define platform_core_config mingw_core_config
 
 /*
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ static inline void convert_slashes(char *path)
 			*path = '/';
 }
 #define PATH_SEP ';'
-extern char *mingw_query_user_email(void);
+char *mingw_query_user_email(void);
 #define query_user_email mingw_query_user_email
 #if !defined(__MINGW64_VERSION_MAJOR) && (!defined(_MSC_VER) || _MSC_VER < 1800)
 #define PRIuMAX "I64u"
@@ -580,4 +580,4 @@ int main(int argc, const char **argv);
 /*
  * Used by Pthread API implementation for Windows
  */
-extern int err_win_to_posix(DWORD winerr);
+int err_win_to_posix(DWORD winerr);
diff --git a/compat/nedmalloc/malloc.c.h b/compat/nedmalloc/malloc.c.h
index b833ff9..9134349 100644
--- a/compat/nedmalloc/malloc.c.h
+++ b/compat/nedmalloc/malloc.c.h
@@ -1755,10 +1755,10 @@ static FORCEINLINE void pthread_release_lock (MLOCK_T *sl) {
   assert(sl->l != 0);
   assert(sl->threadid == CURRENT_THREAD);
   if (--sl->c == 0) {
-    sl->threadid = 0;
     volatile unsigned int* lp = &sl->l;
     int prev = 0;
     int ret;
+    sl->threadid = 0;
     __asm__ __volatile__ ("lock; xchgl %0, %1"
 			  : "=r" (ret)
 			  : "m" (*(lp)), "0"(prev)
@@ -3066,7 +3066,7 @@ static int init_mparams(void) {
 #if !ONLY_MSPACES
     /* Set up lock for main malloc area */
     gm->mflags = mparams.default_mflags;
-    INITIAL_LOCK(&gm->mutex);
+    (void)INITIAL_LOCK(&gm->mutex);
 #endif
 
 #if (FOOTERS && !INSECURE)
@@ -5017,7 +5017,7 @@ static mstate init_user_mstate(char* tbase, size_t tsize) {
   mchunkptr msp = align_as_chunk(tbase);
   mstate m = (mstate)(chunk2mem(msp));
   memset(m, 0, msize);
-  INITIAL_LOCK(&m->mutex);
+  (void)INITIAL_LOCK(&m->mutex);
   msp->head = (msize|PINUSE_BIT|CINUSE_BIT);
   m->seg.base = m->least_addr = tbase;
   m->seg.size = m->footprint = m->max_footprint = tsize;
diff --git a/compat/win32/pthread.h b/compat/win32/pthread.h
index c6cb8dd..f1cfe73 100644
--- a/compat/win32/pthread.h
+++ b/compat/win32/pthread.h
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ typedef struct {
 	DWORD tid;
 } pthread_t;
 
-extern int pthread_create(pthread_t *thread, const void *unused,
+int pthread_create(pthread_t *thread, const void *unused,
 			  void *(*start_routine)(void*), void *arg);
 
 /*
@@ -59,10 +59,10 @@ extern int pthread_create(pthread_t *thread, const void *unused,
  */
 #define pthread_join(a, b) win32_pthread_join(&(a), (b))
 
-extern int win32_pthread_join(pthread_t *thread, void **value_ptr);
+int win32_pthread_join(pthread_t *thread, void **value_ptr);
 
 #define pthread_equal(t1, t2) ((t1).tid == (t2).tid)
-extern pthread_t pthread_self(void);
+pthread_t pthread_self(void);
 
 static inline void NORETURN pthread_exit(void *ret)
 {
diff --git a/config.c b/config.c
index 3900e49..743e457 100644
--- a/config.c
+++ b/config.c
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ static int include_by_branch(const char *cond, size_t cond_len)
 	int flags;
 	int ret;
 	struct strbuf pattern = STRBUF_INIT;
-	const char *refname = !the_repository || !the_repository->gitdir ?
+	const char *refname = !the_repository->gitdir ?
 		NULL : resolve_ref_unsafe("HEAD", 0, NULL, &flags);
 	const char *shortname;
 
@@ -1379,11 +1379,6 @@ static int git_default_core_config(const char *var, const char *value, void *cb)
 		return 0;
 	}
 
-	if (!strcmp(var, "core.partialclonefilter")) {
-		return git_config_string(&core_partial_clone_filter_default,
-					 var, value);
-	}
-
 	if (!strcmp(var, "core.usereplacerefs")) {
 		read_replace_refs = git_config_bool(var, value);
 		return 0;
@@ -2288,30 +2283,6 @@ int git_config_get_expiry_in_days(const char *key, timestamp_t *expiry, timestam
 	return -1; /* thing exists but cannot be parsed */
 }
 
-int git_config_get_untracked_cache(void)
-{
-	int val = -1;
-	const char *v;
-
-	/* Hack for test programs like test-dump-untracked-cache */
-	if (ignore_untracked_cache_config)
-		return -1;
-
-	if (!git_config_get_maybe_bool("core.untrackedcache", &val))
-		return val;
-
-	if (!git_config_get_value("core.untrackedcache", &v)) {
-		if (!strcasecmp(v, "keep"))
-			return -1;
-
-		error(_("unknown core.untrackedCache value '%s'; "
-			"using 'keep' default value"), v);
-		return -1;
-	}
-
-	return -1; /* default value */
-}
-
 int git_config_get_split_index(void)
 {
 	int val;
diff --git a/connect.c b/connect.c
index 2778481..da7daa2 100644
--- a/connect.c
+++ b/connect.c
@@ -915,6 +915,10 @@ static enum protocol parse_connect_url(const char *url_orig, char **ret_host,
 
 	if (protocol == PROTO_LOCAL)
 		path = end;
+	else if (protocol == PROTO_FILE && *host != '/' &&
+		 !has_dos_drive_prefix(host) &&
+		 offset_1st_component(host - 2) > 1)
+		path = host - 2; /* include the leading "//" */
 	else if (protocol == PROTO_FILE && has_dos_drive_prefix(end))
 		path = end; /* "file://$(pwd)" may be "file://C:/projects/repo" */
 	else
diff --git a/connected.c b/connected.c
index cd9b324..971db00 100644
--- a/connected.c
+++ b/connected.c
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include "connected.h"
 #include "transport.h"
 #include "packfile.h"
+#include "promisor-remote.h"
 
 /*
  * If we feed all the commits we want to verify to this command
@@ -73,7 +74,7 @@ int check_connected(oid_iterate_fn fn, void *cb_data,
 	argv_array_push(&rev_list.args,"rev-list");
 	argv_array_push(&rev_list.args, "--objects");
 	argv_array_push(&rev_list.args, "--stdin");
-	if (repository_format_partial_clone)
+	if (has_promisor_remote())
 		argv_array_push(&rev_list.args, "--exclude-promisor-objects");
 	if (!opt->is_deepening_fetch) {
 		argv_array_push(&rev_list.args, "--not");
diff --git a/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash b/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash
index e087c4b..59cd3e8 100644
--- a/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash
+++ b/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@
 			c="$c${4-}"
 			if [[ $c == "$cur_"* ]]; then
 				case $c in
-				--*=*|*.) ;;
+				--*=|*.) ;;
 				*) c="$c " ;;
 				esac
 				COMPREPLY[i++]="${2-}$c"
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@
 			c="$c${4-}"
 			if [[ $c == "$cur_"* ]]; then
 				case $c in
-				--*=*|*.) ;;
+				*=|*.) ;;
 				*) c="$c " ;;
 				esac
 				COMPREPLY[i++]="${2-}$c"
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@
 			# Even when a directory name itself does not contain
 			# any special characters, it will still be quoted if
 			# any of its (stripped) trailing path components do.
-			# Because of this we may have seen the same direcory
+			# Because of this we may have seen the same directory
 			# both quoted and unquoted.
 			if (p in paths)
 				# We have seen the same directory unquoted,
@@ -1361,7 +1361,9 @@
 	esac
 }
 
-__git_cherry_pick_inprogress_options="--continue --quit --abort"
+__git_sequencer_inprogress_options="--continue --quit --abort --skip"
+
+__git_cherry_pick_inprogress_options=$__git_sequencer_inprogress_options
 
 _git_cherry_pick ()
 {
@@ -1399,7 +1401,18 @@
 
 _git_clone ()
 {
+	case "$prev" in
+	-c|--config)
+		__git_complete_config_variable_name_and_value
+		return
+		;;
+	esac
 	case "$cur" in
+	--config=*)
+		__git_complete_config_variable_name_and_value \
+			--cur="${cur##--config=}"
+		return
+		;;
 	--*)
 		__gitcomp_builtin clone
 		return
@@ -2030,7 +2043,7 @@
 			--autosquash --no-autosquash
 			--fork-point --no-fork-point
 			--autostash --no-autostash
-			--verify --no-verify
+			--verify --no-verify --keep-base
 			--keep-empty --root --force-rebase --no-ff
 			--rerere-autoupdate
 			--exec
@@ -2225,181 +2238,282 @@
 __git_compute_config_vars ()
 {
 	test -n "$__git_config_vars" ||
-	__git_config_vars="$(git help --config-for-completion | sort | uniq)"
+	__git_config_vars="$(git help --config-for-completion | sort -u)"
 }
 
-_git_config ()
+# Completes possible values of various configuration variables.
+#
+# Usage: __git_complete_config_variable_value [<option>]...
+# --varname=<word>: The name of the configuration variable whose value is
+#                   to be completed.  Defaults to the previous word on the
+#                   command line.
+# --cur=<word>: The current value to be completed.  Defaults to the current
+#               word to be completed.
+__git_complete_config_variable_value ()
 {
-	local varname
+	local varname="$prev" cur_="$cur"
+
+	while test $# != 0; do
+		case "$1" in
+		--varname=*)	varname="${1##--varname=}" ;;
+		--cur=*)	cur_="${1##--cur=}" ;;
+		*)		return 1 ;;
+		esac
+		shift
+	done
 
 	if [ "${BASH_VERSINFO[0]:-0}" -ge 4 ]; then
-		varname="${prev,,}"
+		varname="${varname,,}"
 	else
-		varname="$(echo "$prev" |tr A-Z a-z)"
+		varname="$(echo "$varname" |tr A-Z a-z)"
 	fi
 
 	case "$varname" in
 	branch.*.remote|branch.*.pushremote)
-		__gitcomp_nl "$(__git_remotes)"
+		__gitcomp_nl "$(__git_remotes)" "" "$cur_"
 		return
 		;;
 	branch.*.merge)
-		__git_complete_refs
+		__git_complete_refs --cur="$cur_"
 		return
 		;;
 	branch.*.rebase)
-		__gitcomp "false true merges preserve interactive"
+		__gitcomp "false true merges preserve interactive" "" "$cur_"
 		return
 		;;
 	remote.pushdefault)
-		__gitcomp_nl "$(__git_remotes)"
+		__gitcomp_nl "$(__git_remotes)" "" "$cur_"
 		return
 		;;
 	remote.*.fetch)
-		local remote="${prev#remote.}"
+		local remote="${varname#remote.}"
 		remote="${remote%.fetch}"
-		if [ -z "$cur" ]; then
+		if [ -z "$cur_" ]; then
 			__gitcomp_nl "refs/heads/" "" "" ""
 			return
 		fi
-		__gitcomp_nl "$(__git_refs_remotes "$remote")"
+		__gitcomp_nl "$(__git_refs_remotes "$remote")" "" "$cur_"
 		return
 		;;
 	remote.*.push)
-		local remote="${prev#remote.}"
+		local remote="${varname#remote.}"
 		remote="${remote%.push}"
 		__gitcomp_nl "$(__git for-each-ref \
-			--format='%(refname):%(refname)' refs/heads)"
+			--format='%(refname):%(refname)' refs/heads)" "" "$cur_"
 		return
 		;;
 	pull.twohead|pull.octopus)
 		__git_compute_merge_strategies
-		__gitcomp "$__git_merge_strategies"
-		return
-		;;
-	color.branch|color.diff|color.interactive|\
-	color.showbranch|color.status|color.ui)
-		__gitcomp "always never auto"
+		__gitcomp "$__git_merge_strategies" "" "$cur_"
 		return
 		;;
 	color.pager)
-		__gitcomp "false true"
+		__gitcomp "false true" "" "$cur_"
 		return
 		;;
 	color.*.*)
 		__gitcomp "
 			normal black red green yellow blue magenta cyan white
 			bold dim ul blink reverse
-			"
+			" "" "$cur_"
+		return
+		;;
+	color.*)
+		__gitcomp "false true always never auto" "" "$cur_"
 		return
 		;;
 	diff.submodule)
-		__gitcomp "$__git_diff_submodule_formats"
+		__gitcomp "$__git_diff_submodule_formats" "" "$cur_"
 		return
 		;;
 	help.format)
-		__gitcomp "man info web html"
+		__gitcomp "man info web html" "" "$cur_"
 		return
 		;;
 	log.date)
-		__gitcomp "$__git_log_date_formats"
+		__gitcomp "$__git_log_date_formats" "" "$cur_"
 		return
 		;;
 	sendemail.aliasfiletype)
-		__gitcomp "mutt mailrc pine elm gnus"
+		__gitcomp "mutt mailrc pine elm gnus" "" "$cur_"
 		return
 		;;
 	sendemail.confirm)
-		__gitcomp "$__git_send_email_confirm_options"
+		__gitcomp "$__git_send_email_confirm_options" "" "$cur_"
 		return
 		;;
 	sendemail.suppresscc)
-		__gitcomp "$__git_send_email_suppresscc_options"
+		__gitcomp "$__git_send_email_suppresscc_options" "" "$cur_"
 		return
 		;;
 	sendemail.transferencoding)
-		__gitcomp "7bit 8bit quoted-printable base64"
-		return
-		;;
-	--get|--get-all|--unset|--unset-all)
-		__gitcomp_nl "$(__git_config_get_set_variables)"
+		__gitcomp "7bit 8bit quoted-printable base64" "" "$cur_"
 		return
 		;;
 	*.*)
 		return
 		;;
 	esac
-	case "$cur" in
-	--*)
-		__gitcomp_builtin config
-		return
-		;;
+}
+
+# Completes configuration sections, subsections, variable names.
+#
+# Usage: __git_complete_config_variable_name [<option>]...
+# --cur=<word>: The current configuration section/variable name to be
+#               completed.  Defaults to the current word to be completed.
+# --sfx=<suffix>: A suffix to be appended to each fully completed
+#                 configuration variable name (but not to sections or
+#                 subsections) instead of the default space.
+__git_complete_config_variable_name ()
+{
+	local cur_="$cur" sfx
+
+	while test $# != 0; do
+		case "$1" in
+		--cur=*)	cur_="${1##--cur=}" ;;
+		--sfx=*)	sfx="${1##--sfx=}" ;;
+		*)		return 1 ;;
+		esac
+		shift
+	done
+
+	case "$cur_" in
 	branch.*.*)
-		local pfx="${cur%.*}." cur_="${cur##*.}"
-		__gitcomp "remote pushRemote merge mergeOptions rebase" "$pfx" "$cur_"
+		local pfx="${cur_%.*}."
+		cur_="${cur_##*.}"
+		__gitcomp "remote pushRemote merge mergeOptions rebase" "$pfx" "$cur_" "$sfx"
 		return
 		;;
 	branch.*)
-		local pfx="${cur%.*}." cur_="${cur#*.}"
+		local pfx="${cur%.*}."
+		cur_="${cur#*.}"
 		__gitcomp_direct "$(__git_heads "$pfx" "$cur_" ".")"
-		__gitcomp_nl_append $'autoSetupMerge\nautoSetupRebase\n' "$pfx" "$cur_"
+		__gitcomp_nl_append $'autoSetupMerge\nautoSetupRebase\n' "$pfx" "$cur_" "$sfx"
 		return
 		;;
 	guitool.*.*)
-		local pfx="${cur%.*}." cur_="${cur##*.}"
+		local pfx="${cur_%.*}."
+		cur_="${cur_##*.}"
 		__gitcomp "
 			argPrompt cmd confirm needsFile noConsole noRescan
 			prompt revPrompt revUnmerged title
-			" "$pfx" "$cur_"
+			" "$pfx" "$cur_" "$sfx"
 		return
 		;;
 	difftool.*.*)
-		local pfx="${cur%.*}." cur_="${cur##*.}"
-		__gitcomp "cmd path" "$pfx" "$cur_"
+		local pfx="${cur_%.*}."
+		cur_="${cur_##*.}"
+		__gitcomp "cmd path" "$pfx" "$cur_" "$sfx"
 		return
 		;;
 	man.*.*)
-		local pfx="${cur%.*}." cur_="${cur##*.}"
-		__gitcomp "cmd path" "$pfx" "$cur_"
+		local pfx="${cur_%.*}."
+		cur_="${cur_##*.}"
+		__gitcomp "cmd path" "$pfx" "$cur_" "$sfx"
 		return
 		;;
 	mergetool.*.*)
-		local pfx="${cur%.*}." cur_="${cur##*.}"
-		__gitcomp "cmd path trustExitCode" "$pfx" "$cur_"
+		local pfx="${cur_%.*}."
+		cur_="${cur_##*.}"
+		__gitcomp "cmd path trustExitCode" "$pfx" "$cur_" "$sfx"
 		return
 		;;
 	pager.*)
-		local pfx="${cur%.*}." cur_="${cur#*.}"
+		local pfx="${cur_%.*}."
+		cur_="${cur_#*.}"
 		__git_compute_all_commands
-		__gitcomp_nl "$__git_all_commands" "$pfx" "$cur_"
+		__gitcomp_nl "$__git_all_commands" "$pfx" "$cur_" "$sfx"
 		return
 		;;
 	remote.*.*)
-		local pfx="${cur%.*}." cur_="${cur##*.}"
+		local pfx="${cur_%.*}."
+		cur_="${cur_##*.}"
 		__gitcomp "
 			url proxy fetch push mirror skipDefaultUpdate
 			receivepack uploadpack tagOpt pushurl
-			" "$pfx" "$cur_"
+			" "$pfx" "$cur_" "$sfx"
 		return
 		;;
 	remote.*)
-		local pfx="${cur%.*}." cur_="${cur#*.}"
+		local pfx="${cur_%.*}."
+		cur_="${cur_#*.}"
 		__gitcomp_nl "$(__git_remotes)" "$pfx" "$cur_" "."
-		__gitcomp_nl_append "pushDefault" "$pfx" "$cur_"
+		__gitcomp_nl_append "pushDefault" "$pfx" "$cur_" "$sfx"
 		return
 		;;
 	url.*.*)
-		local pfx="${cur%.*}." cur_="${cur##*.}"
-		__gitcomp "insteadOf pushInsteadOf" "$pfx" "$cur_"
+		local pfx="${cur_%.*}."
+		cur_="${cur_##*.}"
+		__gitcomp "insteadOf pushInsteadOf" "$pfx" "$cur_" "$sfx"
 		return
 		;;
 	*.*)
 		__git_compute_config_vars
-		__gitcomp "$__git_config_vars"
+		__gitcomp "$__git_config_vars" "" "$cur_" "$sfx"
 		;;
 	*)
 		__git_compute_config_vars
-		__gitcomp "$(echo "$__git_config_vars" | sed 's/\.[^ ]*/./g')"
+		__gitcomp "$(echo "$__git_config_vars" |
+				awk -F . '{
+					sections[$1] = 1
+				}
+				END {
+					for (s in sections)
+						print s "."
+				}
+				')" "" "$cur_"
+		;;
+	esac
+}
+
+# Completes '='-separated configuration sections/variable names and values
+# for 'git -c section.name=value'.
+#
+# Usage: __git_complete_config_variable_name_and_value [<option>]...
+# --cur=<word>: The current configuration section/variable name/value to be
+#               completed. Defaults to the current word to be completed.
+__git_complete_config_variable_name_and_value ()
+{
+	local cur_="$cur"
+
+	while test $# != 0; do
+		case "$1" in
+		--cur=*)	cur_="${1##--cur=}" ;;
+		*)		return 1 ;;
+		esac
+		shift
+	done
+
+	case "$cur_" in
+	*=*)
+		__git_complete_config_variable_value \
+			--varname="${cur_%%=*}" --cur="${cur_#*=}"
+		;;
+	*)
+		__git_complete_config_variable_name --cur="$cur_" --sfx='='
+		;;
+	esac
+}
+
+_git_config ()
+{
+	case "$prev" in
+	--get|--get-all|--unset|--unset-all)
+		__gitcomp_nl "$(__git_config_get_set_variables)"
+		return
+		;;
+	*.*)
+		__git_complete_config_variable_value
+		return
+		;;
+	esac
+	case "$cur" in
+	--*)
+		__gitcomp_builtin config
+		;;
+	*)
+		__git_complete_config_variable_name
+		;;
 	esac
 }
 
@@ -2512,7 +2626,7 @@
 	esac
 }
 
-__git_revert_inprogress_options="--continue --quit --abort"
+__git_revert_inprogress_options=$__git_sequencer_inprogress_options
 
 _git_revert ()
 {
@@ -2956,7 +3070,11 @@
 			# Bash filename completion
 			return
 			;;
-		-c|--namespace)
+		-c)
+			__git_complete_config_variable_name_and_value
+			return
+			;;
+		--namespace)
 			# we don't support completing these options' arguments
 			return
 			;;
diff --git a/contrib/svn-fe/svn-fe.txt b/contrib/svn-fe/svn-fe.txt
index a3425f4..19333fc 100644
--- a/contrib/svn-fe/svn-fe.txt
+++ b/contrib/svn-fe/svn-fe.txt
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
 
 The resulting repository will generally require further processing
 to put each project in its own repository and to separate the history
-of each branch.  The 'git filter-branch --subdirectory-filter' command
+of each branch.  The 'git filter-repo --subdirectory-filter' command
 may be useful for this purpose.
 
 BUGS
@@ -67,5 +67,5 @@
 
 SEE ALSO
 --------
-git-svn(1), svn2git(1), svk(1), git-filter-branch(1), git-fast-import(1),
+git-svn(1), svn2git(1), svk(1), git-filter-repo(1), git-fast-import(1),
 https://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/subversion/trunk/notes/dump-load-format.txt
diff --git a/convert.c b/convert.c
index 94ff837..deb6f71 100644
--- a/convert.c
+++ b/convert.c
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include "pkt-line.h"
 #include "sub-process.h"
 #include "utf8.h"
+#include "ll-merge.h"
 
 /*
  * convert.c - convert a file when checking it out and checking it in.
@@ -1293,10 +1294,11 @@ struct conv_attrs {
 	const char *working_tree_encoding; /* Supported encoding or default encoding if NULL */
 };
 
+static struct attr_check *check;
+
 static void convert_attrs(const struct index_state *istate,
 			  struct conv_attrs *ca, const char *path)
 {
-	static struct attr_check *check;
 	struct attr_check_item *ccheck = NULL;
 
 	if (!check) {
@@ -1339,6 +1341,23 @@ static void convert_attrs(const struct index_state *istate,
 		ca->crlf_action = CRLF_AUTO_INPUT;
 }
 
+void reset_parsed_attributes(void)
+{
+	struct convert_driver *drv, *next;
+
+	attr_check_free(check);
+	check = NULL;
+	reset_merge_attributes();
+
+	for (drv = user_convert; drv; drv = next) {
+		next = drv->next;
+		free((void *)drv->name);
+		free(drv);
+	}
+	user_convert = NULL;
+	user_convert_tail = NULL;
+}
+
 int would_convert_to_git_filter_fd(const struct index_state *istate, const char *path)
 {
 	struct conv_attrs ca;
diff --git a/convert.h b/convert.h
index 831559f..3710969 100644
--- a/convert.h
+++ b/convert.h
@@ -94,6 +94,12 @@ void convert_to_git_filter_fd(const struct index_state *istate,
 int would_convert_to_git_filter_fd(const struct index_state *istate,
 				   const char *path);
 
+/*
+ * Reset the internal list of attributes used by convert_to_git and
+ * convert_to_working_tree.
+ */
+void reset_parsed_attributes(void);
+
 /*****************************************************************
  *
  * Streaming conversion support
diff --git a/credential-store.c b/credential-store.c
index ac29542..c010497 100644
--- a/credential-store.c
+++ b/credential-store.c
@@ -72,15 +72,16 @@ static void store_credential_file(const char *fn, struct credential *c)
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	strbuf_addf(&buf, "%s://", c->protocol);
-	strbuf_addstr_urlencode(&buf, c->username, 1);
+	strbuf_addstr_urlencode(&buf, c->username, is_rfc3986_unreserved);
 	strbuf_addch(&buf, ':');
-	strbuf_addstr_urlencode(&buf, c->password, 1);
+	strbuf_addstr_urlencode(&buf, c->password, is_rfc3986_unreserved);
 	strbuf_addch(&buf, '@');
 	if (c->host)
-		strbuf_addstr_urlencode(&buf, c->host, 1);
+		strbuf_addstr_urlencode(&buf, c->host, is_rfc3986_unreserved);
 	if (c->path) {
 		strbuf_addch(&buf, '/');
-		strbuf_addstr_urlencode(&buf, c->path, 0);
+		strbuf_addstr_urlencode(&buf, c->path,
+					is_rfc3986_reserved_or_unreserved);
 	}
 
 	rewrite_credential_file(fn, c, &buf);
diff --git a/diff-delta.c b/diff-delta.c
index e496433..77fea08 100644
--- a/diff-delta.c
+++ b/diff-delta.c
@@ -326,6 +326,8 @@ create_delta(const struct delta_index *index,
 	const unsigned char *ref_data, *ref_top, *data, *top;
 	unsigned char *out;
 
+	*delta_size = 0;
+
 	if (!trg_buf || !trg_size)
 		return NULL;
 
diff --git a/diff.c b/diff.c
index efe42b3..6db6927 100644
--- a/diff.c
+++ b/diff.c
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 #include "packfile.h"
 #include "parse-options.h"
 #include "help.h"
-#include "fetch-object.h"
+#include "promisor-remote.h"
 
 #ifdef NO_FAST_WORKING_DIRECTORY
 #define FAST_WORKING_DIRECTORY 0
@@ -6512,6 +6512,7 @@ static void add_if_missing(struct repository *r,
 			   const struct diff_filespec *filespec)
 {
 	if (filespec && filespec->oid_valid &&
+	    !S_ISGITLINK(filespec->mode) &&
 	    oid_object_info_extended(r, &filespec->oid, NULL,
 				     OBJECT_INFO_FOR_PREFETCH))
 		oid_array_append(to_fetch, &filespec->oid);
@@ -6519,8 +6520,7 @@ static void add_if_missing(struct repository *r,
 
 void diffcore_std(struct diff_options *options)
 {
-	if (options->repo == the_repository &&
-	    repository_format_partial_clone) {
+	if (options->repo == the_repository && has_promisor_remote()) {
 		/*
 		 * Prefetch the diff pairs that are about to be flushed.
 		 */
@@ -6537,8 +6537,8 @@ void diffcore_std(struct diff_options *options)
 			/*
 			 * NEEDSWORK: Consider deduplicating the OIDs sent.
 			 */
-			fetch_objects(repository_format_partial_clone,
-				      to_fetch.oid, to_fetch.nr);
+			promisor_remote_get_direct(options->repo,
+						   to_fetch.oid, to_fetch.nr);
 		oid_array_clear(&to_fetch);
 	}
 
diff --git a/dir.c b/dir.c
index d021c90..cab9c2a 100644
--- a/dir.c
+++ b/dir.c
@@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ int no_wildcard(const char *string)
 	return string[simple_length(string)] == '\0';
 }
 
-void parse_exclude_pattern(const char **pattern,
+void parse_path_pattern(const char **pattern,
 			   int *patternlen,
 			   unsigned *flags,
 			   int *nowildcardlen)
@@ -571,20 +571,20 @@ void parse_exclude_pattern(const char **pattern,
 
 	*flags = 0;
 	if (*p == '!') {
-		*flags |= EXC_FLAG_NEGATIVE;
+		*flags |= PATTERN_FLAG_NEGATIVE;
 		p++;
 	}
 	len = strlen(p);
 	if (len && p[len - 1] == '/') {
 		len--;
-		*flags |= EXC_FLAG_MUSTBEDIR;
+		*flags |= PATTERN_FLAG_MUSTBEDIR;
 	}
 	for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
 		if (p[i] == '/')
 			break;
 	}
 	if (i == len)
-		*flags |= EXC_FLAG_NODIR;
+		*flags |= PATTERN_FLAG_NODIR;
 	*nowildcardlen = simple_length(p);
 	/*
 	 * we should have excluded the trailing slash from 'p' too,
@@ -594,35 +594,35 @@ void parse_exclude_pattern(const char **pattern,
 	if (*nowildcardlen > len)
 		*nowildcardlen = len;
 	if (*p == '*' && no_wildcard(p + 1))
-		*flags |= EXC_FLAG_ENDSWITH;
+		*flags |= PATTERN_FLAG_ENDSWITH;
 	*pattern = p;
 	*patternlen = len;
 }
 
-void add_exclude(const char *string, const char *base,
-		 int baselen, struct exclude_list *el, int srcpos)
+void add_pattern(const char *string, const char *base,
+		 int baselen, struct pattern_list *pl, int srcpos)
 {
-	struct exclude *x;
+	struct path_pattern *pattern;
 	int patternlen;
 	unsigned flags;
 	int nowildcardlen;
 
-	parse_exclude_pattern(&string, &patternlen, &flags, &nowildcardlen);
-	if (flags & EXC_FLAG_MUSTBEDIR) {
-		FLEXPTR_ALLOC_MEM(x, pattern, string, patternlen);
+	parse_path_pattern(&string, &patternlen, &flags, &nowildcardlen);
+	if (flags & PATTERN_FLAG_MUSTBEDIR) {
+		FLEXPTR_ALLOC_MEM(pattern, pattern, string, patternlen);
 	} else {
-		x = xmalloc(sizeof(*x));
-		x->pattern = string;
+		pattern = xmalloc(sizeof(*pattern));
+		pattern->pattern = string;
 	}
-	x->patternlen = patternlen;
-	x->nowildcardlen = nowildcardlen;
-	x->base = base;
-	x->baselen = baselen;
-	x->flags = flags;
-	x->srcpos = srcpos;
-	ALLOC_GROW(el->excludes, el->nr + 1, el->alloc);
-	el->excludes[el->nr++] = x;
-	x->el = el;
+	pattern->patternlen = patternlen;
+	pattern->nowildcardlen = nowildcardlen;
+	pattern->base = base;
+	pattern->baselen = baselen;
+	pattern->flags = flags;
+	pattern->srcpos = srcpos;
+	ALLOC_GROW(pl->patterns, pl->nr + 1, pl->alloc);
+	pl->patterns[pl->nr++] = pattern;
+	pattern->pl = pl;
 }
 
 static int read_skip_worktree_file_from_index(const struct index_state *istate,
@@ -643,19 +643,19 @@ static int read_skip_worktree_file_from_index(const struct index_state *istate,
 }
 
 /*
- * Frees memory within el which was allocated for exclude patterns and
- * the file buffer.  Does not free el itself.
+ * Frees memory within pl which was allocated for exclude patterns and
+ * the file buffer.  Does not free pl itself.
  */
-void clear_exclude_list(struct exclude_list *el)
+void clear_pattern_list(struct pattern_list *pl)
 {
 	int i;
 
-	for (i = 0; i < el->nr; i++)
-		free(el->excludes[i]);
-	free(el->excludes);
-	free(el->filebuf);
+	for (i = 0; i < pl->nr; i++)
+		free(pl->patterns[i]);
+	free(pl->patterns);
+	free(pl->filebuf);
 
-	memset(el, 0, sizeof(*el));
+	memset(pl, 0, sizeof(*pl));
 }
 
 static void trim_trailing_spaces(char *buf)
@@ -762,21 +762,21 @@ static void invalidate_directory(struct untracked_cache *uc,
 		dir->dirs[i]->recurse = 0;
 }
 
-static int add_excludes_from_buffer(char *buf, size_t size,
+static int add_patterns_from_buffer(char *buf, size_t size,
 				    const char *base, int baselen,
-				    struct exclude_list *el);
+				    struct pattern_list *pl);
 
 /*
  * Given a file with name "fname", read it (either from disk, or from
  * an index if 'istate' is non-null), parse it and store the
- * exclude rules in "el".
+ * exclude rules in "pl".
  *
  * If "ss" is not NULL, compute SHA-1 of the exclude file and fill
- * stat data from disk (only valid if add_excludes returns zero). If
+ * stat data from disk (only valid if add_patterns returns zero). If
  * ss_valid is non-zero, "ss" must contain good value as input.
  */
-static int add_excludes(const char *fname, const char *base, int baselen,
-			struct exclude_list *el, struct index_state *istate,
+static int add_patterns(const char *fname, const char *base, int baselen,
+			struct pattern_list *pl, struct index_state *istate,
 			struct oid_stat *oid_stat)
 {
 	struct stat st;
@@ -837,21 +837,21 @@ static int add_excludes(const char *fname, const char *base, int baselen,
 		}
 	}
 
-	add_excludes_from_buffer(buf, size, base, baselen, el);
+	add_patterns_from_buffer(buf, size, base, baselen, pl);
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int add_excludes_from_buffer(char *buf, size_t size,
+static int add_patterns_from_buffer(char *buf, size_t size,
 				    const char *base, int baselen,
-				    struct exclude_list *el)
+				    struct pattern_list *pl)
 {
 	int i, lineno = 1;
 	char *entry;
 
-	el->filebuf = buf;
+	pl->filebuf = buf;
 
 	if (skip_utf8_bom(&buf, size))
-		size -= buf - el->filebuf;
+		size -= buf - pl->filebuf;
 
 	entry = buf;
 
@@ -860,7 +860,7 @@ static int add_excludes_from_buffer(char *buf, size_t size,
 			if (entry != buf + i && entry[0] != '#') {
 				buf[i - (i && buf[i-1] == '\r')] = 0;
 				trim_trailing_spaces(entry);
-				add_exclude(entry, base, baselen, el, lineno);
+				add_pattern(entry, base, baselen, pl, lineno);
 			}
 			lineno++;
 			entry = buf + i + 1;
@@ -869,17 +869,17 @@ static int add_excludes_from_buffer(char *buf, size_t size,
 	return 0;
 }
 
-int add_excludes_from_file_to_list(const char *fname, const char *base,
-				   int baselen, struct exclude_list *el,
+int add_patterns_from_file_to_list(const char *fname, const char *base,
+				   int baselen, struct pattern_list *pl,
 				   struct index_state *istate)
 {
-	return add_excludes(fname, base, baselen, el, istate, NULL);
+	return add_patterns(fname, base, baselen, pl, istate, NULL);
 }
 
-int add_excludes_from_blob_to_list(
+int add_patterns_from_blob_to_list(
 	struct object_id *oid,
 	const char *base, int baselen,
-	struct exclude_list *el)
+	struct pattern_list *pl)
 {
 	char *buf;
 	size_t size;
@@ -889,31 +889,31 @@ int add_excludes_from_blob_to_list(
 	if (r != 1)
 		return r;
 
-	add_excludes_from_buffer(buf, size, base, baselen, el);
+	add_patterns_from_buffer(buf, size, base, baselen, pl);
 	return 0;
 }
 
-struct exclude_list *add_exclude_list(struct dir_struct *dir,
+struct pattern_list *add_pattern_list(struct dir_struct *dir,
 				      int group_type, const char *src)
 {
-	struct exclude_list *el;
+	struct pattern_list *pl;
 	struct exclude_list_group *group;
 
 	group = &dir->exclude_list_group[group_type];
-	ALLOC_GROW(group->el, group->nr + 1, group->alloc);
-	el = &group->el[group->nr++];
-	memset(el, 0, sizeof(*el));
-	el->src = src;
-	return el;
+	ALLOC_GROW(group->pl, group->nr + 1, group->alloc);
+	pl = &group->pl[group->nr++];
+	memset(pl, 0, sizeof(*pl));
+	pl->src = src;
+	return pl;
 }
 
 /*
  * Used to set up core.excludesfile and .git/info/exclude lists.
  */
-static void add_excludes_from_file_1(struct dir_struct *dir, const char *fname,
+static void add_patterns_from_file_1(struct dir_struct *dir, const char *fname,
 				     struct oid_stat *oid_stat)
 {
-	struct exclude_list *el;
+	struct pattern_list *pl;
 	/*
 	 * catch setup_standard_excludes() that's called before
 	 * dir->untracked is assigned. That function behaves
@@ -921,15 +921,15 @@ static void add_excludes_from_file_1(struct dir_struct *dir, const char *fname,
 	 */
 	if (!dir->untracked)
 		dir->unmanaged_exclude_files++;
-	el = add_exclude_list(dir, EXC_FILE, fname);
-	if (add_excludes(fname, "", 0, el, NULL, oid_stat) < 0)
+	pl = add_pattern_list(dir, EXC_FILE, fname);
+	if (add_patterns(fname, "", 0, pl, NULL, oid_stat) < 0)
 		die(_("cannot use %s as an exclude file"), fname);
 }
 
-void add_excludes_from_file(struct dir_struct *dir, const char *fname)
+void add_patterns_from_file(struct dir_struct *dir, const char *fname)
 {
 	dir->unmanaged_exclude_files++; /* see validate_untracked_cache() */
-	add_excludes_from_file_1(dir, fname, NULL);
+	add_patterns_from_file_1(dir, fname, NULL);
 }
 
 int match_basename(const char *basename, int basenamelen,
@@ -940,7 +940,7 @@ int match_basename(const char *basename, int basenamelen,
 		if (patternlen == basenamelen &&
 		    !fspathncmp(pattern, basename, basenamelen))
 			return 1;
-	} else if (flags & EXC_FLAG_ENDSWITH) {
+	} else if (flags & PATTERN_FLAG_ENDSWITH) {
 		/* "*literal" matching against "fooliteral" */
 		if (patternlen - 1 <= basenamelen &&
 		    !fspathncmp(pattern + 1,
@@ -1021,85 +1021,97 @@ int match_pathname(const char *pathname, int pathlen,
  * any, determines the fate.  Returns the exclude_list element which
  * matched, or NULL for undecided.
  */
-static struct exclude *last_exclude_matching_from_list(const char *pathname,
+static struct path_pattern *last_matching_pattern_from_list(const char *pathname,
 						       int pathlen,
 						       const char *basename,
 						       int *dtype,
-						       struct exclude_list *el,
+						       struct pattern_list *pl,
 						       struct index_state *istate)
 {
-	struct exclude *exc = NULL; /* undecided */
+	struct path_pattern *res = NULL; /* undecided */
 	int i;
 
-	if (!el->nr)
+	if (!pl->nr)
 		return NULL;	/* undefined */
 
-	for (i = el->nr - 1; 0 <= i; i--) {
-		struct exclude *x = el->excludes[i];
-		const char *exclude = x->pattern;
-		int prefix = x->nowildcardlen;
+	for (i = pl->nr - 1; 0 <= i; i--) {
+		struct path_pattern *pattern = pl->patterns[i];
+		const char *exclude = pattern->pattern;
+		int prefix = pattern->nowildcardlen;
 
-		if (x->flags & EXC_FLAG_MUSTBEDIR) {
+		if (pattern->flags & PATTERN_FLAG_MUSTBEDIR) {
 			if (*dtype == DT_UNKNOWN)
 				*dtype = get_dtype(NULL, istate, pathname, pathlen);
 			if (*dtype != DT_DIR)
 				continue;
 		}
 
-		if (x->flags & EXC_FLAG_NODIR) {
+		if (pattern->flags & PATTERN_FLAG_NODIR) {
 			if (match_basename(basename,
 					   pathlen - (basename - pathname),
-					   exclude, prefix, x->patternlen,
-					   x->flags)) {
-				exc = x;
+					   exclude, prefix, pattern->patternlen,
+					   pattern->flags)) {
+				res = pattern;
 				break;
 			}
 			continue;
 		}
 
-		assert(x->baselen == 0 || x->base[x->baselen - 1] == '/');
+		assert(pattern->baselen == 0 ||
+		       pattern->base[pattern->baselen - 1] == '/');
 		if (match_pathname(pathname, pathlen,
-				   x->base, x->baselen ? x->baselen - 1 : 0,
-				   exclude, prefix, x->patternlen, x->flags)) {
-			exc = x;
+				   pattern->base,
+				   pattern->baselen ? pattern->baselen - 1 : 0,
+				   exclude, prefix, pattern->patternlen,
+				   pattern->flags)) {
+			res = pattern;
 			break;
 		}
 	}
-	return exc;
+	return res;
 }
 
 /*
- * Scan the list and let the last match determine the fate.
- * Return 1 for exclude, 0 for include and -1 for undecided.
+ * Scan the list of patterns to determine if the ordered list
+ * of patterns matches on 'pathname'.
+ *
+ * Return 1 for a match, 0 for not matched and -1 for undecided.
  */
-int is_excluded_from_list(const char *pathname,
-			  int pathlen, const char *basename, int *dtype,
-			  struct exclude_list *el, struct index_state *istate)
+enum pattern_match_result path_matches_pattern_list(
+				const char *pathname, int pathlen,
+				const char *basename, int *dtype,
+				struct pattern_list *pl,
+				struct index_state *istate)
 {
-	struct exclude *exclude;
-	exclude = last_exclude_matching_from_list(pathname, pathlen, basename,
-						  dtype, el, istate);
-	if (exclude)
-		return exclude->flags & EXC_FLAG_NEGATIVE ? 0 : 1;
-	return -1; /* undecided */
+	struct path_pattern *pattern;
+	pattern = last_matching_pattern_from_list(pathname, pathlen, basename,
+						  dtype, pl, istate);
+	if (pattern) {
+		if (pattern->flags & PATTERN_FLAG_NEGATIVE)
+			return NOT_MATCHED;
+		else
+			return MATCHED;
+	}
+
+	return UNDECIDED;
 }
 
-static struct exclude *last_exclude_matching_from_lists(struct dir_struct *dir,
-							struct index_state *istate,
-		const char *pathname, int pathlen, const char *basename,
-		int *dtype_p)
+static struct path_pattern *last_matching_pattern_from_lists(
+		struct dir_struct *dir, struct index_state *istate,
+		const char *pathname, int pathlen,
+		const char *basename, int *dtype_p)
 {
 	int i, j;
 	struct exclude_list_group *group;
-	struct exclude *exclude;
+	struct path_pattern *pattern;
 	for (i = EXC_CMDL; i <= EXC_FILE; i++) {
 		group = &dir->exclude_list_group[i];
 		for (j = group->nr - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
-			exclude = last_exclude_matching_from_list(
+			pattern = last_matching_pattern_from_list(
 				pathname, pathlen, basename, dtype_p,
-				&group->el[j], istate);
-			if (exclude)
-				return exclude;
+				&group->pl[j], istate);
+			if (pattern)
+				return pattern;
 		}
 	}
 	return NULL;
@@ -1114,7 +1126,7 @@ static void prep_exclude(struct dir_struct *dir,
 			 const char *base, int baselen)
 {
 	struct exclude_list_group *group;
-	struct exclude_list *el;
+	struct pattern_list *pl;
 	struct exclude_stack *stk = NULL;
 	struct untracked_cache_dir *untracked;
 	int current;
@@ -1130,17 +1142,17 @@ static void prep_exclude(struct dir_struct *dir,
 		if (stk->baselen <= baselen &&
 		    !strncmp(dir->basebuf.buf, base, stk->baselen))
 			break;
-		el = &group->el[dir->exclude_stack->exclude_ix];
+		pl = &group->pl[dir->exclude_stack->exclude_ix];
 		dir->exclude_stack = stk->prev;
-		dir->exclude = NULL;
-		free((char *)el->src); /* see strbuf_detach() below */
-		clear_exclude_list(el);
+		dir->pattern = NULL;
+		free((char *)pl->src); /* see strbuf_detach() below */
+		clear_pattern_list(pl);
 		free(stk);
 		group->nr--;
 	}
 
 	/* Skip traversing into sub directories if the parent is excluded */
-	if (dir->exclude)
+	if (dir->pattern)
 		return;
 
 	/*
@@ -1181,7 +1193,7 @@ static void prep_exclude(struct dir_struct *dir,
 		stk->baselen = cp - base;
 		stk->exclude_ix = group->nr;
 		stk->ucd = untracked;
-		el = add_exclude_list(dir, EXC_DIRS, NULL);
+		pl = add_pattern_list(dir, EXC_DIRS, NULL);
 		strbuf_add(&dir->basebuf, base + current, stk->baselen - current);
 		assert(stk->baselen == dir->basebuf.len);
 
@@ -1189,15 +1201,15 @@ static void prep_exclude(struct dir_struct *dir,
 		if (stk->baselen) {
 			int dt = DT_DIR;
 			dir->basebuf.buf[stk->baselen - 1] = 0;
-			dir->exclude = last_exclude_matching_from_lists(dir,
+			dir->pattern = last_matching_pattern_from_lists(dir,
 									istate,
 				dir->basebuf.buf, stk->baselen - 1,
 				dir->basebuf.buf + current, &dt);
 			dir->basebuf.buf[stk->baselen - 1] = '/';
-			if (dir->exclude &&
-			    dir->exclude->flags & EXC_FLAG_NEGATIVE)
-				dir->exclude = NULL;
-			if (dir->exclude) {
+			if (dir->pattern &&
+			    dir->pattern->flags & PATTERN_FLAG_NEGATIVE)
+				dir->pattern = NULL;
+			if (dir->pattern) {
 				dir->exclude_stack = stk;
 				return;
 			}
@@ -1223,30 +1235,30 @@ static void prep_exclude(struct dir_struct *dir,
 			/*
 			 * dir->basebuf gets reused by the traversal, but we
 			 * need fname to remain unchanged to ensure the src
-			 * member of each struct exclude correctly
+			 * member of each struct path_pattern correctly
 			 * back-references its source file.  Other invocations
-			 * of add_exclude_list provide stable strings, so we
+			 * of add_pattern_list provide stable strings, so we
 			 * strbuf_detach() and free() here in the caller.
 			 */
 			struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
 			strbuf_addbuf(&sb, &dir->basebuf);
 			strbuf_addstr(&sb, dir->exclude_per_dir);
-			el->src = strbuf_detach(&sb, NULL);
-			add_excludes(el->src, el->src, stk->baselen, el, istate,
+			pl->src = strbuf_detach(&sb, NULL);
+			add_patterns(pl->src, pl->src, stk->baselen, pl, istate,
 				     untracked ? &oid_stat : NULL);
 		}
 		/*
 		 * NEEDSWORK: when untracked cache is enabled, prep_exclude()
 		 * will first be called in valid_cached_dir() then maybe many
-		 * times more in last_exclude_matching(). When the cache is
-		 * used, last_exclude_matching() will not be called and
+		 * times more in last_matching_pattern(). When the cache is
+		 * used, last_matching_pattern() will not be called and
 		 * reading .gitignore content will be a waste.
 		 *
 		 * So when it's called by valid_cached_dir() and we can get
 		 * .gitignore SHA-1 from the index (i.e. .gitignore is not
 		 * modified on work tree), we could delay reading the
 		 * .gitignore content until we absolutely need it in
-		 * last_exclude_matching(). Be careful about ignore rule
+		 * last_matching_pattern(). Be careful about ignore rule
 		 * order, though, if you do that.
 		 */
 		if (untracked &&
@@ -1266,7 +1278,7 @@ static void prep_exclude(struct dir_struct *dir,
  * Returns the exclude_list element which matched, or NULL for
  * undecided.
  */
-struct exclude *last_exclude_matching(struct dir_struct *dir,
+struct path_pattern *last_matching_pattern(struct dir_struct *dir,
 				      struct index_state *istate,
 				      const char *pathname,
 				      int *dtype_p)
@@ -1277,10 +1289,10 @@ struct exclude *last_exclude_matching(struct dir_struct *dir,
 
 	prep_exclude(dir, istate, pathname, basename-pathname);
 
-	if (dir->exclude)
-		return dir->exclude;
+	if (dir->pattern)
+		return dir->pattern;
 
-	return last_exclude_matching_from_lists(dir, istate, pathname, pathlen,
+	return last_matching_pattern_from_lists(dir, istate, pathname, pathlen,
 			basename, dtype_p);
 }
 
@@ -1292,10 +1304,10 @@ struct exclude *last_exclude_matching(struct dir_struct *dir,
 int is_excluded(struct dir_struct *dir, struct index_state *istate,
 		const char *pathname, int *dtype_p)
 {
-	struct exclude *exclude =
-		last_exclude_matching(dir, istate, pathname, dtype_p);
-	if (exclude)
-		return exclude->flags & EXC_FLAG_NEGATIVE ? 0 : 1;
+	struct path_pattern *pattern =
+		last_matching_pattern(dir, istate, pathname, dtype_p);
+	if (pattern)
+		return pattern->flags & PATTERN_FLAG_NEGATIVE ? 0 : 1;
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -1808,7 +1820,7 @@ static int valid_cached_dir(struct dir_struct *dir,
 
 	/*
 	 * prep_exclude will be called eventually on this directory,
-	 * but it's called much later in last_exclude_matching(). We
+	 * but it's called much later in last_matching_pattern(). We
 	 * need it now to determine the validity of the cache for this
 	 * path. The next calls will be nearly no-op, the way
 	 * prep_exclude() is designed.
@@ -2488,14 +2500,14 @@ void setup_standard_excludes(struct dir_struct *dir)
 	if (!excludes_file)
 		excludes_file = xdg_config_home("ignore");
 	if (excludes_file && !access_or_warn(excludes_file, R_OK, 0))
-		add_excludes_from_file_1(dir, excludes_file,
+		add_patterns_from_file_1(dir, excludes_file,
 					 dir->untracked ? &dir->ss_excludes_file : NULL);
 
 	/* per repository user preference */
 	if (startup_info->have_repository) {
 		const char *path = git_path_info_exclude();
 		if (!access_or_warn(path, R_OK, 0))
-			add_excludes_from_file_1(dir, path,
+			add_patterns_from_file_1(dir, path,
 						 dir->untracked ? &dir->ss_info_exclude : NULL);
 	}
 }
@@ -2527,18 +2539,18 @@ void clear_directory(struct dir_struct *dir)
 {
 	int i, j;
 	struct exclude_list_group *group;
-	struct exclude_list *el;
+	struct pattern_list *pl;
 	struct exclude_stack *stk;
 
 	for (i = EXC_CMDL; i <= EXC_FILE; i++) {
 		group = &dir->exclude_list_group[i];
 		for (j = 0; j < group->nr; j++) {
-			el = &group->el[j];
+			pl = &group->pl[j];
 			if (i == EXC_DIRS)
-				free((char *)el->src);
-			clear_exclude_list(el);
+				free((char *)pl->src);
+			clear_pattern_list(pl);
 		}
-		free(group->el);
+		free(group->pl);
 	}
 
 	stk = dir->exclude_stack;
diff --git a/dir.h b/dir.h
index 680079b..608696c 100644
--- a/dir.h
+++ b/dir.h
@@ -11,24 +11,24 @@ struct dir_entry {
 	char name[FLEX_ARRAY]; /* more */
 };
 
-#define EXC_FLAG_NODIR 1
-#define EXC_FLAG_ENDSWITH 4
-#define EXC_FLAG_MUSTBEDIR 8
-#define EXC_FLAG_NEGATIVE 16
+#define PATTERN_FLAG_NODIR 1
+#define PATTERN_FLAG_ENDSWITH 4
+#define PATTERN_FLAG_MUSTBEDIR 8
+#define PATTERN_FLAG_NEGATIVE 16
 
-struct exclude {
+struct path_pattern {
 	/*
-	 * This allows callers of last_exclude_matching() etc.
+	 * This allows callers of last_matching_pattern() etc.
 	 * to determine the origin of the matching pattern.
 	 */
-	struct exclude_list *el;
+	struct pattern_list *pl;
 
 	const char *pattern;
 	int patternlen;
 	int nowildcardlen;
 	const char *base;
 	int baselen;
-	unsigned flags;		/* EXC_FLAG_* */
+	unsigned flags;		/* PATTERN_FLAG_* */
 
 	/*
 	 * Counting starts from 1 for line numbers in ignore files,
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ struct exclude {
  * can also be used to represent the list of --exclude values passed
  * via CLI args.
  */
-struct exclude_list {
+struct pattern_list {
 	int nr;
 	int alloc;
 
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ struct exclude_list {
 	/* origin of list, e.g. path to filename, or descriptive string */
 	const char *src;
 
-	struct exclude **excludes;
+	struct path_pattern **patterns;
 };
 
 /*
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ struct exclude_stack {
 
 struct exclude_list_group {
 	int nr, alloc;
-	struct exclude_list *el;
+	struct pattern_list *pl;
 };
 
 struct oid_stat {
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ struct dir_struct {
 	 * matching exclude struct if the directory is excluded.
 	 */
 	struct exclude_stack *exclude_stack;
-	struct exclude *exclude;
+	struct path_pattern *pattern;
 	struct strbuf basebuf;
 
 	/* Enable untracked file cache if set */
@@ -230,10 +230,23 @@ int read_directory(struct dir_struct *, struct index_state *istate,
 		   const char *path, int len,
 		   const struct pathspec *pathspec);
 
-int is_excluded_from_list(const char *pathname, int pathlen,
-			  const char *basename, int *dtype,
-			  struct exclude_list *el,
-			  struct index_state *istate);
+enum pattern_match_result {
+	UNDECIDED = -1,
+	NOT_MATCHED = 0,
+	MATCHED = 1,
+};
+
+/*
+ * Scan the list of patterns to determine if the ordered list
+ * of patterns matches on 'pathname'.
+ *
+ * Return 1 for a match, 0 for not matched and -1 for undecided.
+ */
+enum pattern_match_result path_matches_pattern_list(const char *pathname,
+				int pathlen,
+				const char *basename, int *dtype,
+				struct pattern_list *pl,
+				struct index_state *istate);
 struct dir_entry *dir_add_ignored(struct dir_struct *dir,
 				  struct index_state *istate,
 				  const char *pathname, int len);
@@ -248,26 +261,26 @@ int match_pathname(const char *, int,
 		   const char *, int,
 		   const char *, int, int, unsigned);
 
-struct exclude *last_exclude_matching(struct dir_struct *dir,
-				      struct index_state *istate,
-				      const char *name, int *dtype);
+struct path_pattern *last_matching_pattern(struct dir_struct *dir,
+					   struct index_state *istate,
+					   const char *name, int *dtype);
 
 int is_excluded(struct dir_struct *dir,
 		struct index_state *istate,
 		const char *name, int *dtype);
 
-struct exclude_list *add_exclude_list(struct dir_struct *dir,
+struct pattern_list *add_pattern_list(struct dir_struct *dir,
 				      int group_type, const char *src);
-int add_excludes_from_file_to_list(const char *fname, const char *base, int baselen,
-				   struct exclude_list *el, struct  index_state *istate);
-void add_excludes_from_file(struct dir_struct *, const char *fname);
-int add_excludes_from_blob_to_list(struct object_id *oid,
+int add_patterns_from_file_to_list(const char *fname, const char *base, int baselen,
+				   struct pattern_list *pl, struct  index_state *istate);
+void add_patterns_from_file(struct dir_struct *, const char *fname);
+int add_patterns_from_blob_to_list(struct object_id *oid,
 				   const char *base, int baselen,
-				   struct exclude_list *el);
-void parse_exclude_pattern(const char **string, int *patternlen, unsigned *flags, int *nowildcardlen);
-void add_exclude(const char *string, const char *base,
-		 int baselen, struct exclude_list *el, int srcpos);
-void clear_exclude_list(struct exclude_list *el);
+				   struct pattern_list *pl);
+void parse_path_pattern(const char **string, int *patternlen, unsigned *flags, int *nowildcardlen);
+void add_pattern(const char *string, const char *base,
+		 int baselen, struct pattern_list *pl, int srcpos);
+void clear_pattern_list(struct pattern_list *pl);
 void clear_directory(struct dir_struct *dir);
 
 int repo_file_exists(struct repository *repo, const char *path);
diff --git a/environment.c b/environment.c
index 89af47c..efa0726 100644
--- a/environment.c
+++ b/environment.c
@@ -31,8 +31,6 @@ int warn_ambiguous_refs = 1;
 int warn_on_object_refname_ambiguity = 1;
 int ref_paranoia = -1;
 int repository_format_precious_objects;
-char *repository_format_partial_clone;
-const char *core_partial_clone_filter_default;
 int repository_format_worktree_config;
 const char *git_commit_encoding;
 const char *git_log_output_encoding;
diff --git a/fast-import.c b/fast-import.c
index b44d6a4..1f9160b 100644
--- a/fast-import.c
+++ b/fast-import.c
@@ -1763,7 +1763,6 @@ static int read_next_command(void)
 		} else {
 			struct recent_command *rc;
 
-			strbuf_detach(&command_buf, NULL);
 			stdin_eof = strbuf_getline_lf(&command_buf, stdin);
 			if (stdin_eof)
 				return EOF;
@@ -1784,7 +1783,7 @@ static int read_next_command(void)
 				free(rc->buf);
 			}
 
-			rc->buf = command_buf.buf;
+			rc->buf = xstrdup(command_buf.buf);
 			rc->prev = cmd_tail;
 			rc->next = cmd_hist.prev;
 			rc->prev->next = rc;
@@ -1833,7 +1832,6 @@ static int parse_data(struct strbuf *sb, uintmax_t limit, uintmax_t *len_res)
 		char *term = xstrdup(data);
 		size_t term_len = command_buf.len - (data - command_buf.buf);
 
-		strbuf_detach(&command_buf, NULL);
 		for (;;) {
 			if (strbuf_getline_lf(&command_buf, stdin) == EOF)
 				die("EOF in data (terminator '%s' not found)", term);
@@ -2588,7 +2586,7 @@ static void parse_new_commit(const char *arg)
 	struct branch *b;
 	char *author = NULL;
 	char *committer = NULL;
-	const char *encoding = NULL;
+	char *encoding = NULL;
 	struct hash_list *merge_list = NULL;
 	unsigned int merge_count;
 	unsigned char prev_fanout, new_fanout;
@@ -2611,8 +2609,10 @@ static void parse_new_commit(const char *arg)
 	}
 	if (!committer)
 		die("Expected committer but didn't get one");
-	if (skip_prefix(command_buf.buf, "encoding ", &encoding))
+	if (skip_prefix(command_buf.buf, "encoding ", &v)) {
+		encoding = xstrdup(v);
 		read_next_command();
+	}
 	parse_data(&msg, 0, NULL);
 	read_next_command();
 	parse_from(b);
@@ -2686,6 +2686,7 @@ static void parse_new_commit(const char *arg)
 	strbuf_addbuf(&new_data, &msg);
 	free(author);
 	free(committer);
+	free(encoding);
 
 	if (!store_object(OBJ_COMMIT, &new_data, NULL, &b->oid, next_mark))
 		b->pack_id = pack_id;
diff --git a/fetch-negotiator.c b/fetch-negotiator.c
index d6d685c..0a1357d 100644
--- a/fetch-negotiator.c
+++ b/fetch-negotiator.c
@@ -2,19 +2,20 @@
 #include "fetch-negotiator.h"
 #include "negotiator/default.h"
 #include "negotiator/skipping.h"
+#include "repository.h"
 
-void fetch_negotiator_init(struct fetch_negotiator *negotiator,
-			   const char *algorithm)
+void fetch_negotiator_init(struct repository *r,
+			   struct fetch_negotiator *negotiator)
 {
-	if (algorithm) {
-		if (!strcmp(algorithm, "skipping")) {
-			skipping_negotiator_init(negotiator);
-			return;
-		} else if (!strcmp(algorithm, "default")) {
-			/* Fall through to default initialization */
-		} else {
-			die("unknown fetch negotiation algorithm '%s'", algorithm);
-		}
+	prepare_repo_settings(r);
+	switch(r->settings.fetch_negotiation_algorithm) {
+	case FETCH_NEGOTIATION_SKIPPING:
+		skipping_negotiator_init(negotiator);
+		return;
+
+	case FETCH_NEGOTIATION_DEFAULT:
+	default:
+		default_negotiator_init(negotiator);
+		return;
 	}
-	default_negotiator_init(negotiator);
 }
diff --git a/fetch-negotiator.h b/fetch-negotiator.h
index 9e3967c..ea78868 100644
--- a/fetch-negotiator.h
+++ b/fetch-negotiator.h
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #define FETCH_NEGOTIATOR_H
 
 struct commit;
+struct repository;
 
 /*
  * An object that supplies the information needed to negotiate the contents of
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ struct fetch_negotiator {
 	void *data;
 };
 
-void fetch_negotiator_init(struct fetch_negotiator *negotiator,
-			   const char *algorithm);
+void fetch_negotiator_init(struct repository *r,
+			   struct fetch_negotiator *negotiator);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/fetch-object.c b/fetch-object.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 4266548..0000000
--- a/fetch-object.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-#include "cache.h"
-#include "packfile.h"
-#include "pkt-line.h"
-#include "strbuf.h"
-#include "transport.h"
-#include "fetch-object.h"
-
-static void fetch_refs(const char *remote_name, struct ref *ref)
-{
-	struct remote *remote;
-	struct transport *transport;
-	int original_fetch_if_missing = fetch_if_missing;
-
-	fetch_if_missing = 0;
-	remote = remote_get(remote_name);
-	if (!remote->url[0])
-		die(_("Remote with no URL"));
-	transport = transport_get(remote, remote->url[0]);
-
-	transport_set_option(transport, TRANS_OPT_FROM_PROMISOR, "1");
-	transport_set_option(transport, TRANS_OPT_NO_DEPENDENTS, "1");
-	transport_fetch_refs(transport, ref);
-	fetch_if_missing = original_fetch_if_missing;
-}
-
-void fetch_objects(const char *remote_name, const struct object_id *oids,
-		   int oid_nr)
-{
-	struct ref *ref = NULL;
-	int i;
-
-	for (i = 0; i < oid_nr; i++) {
-		struct ref *new_ref = alloc_ref(oid_to_hex(&oids[i]));
-		oidcpy(&new_ref->old_oid, &oids[i]);
-		new_ref->exact_oid = 1;
-		new_ref->next = ref;
-		ref = new_ref;
-	}
-	fetch_refs(remote_name, ref);
-}
diff --git a/fetch-object.h b/fetch-object.h
deleted file mode 100644
index d6444ca..0000000
--- a/fetch-object.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef FETCH_OBJECT_H
-#define FETCH_OBJECT_H
-
-struct object_id;
-
-void fetch_objects(const char *remote_name, const struct object_id *oids,
-		   int oid_nr);
-
-#endif
diff --git a/fetch-pack.c b/fetch-pack.c
index 65be043..6ccc629 100644
--- a/fetch-pack.c
+++ b/fetch-pack.c
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ static int agent_supported;
 static int server_supports_filtering;
 static struct lock_file shallow_lock;
 static const char *alternate_shallow_file;
-static char *negotiation_algorithm;
 static struct strbuf fsck_msg_types = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 /* Remember to update object flag allocation in object.h */
@@ -339,12 +338,9 @@ static int find_common(struct fetch_negotiator *negotiator,
 		}
 	}
 	if (server_supports_filtering && args->filter_options.choice) {
-		struct strbuf expanded_filter_spec = STRBUF_INIT;
-		expand_list_objects_filter_spec(&args->filter_options,
-						&expanded_filter_spec);
-		packet_buf_write(&req_buf, "filter %s",
-				 expanded_filter_spec.buf);
-		strbuf_release(&expanded_filter_spec);
+		const char *spec =
+			expand_list_objects_filter_spec(&args->filter_options);
+		packet_buf_write(&req_buf, "filter %s", spec);
 	}
 	packet_buf_flush(&req_buf);
 	state_len = req_buf.len;
@@ -892,12 +888,13 @@ static struct ref *do_fetch_pack(struct fetch_pack_args *args,
 				 struct shallow_info *si,
 				 char **pack_lockfile)
 {
+	struct repository *r = the_repository;
 	struct ref *ref = copy_ref_list(orig_ref);
 	struct object_id oid;
 	const char *agent_feature;
 	int agent_len;
 	struct fetch_negotiator negotiator;
-	fetch_negotiator_init(&negotiator, negotiation_algorithm);
+	fetch_negotiator_init(r, &negotiator);
 
 	sort_ref_list(&ref, ref_compare_name);
 	QSORT(sought, nr_sought, cmp_ref_by_name);
@@ -911,7 +908,7 @@ static struct ref *do_fetch_pack(struct fetch_pack_args *args,
 
 	if (server_supports("shallow"))
 		print_verbose(args, _("Server supports %s"), "shallow");
-	else if (args->depth > 0 || is_repository_shallow(the_repository))
+	else if (args->depth > 0 || is_repository_shallow(r))
 		die(_("Server does not support shallow clients"));
 	if (args->depth > 0 || args->deepen_since || args->deepen_not)
 		args->deepen = 1;
@@ -1112,7 +1109,7 @@ static int add_haves(struct fetch_negotiator *negotiator,
 }
 
 static int send_fetch_request(struct fetch_negotiator *negotiator, int fd_out,
-			      const struct fetch_pack_args *args,
+			      struct fetch_pack_args *args,
 			      const struct ref *wants, struct oidset *common,
 			      int *haves_to_send, int *in_vain,
 			      int sideband_all)
@@ -1153,13 +1150,10 @@ static int send_fetch_request(struct fetch_negotiator *negotiator, int fd_out,
 	/* Add filter */
 	if (server_supports_feature("fetch", "filter", 0) &&
 	    args->filter_options.choice) {
-		struct strbuf expanded_filter_spec = STRBUF_INIT;
+		const char *spec =
+			expand_list_objects_filter_spec(&args->filter_options);
 		print_verbose(args, _("Server supports filter"));
-		expand_list_objects_filter_spec(&args->filter_options,
-						&expanded_filter_spec);
-		packet_buf_write(&req_buf, "filter %s",
-				 expanded_filter_spec.buf);
-		strbuf_release(&expanded_filter_spec);
+		packet_buf_write(&req_buf, "filter %s", spec);
 	} else if (args->filter_options.choice) {
 		warning("filtering not recognized by server, ignoring");
 	}
@@ -1379,6 +1373,7 @@ static struct ref *do_fetch_pack_v2(struct fetch_pack_args *args,
 				    struct shallow_info *si,
 				    char **pack_lockfile)
 {
+	struct repository *r = the_repository;
 	struct ref *ref = copy_ref_list(orig_ref);
 	enum fetch_state state = FETCH_CHECK_LOCAL;
 	struct oidset common = OIDSET_INIT;
@@ -1386,7 +1381,7 @@ static struct ref *do_fetch_pack_v2(struct fetch_pack_args *args,
 	int in_vain = 0;
 	int haves_to_send = INITIAL_FLUSH;
 	struct fetch_negotiator negotiator;
-	fetch_negotiator_init(&negotiator, negotiation_algorithm);
+	fetch_negotiator_init(r, &negotiator);
 	packet_reader_init(&reader, fd[0], NULL, 0,
 			   PACKET_READ_CHOMP_NEWLINE |
 			   PACKET_READ_DIE_ON_ERR_PACKET);
@@ -1505,8 +1500,6 @@ static void fetch_pack_config(void)
 	git_config_get_bool("repack.usedeltabaseoffset", &prefer_ofs_delta);
 	git_config_get_bool("fetch.fsckobjects", &fetch_fsck_objects);
 	git_config_get_bool("transfer.fsckobjects", &transfer_fsck_objects);
-	git_config_get_string("fetch.negotiationalgorithm",
-			      &negotiation_algorithm);
 
 	git_config(fetch_pack_config_cb, NULL);
 }
diff --git a/git-compat-util.h b/git-compat-util.h
index 83be89d..f0d13e4 100644
--- a/git-compat-util.h
+++ b/git-compat-util.h
@@ -818,9 +818,6 @@ const char *inet_ntop(int af, const void *src, char *dst, size_t size);
 int git_atexit(void (*handler)(void));
 #endif
 
-typedef void (*try_to_free_t)(size_t);
-try_to_free_t set_try_to_free_routine(try_to_free_t);
-
 static inline size_t st_add(size_t a, size_t b)
 {
 	if (unsigned_add_overflows(a, b))
diff --git a/git-filter-branch.sh b/git-filter-branch.sh
index 5c5afa2..fea7964 100755
--- a/git-filter-branch.sh
+++ b/git-filter-branch.sh
@@ -83,6 +83,20 @@
 	finish_ident COMMITTER
 }
 
+if test -z "$FILTER_BRANCH_SQUELCH_WARNING$GIT_TEST_DISALLOW_ABBREVIATED_OPTIONS"
+then
+	cat <<EOF
+WARNING: git-filter-branch has a glut of gotchas generating mangled history
+	 rewrites.  Hit Ctrl-C before proceeding to abort, then use an
+	 alternative filtering tool such as 'git filter-repo'
+	 (https://github.com/newren/git-filter-repo/) instead.  See the
+	 filter-branch manual page for more details; to squelch this warning,
+	 set FILTER_BRANCH_SQUELCH_WARNING=1.
+EOF
+	sleep 10
+	printf "Proceeding with filter-branch...\n\n"
+fi
+
 USAGE="[--setup <command>] [--subdirectory-filter <directory>] [--env-filter <command>]
 	[--tree-filter <command>] [--index-filter <command>]
 	[--parent-filter <command>] [--msg-filter <command>]
diff --git a/git-gui/git-gui.sh b/git-gui/git-gui.sh
index 6de74ce..fd476b6 100755
--- a/git-gui/git-gui.sh
+++ b/git-gui/git-gui.sh
@@ -1340,6 +1340,7 @@
 set PARENT {}
 set MERGE_HEAD [list]
 set commit_type {}
+set commit_type_is_amend 0
 set empty_tree {}
 set current_branch {}
 set is_detached 0
@@ -1347,8 +1348,9 @@
 set is_3way_diff 0
 set is_submodule_diff 0
 set is_conflict_diff 0
-set selected_commit_type new
 set diff_empty_count 0
+set last_revert {}
+set last_revert_enc {}
 
 set nullid "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
 set nullid2 "0000000000000000000000000000000000000001"
@@ -1434,7 +1436,7 @@
 }
 
 proc force_amend {} {
-	global selected_commit_type
+	global commit_type_is_amend
 	global HEAD PARENT MERGE_HEAD commit_type
 
 	repository_state newType newHEAD newMERGE_HEAD
@@ -1443,7 +1445,7 @@
 	set MERGE_HEAD $newMERGE_HEAD
 	set commit_type $newType
 
-	set selected_commit_type amend
+	set commit_type_is_amend 1
 	do_select_commit_type
 }
 
@@ -2494,7 +2496,7 @@
 
 proc toggle_or_diff {mode w args} {
 	global file_states file_lists current_diff_path ui_index ui_workdir
-	global last_clicked selected_paths
+	global last_clicked selected_paths file_lists_last_clicked
 
 	if {$mode eq "click"} {
 		foreach {x y} $args break
@@ -2551,6 +2553,8 @@
 	$ui_index tag remove in_sel 0.0 end
 	$ui_workdir tag remove in_sel 0.0 end
 
+	set file_lists_last_clicked($w) $path
+
 	# Determine the state of the file
 	if {[info exists file_states($path)]} {
 		set state [lindex $file_states($path) 0]
@@ -2664,6 +2668,32 @@
 	}
 }
 
+proc focus_widget {widget} {
+	global file_lists last_clicked selected_paths
+	global file_lists_last_clicked
+
+	if {[llength $file_lists($widget)] > 0} {
+		set path $file_lists_last_clicked($widget)
+		set index [lsearch -sorted -exact $file_lists($widget) $path]
+		if {$index < 0} {
+			set index 0
+			set path [lindex $file_lists($widget) $index]
+		}
+
+		focus $widget
+		set last_clicked [list $widget [expr $index + 1]]
+		array unset selected_paths
+		set selected_paths($path) 1
+		show_diff $path $widget
+	}
+}
+
+proc toggle_commit_type {} {
+	global commit_type_is_amend
+	set commit_type_is_amend [expr !$commit_type_is_amend]
+	do_select_commit_type
+}
+
 ######################################################################
 ##
 ## ui construction
@@ -2852,19 +2882,11 @@
 	menu .mbar.commit
 
 	if {![is_enabled nocommit]} {
-		.mbar.commit add radiobutton \
-			-label [mc "New Commit"] \
-			-command do_select_commit_type \
-			-variable selected_commit_type \
-			-value new
-		lappend disable_on_lock \
-			[list .mbar.commit entryconf [.mbar.commit index last] -state]
-
-		.mbar.commit add radiobutton \
+		.mbar.commit add checkbutton \
 			-label [mc "Amend Last Commit"] \
-			-command do_select_commit_type \
-			-variable selected_commit_type \
-			-value amend
+			-accelerator $M1T-E \
+			-variable commit_type_is_amend \
+			-command do_select_commit_type
 		lappend disable_on_lock \
 			[list .mbar.commit entryconf [.mbar.commit index last] -state]
 
@@ -3030,8 +3052,23 @@
 wm protocol . WM_DELETE_WINDOW do_quit
 bind all <$M1B-Key-q> do_quit
 bind all <$M1B-Key-Q> do_quit
-bind all <$M1B-Key-w> {destroy [winfo toplevel %W]}
-bind all <$M1B-Key-W> {destroy [winfo toplevel %W]}
+
+set m1b_w_script {
+	set toplvl_win [winfo toplevel %W]
+
+	# If we are destroying the main window, we should call do_quit to take
+	# care of cleanup before exiting the program.
+	if {$toplvl_win eq "."} {
+		do_quit
+	} else {
+		destroy $toplvl_win
+	}
+}
+
+bind all <$M1B-Key-w> $m1b_w_script
+bind all <$M1B-Key-W> $m1b_w_script
+
+unset m1b_w_script
 
 set subcommand_args {}
 proc usage {} {
@@ -3337,18 +3374,10 @@
 set ui_coml .vpane.lower.commarea.buffer.header.l
 
 if {![is_enabled nocommit]} {
-	${NS}::radiobutton .vpane.lower.commarea.buffer.header.new \
-		-text [mc "New Commit"] \
-		-command do_select_commit_type \
-		-variable selected_commit_type \
-		-value new
-	lappend disable_on_lock \
-		[list .vpane.lower.commarea.buffer.header.new conf -state]
-	${NS}::radiobutton .vpane.lower.commarea.buffer.header.amend \
+	${NS}::checkbutton .vpane.lower.commarea.buffer.header.amend \
 		-text [mc "Amend Last Commit"] \
-		-command do_select_commit_type \
-		-variable selected_commit_type \
-		-value amend
+		-variable commit_type_is_amend \
+		-command do_select_commit_type
 	lappend disable_on_lock \
 		[list .vpane.lower.commarea.buffer.header.amend conf -state]
 }
@@ -3373,7 +3402,6 @@
 
 if {![is_enabled nocommit]} {
 	pack .vpane.lower.commarea.buffer.header.amend -side right
-	pack .vpane.lower.commarea.buffer.header.new -side right
 }
 
 textframe .vpane.lower.commarea.buffer.frame
@@ -3387,10 +3415,16 @@
 	-relief sunken \
 	-width $repo_config(gui.commitmsgwidth) -height 9 -wrap none \
 	-font font_diff \
+	-xscrollcommand {.vpane.lower.commarea.buffer.frame.sbx set} \
 	-yscrollcommand {.vpane.lower.commarea.buffer.frame.sby set}
+${NS}::scrollbar .vpane.lower.commarea.buffer.frame.sbx \
+	-orient horizontal \
+	-command [list $ui_comm xview]
 ${NS}::scrollbar .vpane.lower.commarea.buffer.frame.sby \
+	-orient vertical \
 	-command [list $ui_comm yview]
 
+pack .vpane.lower.commarea.buffer.frame.sbx -side bottom -fill x
 pack .vpane.lower.commarea.buffer.frame.sby -side right -fill y
 pack $ui_comm -side left -fill y
 pack .vpane.lower.commarea.buffer.header -side top -fill x
@@ -3606,16 +3640,32 @@
 menu $ctxm -tearoff 0
 $ctxm add command \
 	-label [mc "Apply/Reverse Hunk"] \
-	-command {apply_hunk $cursorX $cursorY}
+	-command {apply_or_revert_hunk $cursorX $cursorY 0}
 set ui_diff_applyhunk [$ctxm index last]
 lappend diff_actions [list $ctxm entryconf $ui_diff_applyhunk -state]
 $ctxm add command \
 	-label [mc "Apply/Reverse Line"] \
-	-command {apply_range_or_line $cursorX $cursorY; do_rescan}
+	-command {apply_or_revert_range_or_line $cursorX $cursorY 0; do_rescan}
 set ui_diff_applyline [$ctxm index last]
 lappend diff_actions [list $ctxm entryconf $ui_diff_applyline -state]
 $ctxm add separator
 $ctxm add command \
+	-label [mc "Revert Hunk"] \
+	-command {apply_or_revert_hunk $cursorX $cursorY 1}
+set ui_diff_reverthunk [$ctxm index last]
+lappend diff_actions [list $ctxm entryconf $ui_diff_reverthunk -state]
+$ctxm add command \
+	-label [mc "Revert Line"] \
+	-command {apply_or_revert_range_or_line $cursorX $cursorY 1; do_rescan}
+set ui_diff_revertline [$ctxm index last]
+lappend diff_actions [list $ctxm entryconf $ui_diff_revertline -state]
+$ctxm add command \
+	-label [mc "Undo Last Revert"] \
+	-command {undo_last_revert; do_rescan}
+set ui_diff_undorevert [$ctxm index last]
+lappend diff_actions [list $ctxm entryconf $ui_diff_undorevert -state]
+$ctxm add separator
+$ctxm add command \
 	-label [mc "Show Less Context"] \
 	-command show_less_context
 lappend diff_actions [list $ctxm entryconf [$ctxm index last] -state]
@@ -3693,7 +3743,7 @@
 }
 
 proc popup_diff_menu {ctxm ctxmmg ctxmsm x y X Y} {
-	global current_diff_path file_states
+	global current_diff_path file_states last_revert
 	set ::cursorX $x
 	set ::cursorY $y
 	if {[info exists file_states($current_diff_path)]} {
@@ -3707,19 +3757,28 @@
 		tk_popup $ctxmsm $X $Y
 	} else {
 		set has_range [expr {[$::ui_diff tag nextrange sel 0.0] != {}}]
+		set u [mc "Undo Last Revert"]
 		if {$::ui_index eq $::current_diff_side} {
 			set l [mc "Unstage Hunk From Commit"]
+			set h [mc "Revert Hunk"]
+
 			if {$has_range} {
 				set t [mc "Unstage Lines From Commit"]
+				set r [mc "Revert Lines"]
 			} else {
 				set t [mc "Unstage Line From Commit"]
+				set r [mc "Revert Line"]
 			}
 		} else {
 			set l [mc "Stage Hunk For Commit"]
+			set h [mc "Revert Hunk"]
+
 			if {$has_range} {
 				set t [mc "Stage Lines For Commit"]
+				set r [mc "Revert Lines"]
 			} else {
 				set t [mc "Stage Line For Commit"]
+				set r [mc "Revert Line"]
 			}
 		}
 		if {$::is_3way_diff
@@ -3730,11 +3789,35 @@
 			|| [string match {T?} $state]
 			|| [has_textconv $current_diff_path]} {
 			set s disabled
+			set revert_state disabled
 		} else {
 			set s normal
+
+			# Only allow reverting changes in the working tree. If
+			# the user wants to revert changes in the index, they
+			# need to unstage those first.
+			if {$::ui_workdir eq $::current_diff_side} {
+				set revert_state normal
+			} else {
+				set revert_state disabled
+			}
 		}
+
+		if {$last_revert eq {}} {
+			set undo_state disabled
+		} else {
+			set undo_state normal
+		}
+
 		$ctxm entryconf $::ui_diff_applyhunk -state $s -label $l
 		$ctxm entryconf $::ui_diff_applyline -state $s -label $t
+		$ctxm entryconf $::ui_diff_revertline -state $revert_state \
+			-label $r
+		$ctxm entryconf $::ui_diff_reverthunk -state $revert_state \
+			-label $h
+		$ctxm entryconf $::ui_diff_undorevert -state $undo_state \
+			-label $u
+
 		tk_popup $ctxm $X $Y
 	}
 }
@@ -3861,6 +3944,8 @@
 bind .   <$M1B-Key-J> do_revert_selection
 bind .   <$M1B-Key-i> do_add_all
 bind .   <$M1B-Key-I> do_add_all
+bind .   <$M1B-Key-e> toggle_commit_type
+bind .   <$M1B-Key-E> toggle_commit_type
 bind .   <$M1B-Key-minus> {show_less_context;break}
 bind .   <$M1B-Key-KP_Subtract> {show_less_context;break}
 bind .   <$M1B-Key-equal> {show_more_context;break}
@@ -3877,6 +3962,14 @@
 }
 unset i
 
+bind .   <Alt-Key-1> {focus_widget $::ui_workdir}
+bind .   <Alt-Key-2> {focus_widget $::ui_index}
+bind .   <Alt-Key-3> {focus $::ui_diff}
+bind .   <Alt-Key-4> {focus $::ui_comm}
+
+set file_lists_last_clicked($ui_index) {}
+set file_lists_last_clicked($ui_workdir) {}
+
 set file_lists($ui_index) [list]
 set file_lists($ui_workdir) [list]
 
diff --git a/git-gui/lib/checkout_op.tcl b/git-gui/lib/checkout_op.tcl
index 9e7412c..a522829 100644
--- a/git-gui/lib/checkout_op.tcl
+++ b/git-gui/lib/checkout_op.tcl
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@
 }
 
 method _after_readtree {} {
-	global selected_commit_type commit_type HEAD MERGE_HEAD PARENT
+	global commit_type HEAD MERGE_HEAD PARENT
 	global current_branch is_detached
 	global ui_comm
 
@@ -490,12 +490,12 @@
 	#    amend mode our file lists are accurate and we can avoid
 	#    the rescan.
 	#
-	global selected_commit_type commit_type HEAD MERGE_HEAD PARENT
+	global commit_type_is_amend commit_type HEAD MERGE_HEAD PARENT
 	global ui_comm
 
 	unlock_index
 	set name [_name $this]
-	set selected_commit_type new
+	set commit_type_is_amend 0
 	if {[string match amend* $commit_type]} {
 		$ui_comm delete 0.0 end
 		$ui_comm edit reset
diff --git a/git-gui/lib/commit.tcl b/git-gui/lib/commit.tcl
index 75ea965..b516aa2 100644
--- a/git-gui/lib/commit.tcl
+++ b/git-gui/lib/commit.tcl
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@
 proc commit_committree {fd_wt curHEAD msg_p} {
 	global HEAD PARENT MERGE_HEAD commit_type commit_author
 	global current_branch
-	global ui_comm selected_commit_type
+	global ui_comm commit_type_is_amend
 	global file_states selected_paths rescan_active
 	global repo_config
 	global env
@@ -467,8 +467,8 @@
 
 	# -- Update in memory status
 	#
-	set selected_commit_type new
 	set commit_type normal
+	set commit_type_is_amend 0
 	set HEAD $cmt_id
 	set PARENT $cmt_id
 	set MERGE_HEAD [list]
diff --git a/git-gui/lib/diff.tcl b/git-gui/lib/diff.tcl
index 68c4a6c..958a0fa 100644
--- a/git-gui/lib/diff.tcl
+++ b/git-gui/lib/diff.tcl
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
 
 proc force_diff_encoding {enc} {
 	global current_diff_path
-	
+
 	if {$current_diff_path ne {}} {
 		force_path_encoding $current_diff_path $enc
 		reshow_diff
@@ -567,24 +567,31 @@
 	}
 }
 
-proc apply_hunk {x y} {
+proc apply_or_revert_hunk {x y revert} {
 	global current_diff_path current_diff_header current_diff_side
-	global ui_diff ui_index file_states
+	global ui_diff ui_index file_states last_revert last_revert_enc
 
 	if {$current_diff_path eq {} || $current_diff_header eq {}} return
 	if {![lock_index apply_hunk]} return
 
-	set apply_cmd {apply --cached --whitespace=nowarn}
+	set apply_cmd {apply --whitespace=nowarn}
 	set mi [lindex $file_states($current_diff_path) 0]
 	if {$current_diff_side eq $ui_index} {
 		set failed_msg [mc "Failed to unstage selected hunk."]
-		lappend apply_cmd --reverse
+		lappend apply_cmd --reverse --cached
 		if {[string index $mi 0] ne {M}} {
 			unlock_index
 			return
 		}
 	} else {
-		set failed_msg [mc "Failed to stage selected hunk."]
+		if {$revert} {
+			set failed_msg [mc "Failed to revert selected hunk."]
+			lappend apply_cmd --reverse
+		} else {
+			set failed_msg [mc "Failed to stage selected hunk."]
+			lappend apply_cmd --cached
+		}
+
 		if {[string index $mi 1] ne {M}} {
 			unlock_index
 			return
@@ -603,29 +610,40 @@
 		set e_lno end
 	}
 
+	set wholepatch "$current_diff_header[$ui_diff get $s_lno $e_lno]"
+
 	if {[catch {
 		set enc [get_path_encoding $current_diff_path]
 		set p [eval git_write $apply_cmd]
 		fconfigure $p -translation binary -encoding $enc
-		puts -nonewline $p $current_diff_header
-		puts -nonewline $p [$ui_diff get $s_lno $e_lno]
+		puts -nonewline $p $wholepatch
 		close $p} err]} {
 		error_popup "$failed_msg\n\n$err"
 		unlock_index
 		return
 	}
 
+	if {$revert} {
+		# Save a copy of this patch for undoing reverts.
+		set last_revert $wholepatch
+		set last_revert_enc $enc
+	}
+
 	$ui_diff conf -state normal
 	$ui_diff delete $s_lno $e_lno
 	$ui_diff conf -state disabled
 
+	# Check if the hunk was the last one in the file.
 	if {[$ui_diff get 1.0 end] eq "\n"} {
 		set o _
 	} else {
 		set o ?
 	}
 
-	if {$current_diff_side eq $ui_index} {
+	# Update the status flags.
+	if {$revert} {
+		set mi [string index $mi 0]$o
+	} elseif {$current_diff_side eq $ui_index} {
 		set mi ${o}M
 	} elseif {[string index $mi 0] eq {_}} {
 		set mi M$o
@@ -640,9 +658,9 @@
 	}
 }
 
-proc apply_range_or_line {x y} {
+proc apply_or_revert_range_or_line {x y revert} {
 	global current_diff_path current_diff_header current_diff_side
-	global ui_diff ui_index file_states
+	global ui_diff ui_index file_states last_revert
 
 	set selected [$ui_diff tag nextrange sel 0.0]
 
@@ -660,19 +678,27 @@
 	if {$current_diff_path eq {} || $current_diff_header eq {}} return
 	if {![lock_index apply_hunk]} return
 
-	set apply_cmd {apply --cached --whitespace=nowarn}
+	set apply_cmd {apply --whitespace=nowarn}
 	set mi [lindex $file_states($current_diff_path) 0]
 	if {$current_diff_side eq $ui_index} {
 		set failed_msg [mc "Failed to unstage selected line."]
 		set to_context {+}
-		lappend apply_cmd --reverse
+		lappend apply_cmd --reverse --cached
 		if {[string index $mi 0] ne {M}} {
 			unlock_index
 			return
 		}
 	} else {
-		set failed_msg [mc "Failed to stage selected line."]
-		set to_context {-}
+		if {$revert} {
+			set failed_msg [mc "Failed to revert selected line."]
+			set to_context {+}
+			lappend apply_cmd --reverse
+		} else {
+			set failed_msg [mc "Failed to stage selected line."]
+			set to_context {-}
+			lappend apply_cmd --cached
+		}
+
 		if {[string index $mi 1] ne {M}} {
 			unlock_index
 			return
@@ -830,7 +856,47 @@
 		puts -nonewline $p $wholepatch
 		close $p} err]} {
 		error_popup "$failed_msg\n\n$err"
+		unlock_index
+		return
 	}
 
+	if {$revert} {
+		# Save a copy of this patch for undoing reverts.
+		set last_revert $current_diff_header$wholepatch
+		set last_revert_enc $enc
+	}
+
+	unlock_index
+}
+
+# Undo the last line/hunk reverted. When hunks and lines are reverted, a copy
+# of the diff applied is saved. Re-apply that diff to undo the revert.
+#
+# Right now, we only use a single variable to hold the copy, and not a
+# stack/deque for simplicity, so multiple undos are not possible. Maybe this
+# can be added if the need for something like this is felt in the future.
+proc undo_last_revert {} {
+	global last_revert current_diff_path current_diff_header
+	global last_revert_enc
+
+	if {$last_revert eq {}} return
+	if {![lock_index apply_hunk]} return
+
+	set apply_cmd {apply --whitespace=nowarn}
+	set failed_msg [mc "Failed to undo last revert."]
+
+	if {[catch {
+		set enc $last_revert_enc
+		set p [eval git_write $apply_cmd]
+		fconfigure $p -translation binary -encoding $enc
+		puts -nonewline $p $last_revert
+		close $p} err]} {
+		error_popup "$failed_msg\n\n$err"
+		unlock_index
+		return
+	}
+
+	set last_revert {}
+
 	unlock_index
 }
diff --git a/git-gui/lib/index.tcl b/git-gui/lib/index.tcl
index b588db1..e07b7a3 100644
--- a/git-gui/lib/index.tcl
+++ b/git-gui/lib/index.tcl
@@ -466,19 +466,19 @@
 }
 
 proc do_select_commit_type {} {
-	global commit_type selected_commit_type
+	global commit_type commit_type_is_amend
 
-	if {$selected_commit_type eq {new}
+	if {$commit_type_is_amend == 0
 		&& [string match amend* $commit_type]} {
 		create_new_commit
-	} elseif {$selected_commit_type eq {amend}
+	} elseif {$commit_type_is_amend == 1
 		&& ![string match amend* $commit_type]} {
 		load_last_commit
 
 		# The amend request was rejected...
 		#
 		if {![string match amend* $commit_type]} {
-			set selected_commit_type new
+			set commit_type_is_amend 0
 		}
 	}
 }
diff --git a/gitk-git/gitk b/gitk-git/gitk
index a14d7a1..abe4805 100755
--- a/gitk-git/gitk
+++ b/gitk-git/gitk
@@ -3404,6 +3404,8 @@
 }
 image create bitmap reficon-H -background black -foreground "#00ff00" \
     -data $rectdata -maskdata $rectmask
+image create bitmap reficon-R -background black -foreground "#ffddaa" \
+    -data $rectdata -maskdata $rectmask
 image create bitmap reficon-o -background black -foreground "#ddddff" \
     -data $rectdata -maskdata $rectmask
 
@@ -7016,6 +7018,7 @@
 
 # append some text to the ctext widget, and make any SHA1 ID
 # that we know about be a clickable link.
+# Also look for URLs of the form "http[s]://..." and make them web links.
 proc appendwithlinks {text tags} {
     global ctext linknum curview
 
@@ -7032,6 +7035,18 @@
 	setlink $linkid link$linknum
 	incr linknum
     }
+    set wlinks [regexp -indices -all -inline -line \
+		    {https?://[^[:space:]]+} $text]
+    foreach l $wlinks {
+	set s2 [lindex $l 0]
+	set e2 [lindex $l 1]
+	set url [string range $text $s2 $e2]
+	incr e2
+	$ctext tag delete link$linknum
+	$ctext tag add link$linknum "$start + $s2 c" "$start + $e2 c"
+	setwlink $url link$linknum
+	incr linknum
+    }
 }
 
 proc setlink {id lk} {
@@ -7064,6 +7079,18 @@
     }
 }
 
+proc setwlink {url lk} {
+    global ctext
+    global linkfgcolor
+    global web_browser
+
+    if {$web_browser eq {}} return
+    $ctext tag conf $lk -foreground $linkfgcolor -underline 1
+    $ctext tag bind $lk <1> [list browseweb $url]
+    $ctext tag bind $lk <Enter> {linkcursor %W 1}
+    $ctext tag bind $lk <Leave> {linkcursor %W -1}
+}
+
 proc appendshortlink {id {pre {}} {post {}}} {
     global ctext linknum
 
@@ -7098,6 +7125,16 @@
     }
 }
 
+proc browseweb {url} {
+    global web_browser
+
+    if {$web_browser eq {}} return
+    # Use eval here in case $web_browser is a command plus some arguments
+    if {[catch {eval exec $web_browser [list $url] &} err]} {
+	error_popup "[mc "Error starting web browser:"] $err"
+    }
+}
+
 proc viewnextline {dir} {
     global canv linespc
 
@@ -8191,11 +8228,11 @@
 	} else {
 	    $ctext insert end "$line\n" filesep
 	}
-    } elseif {![string compare -length 3 "  >" $line]} {
+    } elseif {$currdiffsubmod != "" && ![string compare -length 3 "  >" $line]} {
 	set $currdiffsubmod ""
 	set line [encoding convertfrom $diffencoding $line]
 	$ctext insert end "$line\n" dresult
-    } elseif {![string compare -length 3 "  <" $line]} {
+    } elseif {$currdiffsubmod != "" && ![string compare -length 3 "  <" $line]} {
 	set $currdiffsubmod ""
 	set line [encoding convertfrom $diffencoding $line]
 	$ctext insert end "$line\n" d0
@@ -10022,6 +10059,7 @@
     set n [lindex $ref 0]
     switch -- [lindex $ref 1] {
 	"H" {selbyid $headids($n)}
+	"R" {selbyid $headids($n)}
 	"T" {selbyid $tagids($n)}
 	"o" {selbyid $otherrefids($n)}
     }
@@ -10051,7 +10089,11 @@
     foreach n [array names headids] {
 	if {[string match $reflistfilter $n]} {
 	    if {[commitinview $headids($n) $curview]} {
-		lappend refs [list $n H]
+		if {[string match "remotes/*" $n]} {
+		    lappend refs [list $n R]
+		} else {
+		    lappend refs [list $n H]
+		}
 	    } else {
 		interestedin $headids($n) {run refill_reflist}
 	    }
@@ -11488,7 +11530,7 @@
 proc prefspage_general {notebook} {
     global NS maxwidth maxgraphpct showneartags showlocalchanges
     global tabstop limitdiffs autoselect autosellen extdifftool perfile_attrs
-    global hideremotes want_ttk have_ttk maxrefs
+    global hideremotes want_ttk have_ttk maxrefs web_browser
 
     set page [create_prefs_page $notebook.general]
 
@@ -11539,6 +11581,13 @@
     pack configure $page.extdifff.l -padx 10
     grid x $page.extdifff $page.extdifft -sticky ew
 
+    ${NS}::entry $page.webbrowser -textvariable web_browser
+    ${NS}::frame $page.webbrowserf
+    ${NS}::label $page.webbrowserf.l -text [mc "Web browser" ]
+    pack $page.webbrowserf.l -side left
+    pack configure $page.webbrowserf.l -padx 10
+    grid x $page.webbrowserf $page.webbrowser -sticky ew
+
     ${NS}::label $page.lgen -text [mc "General options"]
     grid $page.lgen - -sticky w -pady 10
     ${NS}::checkbutton $page.want_ttk -variable want_ttk \
@@ -12310,6 +12359,7 @@
     set bgcolor SystemWindow
     set fgcolor SystemWindowText
     set selectbgcolor SystemHighlight
+    set web_browser "cmd /c start"
 } else {
     set uicolor grey85
     set uifgcolor black
@@ -12317,6 +12367,11 @@
     set bgcolor white
     set fgcolor black
     set selectbgcolor gray85
+    if {[tk windowingsystem] eq "aqua"} {
+	set web_browser "open"
+    } else {
+	set web_browser "xdg-open"
+    }
 }
 set diffcolors {red "#00a000" blue}
 set diffcontext 3
@@ -12390,6 +12445,7 @@
     filesepbgcolor filesepfgcolor linehoverbgcolor linehoverfgcolor
     linehoveroutlinecolor mainheadcirclecolor workingfilescirclecolor
     indexcirclecolor circlecolors linkfgcolor circleoutlinecolor
+    web_browser
 }
 foreach var $config_variables {
     config_init_trace $var
diff --git a/gitk-git/po/zh_cn.po b/gitk-git/po/zh_cn.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..17b7f89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gitk-git/po/zh_cn.po
@@ -0,0 +1,1367 @@
+# Translation of gitk to Simplified Chinese.
+#
+# Translators:
+# YanKe <imyanke@163.com>, 2017
+
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: Git Chinese Localization Project\n"
+"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2017-02-28 23:11+0800\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2017-03-11 02:27+0800\n"
+"Last-Translator: YanKe <imyanke@163.com>\n"
+"Language-Team: Chinese\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Language: zh_CN\n"
+
+#: gitk:140
+msgid "Couldn't get list of unmerged files:"
+msgstr "不能获取未合并文件列表:"
+
+#: gitk:212 gitk:2403
+msgid "Color words"
+msgstr "着色显示差异"
+
+#: gitk:217 gitk:2403 gitk:8249 gitk:8282
+msgid "Markup words"
+msgstr "标记显示差异"
+
+#: gitk:324
+msgid "Error parsing revisions:"
+msgstr "解析版本错误:"
+
+#: gitk:380
+msgid "Error executing --argscmd command:"
+msgstr "运行 --argscmd命令出错"
+
+#: gitk:393
+msgid "No files selected: --merge specified but no files are unmerged."
+msgstr "没有选中文件:--指定merge参数但没有未合并的文件。"
+
+#: gitk:396
+msgid ""
+"No files selected: --merge specified but no unmerged files are within file "
+"limit."
+msgstr "没有选中文件:--指定merge参数但没有未合并的文件在文件中"
+
+#: gitk:418 gitk:566
+msgid "Error executing git log:"
+msgstr "执行git log命令出错:"
+
+#: gitk:436 gitk:582
+msgid "Reading"
+msgstr "读取中"
+
+#: gitk:496 gitk:4549
+msgid "Reading commits..."
+msgstr "提交记录读取中..."
+
+#: gitk:499 gitk:1641 gitk:4552
+msgid "No commits selected"
+msgstr "未选中任何提交"
+
+#: gitk:1449 gitk:4069 gitk:12583
+msgid "Command line"
+msgstr "命令行"
+
+#: gitk:1515
+msgid "Can't parse git log output:"
+msgstr "不能解析git log输出:"
+
+#: gitk:1744
+msgid "No commit information available"
+msgstr "无可用提交信息"
+
+#: gitk:1907 gitk:1936 gitk:4339 gitk:9789 gitk:11388 gitk:11668
+msgid "OK"
+msgstr "确定"
+
+#: gitk:1938 gitk:4341 gitk:9225 gitk:9304 gitk:9434 gitk:9520 gitk:9791
+#: gitk:11389 gitk:11669
+msgid "Cancel"
+msgstr "取消"
+
+#: gitk:2087
+msgid "&Update"
+msgstr "更新"
+
+#: gitk:2088
+msgid "&Reload"
+msgstr "重新加载"
+
+#: gitk:2089
+msgid "Reread re&ferences"
+msgstr "重新读取引用"
+
+#: gitk:2090
+msgid "&List references"
+msgstr "列出引用(分支以及tag)"
+
+#: gitk:2092
+msgid "Start git &gui"
+msgstr "启动git gui客户端"
+
+#: gitk:2094
+msgid "&Quit"
+msgstr "退出"
+
+#: gitk:2086
+msgid "&File"
+msgstr "文件"
+
+#: gitk:2098
+msgid "&Preferences"
+msgstr "偏好设置"
+
+#: gitk:2097
+msgid "&Edit"
+msgstr "编辑"
+
+#: gitk:2102
+msgid "&New view..."
+msgstr "新视图..."
+
+#: gitk:2103
+msgid "&Edit view..."
+msgstr "编辑视图..."
+
+#: gitk:2104
+msgid "&Delete view"
+msgstr "删除视图"
+
+#: gitk:2106
+msgid "&All files"
+msgstr "所有文件"
+
+#: gitk:2101
+msgid "&View"
+msgstr "视图"
+
+#: gitk:2111 gitk:2121
+msgid "&About gitk"
+msgstr "关于gitk"
+
+#: gitk:2112 gitk:2126
+msgid "&Key bindings"
+msgstr "快捷键"
+
+#: gitk:2110 gitk:2125
+msgid "&Help"
+msgstr "帮助"
+
+#: gitk:2203 gitk:8681
+msgid "SHA1 ID:"
+msgstr "SHA1 ID:"
+
+#: gitk:2247
+msgid "Row"
+msgstr "行"
+
+#: gitk:2285
+msgid "Find"
+msgstr "查找"
+
+#: gitk:2313
+msgid "commit"
+msgstr "提交"
+
+#: gitk:2317 gitk:2319 gitk:4711 gitk:4734 gitk:4758 gitk:6779 gitk:6851
+#: gitk:6936
+msgid "containing:"
+msgstr "包含:"
+
+#: gitk:2320 gitk:3550 gitk:3555 gitk:4787
+msgid "touching paths:"
+msgstr "影响路径:"
+
+#: gitk:2321 gitk:4801
+msgid "adding/removing string:"
+msgstr "增加/删除字符串:"
+
+#: gitk:2322 gitk:4803
+msgid "changing lines matching:"
+msgstr "改变行匹配:"
+
+#: gitk:2331 gitk:2333 gitk:4790
+msgid "Exact"
+msgstr "精确匹配"
+
+#: gitk:2333 gitk:4878 gitk:6747
+msgid "IgnCase"
+msgstr "忽略大小写"
+
+#: gitk:2333 gitk:4760 gitk:4876 gitk:6743
+msgid "Regexp"
+msgstr "正则"
+
+#: gitk:2335 gitk:2336 gitk:4898 gitk:4928 gitk:4935 gitk:6872 gitk:6940
+msgid "All fields"
+msgstr "所有字段"
+
+#: gitk:2336 gitk:4895 gitk:4928 gitk:6810
+msgid "Headline"
+msgstr "标题"
+
+#: gitk:2337 gitk:4895 gitk:6810 gitk:6940 gitk:7413
+msgid "Comments"
+msgstr "提交注释"
+
+#: gitk:2337 gitk:4895 gitk:4900 gitk:4935 gitk:6810 gitk:7348 gitk:8859
+#: gitk:8874
+msgid "Author"
+msgstr "作者"
+
+#: gitk:2337 gitk:4895 gitk:6810 gitk:7350
+msgid "Committer"
+msgstr "提交者"
+
+#: gitk:2371
+msgid "Search"
+msgstr "搜索"
+
+#: gitk:2379
+msgid "Diff"
+msgstr "差异"
+
+#: gitk:2381
+msgid "Old version"
+msgstr "老版本"
+
+#: gitk:2383
+msgid "New version"
+msgstr "新版本"
+
+#: gitk:2386
+msgid "Lines of context"
+msgstr "Diff上下文显示行数"
+
+#: gitk:2396
+msgid "Ignore space change"
+msgstr "忽略空格修改"
+
+#: gitk:2400 gitk:2402 gitk:7983 gitk:8235
+msgid "Line diff"
+msgstr "按行显示差异"
+
+#: gitk:2467
+msgid "Patch"
+msgstr "补丁"
+
+#: gitk:2469
+msgid "Tree"
+msgstr "树"
+
+#: gitk:2639 gitk:2660
+msgid "Diff this -> selected"
+msgstr "比较从当前提交到选中提交的差异"
+
+#: gitk:2640 gitk:2661
+msgid "Diff selected -> this"
+msgstr "比较从选中提交到当前提交的差异"
+
+#: gitk:2641 gitk:2662
+msgid "Make patch"
+msgstr "制作补丁"
+
+#: gitk:2642 gitk:9283
+msgid "Create tag"
+msgstr "创建tag"
+
+#: gitk:2643
+msgid "Copy commit summary"
+msgstr "复制提交摘要"
+
+#: gitk:2644 gitk:9414
+msgid "Write commit to file"
+msgstr "写入提交到文件"
+
+#: gitk:2645
+msgid "Create new branch"
+msgstr "创建新分支"
+
+#: gitk:2646
+msgid "Cherry-pick this commit"
+msgstr "在此提交运用补丁(cherry-pick)命令"
+
+#: gitk:2647
+msgid "Reset HEAD branch to here"
+msgstr "将分支头(HEAD)重置到此处"
+
+#: gitk:2648
+msgid "Mark this commit"
+msgstr "标记此提交"
+
+#: gitk:2649
+msgid "Return to mark"
+msgstr "返回到标记"
+
+#: gitk:2650
+msgid "Find descendant of this and mark"
+msgstr "查找本次提交的子提交并标记"
+
+#: gitk:2651
+msgid "Compare with marked commit"
+msgstr "和已标记的提交作比较"
+
+#: gitk:2652 gitk:2663
+msgid "Diff this -> marked commit"
+msgstr "比较从当前提交到已标记提交的差异"
+
+#: gitk:2653 gitk:2664
+msgid "Diff marked commit -> this"
+msgstr "比较从已标记提交到当前提交的差异"
+
+#: gitk:2654
+msgid "Revert this commit"
+msgstr "撤销(revert)此提交"
+
+#: gitk:2670
+msgid "Check out this branch"
+msgstr "检出(checkout)此分支"
+
+#: gitk:2671
+msgid "Rename this branch"
+msgstr "重命名(Rename)此分支"
+
+#: gitk:2672
+msgid "Remove this branch"
+msgstr "删除(Remove)此分支"
+
+#: gitk:2673
+msgid "Copy branch name"
+msgstr "复制分支名称"
+
+#: gitk:2680
+msgid "Highlight this too"
+msgstr "高亮此处"
+
+#: gitk:2681
+msgid "Highlight this only"
+msgstr "只高亮此处"
+
+#: gitk:2682
+msgid "External diff"
+msgstr "外部diff"
+
+#: gitk:2683
+msgid "Blame parent commit"
+msgstr "Blame父提交"
+
+#: gitk:2684
+msgid "Copy path"
+msgstr "复制路径"
+
+#: gitk:2691
+msgid "Show origin of this line"
+msgstr "显示此行原始提交"
+
+#: gitk:2692
+msgid "Run git gui blame on this line"
+msgstr "在此行运行git gui客户端的blame"
+
+#: gitk:3036
+msgid "About gitk"
+msgstr "关于gitk"
+
+#: gitk:3038
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"Gitk - a commit viewer for git\n"
+"\n"
+"Copyright © 2005-2016 Paul Mackerras\n"
+"\n"
+"Use and redistribute under the terms of the GNU General Public License"
+msgstr "\nGitk — 一个git的提交查看器\n\n© 2005-2016 Paul Mackerras\n\n在GNU许可证下使用以及分发"
+
+#: gitk:3046 gitk:3113 gitk:10004
+msgid "Close"
+msgstr "关闭"
+
+#: gitk:3067
+msgid "Gitk key bindings"
+msgstr "Gitk快捷键"
+
+#: gitk:3070
+msgid "Gitk key bindings:"
+msgstr "Gitk快捷键:"
+
+#: gitk:3072
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "<%s-Q>\t\tQuit"
+msgstr "<%s-Q>\t\t退出"
+
+#: gitk:3073
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "<%s-W>\t\tClose window"
+msgstr "<%s-W>\t\t关闭窗口"
+
+#: gitk:3074
+msgid "<Home>\t\tMove to first commit"
+msgstr "<Home>\t\t移动到第一次提交"
+
+#: gitk:3075
+msgid "<End>\t\tMove to last commit"
+msgstr "<End>\t\t移动到最后一次提交"
+
+#: gitk:3076
+msgid "<Up>, p, k\tMove up one commit"
+msgstr "<Up>, p, k\t移动到上一次提交"
+
+#: gitk:3077
+msgid "<Down>, n, j\tMove down one commit"
+msgstr "<Down>, n, j\t移动到下一次提交"
+
+#: gitk:3078
+msgid "<Left>, z, h\tGo back in history list"
+msgstr "<Left>, z, h\t历史列表的上一项"
+
+#: gitk:3079
+msgid "<Right>, x, l\tGo forward in history list"
+msgstr "<Right>, x, l\t历史列表的下一项"
+
+#: gitk:3080
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "<%s-n>\tGo to n-th parent of current commit in history list"
+msgstr "<%s-n>\t在历史列表中前往本次提交的第n个父提交"
+
+#: gitk:3081
+msgid "<PageUp>\tMove up one page in commit list"
+msgstr "<PageUp>\t上一页提交列表"
+
+#: gitk:3082
+msgid "<PageDown>\tMove down one page in commit list"
+msgstr "<PageDown>\t下一页提交列表"
+
+#: gitk:3083
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "<%s-Home>\tScroll to top of commit list"
+msgstr "<%s-Home>\t滚动到提交列表顶部"
+
+#: gitk:3084
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "<%s-End>\tScroll to bottom of commit list"
+msgstr "<%s-End>\t滚动到提交列表底部"
+
+#: gitk:3085
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "<%s-Up>\tScroll commit list up one line"
+msgstr "<%s-Up>\t向上滚动一行提交列表"
+
+#: gitk:3086
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "<%s-Down>\tScroll commit list down one line"
+msgstr "<%s-Down>\t向下滚动一行提交列表"
+
+#: gitk:3087
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "<%s-PageUp>\tScroll commit list up one page"
+msgstr "<%s-PageUp>\t向上滚动一页提交列表"
+
+#: gitk:3088
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "<%s-PageDown>\tScroll commit list down one page"
+msgstr "<%s-PageDown>\t向下滚动一页提交列表"
+
+#: gitk:3089
+msgid "<Shift-Up>\tFind backwards (upwards, later commits)"
+msgstr "<Shift-Up>\t向后查找(向上的,更晚的提交)"
+
+#: gitk:3090
+msgid "<Shift-Down>\tFind forwards (downwards, earlier commits)"
+msgstr "<Shift-Down>\t向前查找(向下的,更早的提交)"
+
+#: gitk:3091
+msgid "<Delete>, b\tScroll diff view up one page"
+msgstr "<Delete>, b\t向上滚动diff视图一页"
+
+#: gitk:3092
+msgid "<Backspace>\tScroll diff view up one page"
+msgstr "<Backspace>\t向上滚动diff视图一页"
+
+#: gitk:3093
+msgid "<Space>\t\tScroll diff view down one page"
+msgstr "<Space>\t\t向下滚动diff视图一页"
+
+#: gitk:3094
+msgid "u\t\tScroll diff view up 18 lines"
+msgstr "u\t\t向上滚动diff视图18行"
+
+#: gitk:3095
+msgid "d\t\tScroll diff view down 18 lines"
+msgstr "d\t\t向下滚动diff视图18行"
+
+#: gitk:3096
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "<%s-F>\t\tFind"
+msgstr "<%s-F>\t\t查找"
+
+#: gitk:3097
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "<%s-G>\t\tMove to next find hit"
+msgstr "<%s-G>\t\t移动到下一次查找命中"
+
+#: gitk:3098
+msgid "<Return>\tMove to next find hit"
+msgstr "<Return>\t\t移动到下一次查找命中"
+
+#: gitk:3099
+msgid "g\t\tGo to commit"
+msgstr "g\t\t转到提交"
+
+#: gitk:3100
+msgid "/\t\tFocus the search box"
+msgstr "/\t\t选中搜索框"
+
+#: gitk:3101
+msgid "?\t\tMove to previous find hit"
+msgstr "?\t\t移动到上一次查找命中"
+
+#: gitk:3102
+msgid "f\t\tScroll diff view to next file"
+msgstr "f\t\t滚动diff视图到下一个文件"
+
+#: gitk:3103
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "<%s-S>\t\tSearch for next hit in diff view"
+msgstr "<%s-S>\t\t在diff视图中查找下一此命中"
+
+#: gitk:3104
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "<%s-R>\t\tSearch for previous hit in diff view"
+msgstr "<%s-R>\t\t在diff视图中查找上一次命中"
+
+#: gitk:3105
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "<%s-KP+>\tIncrease font size"
+msgstr "<%s-KP+>\t增大字体大小"
+
+#: gitk:3106
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "<%s-plus>\tIncrease font size"
+msgstr "<%s-plus>\t增大字体大小"
+
+#: gitk:3107
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "<%s-KP->\tDecrease font size"
+msgstr "<%s-KP->\t减小字体大小"
+
+#: gitk:3108
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "<%s-minus>\tDecrease font size"
+msgstr "<%s-minus>\t减小字体大小"
+
+#: gitk:3109
+msgid "<F5>\t\tUpdate"
+msgstr "<F5>\t\t更新"
+
+#: gitk:3574 gitk:3583
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "Error creating temporary directory %s:"
+msgstr "创建临时目录出错%s:"
+
+#: gitk:3596
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "Error getting \"%s\" from %s:"
+msgstr "从%s获取\"%s\"出错:"
+
+#: gitk:3659
+msgid "command failed:"
+msgstr "执行命令失败:"
+
+#: gitk:3808
+msgid "No such commit"
+msgstr "无此提交"
+
+#: gitk:3822
+msgid "git gui blame: command failed:"
+msgstr "git gui blame:执行命令失败:"
+
+#: gitk:3853
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "Couldn't read merge head: %s"
+msgstr "不能读取合并头(merge head):%s"
+
+#: gitk:3861
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "Error reading index: %s"
+msgstr "读取索引出错:%s"
+
+#: gitk:3886
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "Couldn't start git blame: %s"
+msgstr "不能执行git blame:%s"
+
+#: gitk:3889 gitk:6778
+msgid "Searching"
+msgstr "搜索中"
+
+#: gitk:3921
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "Error running git blame: %s"
+msgstr "运行git blame出错:%s"
+
+#: gitk:3949
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "That line comes from commit %s,  which is not in this view"
+msgstr "此行来自提交%s,不在此视图中"
+
+#: gitk:3963
+msgid "External diff viewer failed:"
+msgstr "外部diff查看器失败:"
+
+#: gitk:4067
+msgid "All files"
+msgstr "所有文件"
+
+#: gitk:4091
+msgid "View"
+msgstr "视图"
+
+#: gitk:4094
+msgid "Gitk view definition"
+msgstr "Gitk视图定义"
+
+#: gitk:4098
+msgid "Remember this view"
+msgstr "记住此视图"
+
+#: gitk:4099
+msgid "References (space separated list):"
+msgstr "引用(空格切分的列表):"
+
+#: gitk:4100
+msgid "Branches & tags:"
+msgstr "分支和tags"
+
+#: gitk:4101
+msgid "All refs"
+msgstr "所有引用"
+
+#: gitk:4102
+msgid "All (local) branches"
+msgstr "所有(本地)分支"
+
+#: gitk:4103
+msgid "All tags"
+msgstr "所有tag"
+
+#: gitk:4104
+msgid "All remote-tracking branches"
+msgstr "所有远程跟踪分支"
+
+#: gitk:4105
+msgid "Commit Info (regular expressions):"
+msgstr "提交信息 (正则表达式):"
+
+#: gitk:4106
+msgid "Author:"
+msgstr "作者:"
+
+#: gitk:4107
+msgid "Committer:"
+msgstr "提交者:"
+
+#: gitk:4108
+msgid "Commit Message:"
+msgstr "提交信息:"
+
+#: gitk:4109
+msgid "Matches all Commit Info criteria"
+msgstr "匹配所有提交信息标准"
+
+#: gitk:4110
+msgid "Matches no Commit Info criteria"
+msgstr "匹配无提交信息标准"
+
+#: gitk:4111
+msgid "Changes to Files:"
+msgstr "文件修改列表:"
+
+#: gitk:4112
+msgid "Fixed String"
+msgstr "固定字符串"
+
+#: gitk:4113
+msgid "Regular Expression"
+msgstr "正则表达式:"
+
+#: gitk:4114
+msgid "Search string:"
+msgstr "搜索字符串:"
+
+#: gitk:4115
+msgid ""
+"Commit Dates (\"2 weeks ago\", \"2009-03-17 15:27:38\", \"March 17, 2009 "
+"15:27:38\"):"
+msgstr "提交日期 (\"2星期之前\", \"2009-03-17 15:27:38\", \"5月 17, 2009 15:27:38\"):"
+
+#: gitk:4116
+msgid "Since:"
+msgstr "自:"
+
+#: gitk:4117
+msgid "Until:"
+msgstr "到:"
+
+#: gitk:4118
+msgid "Limit and/or skip a number of revisions (positive integer):"
+msgstr "限制 且/或 跳过一定数量的版本(正整数):"
+
+#: gitk:4119
+msgid "Number to show:"
+msgstr "显示数量:"
+
+#: gitk:4120
+msgid "Number to skip:"
+msgstr "跳过数量:"
+
+#: gitk:4121
+msgid "Miscellaneous options:"
+msgstr "其他选项:"
+
+#: gitk:4122
+msgid "Strictly sort by date"
+msgstr "严格按日期整理"
+
+#: gitk:4123
+msgid "Mark branch sides"
+msgstr "标记分支边界"
+
+#: gitk:4124
+msgid "Limit to first parent"
+msgstr "限制到第一个父提交"
+
+#: gitk:4125
+msgid "Simple history"
+msgstr "简易历史"
+
+#: gitk:4126
+msgid "Additional arguments to git log:"
+msgstr "git log命令的额外参数:"
+
+#: gitk:4127
+msgid "Enter files and directories to include, one per line:"
+msgstr "输入文件和文件夹来引用,每行一个:"
+
+#: gitk:4128
+msgid "Command to generate more commits to include:"
+msgstr "命令产生更多的提交来引用:"
+
+#: gitk:4252
+msgid "Gitk: edit view"
+msgstr "Gitk: 编辑视图"
+
+#: gitk:4260
+msgid "-- criteria for selecting revisions"
+msgstr "-- 用来选择版本的规则"
+
+#: gitk:4265
+msgid "View Name"
+msgstr "视图名称"
+
+#: gitk:4340
+msgid "Apply (F5)"
+msgstr "应用(F5)"
+
+#: gitk:4378
+msgid "Error in commit selection arguments:"
+msgstr "提交选择参数错误:"
+
+#: gitk:4433 gitk:4486 gitk:4948 gitk:4962 gitk:6232 gitk:12524 gitk:12525
+msgid "None"
+msgstr "无"
+
+#: gitk:5045 gitk:5050
+msgid "Descendant"
+msgstr "子提交"
+
+#: gitk:5046
+msgid "Not descendant"
+msgstr "非子提交"
+
+#: gitk:5053 gitk:5058
+msgid "Ancestor"
+msgstr "父提交"
+
+#: gitk:5054
+msgid "Not ancestor"
+msgstr "非父提交"
+
+#: gitk:5348
+msgid "Local changes checked in to index but not committed"
+msgstr "已添加到索引但未提交的修改"
+
+#: gitk:5384
+msgid "Local uncommitted changes, not checked in to index"
+msgstr "未添加到索引且未提交的修改"
+
+#: gitk:7158
+msgid "and many more"
+msgstr "更多"
+
+#: gitk:7161
+msgid "many"
+msgstr "很多"
+
+#: gitk:7352
+msgid "Tags:"
+msgstr "Tags:"
+
+#: gitk:7369 gitk:7375 gitk:8854
+msgid "Parent"
+msgstr "父节点"
+
+#: gitk:7380
+msgid "Child"
+msgstr "子节点"
+
+#: gitk:7389
+msgid "Branch"
+msgstr "分支"
+
+#: gitk:7392
+msgid "Follows"
+msgstr "之后的tag"
+
+#: gitk:7395
+msgid "Precedes"
+msgstr "之前的tag"
+
+#: gitk:7990
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "Error getting diffs: %s"
+msgstr "获取差异错误:%s"
+
+#: gitk:8679
+msgid "Goto:"
+msgstr "转到:"
+
+#: gitk:8700
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "Short SHA1 id %s is ambiguous"
+msgstr "短格式的SHA1提交号%s不明确、有歧义"
+
+#: gitk:8707
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "Revision %s is not known"
+msgstr "版本%s未知"
+
+#: gitk:8717
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "SHA1 id %s is not known"
+msgstr "提交号(SHA1 id)%s未知"
+
+#: gitk:8719
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "Revision %s is not in the current view"
+msgstr "版本%s不在当前视图中"
+
+#: gitk:8861 gitk:8876
+msgid "Date"
+msgstr "日期"
+
+#: gitk:8864
+msgid "Children"
+msgstr "子节点"
+
+#: gitk:8927
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "Reset %s branch to here"
+msgstr "重置分支%s到此处"
+
+#: gitk:8929
+msgid "Detached head: can't reset"
+msgstr "分离的头(head):不能重置(reset)"
+
+#: gitk:9034 gitk:9040
+msgid "Skipping merge commit "
+msgstr "跳过合并提交"
+
+#: gitk:9049 gitk:9054
+msgid "Error getting patch ID for "
+msgstr "获取补丁ID出错"
+
+#: gitk:9050 gitk:9055
+msgid " - stopping\n"
+msgstr " — 停止中\n"
+
+#: gitk:9060 gitk:9063 gitk:9071 gitk:9085 gitk:9094
+msgid "Commit "
+msgstr "提交"
+
+#: gitk:9064
+msgid ""
+" is the same patch as\n"
+"       "
+msgstr " 是相同的补丁(patch)\n       "
+
+#: gitk:9072
+msgid ""
+" differs from\n"
+"       "
+msgstr " 差异来自\n       "
+
+#: gitk:9074
+msgid ""
+"Diff of commits:\n"
+"\n"
+msgstr "提交的差异(Diff):\n\n"
+
+#: gitk:9086 gitk:9095
+#, tcl-format
+msgid " has %s children - stopping\n"
+msgstr "有%s子节点 — 停止中\n"
+
+#: gitk:9114
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "Error writing commit to file: %s"
+msgstr "写入提交到文件出错:%s"
+
+#: gitk:9120
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "Error diffing commits: %s"
+msgstr "比较提交差异出错:%s"
+
+#: gitk:9166
+msgid "Top"
+msgstr "顶部"
+
+#: gitk:9167
+msgid "From"
+msgstr "从"
+
+#: gitk:9172
+msgid "To"
+msgstr "到"
+
+#: gitk:9196
+msgid "Generate patch"
+msgstr "生成补丁(patch)"
+
+#: gitk:9198
+msgid "From:"
+msgstr "从:"
+
+#: gitk:9207
+msgid "To:"
+msgstr "到:"
+
+#: gitk:9216
+msgid "Reverse"
+msgstr "反向(Reverse)"
+
+#: gitk:9218 gitk:9428
+msgid "Output file:"
+msgstr "输出文件:"
+
+#: gitk:9224
+msgid "Generate"
+msgstr "生成"
+
+#: gitk:9262
+msgid "Error creating patch:"
+msgstr "创建补丁(patch)出错:"
+
+#: gitk:9285 gitk:9416 gitk:9504
+msgid "ID:"
+msgstr "ID:"
+
+#: gitk:9294
+msgid "Tag name:"
+msgstr "Tag名称:"
+
+#: gitk:9297
+msgid "Tag message is optional"
+msgstr "Tag信息是可选的"
+
+#: gitk:9299
+msgid "Tag message:"
+msgstr "Tag信息:"
+
+#: gitk:9303 gitk:9474
+msgid "Create"
+msgstr "创建"
+
+#: gitk:9321
+msgid "No tag name specified"
+msgstr "未指定tag名称"
+
+#: gitk:9325
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "Tag \"%s\" already exists"
+msgstr "Tag\"%s\"已经存在"
+
+#: gitk:9335
+msgid "Error creating tag:"
+msgstr "创建tag出错:"
+
+#: gitk:9425
+msgid "Command:"
+msgstr "命令:"
+
+#: gitk:9433
+msgid "Write"
+msgstr "写入"
+
+#: gitk:9451
+msgid "Error writing commit:"
+msgstr "写入提交出错:"
+
+#: gitk:9473
+msgid "Create branch"
+msgstr "创建分支"
+
+#: gitk:9489
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "Rename branch %s"
+msgstr "重命名分支%s"
+
+#: gitk:9490
+msgid "Rename"
+msgstr "重命名"
+
+#: gitk:9514
+msgid "Name:"
+msgstr "名称:"
+
+#: gitk:9538
+msgid "Please specify a name for the new branch"
+msgstr "请指定新分支的名称"
+
+#: gitk:9543
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "Branch '%s' already exists. Overwrite?"
+msgstr "分支\"%s\"已经存在。覆盖它?"
+
+#: gitk:9587
+msgid "Please specify a new name for the branch"
+msgstr "请重新指定新分支的名称"
+
+#: gitk:9650
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "Commit %s is already included in branch %s -- really re-apply it?"
+msgstr "提交%s已经存在于分支%s。确定重新应用它?"
+
+#: gitk:9655
+msgid "Cherry-picking"
+msgstr "打补丁中(Cherry-picking)"
+
+#: gitk:9664
+#, tcl-format
+msgid ""
+"Cherry-pick failed because of local changes to file '%s'.\n"
+"Please commit, reset or stash your changes and try again."
+msgstr "打补丁(Cherry-pick)失败,因为本地修改了文件\"%s\"。\n请提交(commit)、重置(reset)或暂存(stash)修改后重试。"
+
+#: gitk:9670
+msgid ""
+"Cherry-pick failed because of merge conflict.\n"
+"Do you wish to run git citool to resolve it?"
+msgstr "打补丁(Cherry-pick)失败因为合并冲突。\n你是否希望运行git citool 来解决冲突?"
+
+#: gitk:9686 gitk:9744
+msgid "No changes committed"
+msgstr "无已经提交的修改"
+
+#: gitk:9713
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "Commit %s is not included in branch %s -- really revert it?"
+msgstr "提交%s不包含在分支%s中,确认回滚(revert)它?"
+
+#: gitk:9718
+msgid "Reverting"
+msgstr "回滚中(Reverting)"
+
+#: gitk:9726
+#, tcl-format
+msgid ""
+"Revert failed because of local changes to the following files:%s Please "
+"commit, reset or stash  your changes and try again."
+msgstr "回滚(revert)失败,因为如下的本地文件修改:%s\n请提交(commit)、重置(reset)或者暂存(stash)改变后重试。"
+
+#: gitk:9730
+msgid ""
+"Revert failed because of merge conflict.\n"
+" Do you wish to run git citool to resolve it?"
+msgstr "回滚(revert)失败,因为合并冲突。\n你是否希望运行git citool来解决冲突?"
+
+#: gitk:9773
+msgid "Confirm reset"
+msgstr "确认重置(reset)"
+
+#: gitk:9775
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "Reset branch %s to %s?"
+msgstr "重置(reset)分支%s到%s?"
+
+#: gitk:9777
+msgid "Reset type:"
+msgstr "重置(reset)类型:"
+
+#: gitk:9780
+msgid "Soft: Leave working tree and index untouched"
+msgstr "软性:离开工作树,索引未改变"
+
+#: gitk:9783
+msgid "Mixed: Leave working tree untouched, reset index"
+msgstr "混合:离开工作树(未改变),索引重置"
+
+#: gitk:9786
+msgid ""
+"Hard: Reset working tree and index\n"
+"(discard ALL local changes)"
+msgstr "硬性:重置工作树和索引\n(丢弃所有的本地修改)"
+
+#: gitk:9803
+msgid "Resetting"
+msgstr "重置中(Resetting)"
+
+#: gitk:9876
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "A local branch named %s exists already"
+msgstr "本地分支%s已经存在"
+
+#: gitk:9884
+msgid "Checking out"
+msgstr "检出中(Checking out)"
+
+#: gitk:9943
+msgid "Cannot delete the currently checked-out branch"
+msgstr "不能删除当前检出(checkout)分支"
+
+#: gitk:9949
+#, tcl-format
+msgid ""
+"The commits on branch %s aren't on any other branch.\n"
+"Really delete branch %s?"
+msgstr "在分支%s上的提交不在其他任何分支上。\n确认删除分支%s?"
+
+#: gitk:9980
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "Tags and heads: %s"
+msgstr "Tags和头指针(heads):%s"
+
+#: gitk:9997
+msgid "Filter"
+msgstr "过滤器"
+
+#: gitk:10293
+msgid ""
+"Error reading commit topology information; branch and preceding/following "
+"tag information will be incomplete."
+msgstr "读取提交拓扑信息出错;分支和之前/之后的tag信息将不能完成。"
+
+#: gitk:11270
+msgid "Tag"
+msgstr "标签(Tag)"
+
+#: gitk:11274
+msgid "Id"
+msgstr "Id"
+
+#: gitk:11357
+msgid "Gitk font chooser"
+msgstr "Gitk字体选择"
+
+#: gitk:11374
+msgid "B"
+msgstr "粗体"
+
+#: gitk:11377
+msgid "I"
+msgstr "斜体"
+
+#: gitk:11495
+msgid "Commit list display options"
+msgstr "提交列表展示选项"
+
+#: gitk:11498
+msgid "Maximum graph width (lines)"
+msgstr "最大图宽度(行数)"
+
+#: gitk:11502
+#, no-tcl-format
+msgid "Maximum graph width (% of pane)"
+msgstr "最大图宽度(%窗口百分比)"
+
+#: gitk:11505
+msgid "Show local changes"
+msgstr "显示本地修改"
+
+#: gitk:11508
+msgid "Auto-select SHA1 (length)"
+msgstr "自动选择SHA1(长度)"
+
+#: gitk:11512
+msgid "Hide remote refs"
+msgstr "隐藏远程引用"
+
+#: gitk:11516
+msgid "Diff display options"
+msgstr "差异(Diff)展示选项"
+
+#: gitk:11518
+msgid "Tab spacing"
+msgstr "制表符宽度"
+
+#: gitk:11521
+msgid "Display nearby tags/heads"
+msgstr "显示临近的tags/heads"
+
+#: gitk:11524
+msgid "Maximum # tags/heads to show"
+msgstr "最大tags/heads展示数量"
+
+#: gitk:11527
+msgid "Limit diffs to listed paths"
+msgstr "diff中列出文件限制"
+
+#: gitk:11530
+msgid "Support per-file encodings"
+msgstr "单独文件编码支持"
+
+#: gitk:11536 gitk:11683
+msgid "External diff tool"
+msgstr "外部差异(diff)工具"
+
+#: gitk:11537
+msgid "Choose..."
+msgstr "选择..."
+
+#: gitk:11542
+msgid "General options"
+msgstr "常规选项"
+
+#: gitk:11545
+msgid "Use themed widgets"
+msgstr "使用主题小部件"
+
+#: gitk:11547
+msgid "(change requires restart)"
+msgstr "(需重启生效)"
+
+#: gitk:11549
+msgid "(currently unavailable)"
+msgstr "(当前不可用)"
+
+#: gitk:11560
+msgid "Colors: press to choose"
+msgstr "颜色:点击来选择"
+
+#: gitk:11563
+msgid "Interface"
+msgstr "界面"
+
+#: gitk:11564
+msgid "interface"
+msgstr "界面"
+
+#: gitk:11567
+msgid "Background"
+msgstr "背景"
+
+#: gitk:11568 gitk:11598
+msgid "background"
+msgstr "背景"
+
+#: gitk:11571
+msgid "Foreground"
+msgstr "前景"
+
+#: gitk:11572
+msgid "foreground"
+msgstr "前景"
+
+#: gitk:11575
+msgid "Diff: old lines"
+msgstr "差异(Diff):老代码行"
+
+#: gitk:11576
+msgid "diff old lines"
+msgstr "差异(diff)老代码行"
+
+#: gitk:11580
+msgid "Diff: new lines"
+msgstr "差异(Diff):新代码行"
+
+#: gitk:11581
+msgid "diff new lines"
+msgstr "差异(diff)新代码行"
+
+#: gitk:11585
+msgid "Diff: hunk header"
+msgstr "差异(Diff):补丁片段头信息"
+
+#: gitk:11587
+msgid "diff hunk header"
+msgstr "差异(diff)补丁片段头信息"
+
+#: gitk:11591
+msgid "Marked line bg"
+msgstr "已标记代码行背景"
+
+#: gitk:11593
+msgid "marked line background"
+msgstr "已标记代码行背景"
+
+#: gitk:11597
+msgid "Select bg"
+msgstr "选择背景"
+
+#: gitk:11606
+msgid "Fonts: press to choose"
+msgstr "字体:点击来选择"
+
+#: gitk:11608
+msgid "Main font"
+msgstr "主字体"
+
+#: gitk:11609
+msgid "Diff display font"
+msgstr "差异(Diff)显示字体"
+
+#: gitk:11610
+msgid "User interface font"
+msgstr "用户界面字体"
+
+#: gitk:11632
+msgid "Gitk preferences"
+msgstr "Gitk偏好设置"
+
+#: gitk:11641
+msgid "General"
+msgstr "常规"
+
+#: gitk:11642
+msgid "Colors"
+msgstr "颜色"
+
+#: gitk:11643
+msgid "Fonts"
+msgstr "字体"
+
+#: gitk:11693
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "Gitk: choose color for %s"
+msgstr "Gitk:选择颜色用于%s"
+
+#: gitk:12206
+msgid ""
+"Sorry, gitk cannot run with this version of Tcl/Tk.\n"
+" Gitk requires at least Tcl/Tk 8.4."
+msgstr "对不起,gitk不能运行在当前版本的Tcl/Tk中。\nGitk运行需要最低版本为Tcl/Tk8.4。"
+
+#: gitk:12416
+msgid "Cannot find a git repository here."
+msgstr "在此位置未发现git仓库。"
+
+#: gitk:12463
+#, tcl-format
+msgid "Ambiguous argument '%s': both revision and filename"
+msgstr "不明确有歧义的参数\"%s\":版本和文件名称"
+
+#: gitk:12475
+msgid "Bad arguments to gitk:"
+msgstr "运行gitk参数错误:"
diff --git a/help.c b/help.c
index 5261d83..9ff2be6 100644
--- a/help.c
+++ b/help.c
@@ -774,7 +774,8 @@ static struct string_list guess_refs(const char *ref)
 	return similar_refs;
 }
 
-void help_unknown_ref(const char *ref, const char *cmd, const char *error)
+NORETURN void help_unknown_ref(const char *ref, const char *cmd,
+			       const char *error)
 {
 	int i;
 	struct string_list suggested_refs = guess_refs(ref);
diff --git a/help.h b/help.h
index b8780fb..7a455be 100644
--- a/help.h
+++ b/help.h
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ void list_commands(unsigned int colopts, struct cmdnames *main_cmds, struct cmdn
  * call this to die(), when it is suspected that the user mistyped a
  * ref to the command, to give suggested "correct" refs.
  */
-void help_unknown_ref(const char *ref, const char *cmd, const char *error);
+NORETURN void help_unknown_ref(const char *ref, const char *cmd, const char *error);
 
 static inline void list_config_item(struct string_list *list,
 				    const char *prefix,
diff --git a/http.c b/http.c
index 27aa0a3..027a86d 100644
--- a/http.c
+++ b/http.c
@@ -513,9 +513,11 @@ static void set_proxyauth_name_password(CURL *result)
 #else
 		struct strbuf s = STRBUF_INIT;
 
-		strbuf_addstr_urlencode(&s, proxy_auth.username, 1);
+		strbuf_addstr_urlencode(&s, proxy_auth.username,
+					is_rfc3986_unreserved);
 		strbuf_addch(&s, ':');
-		strbuf_addstr_urlencode(&s, proxy_auth.password, 1);
+		strbuf_addstr_urlencode(&s, proxy_auth.password,
+					is_rfc3986_unreserved);
 		curl_proxyuserpwd = strbuf_detach(&s, NULL);
 		curl_easy_setopt(result, CURLOPT_PROXYUSERPWD, curl_proxyuserpwd);
 #endif
@@ -1073,6 +1075,7 @@ void http_init(struct remote *remote, const char *url, int proactive_auth)
 
 	git_config(urlmatch_config_entry, &config);
 	free(normalized_url);
+	string_list_clear(&config.vars, 1);
 
 #if LIBCURL_VERSION_NUM >= 0x073800
 	if (http_ssl_backend) {
diff --git a/http.h b/http.h
index b429f1c..5e0ad72 100644
--- a/http.h
+++ b/http.h
@@ -25,8 +25,12 @@
 #if LIBCURL_VERSION_NUM < 0x070704
 #define curl_global_cleanup() do { /* nothing */ } while (0)
 #endif
+
 #if LIBCURL_VERSION_NUM < 0x070800
 #define curl_global_init(a) do { /* nothing */ } while (0)
+#elif LIBCURL_VERSION_NUM >= 0x070c00
+#define curl_global_init(a) curl_global_init_mem(a, xmalloc, free, \
+						xrealloc, xstrdup, xcalloc)
 #endif
 
 #if (LIBCURL_VERSION_NUM < 0x070c04) || (LIBCURL_VERSION_NUM == 0x071000)
diff --git a/line-log.c b/line-log.c
index 3aff184..9010e00 100644
--- a/line-log.c
+++ b/line-log.c
@@ -737,6 +737,38 @@ static struct line_log_data *lookup_line_range(struct rev_info *revs,
 	return ret;
 }
 
+static int same_paths_in_pathspec_and_range(struct pathspec *pathspec,
+					    struct line_log_data *range)
+{
+	int i;
+	struct line_log_data *r;
+
+	for (i = 0, r = range; i < pathspec->nr && r; i++, r = r->next)
+		if (strcmp(pathspec->items[i].match, r->path))
+			return 0;
+	if (i < pathspec->nr || r)
+		/* different number of pathspec items and ranges */
+		return 0;
+
+	return 1;
+}
+
+static void parse_pathspec_from_ranges(struct pathspec *pathspec,
+				       struct line_log_data *range)
+{
+	struct line_log_data *r;
+	struct argv_array array = ARGV_ARRAY_INIT;
+	const char **paths;
+
+	for (r = range; r; r = r->next)
+		argv_array_push(&array, r->path);
+	paths = argv_array_detach(&array);
+
+	parse_pathspec(pathspec, 0, PATHSPEC_PREFER_FULL, "", paths);
+	/* strings are now owned by pathspec */
+	free(paths);
+}
+
 void line_log_init(struct rev_info *rev, const char *prefix, struct string_list *args)
 {
 	struct commit *commit = NULL;
@@ -746,20 +778,7 @@ void line_log_init(struct rev_info *rev, const char *prefix, struct string_list
 	range = parse_lines(rev->diffopt.repo, commit, prefix, args);
 	add_line_range(rev, commit, range);
 
-	if (!rev->diffopt.detect_rename) {
-		struct line_log_data *r;
-		struct argv_array array = ARGV_ARRAY_INIT;
-		const char **paths;
-
-		for (r = range; r; r = r->next)
-			argv_array_push(&array, r->path);
-		paths = argv_array_detach(&array);
-
-		parse_pathspec(&rev->diffopt.pathspec, 0,
-			       PATHSPEC_PREFER_FULL, "", paths);
-		/* strings are now owned by pathspec */
-		free(paths);
-	}
+	parse_pathspec_from_ranges(&rev->diffopt.pathspec, range);
 }
 
 static void move_diff_queue(struct diff_queue_struct *dst,
@@ -817,15 +836,29 @@ static void queue_diffs(struct line_log_data *range,
 			struct diff_queue_struct *queue,
 			struct commit *commit, struct commit *parent)
 {
+	struct object_id *tree_oid, *parent_tree_oid;
+
 	assert(commit);
 
+	tree_oid = get_commit_tree_oid(commit);
+	parent_tree_oid = parent ? get_commit_tree_oid(parent) : NULL;
+
+	if (opt->detect_rename &&
+	    !same_paths_in_pathspec_and_range(&opt->pathspec, range)) {
+		clear_pathspec(&opt->pathspec);
+		parse_pathspec_from_ranges(&opt->pathspec, range);
+	}
 	DIFF_QUEUE_CLEAR(&diff_queued_diff);
-	diff_tree_oid(parent ? get_commit_tree_oid(parent) : NULL,
-		      get_commit_tree_oid(commit), "", opt);
-	if (opt->detect_rename) {
+	diff_tree_oid(parent_tree_oid, tree_oid, "", opt);
+	if (opt->detect_rename && diff_might_be_rename()) {
+		/* must look at the full tree diff to detect renames */
+		clear_pathspec(&opt->pathspec);
+		DIFF_QUEUE_CLEAR(&diff_queued_diff);
+
+		diff_tree_oid(parent_tree_oid, tree_oid, "", opt);
+
 		filter_diffs_for_paths(range, 1);
-		if (diff_might_be_rename())
-			diffcore_std(opt);
+		diffcore_std(opt);
 		filter_diffs_for_paths(range, 0);
 	}
 	move_diff_queue(queue, &diff_queued_diff);
diff --git a/list-objects-filter-options.c b/list-objects-filter-options.c
index 1cb20c6..4d88bfe 100644
--- a/list-objects-filter-options.c
+++ b/list-objects-filter-options.c
@@ -6,6 +6,14 @@
 #include "list-objects.h"
 #include "list-objects-filter.h"
 #include "list-objects-filter-options.h"
+#include "promisor-remote.h"
+#include "trace.h"
+#include "url.h"
+
+static int parse_combine_filter(
+	struct list_objects_filter_options *filter_options,
+	const char *arg,
+	struct strbuf *errbuf);
 
 /*
  * Parse value of the argument to the "filter" keyword.
@@ -29,16 +37,11 @@ static int gently_parse_list_objects_filter(
 {
 	const char *v0;
 
-	if (filter_options->choice) {
-		if (errbuf) {
-			strbuf_addstr(
-				errbuf,
-				_("multiple filter-specs cannot be combined"));
-		}
-		return 1;
-	}
+	if (!arg)
+		return 0;
 
-	filter_options->filter_spec = strdup(arg);
+	if (filter_options->choice)
+		BUG("filter_options already populated");
 
 	if (!strcmp(arg, "blob:none")) {
 		filter_options->choice = LOFC_BLOB_NONE;
@@ -52,11 +55,7 @@ static int gently_parse_list_objects_filter(
 
 	} else if (skip_prefix(arg, "tree:", &v0)) {
 		if (!git_parse_ulong(v0, &filter_options->tree_exclude_depth)) {
-			if (errbuf) {
-				strbuf_addstr(
-					errbuf,
-					_("expected 'tree:<depth>'"));
-			}
+			strbuf_addstr(errbuf, _("expected 'tree:<depth>'"));
 			return 1;
 		}
 		filter_options->choice = LOFC_TREE_DEPTH;
@@ -84,26 +83,189 @@ static int gently_parse_list_objects_filter(
 				_("sparse:path filters support has been dropped"));
 		}
 		return 1;
+
+	} else if (skip_prefix(arg, "combine:", &v0)) {
+		return parse_combine_filter(filter_options, v0, errbuf);
+
 	}
 	/*
 	 * Please update _git_fetch() in git-completion.bash when you
 	 * add new filters
 	 */
 
-	if (errbuf)
-		strbuf_addf(errbuf, _("invalid filter-spec '%s'"), arg);
+	strbuf_addf(errbuf, _("invalid filter-spec '%s'"), arg);
 
 	memset(filter_options, 0, sizeof(*filter_options));
 	return 1;
 }
 
-int parse_list_objects_filter(struct list_objects_filter_options *filter_options,
-			      const char *arg)
+static const char *RESERVED_NON_WS = "~`!@#$^&*()[]{}\\;'\",<>?";
+
+static int has_reserved_character(
+	struct strbuf *sub_spec, struct strbuf *errbuf)
+{
+	const char *c = sub_spec->buf;
+	while (*c) {
+		if (*c <= ' ' || strchr(RESERVED_NON_WS, *c)) {
+			strbuf_addf(
+				errbuf,
+				_("must escape char in sub-filter-spec: '%c'"),
+				*c);
+			return 1;
+		}
+		c++;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int parse_combine_subfilter(
+	struct list_objects_filter_options *filter_options,
+	struct strbuf *subspec,
+	struct strbuf *errbuf)
+{
+	size_t new_index = filter_options->sub_nr;
+	char *decoded;
+	int result;
+
+	ALLOC_GROW_BY(filter_options->sub, filter_options->sub_nr, 1,
+		      filter_options->sub_alloc);
+
+	decoded = url_percent_decode(subspec->buf);
+
+	result = has_reserved_character(subspec, errbuf) ||
+		gently_parse_list_objects_filter(
+			&filter_options->sub[new_index], decoded, errbuf);
+
+	free(decoded);
+	return result;
+}
+
+static int parse_combine_filter(
+	struct list_objects_filter_options *filter_options,
+	const char *arg,
+	struct strbuf *errbuf)
+{
+	struct strbuf **subspecs = strbuf_split_str(arg, '+', 0);
+	size_t sub;
+	int result = 0;
+
+	if (!subspecs[0]) {
+		strbuf_addstr(errbuf, _("expected something after combine:"));
+		result = 1;
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+
+	for (sub = 0; subspecs[sub] && !result; sub++) {
+		if (subspecs[sub + 1]) {
+			/*
+			 * This is not the last subspec. Remove trailing "+" so
+			 * we can parse it.
+			 */
+			size_t last = subspecs[sub]->len - 1;
+			assert(subspecs[sub]->buf[last] == '+');
+			strbuf_remove(subspecs[sub], last, 1);
+		}
+		result = parse_combine_subfilter(
+			filter_options, subspecs[sub], errbuf);
+	}
+
+	filter_options->choice = LOFC_COMBINE;
+
+cleanup:
+	strbuf_list_free(subspecs);
+	if (result) {
+		list_objects_filter_release(filter_options);
+		memset(filter_options, 0, sizeof(*filter_options));
+	}
+	return result;
+}
+
+static int allow_unencoded(char ch)
+{
+	if (ch <= ' ' || ch == '%' || ch == '+')
+		return 0;
+	return !strchr(RESERVED_NON_WS, ch);
+}
+
+static void filter_spec_append_urlencode(
+	struct list_objects_filter_options *filter, const char *raw)
 {
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
-	if (gently_parse_list_objects_filter(filter_options, arg, &buf))
-		die("%s", buf.buf);
-	return 0;
+	strbuf_addstr_urlencode(&buf, raw, allow_unencoded);
+	trace_printf("Add to combine filter-spec: %s\n", buf.buf);
+	string_list_append(&filter->filter_spec, strbuf_detach(&buf, NULL));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Changes filter_options into an equivalent LOFC_COMBINE filter options
+ * instance. Does not do anything if filter_options is already LOFC_COMBINE.
+ */
+static void transform_to_combine_type(
+	struct list_objects_filter_options *filter_options)
+{
+	assert(filter_options->choice);
+	if (filter_options->choice == LOFC_COMBINE)
+		return;
+	{
+		const int initial_sub_alloc = 2;
+		struct list_objects_filter_options *sub_array =
+			xcalloc(initial_sub_alloc, sizeof(*sub_array));
+		sub_array[0] = *filter_options;
+		memset(filter_options, 0, sizeof(*filter_options));
+		filter_options->sub = sub_array;
+		filter_options->sub_alloc = initial_sub_alloc;
+	}
+	filter_options->sub_nr = 1;
+	filter_options->choice = LOFC_COMBINE;
+	string_list_append(&filter_options->filter_spec, xstrdup("combine:"));
+	filter_spec_append_urlencode(
+		filter_options,
+		list_objects_filter_spec(&filter_options->sub[0]));
+	/*
+	 * We don't need the filter_spec strings for subfilter specs, only the
+	 * top level.
+	 */
+	string_list_clear(&filter_options->sub[0].filter_spec, /*free_util=*/0);
+}
+
+void list_objects_filter_die_if_populated(
+	struct list_objects_filter_options *filter_options)
+{
+	if (filter_options->choice)
+		die(_("multiple filter-specs cannot be combined"));
+}
+
+void parse_list_objects_filter(
+	struct list_objects_filter_options *filter_options,
+	const char *arg)
+{
+	struct strbuf errbuf = STRBUF_INIT;
+	int parse_error;
+
+	if (!filter_options->choice) {
+		string_list_append(&filter_options->filter_spec, xstrdup(arg));
+
+		parse_error = gently_parse_list_objects_filter(
+			filter_options, arg, &errbuf);
+	} else {
+		/*
+		 * Make filter_options an LOFC_COMBINE spec so we can trivially
+		 * add subspecs to it.
+		 */
+		transform_to_combine_type(filter_options);
+
+		string_list_append(&filter_options->filter_spec, xstrdup("+"));
+		filter_spec_append_urlencode(filter_options, arg);
+		ALLOC_GROW_BY(filter_options->sub, filter_options->sub_nr, 1,
+			      filter_options->sub_alloc);
+
+		parse_error = gently_parse_list_objects_filter(
+			&filter_options->sub[filter_options->sub_nr - 1], arg,
+			&errbuf);
+	}
+	if (parse_error)
+		die("%s", errbuf.buf);
 }
 
 int opt_parse_list_objects_filter(const struct option *opt,
@@ -111,76 +273,108 @@ int opt_parse_list_objects_filter(const struct option *opt,
 {
 	struct list_objects_filter_options *filter_options = opt->value;
 
-	if (unset || !arg) {
+	if (unset || !arg)
 		list_objects_filter_set_no_filter(filter_options);
-		return 0;
-	}
-
-	return parse_list_objects_filter(filter_options, arg);
+	else
+		parse_list_objects_filter(filter_options, arg);
+	return 0;
 }
 
-void expand_list_objects_filter_spec(
-	const struct list_objects_filter_options *filter,
-	struct strbuf *expanded_spec)
+const char *list_objects_filter_spec(struct list_objects_filter_options *filter)
 {
-	strbuf_init(expanded_spec, strlen(filter->filter_spec));
-	if (filter->choice == LOFC_BLOB_LIMIT)
-		strbuf_addf(expanded_spec, "blob:limit=%lu",
+	if (!filter->filter_spec.nr)
+		BUG("no filter_spec available for this filter");
+	if (filter->filter_spec.nr != 1) {
+		struct strbuf concatted = STRBUF_INIT;
+		strbuf_add_separated_string_list(
+			&concatted, "", &filter->filter_spec);
+		string_list_clear(&filter->filter_spec, /*free_util=*/0);
+		string_list_append(
+			&filter->filter_spec, strbuf_detach(&concatted, NULL));
+	}
+
+	return filter->filter_spec.items[0].string;
+}
+
+const char *expand_list_objects_filter_spec(
+	struct list_objects_filter_options *filter)
+{
+	if (filter->choice == LOFC_BLOB_LIMIT) {
+		struct strbuf expanded_spec = STRBUF_INIT;
+		strbuf_addf(&expanded_spec, "blob:limit=%lu",
 			    filter->blob_limit_value);
-	else if (filter->choice == LOFC_TREE_DEPTH)
-		strbuf_addf(expanded_spec, "tree:%lu",
-			    filter->tree_exclude_depth);
-	else
-		strbuf_addstr(expanded_spec, filter->filter_spec);
+		string_list_clear(&filter->filter_spec, /*free_util=*/0);
+		string_list_append(
+			&filter->filter_spec,
+			strbuf_detach(&expanded_spec, NULL));
+	}
+
+	return list_objects_filter_spec(filter);
 }
 
 void list_objects_filter_release(
 	struct list_objects_filter_options *filter_options)
 {
-	free(filter_options->filter_spec);
+	size_t sub;
+
+	if (!filter_options)
+		return;
+	string_list_clear(&filter_options->filter_spec, /*free_util=*/0);
 	free(filter_options->sparse_oid_value);
+	for (sub = 0; sub < filter_options->sub_nr; sub++)
+		list_objects_filter_release(&filter_options->sub[sub]);
+	free(filter_options->sub);
 	memset(filter_options, 0, sizeof(*filter_options));
 }
 
 void partial_clone_register(
 	const char *remote,
-	const struct list_objects_filter_options *filter_options)
+	struct list_objects_filter_options *filter_options)
 {
-	/*
-	 * Record the name of the partial clone remote in the
-	 * config and in the global variable -- the latter is
-	 * used throughout to indicate that partial clone is
-	 * enabled and to expect missing objects.
-	 */
-	if (repository_format_partial_clone &&
-	    *repository_format_partial_clone &&
-	    strcmp(remote, repository_format_partial_clone))
-		die(_("cannot change partial clone promisor remote"));
+	char *cfg_name;
+	char *filter_name;
 
-	git_config_set("core.repositoryformatversion", "1");
-	git_config_set("extensions.partialclone", remote);
+	/* Check if it is already registered */
+	if (!promisor_remote_find(remote)) {
+		git_config_set("core.repositoryformatversion", "1");
 
-	repository_format_partial_clone = xstrdup(remote);
+		/* Add promisor config for the remote */
+		cfg_name = xstrfmt("remote.%s.promisor", remote);
+		git_config_set(cfg_name, "true");
+		free(cfg_name);
+	}
 
 	/*
 	 * Record the initial filter-spec in the config as
 	 * the default for subsequent fetches from this remote.
 	 */
-	core_partial_clone_filter_default =
-		xstrdup(filter_options->filter_spec);
-	git_config_set("core.partialclonefilter",
-		       core_partial_clone_filter_default);
+	filter_name = xstrfmt("remote.%s.partialclonefilter", remote);
+	/* NEEDSWORK: 'expand' result leaking??? */
+	git_config_set(filter_name,
+		       expand_list_objects_filter_spec(filter_options));
+	free(filter_name);
+
+	/* Make sure the config info are reset */
+	promisor_remote_reinit();
 }
 
 void partial_clone_get_default_filter_spec(
-	struct list_objects_filter_options *filter_options)
+	struct list_objects_filter_options *filter_options,
+	const char *remote)
 {
+	struct promisor_remote *promisor = promisor_remote_find(remote);
+	struct strbuf errbuf = STRBUF_INIT;
+
 	/*
 	 * Parse default value, but silently ignore it if it is invalid.
 	 */
-	if (!core_partial_clone_filter_default)
+	if (!promisor)
 		return;
+
+	string_list_append(&filter_options->filter_spec,
+			   promisor->partial_clone_filter);
 	gently_parse_list_objects_filter(filter_options,
-					 core_partial_clone_filter_default,
-					 NULL);
+					 promisor->partial_clone_filter,
+					 &errbuf);
+	strbuf_release(&errbuf);
 }
diff --git a/list-objects-filter-options.h b/list-objects-filter-options.h
index c54f000..b63c5ee 100644
--- a/list-objects-filter-options.h
+++ b/list-objects-filter-options.h
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 #define LIST_OBJECTS_FILTER_OPTIONS_H
 
 #include "parse-options.h"
-#include "strbuf.h"
+#include "string-list.h"
 
 /*
  * The list of defined filters for list-objects.
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ enum list_objects_filter_choice {
 	LOFC_BLOB_LIMIT,
 	LOFC_TREE_DEPTH,
 	LOFC_SPARSE_OID,
+	LOFC_COMBINE,
 	LOFC__COUNT /* must be last */
 };
 
@@ -23,8 +24,10 @@ struct list_objects_filter_options {
 	 * commands that launch filtering sub-processes, or for communication
 	 * over the network, don't use this value; use the result of
 	 * expand_list_objects_filter_spec() instead.
+	 * To get the raw filter spec given by the user, use the result of
+	 * list_objects_filter_spec().
 	 */
-	char *filter_spec;
+	struct string_list filter_spec;
 
 	/*
 	 * 'choice' is determined by parsing the filter-spec.  This indicates
@@ -38,19 +41,40 @@ struct list_objects_filter_options {
 	unsigned int no_filter : 1;
 
 	/*
-	 * Parsed values (fields) from within the filter-spec.  These are
-	 * choice-specific; not all values will be defined for any given
-	 * choice.
+	 * BEGIN choice-specific parsed values from within the filter-spec. Only
+	 * some values will be defined for any given choice.
 	 */
+
 	struct object_id *sparse_oid_value;
 	unsigned long blob_limit_value;
 	unsigned long tree_exclude_depth;
+
+	/* LOFC_COMBINE values */
+
+	/* This array contains all the subfilters which this filter combines. */
+	size_t sub_nr, sub_alloc;
+	struct list_objects_filter_options *sub;
+
+	/*
+	 * END choice-specific parsed values.
+	 */
 };
 
 /* Normalized command line arguments */
 #define CL_ARG__FILTER "filter"
 
-int parse_list_objects_filter(
+void list_objects_filter_die_if_populated(
+	struct list_objects_filter_options *filter_options);
+
+/*
+ * Parses the filter spec string given by arg and either (1) simply places the
+ * result in filter_options if it is not yet populated or (2) combines it with
+ * the filter already in filter_options if it is already populated. In the case
+ * of (2), the filter specs are combined as if specified with 'combine:'.
+ *
+ * Dies and prints a user-facing message if an error occurs.
+ */
+void parse_list_objects_filter(
 	struct list_objects_filter_options *filter_options,
 	const char *arg);
 
@@ -65,13 +89,22 @@ int opt_parse_list_objects_filter(const struct option *opt,
 /*
  * Translates abbreviated numbers in the filter's filter_spec into their
  * fully-expanded forms (e.g., "limit:blob=1k" becomes "limit:blob=1024").
+ * Returns a string owned by the list_objects_filter_options object.
  *
- * This form should be used instead of the raw filter_spec field when
- * communicating with a remote process or subprocess.
+ * This form should be used instead of the raw list_objects_filter_spec()
+ * value when communicating with a remote process or subprocess.
  */
-void expand_list_objects_filter_spec(
-	const struct list_objects_filter_options *filter,
-	struct strbuf *expanded_spec);
+const char *expand_list_objects_filter_spec(
+	struct list_objects_filter_options *filter);
+
+/*
+ * Returns the filter spec string more or less in the form as the user
+ * entered it. This form of the filter_spec can be used in user-facing
+ * messages.  Returns a string owned by the list_objects_filter_options
+ * object.
+ */
+const char *list_objects_filter_spec(
+	struct list_objects_filter_options *filter);
 
 void list_objects_filter_release(
 	struct list_objects_filter_options *filter_options);
@@ -85,8 +118,9 @@ static inline void list_objects_filter_set_no_filter(
 
 void partial_clone_register(
 	const char *remote,
-	const struct list_objects_filter_options *filter_options);
-void partial_clone_get_default_filter_spec(
 	struct list_objects_filter_options *filter_options);
+void partial_clone_get_default_filter_spec(
+	struct list_objects_filter_options *filter_options,
+	const char *remote);
 
 #endif /* LIST_OBJECTS_FILTER_OPTIONS_H */
diff --git a/list-objects-filter.c b/list-objects-filter.c
index 36e1f77..d624f1c 100644
--- a/list-objects-filter.c
+++ b/list-objects-filter.c
@@ -26,11 +26,46 @@
  */
 #define FILTER_SHOWN_BUT_REVISIT (1<<21)
 
-/*
- * A filter for list-objects to omit ALL blobs from the traversal.
- * And to OPTIONALLY collect a list of the omitted OIDs.
- */
-struct filter_blobs_none_data {
+struct subfilter {
+	struct filter *filter;
+	struct oidset seen;
+	struct oidset omits;
+	struct object_id skip_tree;
+	unsigned is_skipping_tree : 1;
+};
+
+struct filter {
+	enum list_objects_filter_result (*filter_object_fn)(
+		struct repository *r,
+		enum list_objects_filter_situation filter_situation,
+		struct object *obj,
+		const char *pathname,
+		const char *filename,
+		struct oidset *omits,
+		void *filter_data);
+
+	/*
+	 * Optional. If this function is supplied and the filter needs
+	 * to collect omits, then this function is called once before
+	 * free_fn is called.
+	 *
+	 * This is required because the following two conditions hold:
+	 *
+	 *   a. A tree filter can add and remove objects as an object
+	 *      graph is traversed.
+	 *   b. A combine filter's omit set is the union of all its
+	 *      subfilters, which may include tree: filters.
+	 *
+	 * As such, the omits sets must be separate sets, and can only
+	 * be unioned after the traversal is completed.
+	 */
+	void (*finalize_omits_fn)(struct oidset *omits, void *filter_data);
+
+	void (*free_fn)(void *filter_data);
+
+	void *filter_data;
+
+	/* If non-NULL, the filter collects a list of the omitted OIDs here. */
 	struct oidset *omits;
 };
 
@@ -40,10 +75,9 @@ static enum list_objects_filter_result filter_blobs_none(
 	struct object *obj,
 	const char *pathname,
 	const char *filename,
+	struct oidset *omits,
 	void *filter_data_)
 {
-	struct filter_blobs_none_data *filter_data = filter_data_;
-
 	switch (filter_situation) {
 	default:
 		BUG("unknown filter_situation: %d", filter_situation);
@@ -61,24 +95,18 @@ static enum list_objects_filter_result filter_blobs_none(
 		assert(obj->type == OBJ_BLOB);
 		assert((obj->flags & SEEN) == 0);
 
-		if (filter_data->omits)
-			oidset_insert(filter_data->omits, &obj->oid);
+		if (omits)
+			oidset_insert(omits, &obj->oid);
 		return LOFR_MARK_SEEN; /* but not LOFR_DO_SHOW (hard omit) */
 	}
 }
 
-static void *filter_blobs_none__init(
-	struct oidset *omitted,
+static void filter_blobs_none__init(
 	struct list_objects_filter_options *filter_options,
-	filter_object_fn *filter_fn,
-	filter_free_fn *filter_free_fn)
+	struct filter *filter)
 {
-	struct filter_blobs_none_data *d = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*d));
-	d->omits = omitted;
-
-	*filter_fn = filter_blobs_none;
-	*filter_free_fn = free;
-	return d;
+	filter->filter_object_fn = filter_blobs_none;
+	filter->free_fn = free;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -86,8 +114,6 @@ static void *filter_blobs_none__init(
  * Can OPTIONALLY collect a list of the omitted OIDs.
  */
 struct filter_trees_depth_data {
-	struct oidset *omits;
-
 	/*
 	 * Maps trees to the minimum depth at which they were seen. It is not
 	 * necessary to re-traverse a tree at deeper or equal depths than it has
@@ -110,16 +136,16 @@ struct seen_map_entry {
 /* Returns 1 if the oid was in the omits set before it was invoked. */
 static int filter_trees_update_omits(
 	struct object *obj,
-	struct filter_trees_depth_data *filter_data,
+	struct oidset *omits,
 	int include_it)
 {
-	if (!filter_data->omits)
+	if (!omits)
 		return 0;
 
 	if (include_it)
-		return oidset_remove(filter_data->omits, &obj->oid);
+		return oidset_remove(omits, &obj->oid);
 	else
-		return oidset_insert(filter_data->omits, &obj->oid);
+		return oidset_insert(omits, &obj->oid);
 }
 
 static enum list_objects_filter_result filter_trees_depth(
@@ -128,6 +154,7 @@ static enum list_objects_filter_result filter_trees_depth(
 	struct object *obj,
 	const char *pathname,
 	const char *filename,
+	struct oidset *omits,
 	void *filter_data_)
 {
 	struct filter_trees_depth_data *filter_data = filter_data_;
@@ -152,7 +179,7 @@ static enum list_objects_filter_result filter_trees_depth(
 		return LOFR_ZERO;
 
 	case LOFS_BLOB:
-		filter_trees_update_omits(obj, filter_data, include_it);
+		filter_trees_update_omits(obj, omits, include_it);
 		return include_it ? LOFR_MARK_SEEN | LOFR_DO_SHOW : LOFR_ZERO;
 
 	case LOFS_BEGIN_TREE:
@@ -173,12 +200,12 @@ static enum list_objects_filter_result filter_trees_depth(
 			filter_res = LOFR_SKIP_TREE;
 		} else {
 			int been_omitted = filter_trees_update_omits(
-				obj, filter_data, include_it);
+				obj, omits, include_it);
 			seen_info->depth = filter_data->current_depth;
 
 			if (include_it)
 				filter_res = LOFR_DO_SHOW;
-			else if (filter_data->omits && !been_omitted)
+			else if (omits && !been_omitted)
 				/*
 				 * Must update omit information of children
 				 * recursively; they have not been omitted yet.
@@ -201,21 +228,18 @@ static void filter_trees_free(void *filter_data) {
 	free(d);
 }
 
-static void *filter_trees_depth__init(
-	struct oidset *omitted,
+static void filter_trees_depth__init(
 	struct list_objects_filter_options *filter_options,
-	filter_object_fn *filter_fn,
-	filter_free_fn *filter_free_fn)
+	struct filter *filter)
 {
 	struct filter_trees_depth_data *d = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*d));
-	d->omits = omitted;
 	oidmap_init(&d->seen_at_depth, 0);
 	d->exclude_depth = filter_options->tree_exclude_depth;
 	d->current_depth = 0;
 
-	*filter_fn = filter_trees_depth;
-	*filter_free_fn = filter_trees_free;
-	return d;
+	filter->filter_data = d;
+	filter->filter_object_fn = filter_trees_depth;
+	filter->free_fn = filter_trees_free;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -223,7 +247,6 @@ static void *filter_trees_depth__init(
  * And to OPTIONALLY collect a list of the omitted OIDs.
  */
 struct filter_blobs_limit_data {
-	struct oidset *omits;
 	unsigned long max_bytes;
 };
 
@@ -233,6 +256,7 @@ static enum list_objects_filter_result filter_blobs_limit(
 	struct object *obj,
 	const char *pathname,
 	const char *filename,
+	struct oidset *omits,
 	void *filter_data_)
 {
 	struct filter_blobs_limit_data *filter_data = filter_data_;
@@ -270,30 +294,27 @@ static enum list_objects_filter_result filter_blobs_limit(
 		if (object_length < filter_data->max_bytes)
 			goto include_it;
 
-		if (filter_data->omits)
-			oidset_insert(filter_data->omits, &obj->oid);
+		if (omits)
+			oidset_insert(omits, &obj->oid);
 		return LOFR_MARK_SEEN; /* but not LOFR_DO_SHOW (hard omit) */
 	}
 
 include_it:
-	if (filter_data->omits)
-		oidset_remove(filter_data->omits, &obj->oid);
+	if (omits)
+		oidset_remove(omits, &obj->oid);
 	return LOFR_MARK_SEEN | LOFR_DO_SHOW;
 }
 
-static void *filter_blobs_limit__init(
-	struct oidset *omitted,
+static void filter_blobs_limit__init(
 	struct list_objects_filter_options *filter_options,
-	filter_object_fn *filter_fn,
-	filter_free_fn *filter_free_fn)
+	struct filter *filter)
 {
 	struct filter_blobs_limit_data *d = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*d));
-	d->omits = omitted;
 	d->max_bytes = filter_options->blob_limit_value;
 
-	*filter_fn = filter_blobs_limit;
-	*filter_free_fn = free;
-	return d;
+	filter->filter_data = d;
+	filter->filter_object_fn = filter_blobs_limit;
+	filter->free_fn = free;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -307,12 +328,12 @@ static void *filter_blobs_limit__init(
  */
 struct frame {
 	/*
-	 * defval is the usual default include/exclude value that
+	 * default_match is the usual default include/exclude value that
 	 * should be inherited as we recurse into directories based
 	 * upon pattern matching of the directory itself or of a
 	 * containing directory.
 	 */
-	int defval;
+	enum pattern_match_result default_match;
 
 	/*
 	 * 1 if the directory (recursively) contains any provisionally
@@ -326,8 +347,7 @@ struct frame {
 };
 
 struct filter_sparse_data {
-	struct oidset *omits;
-	struct exclude_list el;
+	struct pattern_list pl;
 
 	size_t nr, alloc;
 	struct frame *array_frame;
@@ -339,11 +359,13 @@ static enum list_objects_filter_result filter_sparse(
 	struct object *obj,
 	const char *pathname,
 	const char *filename,
+	struct oidset *omits,
 	void *filter_data_)
 {
 	struct filter_sparse_data *filter_data = filter_data_;
-	int val, dtype;
+	int dtype;
 	struct frame *frame;
+	enum pattern_match_result match;
 
 	switch (filter_situation) {
 	default:
@@ -352,15 +374,15 @@ static enum list_objects_filter_result filter_sparse(
 	case LOFS_BEGIN_TREE:
 		assert(obj->type == OBJ_TREE);
 		dtype = DT_DIR;
-		val = is_excluded_from_list(pathname, strlen(pathname),
-					    filename, &dtype, &filter_data->el,
-					    r->index);
-		if (val < 0)
-			val = filter_data->array_frame[filter_data->nr - 1].defval;
+		match = path_matches_pattern_list(pathname, strlen(pathname),
+						  filename, &dtype, &filter_data->pl,
+						  r->index);
+		if (match == UNDECIDED)
+			match = filter_data->array_frame[filter_data->nr - 1].default_match;
 
 		ALLOC_GROW(filter_data->array_frame, filter_data->nr + 1,
 			   filter_data->alloc);
-		filter_data->array_frame[filter_data->nr].defval = val;
+		filter_data->array_frame[filter_data->nr].default_match = match;
 		filter_data->array_frame[filter_data->nr].child_prov_omit = 0;
 		filter_data->nr++;
 
@@ -414,14 +436,14 @@ static enum list_objects_filter_result filter_sparse(
 		frame = &filter_data->array_frame[filter_data->nr - 1];
 
 		dtype = DT_REG;
-		val = is_excluded_from_list(pathname, strlen(pathname),
-					    filename, &dtype, &filter_data->el,
+		match = path_matches_pattern_list(pathname, strlen(pathname),
+					    filename, &dtype, &filter_data->pl,
 					    r->index);
-		if (val < 0)
-			val = frame->defval;
-		if (val > 0) {
-			if (filter_data->omits)
-				oidset_remove(filter_data->omits, &obj->oid);
+		if (match == UNDECIDED)
+			match = frame->default_match;
+		if (match == MATCHED) {
+			if (omits)
+				oidset_remove(omits, &obj->oid);
 			return LOFR_MARK_SEEN | LOFR_DO_SHOW;
 		}
 
@@ -435,8 +457,8 @@ static enum list_objects_filter_result filter_sparse(
 		 * Leave the LOFR_ bits unset so that if the blob appears
 		 * again in the traversal, we will be asked again.
 		 */
-		if (filter_data->omits)
-			oidset_insert(filter_data->omits, &obj->oid);
+		if (omits)
+			oidset_insert(omits, &obj->oid);
 
 		/*
 		 * Remember that at least 1 blob in this tree was
@@ -456,33 +478,161 @@ static void filter_sparse_free(void *filter_data)
 	free(d);
 }
 
-static void *filter_sparse_oid__init(
-	struct oidset *omitted,
+static void filter_sparse_oid__init(
 	struct list_objects_filter_options *filter_options,
-	filter_object_fn *filter_fn,
-	filter_free_fn *filter_free_fn)
+	struct filter *filter)
 {
 	struct filter_sparse_data *d = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*d));
-	d->omits = omitted;
-	if (add_excludes_from_blob_to_list(filter_options->sparse_oid_value,
-					   NULL, 0, &d->el) < 0)
+	if (add_patterns_from_blob_to_list(filter_options->sparse_oid_value,
+					   NULL, 0, &d->pl) < 0)
 		die("could not load filter specification");
 
 	ALLOC_GROW(d->array_frame, d->nr + 1, d->alloc);
-	d->array_frame[d->nr].defval = 0; /* default to include */
+	d->array_frame[d->nr].default_match = 0; /* default to include */
 	d->array_frame[d->nr].child_prov_omit = 0;
 	d->nr++;
 
-	*filter_fn = filter_sparse;
-	*filter_free_fn = filter_sparse_free;
-	return d;
+	filter->filter_data = d;
+	filter->filter_object_fn = filter_sparse;
+	filter->free_fn = filter_sparse_free;
 }
 
-typedef void *(*filter_init_fn)(
-	struct oidset *omitted,
+/* A filter which only shows objects shown by all sub-filters. */
+struct combine_filter_data {
+	struct subfilter *sub;
+	size_t nr;
+};
+
+static enum list_objects_filter_result process_subfilter(
+	struct repository *r,
+	enum list_objects_filter_situation filter_situation,
+	struct object *obj,
+	const char *pathname,
+	const char *filename,
+	struct subfilter *sub)
+{
+	enum list_objects_filter_result result;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check and update is_skipping_tree before oidset_contains so
+	 * that is_skipping_tree gets unset even when the object is
+	 * marked as seen.  As of this writing, no filter uses
+	 * LOFR_MARK_SEEN on trees that also uses LOFR_SKIP_TREE, so the
+	 * ordering is only theoretically important. Be cautious if you
+	 * change the order of the below checks and more filters have
+	 * been added!
+	 */
+	if (sub->is_skipping_tree) {
+		if (filter_situation == LOFS_END_TREE &&
+		    oideq(&obj->oid, &sub->skip_tree))
+			sub->is_skipping_tree = 0;
+		else
+			return LOFR_ZERO;
+	}
+	if (oidset_contains(&sub->seen, &obj->oid))
+		return LOFR_ZERO;
+
+	result = list_objects_filter__filter_object(
+		r, filter_situation, obj, pathname, filename, sub->filter);
+
+	if (result & LOFR_MARK_SEEN)
+		oidset_insert(&sub->seen, &obj->oid);
+
+	if (result & LOFR_SKIP_TREE) {
+		sub->is_skipping_tree = 1;
+		sub->skip_tree = obj->oid;
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+static enum list_objects_filter_result filter_combine(
+	struct repository *r,
+	enum list_objects_filter_situation filter_situation,
+	struct object *obj,
+	const char *pathname,
+	const char *filename,
+	struct oidset *omits,
+	void *filter_data)
+{
+	struct combine_filter_data *d = filter_data;
+	enum list_objects_filter_result combined_result =
+		LOFR_DO_SHOW | LOFR_MARK_SEEN | LOFR_SKIP_TREE;
+	size_t sub;
+
+	for (sub = 0; sub < d->nr; sub++) {
+		enum list_objects_filter_result sub_result = process_subfilter(
+			r, filter_situation, obj, pathname, filename,
+			&d->sub[sub]);
+		if (!(sub_result & LOFR_DO_SHOW))
+			combined_result &= ~LOFR_DO_SHOW;
+		if (!(sub_result & LOFR_MARK_SEEN))
+			combined_result &= ~LOFR_MARK_SEEN;
+		if (!d->sub[sub].is_skipping_tree)
+			combined_result &= ~LOFR_SKIP_TREE;
+	}
+
+	return combined_result;
+}
+
+static void filter_combine__free(void *filter_data)
+{
+	struct combine_filter_data *d = filter_data;
+	size_t sub;
+	for (sub = 0; sub < d->nr; sub++) {
+		list_objects_filter__free(d->sub[sub].filter);
+		oidset_clear(&d->sub[sub].seen);
+		if (d->sub[sub].omits.set.size)
+			BUG("expected oidset to be cleared already");
+	}
+	free(d->sub);
+}
+
+static void add_all(struct oidset *dest, struct oidset *src) {
+	struct oidset_iter iter;
+	struct object_id *src_oid;
+
+	oidset_iter_init(src, &iter);
+	while ((src_oid = oidset_iter_next(&iter)) != NULL)
+		oidset_insert(dest, src_oid);
+}
+
+static void filter_combine__finalize_omits(
+	struct oidset *omits,
+	void *filter_data)
+{
+	struct combine_filter_data *d = filter_data;
+	size_t sub;
+
+	for (sub = 0; sub < d->nr; sub++) {
+		add_all(omits, &d->sub[sub].omits);
+		oidset_clear(&d->sub[sub].omits);
+	}
+}
+
+static void filter_combine__init(
 	struct list_objects_filter_options *filter_options,
-	filter_object_fn *filter_fn,
-	filter_free_fn *filter_free_fn);
+	struct filter* filter)
+{
+	struct combine_filter_data *d = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*d));
+	size_t sub;
+
+	d->nr = filter_options->sub_nr;
+	d->sub = xcalloc(d->nr, sizeof(*d->sub));
+	for (sub = 0; sub < d->nr; sub++)
+		d->sub[sub].filter = list_objects_filter__init(
+			filter->omits ? &d->sub[sub].omits : NULL,
+			&filter_options->sub[sub]);
+
+	filter->filter_data = d;
+	filter->filter_object_fn = filter_combine;
+	filter->free_fn = filter_combine__free;
+	filter->finalize_omits_fn = filter_combine__finalize_omits;
+}
+
+typedef void (*filter_init_fn)(
+	struct list_objects_filter_options *filter_options,
+	struct filter *filter);
 
 /*
  * Must match "enum list_objects_filter_choice".
@@ -493,14 +643,14 @@ static filter_init_fn s_filters[] = {
 	filter_blobs_limit__init,
 	filter_trees_depth__init,
 	filter_sparse_oid__init,
+	filter_combine__init,
 };
 
-void *list_objects_filter__init(
+struct filter *list_objects_filter__init(
 	struct oidset *omitted,
-	struct list_objects_filter_options *filter_options,
-	filter_object_fn *filter_fn,
-	filter_free_fn *filter_free_fn)
+	struct list_objects_filter_options *filter_options)
 {
+	struct filter *filter;
 	filter_init_fn init_fn;
 
 	assert((sizeof(s_filters) / sizeof(s_filters[0])) == LOFC__COUNT);
@@ -510,10 +660,44 @@ void *list_objects_filter__init(
 		    filter_options->choice);
 
 	init_fn = s_filters[filter_options->choice];
-	if (init_fn)
-		return init_fn(omitted, filter_options,
-			       filter_fn, filter_free_fn);
-	*filter_fn = NULL;
-	*filter_free_fn = NULL;
-	return NULL;
+	if (!init_fn)
+		return NULL;
+
+	filter = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*filter));
+	filter->omits = omitted;
+	init_fn(filter_options, filter);
+	return filter;
+}
+
+enum list_objects_filter_result list_objects_filter__filter_object(
+	struct repository *r,
+	enum list_objects_filter_situation filter_situation,
+	struct object *obj,
+	const char *pathname,
+	const char *filename,
+	struct filter *filter)
+{
+	if (filter && (obj->flags & NOT_USER_GIVEN))
+		return filter->filter_object_fn(r, filter_situation, obj,
+						pathname, filename,
+						filter->omits,
+						filter->filter_data);
+	/*
+	 * No filter is active or user gave object explicitly. In this case,
+	 * always show the object (except when LOFS_END_TREE, since this tree
+	 * had already been shown when LOFS_BEGIN_TREE).
+	 */
+	if (filter_situation == LOFS_END_TREE)
+		return 0;
+	return LOFR_MARK_SEEN | LOFR_DO_SHOW;
+}
+
+void list_objects_filter__free(struct filter *filter)
+{
+	if (!filter)
+		return;
+	if (filter->finalize_omits_fn && filter->omits)
+		filter->finalize_omits_fn(filter->omits, filter->filter_data);
+	filter->free_fn(filter->filter_data);
+	free(filter);
 }
diff --git a/list-objects-filter.h b/list-objects-filter.h
index 1d45a4a..cfd784e 100644
--- a/list-objects-filter.h
+++ b/list-objects-filter.h
@@ -60,30 +60,36 @@ enum list_objects_filter_situation {
 	LOFS_BLOB
 };
 
-typedef enum list_objects_filter_result (*filter_object_fn)(
+struct filter;
+
+/*
+ * Constructor for the set of defined list-objects filters.
+ * The `omitted` set is optional. It is populated with objects that the
+ * filter excludes. This set should not be considered finalized until
+ * after list_objects_filter__free is called on the returned `struct
+ * filter *`.
+ */
+struct filter *list_objects_filter__init(
+	struct oidset *omitted,
+	struct list_objects_filter_options *filter_options);
+
+/*
+ * Lets `filter` decide how to handle the `obj`. If `filter` is NULL, this
+ * function behaves as expected if no filter is configured: all objects are
+ * included.
+ */
+enum list_objects_filter_result list_objects_filter__filter_object(
 	struct repository *r,
 	enum list_objects_filter_situation filter_situation,
 	struct object *obj,
 	const char *pathname,
 	const char *filename,
-	void *filter_data);
-
-typedef void (*filter_free_fn)(void *filter_data);
+	struct filter *filter);
 
 /*
- * Constructor for the set of defined list-objects filters.
- * Returns a generic "void *filter_data".
- *
- * The returned "filter_fn" will be used by traverse_commit_list()
- * to filter the results.
- *
- * The returned "filter_free_fn" is a destructor for the
- * filter_data.
+ * Destroys `filter` and finalizes the `omitted` set, if present. Does
+ * nothing if `filter` is null.
  */
-void *list_objects_filter__init(
-	struct oidset *omitted,
-	struct list_objects_filter_options *filter_options,
-	filter_object_fn *filter_fn,
-	filter_free_fn *filter_free_fn);
+void list_objects_filter__free(struct filter *filter);
 
 #endif /* LIST_OBJECTS_FILTER_H */
diff --git a/list-objects.c b/list-objects.c
index b5651dd..9307d91 100644
--- a/list-objects.c
+++ b/list-objects.c
@@ -18,8 +18,7 @@ struct traversal_context {
 	show_object_fn show_object;
 	show_commit_fn show_commit;
 	void *show_data;
-	filter_object_fn filter_fn;
-	void *filter_data;
+	struct filter *filter;
 };
 
 static void process_blob(struct traversal_context *ctx,
@@ -29,7 +28,7 @@ static void process_blob(struct traversal_context *ctx,
 {
 	struct object *obj = &blob->object;
 	size_t pathlen;
-	enum list_objects_filter_result r = LOFR_MARK_SEEN | LOFR_DO_SHOW;
+	enum list_objects_filter_result r;
 
 	if (!ctx->revs->blob_objects)
 		return;
@@ -54,11 +53,10 @@ static void process_blob(struct traversal_context *ctx,
 
 	pathlen = path->len;
 	strbuf_addstr(path, name);
-	if ((obj->flags & NOT_USER_GIVEN) && ctx->filter_fn)
-		r = ctx->filter_fn(ctx->revs->repo,
-				   LOFS_BLOB, obj,
-				   path->buf, &path->buf[pathlen],
-				   ctx->filter_data);
+	r = list_objects_filter__filter_object(ctx->revs->repo,
+					       LOFS_BLOB, obj,
+					       path->buf, &path->buf[pathlen],
+					       ctx->filter);
 	if (r & LOFR_MARK_SEEN)
 		obj->flags |= SEEN;
 	if (r & LOFR_DO_SHOW)
@@ -157,7 +155,7 @@ static void process_tree(struct traversal_context *ctx,
 	struct object *obj = &tree->object;
 	struct rev_info *revs = ctx->revs;
 	int baselen = base->len;
-	enum list_objects_filter_result r = LOFR_MARK_SEEN | LOFR_DO_SHOW;
+	enum list_objects_filter_result r;
 	int failed_parse;
 
 	if (!revs->tree_objects)
@@ -186,11 +184,10 @@ static void process_tree(struct traversal_context *ctx,
 	}
 
 	strbuf_addstr(base, name);
-	if ((obj->flags & NOT_USER_GIVEN) && ctx->filter_fn)
-		r = ctx->filter_fn(ctx->revs->repo,
-				   LOFS_BEGIN_TREE, obj,
-				   base->buf, &base->buf[baselen],
-				   ctx->filter_data);
+	r = list_objects_filter__filter_object(ctx->revs->repo,
+					       LOFS_BEGIN_TREE, obj,
+					       base->buf, &base->buf[baselen],
+					       ctx->filter);
 	if (r & LOFR_MARK_SEEN)
 		obj->flags |= SEEN;
 	if (r & LOFR_DO_SHOW)
@@ -203,16 +200,14 @@ static void process_tree(struct traversal_context *ctx,
 	else if (!failed_parse)
 		process_tree_contents(ctx, tree, base);
 
-	if ((obj->flags & NOT_USER_GIVEN) && ctx->filter_fn) {
-		r = ctx->filter_fn(ctx->revs->repo,
-				   LOFS_END_TREE, obj,
-				   base->buf, &base->buf[baselen],
-				   ctx->filter_data);
-		if (r & LOFR_MARK_SEEN)
-			obj->flags |= SEEN;
-		if (r & LOFR_DO_SHOW)
-			ctx->show_object(obj, base->buf, ctx->show_data);
-	}
+	r = list_objects_filter__filter_object(ctx->revs->repo,
+					       LOFS_END_TREE, obj,
+					       base->buf, &base->buf[baselen],
+					       ctx->filter);
+	if (r & LOFR_MARK_SEEN)
+		obj->flags |= SEEN;
+	if (r & LOFR_DO_SHOW)
+		ctx->show_object(obj, base->buf, ctx->show_data);
 
 	strbuf_setlen(base, baselen);
 	free_tree_buffer(tree);
@@ -402,8 +397,7 @@ void traverse_commit_list(struct rev_info *revs,
 	ctx.show_commit = show_commit;
 	ctx.show_object = show_object;
 	ctx.show_data = show_data;
-	ctx.filter_fn = NULL;
-	ctx.filter_data = NULL;
+	ctx.filter = NULL;
 	do_traverse(&ctx);
 }
 
@@ -416,17 +410,12 @@ void traverse_commit_list_filtered(
 	struct oidset *omitted)
 {
 	struct traversal_context ctx;
-	filter_free_fn filter_free_fn = NULL;
 
 	ctx.revs = revs;
 	ctx.show_object = show_object;
 	ctx.show_commit = show_commit;
 	ctx.show_data = show_data;
-	ctx.filter_fn = NULL;
-
-	ctx.filter_data = list_objects_filter__init(omitted, filter_options,
-						    &ctx.filter_fn, &filter_free_fn);
+	ctx.filter = list_objects_filter__init(omitted, filter_options);
 	do_traverse(&ctx);
-	if (ctx.filter_data && filter_free_fn)
-		filter_free_fn(ctx.filter_data);
+	list_objects_filter__free(ctx.filter);
 }
diff --git a/ll-merge.c b/ll-merge.c
index 5b8d46a..d65a897 100644
--- a/ll-merge.c
+++ b/ll-merge.c
@@ -32,6 +32,20 @@ struct ll_merge_driver {
 	char *cmdline;
 };
 
+static struct attr_check *merge_attributes;
+static struct attr_check *load_merge_attributes(void)
+{
+	if (!merge_attributes)
+		merge_attributes = attr_check_initl("merge", "conflict-marker-size", NULL);
+	return merge_attributes;
+}
+
+void reset_merge_attributes(void)
+{
+	attr_check_free(merge_attributes);
+	merge_attributes = NULL;
+}
+
 /*
  * Built-in low-levels
  */
@@ -354,7 +368,7 @@ int ll_merge(mmbuffer_t *result_buf,
 	     struct index_state *istate,
 	     const struct ll_merge_options *opts)
 {
-	static struct attr_check *check;
+	struct attr_check *check = load_merge_attributes();
 	static const struct ll_merge_options default_opts;
 	const char *ll_driver_name = NULL;
 	int marker_size = DEFAULT_CONFLICT_MARKER_SIZE;
@@ -369,9 +383,6 @@ int ll_merge(mmbuffer_t *result_buf,
 		normalize_file(theirs, path, istate);
 	}
 
-	if (!check)
-		check = attr_check_initl("merge", "conflict-marker-size", NULL);
-
 	git_check_attr(istate, path, check);
 	ll_driver_name = check->items[0].value;
 	if (check->items[1].value) {
diff --git a/ll-merge.h b/ll-merge.h
index b9e2af1..e78973d 100644
--- a/ll-merge.h
+++ b/ll-merge.h
@@ -26,5 +26,6 @@ int ll_merge(mmbuffer_t *result_buf,
 	     const struct ll_merge_options *opts);
 
 int ll_merge_marker_size(struct index_state *istate, const char *path);
+void reset_merge_attributes(void);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/log-tree.c b/log-tree.c
index 1e56df6..109c212 100644
--- a/log-tree.c
+++ b/log-tree.c
@@ -677,9 +677,7 @@ void show_log(struct rev_info *opt)
 		raw = (opt->commit_format == CMIT_FMT_USERFORMAT);
 		format_display_notes(&commit->object.oid, &notebuf,
 				     get_log_output_encoding(), raw);
-		ctx.notes_message = notebuf.len
-			? strbuf_detach(&notebuf, NULL)
-			: xcalloc(1, 1);
+		ctx.notes_message = strbuf_detach(&notebuf, NULL);
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/notes.c b/notes.c
index 75c028b..03e7d0c 100644
--- a/notes.c
+++ b/notes.c
@@ -269,8 +269,10 @@ static int note_tree_insert(struct notes_tree *t, struct int_node *tree,
 		case PTR_TYPE_NOTE:
 			if (oideq(&l->key_oid, &entry->key_oid)) {
 				/* skip concatenation if l == entry */
-				if (oideq(&l->val_oid, &entry->val_oid))
+				if (oideq(&l->val_oid, &entry->val_oid)) {
+					free(entry);
 					return 0;
+				}
 
 				ret = combine_notes(&l->val_oid,
 						    &entry->val_oid);
@@ -458,7 +460,7 @@ static void load_subtree(struct notes_tree *t, struct leaf_node *subtree,
 			die("Failed to load %s %s into notes tree "
 			    "from %s",
 			    type == PTR_TYPE_NOTE ? "note" : "subtree",
-			    oid_to_hex(&l->key_oid), t->ref);
+			    oid_to_hex(&object_oid), t->ref);
 
 		continue;
 
diff --git a/pack-bitmap-write.c b/pack-bitmap-write.c
index fa78a46..a7a4964 100644
--- a/pack-bitmap-write.c
+++ b/pack-bitmap-write.c
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ static inline void reset_all_seen(void)
 
 static uint32_t find_object_pos(const struct object_id *oid)
 {
-	struct object_entry *entry = packlist_find(writer.to_pack, oid, NULL);
+	struct object_entry *entry = packlist_find(writer.to_pack, oid);
 
 	if (!entry) {
 		die("Failed to write bitmap index. Packfile doesn't have full closure "
diff --git a/pack-bitmap.c b/pack-bitmap.c
index ed2befa..e07c798 100644
--- a/pack-bitmap.c
+++ b/pack-bitmap.c
@@ -709,9 +709,7 @@ struct bitmap_index *prepare_bitmap_walk(struct rev_info *revs)
 			else
 				object_list_insert(object, &wants);
 
-			if (!tag->tagged)
-				die("bad tag");
-			object = parse_object_or_die(&tag->tagged->oid, NULL);
+			object = parse_object_or_die(get_tagged_oid(tag), NULL);
 		}
 
 		if (object->flags & UNINTERESTING)
@@ -1063,7 +1061,7 @@ int rebuild_existing_bitmaps(struct bitmap_index *bitmap_git,
 
 		entry = &bitmap_git->pack->revindex[i];
 		nth_packed_object_oid(&oid, bitmap_git->pack, entry->nr);
-		oe = packlist_find(mapping, &oid, NULL);
+		oe = packlist_find(mapping, &oid);
 
 		if (oe)
 			reposition[i] = oe_in_pack_pos(mapping, oe) + 1;
diff --git a/pack-objects.c b/pack-objects.c
index 5256029..c6250d7 100644
--- a/pack-objects.c
+++ b/pack-objects.c
@@ -68,8 +68,7 @@ static void rehash_objects(struct packing_data *pdata)
 }
 
 struct object_entry *packlist_find(struct packing_data *pdata,
-				   const struct object_id *oid,
-				   uint32_t *index_pos)
+				   const struct object_id *oid)
 {
 	uint32_t i;
 	int found;
@@ -79,9 +78,6 @@ struct object_entry *packlist_find(struct packing_data *pdata,
 
 	i = locate_object_entry_hash(pdata, oid, &found);
 
-	if (index_pos)
-		*index_pos = i;
-
 	if (!found)
 		return NULL;
 
@@ -153,8 +149,7 @@ void prepare_packing_data(struct repository *r, struct packing_data *pdata)
 }
 
 struct object_entry *packlist_alloc(struct packing_data *pdata,
-				    const unsigned char *sha1,
-				    uint32_t index_pos)
+				    const struct object_id *oid)
 {
 	struct object_entry *new_entry;
 
@@ -177,12 +172,19 @@ struct object_entry *packlist_alloc(struct packing_data *pdata,
 	new_entry = pdata->objects + pdata->nr_objects++;
 
 	memset(new_entry, 0, sizeof(*new_entry));
-	hashcpy(new_entry->idx.oid.hash, sha1);
+	oidcpy(&new_entry->idx.oid, oid);
 
 	if (pdata->index_size * 3 <= pdata->nr_objects * 4)
 		rehash_objects(pdata);
-	else
-		pdata->index[index_pos] = pdata->nr_objects;
+	else {
+		int found;
+		uint32_t pos = locate_object_entry_hash(pdata,
+							&new_entry->idx.oid,
+							&found);
+		if (found)
+			BUG("duplicate object inserted into hash");
+		pdata->index[pos] = pdata->nr_objects;
+	}
 
 	if (pdata->in_pack)
 		pdata->in_pack[pdata->nr_objects - 1] = NULL;
diff --git a/pack-objects.h b/pack-objects.h
index 857d438..6fe6ae5 100644
--- a/pack-objects.h
+++ b/pack-objects.h
@@ -183,12 +183,10 @@ static inline void packing_data_unlock(struct packing_data *pdata)
 }
 
 struct object_entry *packlist_alloc(struct packing_data *pdata,
-				    const unsigned char *sha1,
-				    uint32_t index_pos);
+				    const struct object_id *oid);
 
 struct object_entry *packlist_find(struct packing_data *pdata,
-				   const struct object_id *oid,
-				   uint32_t *index_pos);
+				   const struct object_id *oid);
 
 static inline uint32_t pack_name_hash(const char *name)
 {
diff --git a/packfile.c b/packfile.c
index fc43a6c..f3f962a 100644
--- a/packfile.c
+++ b/packfile.c
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include "object-store.h"
 #include "midx.h"
 #include "commit-graph.h"
+#include "promisor-remote.h"
 
 char *odb_pack_name(struct strbuf *buf,
 		    const unsigned char *sha1,
@@ -287,13 +288,6 @@ static int unuse_one_window(struct packed_git *current)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-void release_pack_memory(size_t need)
-{
-	size_t cur = pack_mapped;
-	while (need >= (cur - pack_mapped) && unuse_one_window(NULL))
-		; /* nothing */
-}
-
 void close_pack_windows(struct packed_git *p)
 {
 	while (p->windows) {
@@ -710,23 +704,12 @@ void unuse_pack(struct pack_window **w_cursor)
 	}
 }
 
-static void try_to_free_pack_memory(size_t size)
-{
-	release_pack_memory(size);
-}
-
 struct packed_git *add_packed_git(const char *path, size_t path_len, int local)
 {
-	static int have_set_try_to_free_routine;
 	struct stat st;
 	size_t alloc;
 	struct packed_git *p;
 
-	if (!have_set_try_to_free_routine) {
-		have_set_try_to_free_routine = 1;
-		set_try_to_free_routine(try_to_free_pack_memory);
-	}
-
 	/*
 	 * Make sure a corresponding .pack file exists and that
 	 * the index looks sane.
@@ -2139,7 +2122,7 @@ static int add_promisor_object(const struct object_id *oid,
 			oidset_insert(set, &parents->item->object.oid);
 	} else if (obj->type == OBJ_TAG) {
 		struct tag *tag = (struct tag *) obj;
-		oidset_insert(set, &tag->tagged->oid);
+		oidset_insert(set, get_tagged_oid(tag));
 	}
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -2150,7 +2133,7 @@ int is_promisor_object(const struct object_id *oid)
 	static int promisor_objects_prepared;
 
 	if (!promisor_objects_prepared) {
-		if (repository_format_partial_clone) {
+		if (has_promisor_remote()) {
 			for_each_packed_object(add_promisor_object,
 					       &promisor_objects,
 					       FOR_EACH_OBJECT_PROMISOR_ONLY);
diff --git a/packfile.h b/packfile.h
index 3e98910..fc7904e 100644
--- a/packfile.h
+++ b/packfile.h
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ struct packed_git *add_packed_git(const char *path, size_t path_len, int local);
  * Does not unlink if 'force_delete' is false and the pack-file is
  * marked as ".keep".
  */
-extern void unlink_pack_path(const char *pack_name, int force_delete);
+void unlink_pack_path(const char *pack_name, int force_delete);
 
 /*
  * Make sure that a pointer access into an mmap'd index file is within bounds,
diff --git a/parse-options.c b/parse-options.c
index 87b26a1..b42f54d 100644
--- a/parse-options.c
+++ b/parse-options.c
@@ -780,7 +780,8 @@ int parse_options_step(struct parse_opt_ctx_t *ctx,
 			continue;
 		}
 
-		if (!arg[2]) { /* "--" */
+		if (!arg[2] /* "--" */ ||
+		    !strcmp(arg + 2, "end-of-options")) {
 			if (!(ctx->flags & PARSE_OPT_KEEP_DASHDASH)) {
 				ctx->argc--;
 				ctx->argv++;
diff --git a/parse-options.h b/parse-options.h
index a4bd40b..38a33a0 100644
--- a/parse-options.h
+++ b/parse-options.h
@@ -46,6 +46,15 @@ enum parse_opt_option_flags {
 	PARSE_OPT_COMP_ARG = 1024
 };
 
+enum parse_opt_result {
+	PARSE_OPT_COMPLETE = -3,
+	PARSE_OPT_HELP = -2,
+	PARSE_OPT_ERROR = -1,	/* must be the same as error() */
+	PARSE_OPT_DONE = 0,	/* fixed so that "return 0" works */
+	PARSE_OPT_NON_OPTION,
+	PARSE_OPT_UNKNOWN
+};
+
 struct option;
 typedef int parse_opt_cb(const struct option *, const char *arg, int unset);
 
@@ -241,15 +250,6 @@ const char *optname(const struct option *opt, int flags);
 
 /*----- incremental advanced APIs -----*/
 
-enum parse_opt_result {
-	PARSE_OPT_COMPLETE = -3,
-	PARSE_OPT_HELP = -2,
-	PARSE_OPT_ERROR = -1,	/* must be the same as error() */
-	PARSE_OPT_DONE = 0,	/* fixed so that "return 0" works */
-	PARSE_OPT_NON_OPTION,
-	PARSE_OPT_UNKNOWN
-};
-
 /*
  * It's okay for the caller to consume argv/argc in the usual way.
  * Other fields of that structure are private to parse-options and should not
diff --git a/path.c b/path.c
index 25e97b8..e3da1f3 100644
--- a/path.c
+++ b/path.c
@@ -1221,31 +1221,52 @@ static inline int chomp_trailing_dir_sep(const char *path, int len)
 }
 
 /*
+ * If path ends with suffix (complete path components), returns the offset of
+ * the last character in the path before the suffix (sans trailing directory
+ * separators), and -1 otherwise.
+ */
+static ssize_t stripped_path_suffix_offset(const char *path, const char *suffix)
+{
+	int path_len = strlen(path), suffix_len = strlen(suffix);
+
+	while (suffix_len) {
+		if (!path_len)
+			return -1;
+
+		if (is_dir_sep(path[path_len - 1])) {
+			if (!is_dir_sep(suffix[suffix_len - 1]))
+				return -1;
+			path_len = chomp_trailing_dir_sep(path, path_len);
+			suffix_len = chomp_trailing_dir_sep(suffix, suffix_len);
+		}
+		else if (path[--path_len] != suffix[--suffix_len])
+			return -1;
+	}
+
+	if (path_len && !is_dir_sep(path[path_len - 1]))
+		return -1;
+	return chomp_trailing_dir_sep(path, path_len);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Returns true if the path ends with components, considering only complete path
+ * components, and false otherwise.
+ */
+int ends_with_path_components(const char *path, const char *components)
+{
+	return stripped_path_suffix_offset(path, components) != -1;
+}
+
+/*
  * If path ends with suffix (complete path components), returns the
  * part before suffix (sans trailing directory separators).
  * Otherwise returns NULL.
  */
 char *strip_path_suffix(const char *path, const char *suffix)
 {
-	int path_len = strlen(path), suffix_len = strlen(suffix);
+	ssize_t offset = stripped_path_suffix_offset(path, suffix);
 
-	while (suffix_len) {
-		if (!path_len)
-			return NULL;
-
-		if (is_dir_sep(path[path_len - 1])) {
-			if (!is_dir_sep(suffix[suffix_len - 1]))
-				return NULL;
-			path_len = chomp_trailing_dir_sep(path, path_len);
-			suffix_len = chomp_trailing_dir_sep(suffix, suffix_len);
-		}
-		else if (path[--path_len] != suffix[--suffix_len])
-			return NULL;
-	}
-
-	if (path_len && !is_dir_sep(path[path_len - 1]))
-		return NULL;
-	return xstrndup(path, chomp_trailing_dir_sep(path, path_len));
+	return offset == -1 ? NULL : xstrndup(path, offset);
 }
 
 int daemon_avoid_alias(const char *p)
diff --git a/path.h b/path.h
index 2ba6ca5..14d6dca 100644
--- a/path.h
+++ b/path.h
@@ -193,4 +193,7 @@ const char *git_path_merge_head(struct repository *r);
 const char *git_path_fetch_head(struct repository *r);
 const char *git_path_shallow(struct repository *r);
 
+
+int ends_with_path_components(const char *path, const char *components);
+
 #endif /* PATH_H */
diff --git a/promisor-remote.c b/promisor-remote.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9bc296c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/promisor-remote.c
@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+#include "cache.h"
+#include "object-store.h"
+#include "promisor-remote.h"
+#include "config.h"
+#include "transport.h"
+
+static char *repository_format_partial_clone;
+static const char *core_partial_clone_filter_default;
+
+void set_repository_format_partial_clone(char *partial_clone)
+{
+	repository_format_partial_clone = xstrdup_or_null(partial_clone);
+}
+
+static int fetch_refs(const char *remote_name, struct ref *ref)
+{
+	struct remote *remote;
+	struct transport *transport;
+	int original_fetch_if_missing = fetch_if_missing;
+	int res;
+
+	fetch_if_missing = 0;
+	remote = remote_get(remote_name);
+	if (!remote->url[0])
+		die(_("Remote with no URL"));
+	transport = transport_get(remote, remote->url[0]);
+
+	transport_set_option(transport, TRANS_OPT_FROM_PROMISOR, "1");
+	transport_set_option(transport, TRANS_OPT_NO_DEPENDENTS, "1");
+	res = transport_fetch_refs(transport, ref);
+	fetch_if_missing = original_fetch_if_missing;
+
+	return res;
+}
+
+static int fetch_objects(const char *remote_name,
+			 const struct object_id *oids,
+			 int oid_nr)
+{
+	struct ref *ref = NULL;
+	int i;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < oid_nr; i++) {
+		struct ref *new_ref = alloc_ref(oid_to_hex(&oids[i]));
+		oidcpy(&new_ref->old_oid, &oids[i]);
+		new_ref->exact_oid = 1;
+		new_ref->next = ref;
+		ref = new_ref;
+	}
+	return fetch_refs(remote_name, ref);
+}
+
+static struct promisor_remote *promisors;
+static struct promisor_remote **promisors_tail = &promisors;
+
+static struct promisor_remote *promisor_remote_new(const char *remote_name)
+{
+	struct promisor_remote *r;
+
+	if (*remote_name == '/') {
+		warning(_("promisor remote name cannot begin with '/': %s"),
+			remote_name);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	FLEX_ALLOC_STR(r, name, remote_name);
+
+	*promisors_tail = r;
+	promisors_tail = &r->next;
+
+	return r;
+}
+
+static struct promisor_remote *promisor_remote_lookup(const char *remote_name,
+						      struct promisor_remote **previous)
+{
+	struct promisor_remote *r, *p;
+
+	for (p = NULL, r = promisors; r; p = r, r = r->next)
+		if (!strcmp(r->name, remote_name)) {
+			if (previous)
+				*previous = p;
+			return r;
+		}
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+static void promisor_remote_move_to_tail(struct promisor_remote *r,
+					 struct promisor_remote *previous)
+{
+	if (previous)
+		previous->next = r->next;
+	else
+		promisors = r->next ? r->next : r;
+	r->next = NULL;
+	*promisors_tail = r;
+	promisors_tail = &r->next;
+}
+
+static int promisor_remote_config(const char *var, const char *value, void *data)
+{
+	const char *name;
+	int namelen;
+	const char *subkey;
+
+	if (!strcmp(var, "core.partialclonefilter"))
+		return git_config_string(&core_partial_clone_filter_default,
+					 var, value);
+
+	if (parse_config_key(var, "remote", &name, &namelen, &subkey) < 0)
+		return 0;
+
+	if (!strcmp(subkey, "promisor")) {
+		char *remote_name;
+
+		if (!git_config_bool(var, value))
+			return 0;
+
+		remote_name = xmemdupz(name, namelen);
+
+		if (!promisor_remote_lookup(remote_name, NULL))
+			promisor_remote_new(remote_name);
+
+		free(remote_name);
+		return 0;
+	}
+	if (!strcmp(subkey, "partialclonefilter")) {
+		struct promisor_remote *r;
+		char *remote_name = xmemdupz(name, namelen);
+
+		r = promisor_remote_lookup(remote_name, NULL);
+		if (!r)
+			r = promisor_remote_new(remote_name);
+
+		free(remote_name);
+
+		if (!r)
+			return 0;
+
+		return git_config_string(&r->partial_clone_filter, var, value);
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int initialized;
+
+static void promisor_remote_init(void)
+{
+	if (initialized)
+		return;
+	initialized = 1;
+
+	git_config(promisor_remote_config, NULL);
+
+	if (repository_format_partial_clone) {
+		struct promisor_remote *o, *previous;
+
+		o = promisor_remote_lookup(repository_format_partial_clone,
+					   &previous);
+		if (o)
+			promisor_remote_move_to_tail(o, previous);
+		else
+			promisor_remote_new(repository_format_partial_clone);
+	}
+}
+
+static void promisor_remote_clear(void)
+{
+	while (promisors) {
+		struct promisor_remote *r = promisors;
+		promisors = promisors->next;
+		free(r);
+	}
+
+	promisors_tail = &promisors;
+}
+
+void promisor_remote_reinit(void)
+{
+	initialized = 0;
+	promisor_remote_clear();
+	promisor_remote_init();
+}
+
+struct promisor_remote *promisor_remote_find(const char *remote_name)
+{
+	promisor_remote_init();
+
+	if (!remote_name)
+		return promisors;
+
+	return promisor_remote_lookup(remote_name, NULL);
+}
+
+int has_promisor_remote(void)
+{
+	return !!promisor_remote_find(NULL);
+}
+
+static int remove_fetched_oids(struct repository *repo,
+			       struct object_id **oids,
+			       int oid_nr, int to_free)
+{
+	int i, remaining_nr = 0;
+	int *remaining = xcalloc(oid_nr, sizeof(*remaining));
+	struct object_id *old_oids = *oids;
+	struct object_id *new_oids;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < oid_nr; i++)
+		if (oid_object_info_extended(repo, &old_oids[i], NULL,
+					     OBJECT_INFO_SKIP_FETCH_OBJECT)) {
+			remaining[i] = 1;
+			remaining_nr++;
+		}
+
+	if (remaining_nr) {
+		int j = 0;
+		new_oids = xcalloc(remaining_nr, sizeof(*new_oids));
+		for (i = 0; i < oid_nr; i++)
+			if (remaining[i])
+				oidcpy(&new_oids[j++], &old_oids[i]);
+		*oids = new_oids;
+		if (to_free)
+			free(old_oids);
+	}
+
+	free(remaining);
+
+	return remaining_nr;
+}
+
+int promisor_remote_get_direct(struct repository *repo,
+			       const struct object_id *oids,
+			       int oid_nr)
+{
+	struct promisor_remote *r;
+	struct object_id *remaining_oids = (struct object_id *)oids;
+	int remaining_nr = oid_nr;
+	int to_free = 0;
+	int res = -1;
+
+	promisor_remote_init();
+
+	for (r = promisors; r; r = r->next) {
+		if (fetch_objects(r->name, remaining_oids, remaining_nr) < 0) {
+			if (remaining_nr == 1)
+				continue;
+			remaining_nr = remove_fetched_oids(repo, &remaining_oids,
+							 remaining_nr, to_free);
+			if (remaining_nr) {
+				to_free = 1;
+				continue;
+			}
+		}
+		res = 0;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	if (to_free)
+		free(remaining_oids);
+
+	return res;
+}
diff --git a/promisor-remote.h b/promisor-remote.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8200dfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/promisor-remote.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+#ifndef PROMISOR_REMOTE_H
+#define PROMISOR_REMOTE_H
+
+struct object_id;
+
+/*
+ * Promisor remote linked list
+ *
+ * Information in its fields come from remote.XXX config entries or
+ * from extensions.partialclone or core.partialclonefilter.
+ */
+struct promisor_remote {
+	struct promisor_remote *next;
+	const char *partial_clone_filter;
+	const char name[FLEX_ARRAY];
+};
+
+extern void promisor_remote_reinit(void);
+extern struct promisor_remote *promisor_remote_find(const char *remote_name);
+extern int has_promisor_remote(void);
+extern int promisor_remote_get_direct(struct repository *repo,
+				      const struct object_id *oids,
+				      int oid_nr);
+
+/*
+ * This should be used only once from setup.c to set the value we got
+ * from the extensions.partialclone config option.
+ */
+extern void set_repository_format_partial_clone(char *partial_clone);
+
+#endif /* PROMISOR_REMOTE_H */
diff --git a/quote.c b/quote.c
index 7f2aa6f..c8ba6b3 100644
--- a/quote.c
+++ b/quote.c
@@ -84,12 +84,28 @@ void sq_quote_argv(struct strbuf *dst, const char **argv)
 	}
 }
 
+/*
+ * Legacy function to append each argv value, quoted as necessasry,
+ * with whitespace before each value.  This results in a leading
+ * space in the result.
+ */
 void sq_quote_argv_pretty(struct strbuf *dst, const char **argv)
 {
+	if (argv[0])
+		strbuf_addch(dst, ' ');
+	sq_append_quote_argv_pretty(dst, argv);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Append each argv value, quoted as necessary, with whitespace between them.
+ */
+void sq_append_quote_argv_pretty(struct strbuf *dst, const char **argv)
+{
 	int i;
 
 	for (i = 0; argv[i]; i++) {
-		strbuf_addch(dst, ' ');
+		if (i > 0)
+			strbuf_addch(dst, ' ');
 		sq_quote_buf_pretty(dst, argv[i]);
 	}
 }
diff --git a/quote.h b/quote.h
index fb08dc0..ca8ee31 100644
--- a/quote.h
+++ b/quote.h
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ void sq_quotef(struct strbuf *, const char *fmt, ...);
  */
 void sq_quote_buf_pretty(struct strbuf *, const char *src);
 void sq_quote_argv_pretty(struct strbuf *, const char **argv);
+void sq_append_quote_argv_pretty(struct strbuf *dst, const char **argv);
 
 /* This unwraps what sq_quote() produces in place, but returns
  * NULL if the input does not look like what sq_quote would have
diff --git a/read-cache.c b/read-cache.c
index 52ffa8a..cff1280 100644
--- a/read-cache.c
+++ b/read-cache.c
@@ -1599,16 +1599,17 @@ struct cache_entry *refresh_cache_entry(struct index_state *istate,
 
 #define INDEX_FORMAT_DEFAULT 3
 
-static unsigned int get_index_format_default(void)
+static unsigned int get_index_format_default(struct repository *r)
 {
 	char *envversion = getenv("GIT_INDEX_VERSION");
 	char *endp;
-	int value;
 	unsigned int version = INDEX_FORMAT_DEFAULT;
 
 	if (!envversion) {
-		if (!git_config_get_int("index.version", &value))
-			version = value;
+		prepare_repo_settings(r);
+
+		if (r->settings.index_version >= 0)
+			version = r->settings.index_version;
 		if (version < INDEX_FORMAT_LB || INDEX_FORMAT_UB < version) {
 			warning(_("index.version set, but the value is invalid.\n"
 				  "Using version %i"), INDEX_FORMAT_DEFAULT);
@@ -1844,18 +1845,17 @@ static void check_ce_order(struct index_state *istate)
 
 static void tweak_untracked_cache(struct index_state *istate)
 {
-	switch (git_config_get_untracked_cache()) {
-	case -1: /* keep: do nothing */
-		break;
-	case 0: /* false */
+	struct repository *r = the_repository;
+
+	prepare_repo_settings(r);
+
+	if (r->settings.core_untracked_cache  == UNTRACKED_CACHE_REMOVE) {
 		remove_untracked_cache(istate);
-		break;
-	case 1: /* true */
-		add_untracked_cache(istate);
-		break;
-	default: /* unknown value: do nothing */
-		break;
+		return;
 	}
+
+	if (r->settings.core_untracked_cache == UNTRACKED_CACHE_WRITE)
+		add_untracked_cache(istate);
 }
 
 static void tweak_split_index(struct index_state *istate)
@@ -2765,7 +2765,7 @@ static int do_write_index(struct index_state *istate, struct tempfile *tempfile,
 	}
 
 	if (!istate->version) {
-		istate->version = get_index_format_default();
+		istate->version = get_index_format_default(the_repository);
 		if (git_env_bool("GIT_TEST_SPLIT_INDEX", 0))
 			init_split_index(istate);
 	}
diff --git a/ref-filter.c b/ref-filter.c
index f27cfc8..220e9bd 100644
--- a/ref-filter.c
+++ b/ref-filter.c
@@ -1028,7 +1028,7 @@ static const char *copy_name(const char *buf)
 		if (!strncmp(cp, " <", 2))
 			return xmemdupz(buf, cp - buf);
 	}
-	return "";
+	return xstrdup("");
 }
 
 static const char *copy_email(const char *buf)
@@ -1036,10 +1036,10 @@ static const char *copy_email(const char *buf)
 	const char *email = strchr(buf, '<');
 	const char *eoemail;
 	if (!email)
-		return "";
+		return xstrdup("");
 	eoemail = strchr(email, '>');
 	if (!eoemail)
-		return "";
+		return xstrdup("");
 	return xmemdupz(email, eoemail + 1 - email);
 }
 
@@ -1766,7 +1766,7 @@ static int populate_value(struct ref_array_item *ref, struct strbuf *err)
 	 * If it is a tag object, see if we use a value that derefs
 	 * the object, and if we do grab the object it refers to.
 	 */
-	oi_deref.oid = ((struct tag *)obj)->tagged->oid;
+	oi_deref.oid = *get_tagged_oid((struct tag *)obj);
 
 	/*
 	 * NEEDSWORK: This derefs tag only once, which
@@ -1997,7 +1997,7 @@ static const struct object_id *match_points_at(struct oid_array *points_at,
 	if (!obj)
 		die(_("malformed object at '%s'"), refname);
 	if (obj->type == OBJ_TAG)
-		tagged_oid = &((struct tag *)obj)->tagged->oid;
+		tagged_oid = get_tagged_oid((struct tag *)obj);
 	if (tagged_oid && oid_array_lookup(points_at, tagged_oid) >= 0)
 		return tagged_oid;
 	return NULL;
diff --git a/refs/packed-backend.c b/refs/packed-backend.c
index c01c7f5..4458a0f 100644
--- a/refs/packed-backend.c
+++ b/refs/packed-backend.c
@@ -1012,14 +1012,23 @@ int packed_refs_lock(struct ref_store *ref_store, int flags, struct strbuf *err)
 	}
 
 	/*
-	 * Now that we hold the `packed-refs` lock, make sure that our
-	 * snapshot matches the current version of the file. Normally
-	 * `get_snapshot()` does that for us, but that function
-	 * assumes that when the file is locked, any existing snapshot
-	 * is still valid. We've just locked the file, but it might
-	 * have changed the moment *before* we locked it.
+	 * There is a stat-validity problem might cause `update-ref -d`
+	 * lost the newly commit of a ref, because a new `packed-refs`
+	 * file might has the same on-disk file attributes such as
+	 * timestamp, file size and inode value, but has a changed
+	 * ref value.
+	 *
+	 * This could happen with a very small chance when
+	 * `update-ref -d` is called and at the same time another
+	 * `pack-refs --all` process is running.
+	 *
+	 * Now that we hold the `packed-refs` lock, it is important
+	 * to make sure we could read the latest version of
+	 * `packed-refs` file no matter we have just mmap it or not.
+	 * So what need to do is clear the snapshot if we hold it
+	 * already.
 	 */
-	validate_snapshot(refs);
+	clear_snapshot(refs);
 
 	/*
 	 * Now make sure that the packed-refs file as it exists in the
diff --git a/repo-settings.c b/repo-settings.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3779b85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/repo-settings.c
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#include "cache.h"
+#include "config.h"
+#include "repository.h"
+
+#define UPDATE_DEFAULT_BOOL(s,v) do { if (s == -1) { s = v; } } while(0)
+
+void prepare_repo_settings(struct repository *r)
+{
+	int value;
+	char *strval;
+
+	if (r->settings.initialized)
+		return;
+
+	/* Defaults */
+	memset(&r->settings, -1, sizeof(r->settings));
+
+	if (!repo_config_get_bool(r, "core.commitgraph", &value))
+		r->settings.core_commit_graph = value;
+	if (!repo_config_get_bool(r, "gc.writecommitgraph", &value))
+		r->settings.gc_write_commit_graph = value;
+	UPDATE_DEFAULT_BOOL(r->settings.core_commit_graph, 1);
+	UPDATE_DEFAULT_BOOL(r->settings.gc_write_commit_graph, 1);
+
+	if (!repo_config_get_bool(r, "index.version", &value))
+		r->settings.index_version = value;
+	if (!repo_config_get_maybe_bool(r, "core.untrackedcache", &value)) {
+		if (value == 0)
+			r->settings.core_untracked_cache = UNTRACKED_CACHE_REMOVE;
+		else
+			r->settings.core_untracked_cache = UNTRACKED_CACHE_WRITE;
+	} else if (!repo_config_get_string(r, "core.untrackedcache", &strval)) {
+		if (!strcasecmp(strval, "keep"))
+			r->settings.core_untracked_cache = UNTRACKED_CACHE_KEEP;
+
+		free(strval);
+	}
+
+	if (!repo_config_get_string(r, "fetch.negotiationalgorithm", &strval)) {
+		if (!strcasecmp(strval, "skipping"))
+			r->settings.fetch_negotiation_algorithm = FETCH_NEGOTIATION_SKIPPING;
+		else
+			r->settings.fetch_negotiation_algorithm = FETCH_NEGOTIATION_DEFAULT;
+	}
+
+	if (!repo_config_get_bool(r, "pack.usesparse", &value))
+		r->settings.pack_use_sparse = value;
+	if (!repo_config_get_bool(r, "feature.manyfiles", &value) && value) {
+		UPDATE_DEFAULT_BOOL(r->settings.index_version, 4);
+		UPDATE_DEFAULT_BOOL(r->settings.core_untracked_cache, UNTRACKED_CACHE_WRITE);
+	}
+	if (!repo_config_get_bool(r, "feature.experimental", &value) && value) {
+		UPDATE_DEFAULT_BOOL(r->settings.pack_use_sparse, 1);
+		UPDATE_DEFAULT_BOOL(r->settings.fetch_negotiation_algorithm, FETCH_NEGOTIATION_SKIPPING);
+	}
+
+	/* Hack for test programs like test-dump-untracked-cache */
+	if (ignore_untracked_cache_config)
+		r->settings.core_untracked_cache = UNTRACKED_CACHE_KEEP;
+	else
+		UPDATE_DEFAULT_BOOL(r->settings.core_untracked_cache, UNTRACKED_CACHE_KEEP);
+
+	UPDATE_DEFAULT_BOOL(r->settings.fetch_negotiation_algorithm, FETCH_NEGOTIATION_DEFAULT);
+}
diff --git a/repository.h b/repository.h
index 4fb6a58..4da275e 100644
--- a/repository.h
+++ b/repository.h
@@ -11,6 +11,33 @@ struct pathspec;
 struct raw_object_store;
 struct submodule_cache;
 
+enum untracked_cache_setting {
+	UNTRACKED_CACHE_UNSET = -1,
+	UNTRACKED_CACHE_REMOVE = 0,
+	UNTRACKED_CACHE_KEEP = 1,
+	UNTRACKED_CACHE_WRITE = 2
+};
+
+enum fetch_negotiation_setting {
+	FETCH_NEGOTIATION_UNSET = -1,
+	FETCH_NEGOTIATION_NONE = 0,
+	FETCH_NEGOTIATION_DEFAULT = 1,
+	FETCH_NEGOTIATION_SKIPPING = 2,
+};
+
+struct repo_settings {
+	int initialized;
+
+	int core_commit_graph;
+	int gc_write_commit_graph;
+
+	int index_version;
+	enum untracked_cache_setting core_untracked_cache;
+
+	int pack_use_sparse;
+	enum fetch_negotiation_setting fetch_negotiation_algorithm;
+};
+
 struct repository {
 	/* Environment */
 	/*
@@ -72,6 +99,8 @@ struct repository {
 	 */
 	char *submodule_prefix;
 
+	struct repo_settings settings;
+
 	/* Subsystems */
 	/*
 	 * Repository's config which contains key-value pairs from the usual
@@ -157,5 +186,6 @@ int repo_read_index_unmerged(struct repository *);
  */
 void repo_update_index_if_able(struct repository *, struct lock_file *);
 
+void prepare_repo_settings(struct repository *r);
 
 #endif /* REPOSITORY_H */
diff --git a/revision.c b/revision.c
index 0741229..a2406c4 100644
--- a/revision.c
+++ b/revision.c
@@ -404,9 +404,7 @@ static struct commit *handle_commit(struct rev_info *revs,
 		struct tag *tag = (struct tag *) object;
 		if (revs->tag_objects && !(flags & UNINTERESTING))
 			add_pending_object(revs, object, tag->tag);
-		if (!tag->tagged)
-			die("bad tag");
-		object = parse_object(revs->repo, &tag->tagged->oid);
+		object = parse_object(revs->repo, get_tagged_oid(tag));
 		if (!object) {
 			if (revs->ignore_missing_links || (flags & UNINTERESTING))
 				return NULL;
@@ -2523,6 +2521,7 @@ int setup_revisions(int argc, const char **argv, struct rev_info *revs, struct s
 	int i, flags, left, seen_dashdash, got_rev_arg = 0, revarg_opt;
 	struct argv_array prune_data = ARGV_ARRAY_INIT;
 	const char *submodule = NULL;
+	int seen_end_of_options = 0;
 
 	if (opt)
 		submodule = opt->submodule;
@@ -2552,7 +2551,7 @@ int setup_revisions(int argc, const char **argv, struct rev_info *revs, struct s
 		revarg_opt |= REVARG_CANNOT_BE_FILENAME;
 	for (left = i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
 		const char *arg = argv[i];
-		if (*arg == '-') {
+		if (!seen_end_of_options && *arg == '-') {
 			int opts;
 
 			opts = handle_revision_pseudo_opt(submodule,
@@ -2574,6 +2573,11 @@ int setup_revisions(int argc, const char **argv, struct rev_info *revs, struct s
 				continue;
 			}
 
+			if (!strcmp(arg, "--end-of-options")) {
+				seen_end_of_options = 1;
+				continue;
+			}
+
 			opts = handle_revision_opt(revs, argc - i, argv + i,
 						   &left, argv, opt);
 			if (opts > 0) {
diff --git a/sequencer.c b/sequencer.c
index 34ebf8e..d648aaf 100644
--- a/sequencer.c
+++ b/sequencer.c
@@ -3364,6 +3364,9 @@ static int do_merge(struct repository *r,
 	struct commit *head_commit, *merge_commit, *i;
 	struct commit_list *bases, *j, *reversed = NULL;
 	struct commit_list *to_merge = NULL, **tail = &to_merge;
+	const char *strategy = !opts->xopts_nr &&
+		(!opts->strategy || !strcmp(opts->strategy, "recursive")) ?
+		NULL : opts->strategy;
 	struct merge_options o;
 	int merge_arg_len, oneline_offset, can_fast_forward, ret, k;
 	static struct lock_file lock;
@@ -3516,7 +3519,7 @@ static int do_merge(struct repository *r,
 		goto leave_merge;
 	}
 
-	if (to_merge->next) {
+	if (strategy || to_merge->next) {
 		/* Octopus merge */
 		struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 
@@ -3530,7 +3533,14 @@ static int do_merge(struct repository *r,
 		cmd.git_cmd = 1;
 		argv_array_push(&cmd.args, "merge");
 		argv_array_push(&cmd.args, "-s");
-		argv_array_push(&cmd.args, "octopus");
+		if (!strategy)
+			argv_array_push(&cmd.args, "octopus");
+		else {
+			argv_array_push(&cmd.args, strategy);
+			for (k = 0; k < opts->xopts_nr; k++)
+				argv_array_pushf(&cmd.args,
+						 "-X%s", opts->xopts[k]);
+		}
 		argv_array_push(&cmd.args, "--no-edit");
 		argv_array_push(&cmd.args, "--no-ff");
 		argv_array_push(&cmd.args, "--no-log");
@@ -4554,6 +4564,7 @@ static int make_script_with_merges(struct pretty_print_context *pp,
 {
 	int keep_empty = flags & TODO_LIST_KEEP_EMPTY;
 	int rebase_cousins = flags & TODO_LIST_REBASE_COUSINS;
+	int root_with_onto = flags & TODO_LIST_ROOT_WITH_ONTO;
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT, oneline = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct strbuf label = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct commit_list *commits = NULL, **tail = &commits, *iter;
@@ -4720,7 +4731,8 @@ static int make_script_with_merges(struct pretty_print_context *pp,
 
 		if (!commit)
 			strbuf_addf(out, "%s %s\n", cmd_reset,
-				    rebase_cousins ? "onto" : "[new root]");
+				    rebase_cousins || root_with_onto ?
+				    "onto" : "[new root]");
 		else {
 			const char *to = NULL;
 
diff --git a/sequencer.h b/sequencer.h
index 6704acb..574260f 100644
--- a/sequencer.h
+++ b/sequencer.h
@@ -143,6 +143,12 @@ int sequencer_remove_state(struct replay_opts *opts);
  */
 #define TODO_LIST_REBASE_COUSINS (1U << 4)
 #define TODO_LIST_APPEND_TODO_HELP (1U << 5)
+/*
+ * When generating a script that rebases merges with `--root` *and* with
+ * `--onto`, we do not want to re-generate the root commits.
+ */
+#define TODO_LIST_ROOT_WITH_ONTO (1U << 6)
+
 
 int sequencer_make_script(struct repository *r, struct strbuf *out, int argc,
 			  const char **argv, unsigned flags);
diff --git a/setup.c b/setup.c
index 8dcb463..e2a479a 100644
--- a/setup.c
+++ b/setup.c
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include "dir.h"
 #include "string-list.h"
 #include "chdir-notify.h"
+#include "promisor-remote.h"
 
 static int inside_git_dir = -1;
 static int inside_work_tree = -1;
@@ -478,7 +479,7 @@ static int check_repository_format_gently(const char *gitdir, struct repository_
 	}
 
 	repository_format_precious_objects = candidate->precious_objects;
-	repository_format_partial_clone = xstrdup_or_null(candidate->partial_clone);
+	set_repository_format_partial_clone(candidate->partial_clone);
 	repository_format_worktree_config = candidate->worktree_config;
 	string_list_clear(&candidate->unknown_extensions, 0);
 
@@ -797,7 +798,7 @@ static const char *setup_discovered_git_dir(const char *gitdir,
 		set_git_dir(gitdir);
 	inside_git_dir = 0;
 	inside_work_tree = 1;
-	if (offset == cwd->len)
+	if (offset >= cwd->len)
 		return NULL;
 
 	/* Make "offset" point past the '/' (already the case for root dirs) */
@@ -919,7 +920,7 @@ static enum discovery_result setup_git_directory_gently_1(struct strbuf *dir,
 	const char *env_ceiling_dirs = getenv(CEILING_DIRECTORIES_ENVIRONMENT);
 	struct string_list ceiling_dirs = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
 	const char *gitdirenv;
-	int ceil_offset = -1, min_offset = has_dos_drive_prefix(dir->buf) ? 3 : 1;
+	int ceil_offset = -1, min_offset = offset_1st_component(dir->buf);
 	dev_t current_device = 0;
 	int one_filesystem = 1;
 
@@ -947,6 +948,12 @@ static enum discovery_result setup_git_directory_gently_1(struct strbuf *dir,
 	if (ceil_offset < 0)
 		ceil_offset = min_offset - 2;
 
+	if (min_offset && min_offset == dir->len &&
+	    !is_dir_sep(dir->buf[min_offset - 1])) {
+		strbuf_addch(dir, '/');
+		min_offset++;
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Test in the following order (relative to the dir):
 	 * - .git (file containing "gitdir: <path>")
diff --git a/sha1-file.c b/sha1-file.c
index 487ea35..e85f249 100644
--- a/sha1-file.c
+++ b/sha1-file.c
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@
 #include "mergesort.h"
 #include "quote.h"
 #include "packfile.h"
-#include "fetch-object.h"
 #include "object-store.h"
+#include "promisor-remote.h"
 
 /* The maximum size for an object header. */
 #define MAX_HEADER_LEN 32
@@ -952,12 +952,8 @@ void *xmmap_gently(void *start, size_t length,
 
 	mmap_limit_check(length);
 	ret = mmap(start, length, prot, flags, fd, offset);
-	if (ret == MAP_FAILED) {
-		if (!length)
-			return NULL;
-		release_pack_memory(length);
-		ret = mmap(start, length, prot, flags, fd, offset);
-	}
+	if (ret == MAP_FAILED && !length)
+		ret = NULL;
 	return ret;
 }
 
@@ -1475,16 +1471,17 @@ int oid_object_info_extended(struct repository *r, const struct object_id *oid,
 		}
 
 		/* Check if it is a missing object */
-		if (fetch_if_missing && repository_format_partial_clone &&
+		if (fetch_if_missing && has_promisor_remote() &&
 		    !already_retried && r == the_repository &&
 		    !(flags & OBJECT_INFO_SKIP_FETCH_OBJECT)) {
 			/*
-			 * TODO Investigate having fetch_object() return
-			 * TODO error/success and stopping the music here.
-			 * TODO Pass a repository struct through fetch_object,
-			 * such that arbitrary repositories work.
+			 * TODO Investigate checking promisor_remote_get_direct()
+			 * TODO return value and stopping on error here.
+			 * TODO Pass a repository struct through
+			 * promisor_remote_get_direct(), such that arbitrary
+			 * repositories work.
 			 */
-			fetch_objects(repository_format_partial_clone, real, 1);
+			promisor_remote_get_direct(r, real, 1);
 			already_retried = 1;
 			continue;
 		}
diff --git a/sha1-name.c b/sha1-name.c
index 2989e27..c665e3f 100644
--- a/sha1-name.c
+++ b/sha1-name.c
@@ -403,9 +403,9 @@ static int repo_collect_ambiguous(struct repository *r,
 	return collect_ambiguous(oid, data);
 }
 
-static struct repository *sort_ambiguous_repo;
-static int sort_ambiguous(const void *a, const void *b)
+static int sort_ambiguous(const void *a, const void *b, void *ctx)
 {
+	struct repository *sort_ambiguous_repo = ctx;
 	int a_type = oid_object_info(sort_ambiguous_repo, a, NULL);
 	int b_type = oid_object_info(sort_ambiguous_repo, b, NULL);
 	int a_type_sort;
@@ -434,10 +434,7 @@ static int sort_ambiguous(const void *a, const void *b)
 
 static void sort_ambiguous_oid_array(struct repository *r, struct oid_array *a)
 {
-	/* mutex will be needed if this code is to be made thread safe */
-	sort_ambiguous_repo = r;
-	QSORT(a->oid, a->nr, sort_ambiguous);
-	sort_ambiguous_repo = NULL;
+	QSORT_S(a->oid, a->nr, sort_ambiguous, r);
 }
 
 static enum get_oid_result get_short_oid(struct repository *r,
diff --git a/strbuf.c b/strbuf.c
index d30f916..aa48d17 100644
--- a/strbuf.c
+++ b/strbuf.c
@@ -774,8 +774,10 @@ void strbuf_addstr_xml_quoted(struct strbuf *buf, const char *s)
 	}
 }
 
-static int is_rfc3986_reserved(char ch)
+int is_rfc3986_reserved_or_unreserved(char ch)
 {
+	if (is_rfc3986_unreserved(ch))
+		return 1;
 	switch (ch) {
 		case '!': case '*': case '\'': case '(': case ')': case ';':
 		case ':': case '@': case '&': case '=': case '+': case '$':
@@ -785,20 +787,19 @@ static int is_rfc3986_reserved(char ch)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int is_rfc3986_unreserved(char ch)
+int is_rfc3986_unreserved(char ch)
 {
 	return isalnum(ch) ||
 		ch == '-' || ch == '_' || ch == '.' || ch == '~';
 }
 
 static void strbuf_add_urlencode(struct strbuf *sb, const char *s, size_t len,
-				 int reserved)
+				 char_predicate allow_unencoded_fn)
 {
 	strbuf_grow(sb, len);
 	while (len--) {
 		char ch = *s++;
-		if (is_rfc3986_unreserved(ch) ||
-		    (!reserved && is_rfc3986_reserved(ch)))
+		if (allow_unencoded_fn(ch))
 			strbuf_addch(sb, ch);
 		else
 			strbuf_addf(sb, "%%%02x", (unsigned char)ch);
@@ -806,9 +807,9 @@ static void strbuf_add_urlencode(struct strbuf *sb, const char *s, size_t len,
 }
 
 void strbuf_addstr_urlencode(struct strbuf *sb, const char *s,
-			     int reserved)
+			     char_predicate allow_unencoded_fn)
 {
-	strbuf_add_urlencode(sb, s, strlen(s), reserved);
+	strbuf_add_urlencode(sb, s, strlen(s), allow_unencoded_fn);
 }
 
 static void strbuf_humanise(struct strbuf *buf, off_t bytes,
diff --git a/strbuf.h b/strbuf.h
index f62278a..84cf969 100644
--- a/strbuf.h
+++ b/strbuf.h
@@ -672,8 +672,13 @@ void strbuf_branchname(struct strbuf *sb, const char *name,
  */
 int strbuf_check_branch_ref(struct strbuf *sb, const char *name);
 
+typedef int (*char_predicate)(char ch);
+
+int is_rfc3986_unreserved(char ch);
+int is_rfc3986_reserved_or_unreserved(char ch);
+
 void strbuf_addstr_urlencode(struct strbuf *sb, const char *name,
-			     int reserved);
+			     char_predicate allow_unencoded_fn);
 
 __attribute__((format (printf,1,2)))
 int printf_ln(const char *fmt, ...);
diff --git a/t/helper/test-read-cache.c b/t/helper/test-read-cache.c
index 7e79b55..244977a 100644
--- a/t/helper/test-read-cache.c
+++ b/t/helper/test-read-cache.c
@@ -4,11 +4,10 @@
 
 int cmd__read_cache(int argc, const char **argv)
 {
-	int i, cnt = 1, namelen;
+	int i, cnt = 1;
 	const char *name = NULL;
 
 	if (argc > 1 && skip_prefix(argv[1], "--print-and-refresh=", &name)) {
-		namelen = strlen(name);
 		argc--;
 		argv++;
 	}
@@ -24,7 +23,7 @@ int cmd__read_cache(int argc, const char **argv)
 
 			refresh_index(&the_index, REFRESH_QUIET,
 				      NULL, NULL, NULL);
-			pos = index_name_pos(&the_index, name, namelen);
+			pos = index_name_pos(&the_index, name, strlen(name));
 			if (pos < 0)
 				die("%s not in index", name);
 			printf("%s is%s up to date\n", name,
diff --git a/t/lib-git-svn.sh b/t/lib-git-svn.sh
index 5d4ae62..bc0b9c7 100644
--- a/t/lib-git-svn.sh
+++ b/t/lib-git-svn.sh
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@
 maybe_start_httpd () {
 	loc=${1-svn}
 
-	if git env--helper --type=bool --default=false --exit-code GIT_TEST_HTTPD
+	if git env--helper --type=bool --default=false --exit-code GIT_TEST_SVN_HTTPD
 	then
 		. "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-httpd.sh
 		LIB_HTTPD_SVN="$loc"
diff --git a/t/lib-rebase.sh b/t/lib-rebase.sh
index 7ea30e5..6d87961 100644
--- a/t/lib-rebase.sh
+++ b/t/lib-rebase.sh
@@ -44,10 +44,10 @@
 	rm -f "$1"
 	echo 'rebase -i script before editing:'
 	cat "$1".tmp
-	action=pick
+	action=\&
 	for line in $FAKE_LINES; do
 		case $line in
-		pick|p|squash|s|fixup|f|edit|e|reword|r|drop|d)
+		pick|p|squash|s|fixup|f|edit|e|reword|r|drop|d|label|l|reset|r|merge|m)
 			action="$line";;
 		exec_*|x_*|break|b)
 			echo "$line" | sed 's/_/ /g' >> "$1";;
@@ -58,11 +58,12 @@
 		bad)
 			action="badcmd";;
 		fakesha)
+			test \& != "$action" || action=pick
 			echo "$action XXXXXXX False commit" >> "$1"
 			action=pick;;
 		*)
-			sed -n "${line}s/^pick/$action/p" < "$1".tmp >> "$1"
-			action=pick;;
+			sed -n "${line}s/^[a-z][a-z]*/$action/p" < "$1".tmp >> "$1"
+			action=\&;;
 		esac
 	done
 	echo 'rebase -i script after editing:'
diff --git a/t/perf/p5600-clone-reference.sh b/t/perf/p5601-clone-reference.sh
similarity index 100%
rename from t/perf/p5600-clone-reference.sh
rename to t/perf/p5601-clone-reference.sh
diff --git a/t/t0000-basic.sh b/t/t0000-basic.sh
index 9ca0818..4c01f60 100755
--- a/t/t0000-basic.sh
+++ b/t/t0000-basic.sh
@@ -274,23 +274,23 @@
 
 test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'test --verbose' '
 	test_must_fail run_sub_test_lib_test \
-		test-verbose "test verbose" --verbose <<-\EOF &&
+		t1234-verbose "test verbose" --verbose <<-\EOF &&
 	test_expect_success "passing test" true
 	test_expect_success "test with output" "echo foo"
 	test_expect_success "failing test" false
 	test_done
 	EOF
-	mv test-verbose/out test-verbose/out+ &&
-	grep -v "^Initialized empty" test-verbose/out+ >test-verbose/out &&
-	check_sub_test_lib_test test-verbose <<-\EOF
-	> expecting success: true
+	mv t1234-verbose/out t1234-verbose/out+ &&
+	grep -v "^Initialized empty" t1234-verbose/out+ >t1234-verbose/out &&
+	check_sub_test_lib_test t1234-verbose <<-\EOF
+	> expecting success of 1234.1 '\''passing test'\'': true
 	> ok 1 - passing test
 	> Z
-	> expecting success: echo foo
+	> expecting success of 1234.2 '\''test with output'\'': echo foo
 	> foo
 	> ok 2 - test with output
 	> Z
-	> expecting success: false
+	> expecting success of 1234.3 '\''failing test'\'': false
 	> not ok 3 - failing test
 	> #	false
 	> Z
@@ -301,17 +301,17 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'test --verbose-only' '
 	test_must_fail run_sub_test_lib_test \
-		test-verbose-only-2 "test verbose-only=2" \
+		t2345-verbose-only-2 "test verbose-only=2" \
 		--verbose-only=2 <<-\EOF &&
 	test_expect_success "passing test" true
 	test_expect_success "test with output" "echo foo"
 	test_expect_success "failing test" false
 	test_done
 	EOF
-	check_sub_test_lib_test test-verbose-only-2 <<-\EOF
+	check_sub_test_lib_test t2345-verbose-only-2 <<-\EOF
 	> ok 1 - passing test
 	> Z
-	> expecting success: echo foo
+	> expecting success of 2345.2 '\''test with output'\'': echo foo
 	> foo
 	> ok 2 - test with output
 	> Z
diff --git a/t/t0021-conversion.sh b/t/t0021-conversion.sh
index e10f5f7..c954c70 100755
--- a/t/t0021-conversion.sh
+++ b/t/t0021-conversion.sh
@@ -390,6 +390,9 @@
 		EOF
 		test_cmp_exclude_clean expected.log debug.log &&
 
+		# Make sure that the file appears dirty, so checkout below has to
+		# run the configured filter.
+		touch test.r &&
 		filter_git checkout --quiet --no-progress empty-branch &&
 		cat >expected.log <<-EOF &&
 			START
diff --git a/t/t0040-parse-options.sh b/t/t0040-parse-options.sh
index cebc77f..705a136 100755
--- a/t/t0040-parse-options.sh
+++ b/t/t0040-parse-options.sh
@@ -399,4 +399,11 @@
 		test-tool parse-options --ye
 '
 
+test_expect_success '--end-of-options treats remainder as args' '
+	test-tool parse-options \
+	    --expect="verbose: -1" \
+	    --expect="arg 00: --verbose" \
+	    --end-of-options --verbose
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t0211-trace2-perf.sh b/t/t0211-trace2-perf.sh
index 2c3ad6e..6ee8ee3 100755
--- a/t/t0211-trace2-perf.sh
+++ b/t/t0211-trace2-perf.sh
@@ -130,11 +130,11 @@
 		d0|main|version|||||$V
 		d0|main|start||_T_ABS_|||_EXE_ trace2 004child test-tool trace2 004child test-tool trace2 001return 0
 		d0|main|cmd_name|||||trace2 (trace2)
-		d0|main|child_start||_T_ABS_|||[ch0] class:? argv: test-tool trace2 004child test-tool trace2 001return 0
+		d0|main|child_start||_T_ABS_|||[ch0] class:? argv:[test-tool trace2 004child test-tool trace2 001return 0]
 		d1|main|version|||||$V
 		d1|main|start||_T_ABS_|||_EXE_ trace2 004child test-tool trace2 001return 0
 		d1|main|cmd_name|||||trace2 (trace2/trace2)
-		d1|main|child_start||_T_ABS_|||[ch0] class:? argv: test-tool trace2 001return 0
+		d1|main|child_start||_T_ABS_|||[ch0] class:? argv:[test-tool trace2 001return 0]
 		d2|main|version|||||$V
 		d2|main|start||_T_ABS_|||_EXE_ trace2 001return 0
 		d2|main|cmd_name|||||trace2 (trace2/trace2/trace2)
diff --git a/t/t0410-partial-clone.sh b/t/t0410-partial-clone.sh
index 5bd892f..d4b7e53 100755
--- a/t/t0410-partial-clone.sh
+++ b/t/t0410-partial-clone.sh
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 test_expect_success 'extensions.partialclone without filter' '
 	test_create_repo server &&
 	git clone --filter="blob:none" "file://$(pwd)/server" client &&
-	git -C client config --unset core.partialclonefilter &&
+	git -C client config --unset remote.origin.partialclonefilter &&
 	git -C client fetch origin
 '
 
@@ -166,8 +166,9 @@
 	# associated packfile contains the object
 	ls repo/.git/objects/pack/pack-*.promisor >promisorlist &&
 	test_line_count = 1 promisorlist &&
-	IDX=$(cat promisorlist | sed "s/promisor$/idx/") &&
-	git verify-pack --verbose "$IDX" | grep "$HASH"
+	IDX=$(sed "s/promisor$/idx/" promisorlist) &&
+	git verify-pack --verbose "$IDX" >out &&
+	grep "$HASH" out
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'fetching of missing objects works with ref-in-want enabled' '
@@ -182,8 +183,55 @@
 	grep "git< fetch=.*ref-in-want" trace
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'fetching of missing objects from another promisor remote' '
+	git clone "file://$(pwd)/server" server2 &&
+	test_commit -C server2 bar &&
+	git -C server2 repack -a -d --write-bitmap-index &&
+	HASH2=$(git -C server2 rev-parse bar) &&
+
+	git -C repo remote add server2 "file://$(pwd)/server2" &&
+	git -C repo config remote.server2.promisor true &&
+	git -C repo cat-file -p "$HASH2" &&
+
+	git -C repo fetch server2 &&
+	rm -rf repo/.git/objects/* &&
+	git -C repo cat-file -p "$HASH2" &&
+
+	# Ensure that the .promisor file is written, and check that its
+	# associated packfile contains the object
+	ls repo/.git/objects/pack/pack-*.promisor >promisorlist &&
+	test_line_count = 1 promisorlist &&
+	IDX=$(sed "s/promisor$/idx/" promisorlist) &&
+	git verify-pack --verbose "$IDX" >out &&
+	grep "$HASH2" out
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'fetching of missing objects configures a promisor remote' '
+	git clone "file://$(pwd)/server" server3 &&
+	test_commit -C server3 baz &&
+	git -C server3 repack -a -d --write-bitmap-index &&
+	HASH3=$(git -C server3 rev-parse baz) &&
+	git -C server3 config uploadpack.allowfilter 1 &&
+
+	rm repo/.git/objects/pack/pack-*.promisor &&
+
+	git -C repo remote add server3 "file://$(pwd)/server3" &&
+	git -C repo fetch --filter="blob:none" server3 $HASH3 &&
+
+	test_cmp_config -C repo true remote.server3.promisor &&
+
+	# Ensure that the .promisor file is written, and check that its
+	# associated packfile contains the object
+	ls repo/.git/objects/pack/pack-*.promisor >promisorlist &&
+	test_line_count = 1 promisorlist &&
+	IDX=$(sed "s/promisor$/idx/" promisorlist) &&
+	git verify-pack --verbose "$IDX" >out &&
+	grep "$HASH3" out
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'fetching of missing blobs works' '
-	rm -rf server repo &&
+	rm -rf server server2 repo &&
+	rm -rf server server3 repo &&
 	test_create_repo server &&
 	test_commit -C server foo &&
 	git -C server repack -a -d --write-bitmap-index &&
@@ -234,7 +282,7 @@
 
 	git -C repo config core.repositoryformatversion 1 &&
 	git -C repo config extensions.partialclone "arbitrary string" &&
-	GIT_TEST_COMMIT_GRAPH=0 git -C repo rev-list --exclude-promisor-objects --objects bar >out &&
+	GIT_TEST_COMMIT_GRAPH=0 git -C repo -c core.commitGraph=false rev-list --exclude-promisor-objects --objects bar >out &&
 	grep $(git -C repo rev-parse bar) out &&
 	! grep $FOO out
 '
@@ -514,8 +562,12 @@
 	# associated packfile contains the object
 	ls repo/.git/objects/pack/pack-*.promisor >promisorlist &&
 	test_line_count = 1 promisorlist &&
-	IDX=$(cat promisorlist | sed "s/promisor$/idx/") &&
-	git verify-pack --verbose "$IDX" | grep "$HASH"
+	IDX=$(sed "s/promisor$/idx/" promisorlist) &&
+	git verify-pack --verbose "$IDX" >out &&
+	grep "$HASH" out
 '
 
+# DO NOT add non-httpd-specific tests here, because the last part of this
+# test script is only executed when httpd is available and enabled.
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t1300-config.sh b/t/t1300-config.sh
index 428177c..983a0a1 100755
--- a/t/t1300-config.sh
+++ b/t/t1300-config.sh
@@ -1294,26 +1294,25 @@
 	GIT_CONFIG_PARAMETERS="" git -c x.one=1 config --list
 '
 
-sq="'"
 test_expect_success 'detect bogus GIT_CONFIG_PARAMETERS' '
 	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
 	env.one one
 	env.two two
 	EOF
-	GIT_CONFIG_PARAMETERS="${sq}env.one=one${sq} ${sq}env.two=two${sq}" \
+	GIT_CONFIG_PARAMETERS="${SQ}env.one=one${SQ} ${SQ}env.two=two${SQ}" \
 		git config --get-regexp "env.*" >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual &&
 
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-	env.one one${sq}
+	env.one one${SQ}
 	env.two two
 	EOF
-	GIT_CONFIG_PARAMETERS="${sq}env.one=one${sq}\\$sq$sq$sq ${sq}env.two=two${sq}" \
+	GIT_CONFIG_PARAMETERS="${SQ}env.one=one${SQ}\\$SQ$SQ$SQ ${SQ}env.two=two${SQ}" \
 		git config --get-regexp "env.*" >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual &&
 
 	test_must_fail env \
-		GIT_CONFIG_PARAMETERS="${sq}env.one=one${sq}\\$sq ${sq}env.two=two${sq}" \
+		GIT_CONFIG_PARAMETERS="${SQ}env.one=one${SQ}\\$SQ ${SQ}env.two=two${SQ}" \
 		git config --get-regexp "env.*"
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t1309-early-config.sh b/t/t1309-early-config.sh
index 0c37e71..3a0de0d 100755
--- a/t/t1309-early-config.sh
+++ b/t/t1309-early-config.sh
@@ -91,7 +91,12 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'early config and onbranch' '
 	echo "[broken" >broken &&
-	test_with_config "[includeif \"onbranch:refs/heads/master\"]path=../broken"
+	test_with_config "[includeif \"onbranch:master\"]path=../broken"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'onbranch config outside of git repo' '
+	test_config_global includeIf.onbranch:master.path non-existent &&
+	nongit git help
 '
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t1404-update-ref-errors.sh b/t/t1404-update-ref-errors.sh
index 970c5c3..2d142e5 100755
--- a/t/t1404-update-ref-errors.sh
+++ b/t/t1404-update-ref-errors.sh
@@ -32,8 +32,6 @@
 	test_cmp unchanged actual
 }
 
-Q="'"
-
 # Test adding and deleting D/F-conflicting references in a single
 # transaction.
 df_test() {
@@ -93,7 +91,7 @@
 		delname="$delref"
 	fi &&
 	cat >expected-err <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $Q$addname$Q: $Q$delref$Q exists; cannot create $Q$addref$Q
+	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$addname$SQ: $SQ$delref$SQ exists; cannot create $SQ$addref$SQ
 	EOF
 	$pack &&
 	if $add_del
@@ -123,7 +121,7 @@
 
 	prefix=refs/1l &&
 	test_update_rejected "a c e" false "b c/x d" \
-		"$Q$prefix/c$Q exists; cannot create $Q$prefix/c/x$Q"
+		"$SQ$prefix/c$SQ exists; cannot create $SQ$prefix/c/x$SQ"
 
 '
 
@@ -131,7 +129,7 @@
 
 	prefix=refs/1p &&
 	test_update_rejected "a c e" true "b c/x d" \
-		"$Q$prefix/c$Q exists; cannot create $Q$prefix/c/x$Q"
+		"$SQ$prefix/c$SQ exists; cannot create $SQ$prefix/c/x$SQ"
 
 '
 
@@ -139,7 +137,7 @@
 
 	prefix=refs/2l &&
 	test_update_rejected "a c e" false "b c/x/y d" \
-		"$Q$prefix/c$Q exists; cannot create $Q$prefix/c/x/y$Q"
+		"$SQ$prefix/c$SQ exists; cannot create $SQ$prefix/c/x/y$SQ"
 
 '
 
@@ -147,7 +145,7 @@
 
 	prefix=refs/2p &&
 	test_update_rejected "a c e" true "b c/x/y d" \
-		"$Q$prefix/c$Q exists; cannot create $Q$prefix/c/x/y$Q"
+		"$SQ$prefix/c$SQ exists; cannot create $SQ$prefix/c/x/y$SQ"
 
 '
 
@@ -155,7 +153,7 @@
 
 	prefix=refs/3l &&
 	test_update_rejected "a c/x e" false "b c d" \
-		"$Q$prefix/c/x$Q exists; cannot create $Q$prefix/c$Q"
+		"$SQ$prefix/c/x$SQ exists; cannot create $SQ$prefix/c$SQ"
 
 '
 
@@ -163,7 +161,7 @@
 
 	prefix=refs/3p &&
 	test_update_rejected "a c/x e" true "b c d" \
-		"$Q$prefix/c/x$Q exists; cannot create $Q$prefix/c$Q"
+		"$SQ$prefix/c/x$SQ exists; cannot create $SQ$prefix/c$SQ"
 
 '
 
@@ -171,7 +169,7 @@
 
 	prefix=refs/4l &&
 	test_update_rejected "a c/x/y e" false "b c d" \
-		"$Q$prefix/c/x/y$Q exists; cannot create $Q$prefix/c$Q"
+		"$SQ$prefix/c/x/y$SQ exists; cannot create $SQ$prefix/c$SQ"
 
 '
 
@@ -179,7 +177,7 @@
 
 	prefix=refs/4p &&
 	test_update_rejected "a c/x/y e" true "b c d" \
-		"$Q$prefix/c/x/y$Q exists; cannot create $Q$prefix/c$Q"
+		"$SQ$prefix/c/x/y$SQ exists; cannot create $SQ$prefix/c$SQ"
 
 '
 
@@ -187,7 +185,7 @@
 
 	prefix=refs/5 &&
 	test_update_rejected "a e" false "b c c/x d" \
-		"cannot process $Q$prefix/c$Q and $Q$prefix/c/x$Q at the same time"
+		"cannot process $SQ$prefix/c$SQ and $SQ$prefix/c/x$SQ at the same time"
 
 '
 
@@ -334,7 +332,7 @@
 test_expect_success 'missing old value blocks update' '
 	prefix=refs/missing-update &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $Q$prefix/foo$Q: unable to resolve reference $Q$prefix/foo$Q
+	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ: unable to resolve reference $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "update $prefix/foo $E $D" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
@@ -345,7 +343,7 @@
 	prefix=refs/incorrect-update &&
 	git update-ref $prefix/foo $C &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $Q$prefix/foo$Q: is at $C but expected $D
+	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ: is at $C but expected $D
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "update $prefix/foo $E $D" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
@@ -356,7 +354,7 @@
 	prefix=refs/existing-create &&
 	git update-ref $prefix/foo $C &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $Q$prefix/foo$Q: reference already exists
+	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ: reference already exists
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "create $prefix/foo $E" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
@@ -367,7 +365,7 @@
 	prefix=refs/incorrect-delete &&
 	git update-ref $prefix/foo $C &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $Q$prefix/foo$Q: is at $C but expected $D
+	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ: is at $C but expected $D
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "delete $prefix/foo $D" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
@@ -378,7 +376,7 @@
 	prefix=refs/missing-indirect-update &&
 	git symbolic-ref $prefix/symref $prefix/foo &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $Q$prefix/symref$Q: unable to resolve reference $Q$prefix/foo$Q
+	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/symref$SQ: unable to resolve reference $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "update $prefix/symref $E $D" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
@@ -390,7 +388,7 @@
 	git symbolic-ref $prefix/symref $prefix/foo &&
 	git update-ref $prefix/foo $C &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $Q$prefix/symref$Q: is at $C but expected $D
+	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/symref$SQ: is at $C but expected $D
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "update $prefix/symref $E $D" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
@@ -402,7 +400,7 @@
 	git symbolic-ref $prefix/symref $prefix/foo &&
 	git update-ref $prefix/foo $C &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $Q$prefix/symref$Q: reference already exists
+	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/symref$SQ: reference already exists
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "create $prefix/symref $E" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
@@ -414,7 +412,7 @@
 	git symbolic-ref $prefix/symref $prefix/foo &&
 	git update-ref $prefix/foo $C &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $Q$prefix/symref$Q: is at $C but expected $D
+	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/symref$SQ: is at $C but expected $D
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "delete $prefix/symref $D" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
@@ -425,7 +423,7 @@
 	prefix=refs/missing-noderef-update &&
 	git symbolic-ref $prefix/symref $prefix/foo &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $Q$prefix/symref$Q: reference is missing but expected $D
+	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/symref$SQ: reference is missing but expected $D
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "option no-deref" "update $prefix/symref $E $D" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
@@ -437,7 +435,7 @@
 	git symbolic-ref $prefix/symref $prefix/foo &&
 	git update-ref $prefix/foo $C &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $Q$prefix/symref$Q: is at $C but expected $D
+	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/symref$SQ: is at $C but expected $D
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "option no-deref" "update $prefix/symref $E $D" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
@@ -449,7 +447,7 @@
 	git symbolic-ref $prefix/symref $prefix/foo &&
 	git update-ref $prefix/foo $C &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $Q$prefix/symref$Q: reference already exists
+	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/symref$SQ: reference already exists
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "option no-deref" "create $prefix/symref $E" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
@@ -461,7 +459,7 @@
 	git symbolic-ref $prefix/symref $prefix/foo &&
 	git update-ref $prefix/foo $C &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $Q$prefix/symref$Q: is at $C but expected $D
+	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/symref$SQ: is at $C but expected $D
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "option no-deref" "delete $prefix/symref $D" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
@@ -474,13 +472,13 @@
 	: >.git/$prefix/foo/bar/baz.lock &&
 	test_when_finished "rm -f .git/$prefix/foo/bar/baz.lock" &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $Q$prefix/foo$Q: there is a non-empty directory $Q.git/$prefix/foo$Q blocking reference $Q$prefix/foo$Q
+	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ: there is a non-empty directory $SQ.git/$prefix/foo$SQ blocking reference $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "update $prefix/foo $C" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
 	test_cmp expected output.err &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $Q$prefix/foo$Q: unable to resolve reference $Q$prefix/foo$Q
+	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ: unable to resolve reference $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "update $prefix/foo $D $C" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
@@ -493,13 +491,13 @@
 	echo "gobbledigook" >.git/$prefix/foo &&
 	test_when_finished "rm -f .git/$prefix/foo" &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $Q$prefix/foo$Q: unable to resolve reference $Q$prefix/foo$Q: reference broken
+	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ: unable to resolve reference $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ: reference broken
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "update $prefix/foo $C" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
 	test_cmp expected output.err &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $Q$prefix/foo$Q: unable to resolve reference $Q$prefix/foo$Q: reference broken
+	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ: unable to resolve reference $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ: reference broken
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "update $prefix/foo $D $C" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
@@ -513,13 +511,13 @@
 	: >.git/$prefix/foo/bar/baz.lock &&
 	test_when_finished "rm -f .git/$prefix/foo/bar/baz.lock" &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $Q$prefix/symref$Q: there is a non-empty directory $Q.git/$prefix/foo$Q blocking reference $Q$prefix/foo$Q
+	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/symref$SQ: there is a non-empty directory $SQ.git/$prefix/foo$SQ blocking reference $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "update $prefix/symref $C" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
 	test_cmp expected output.err &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $Q$prefix/symref$Q: unable to resolve reference $Q$prefix/foo$Q
+	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/symref$SQ: unable to resolve reference $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "update $prefix/symref $D $C" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
@@ -532,13 +530,13 @@
 	echo "gobbledigook" >.git/$prefix/foo &&
 	test_when_finished "rm -f .git/$prefix/foo" &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $Q$prefix/symref$Q: unable to resolve reference $Q$prefix/foo$Q: reference broken
+	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/symref$SQ: unable to resolve reference $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ: reference broken
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "update $prefix/symref $C" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
 	test_cmp expected output.err &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: cannot lock ref $Q$prefix/symref$Q: unable to resolve reference $Q$prefix/foo$Q: reference broken
+	fatal: cannot lock ref $SQ$prefix/symref$SQ: unable to resolve reference $SQ$prefix/foo$SQ: reference broken
 	EOF
 	printf "%s\n" "update $prefix/symref $D $C" |
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin 2>output.err &&
@@ -614,7 +612,7 @@
 	test_when_finished "rm -f .git/packed-refs.lock" &&
 	test_must_fail git update-ref -d $prefix/foo >out 2>err &&
 	git for-each-ref $prefix >actual &&
-	test_i18ngrep "Unable to create $Q.*packed-refs.lock$Q: " err &&
+	test_i18ngrep "Unable to create $SQ.*packed-refs.lock$SQ: " err &&
 	test_cmp unchanged actual
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t1414-reflog-walk.sh b/t/t1414-reflog-walk.sh
index feb1efd..1181a9f 100755
--- a/t/t1414-reflog-walk.sh
+++ b/t/t1414-reflog-walk.sh
@@ -18,10 +18,9 @@
 	git log -g --format="%gd %gs" "$@"
 }
 
-sq="'"
 test_expect_success 'set up expected reflog' '
 	cat >expect.all <<-EOF
-	HEAD@{0} commit (merge): Merge branch ${sq}master${sq} into side
+	HEAD@{0} commit (merge): Merge branch ${SQ}master${SQ} into side
 	HEAD@{1} commit: three
 	HEAD@{2} checkout: moving from master to side
 	HEAD@{3} commit: two
diff --git a/t/t1506-rev-parse-diagnosis.sh b/t/t1506-rev-parse-diagnosis.sh
index 4ee009d..21a9c8f 100755
--- a/t/t1506-rev-parse-diagnosis.sh
+++ b/t/t1506-rev-parse-diagnosis.sh
@@ -8,10 +8,9 @@
 
 test_did_you_mean ()
 {
-	sq="'" &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: Path '$2$3' $4, but not ${5:-$sq$3$sq}.
-	Did you mean '$1:$2$3'${2:+ aka $sq$1:./$3$sq}?
+	fatal: Path '$2$3' $4, but not ${5:-$SQ$3$SQ}.
+	Did you mean '$1:$2$3'${2:+ aka $SQ$1:./$3$SQ}?
 	EOF
 	test_cmp expected error
 }
diff --git a/t/t1507-rev-parse-upstream.sh b/t/t1507-rev-parse-upstream.sh
index fa3e499..8b4cf8a 100755
--- a/t/t1507-rev-parse-upstream.sh
+++ b/t/t1507-rev-parse-upstream.sh
@@ -28,8 +28,6 @@
 	)
 '
 
-sq="'"
-
 full_name () {
 	(cd clone &&
 	 git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name "$@")
@@ -129,7 +127,7 @@
 	git branch -t new my-side@{u} &&
 	git merge -s ours new@{u} &&
 	git show -s --pretty=tformat:%s >actual &&
-	echo "Merge remote-tracking branch ${sq}origin/side${sq}" >expect &&
+	echo "Merge remote-tracking branch ${SQ}origin/side${SQ}" >expect &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 )
 '
@@ -156,7 +154,7 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'branch@{u} error message when no upstream' '
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: no upstream configured for branch ${sq}non-tracking${sq}
+	fatal: no upstream configured for branch ${SQ}non-tracking${SQ}
 	EOF
 	error_message non-tracking@{u} &&
 	test_i18ncmp expect error
@@ -164,7 +162,7 @@
 
 test_expect_success '@{u} error message when no upstream' '
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: no upstream configured for branch ${sq}master${sq}
+	fatal: no upstream configured for branch ${SQ}master${SQ}
 	EOF
 	test_must_fail git rev-parse --verify @{u} 2>actual &&
 	test_i18ncmp expect actual
@@ -172,7 +170,7 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'branch@{u} error message with misspelt branch' '
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: no such branch: ${sq}no-such-branch${sq}
+	fatal: no such branch: ${SQ}no-such-branch${SQ}
 	EOF
 	error_message no-such-branch@{u} &&
 	test_i18ncmp expect error
@@ -189,7 +187,7 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'branch@{u} error message if upstream branch not fetched' '
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-	fatal: upstream branch ${sq}refs/heads/side${sq} not stored as a remote-tracking branch
+	fatal: upstream branch ${SQ}refs/heads/side${SQ} not stored as a remote-tracking branch
 	EOF
 	error_message bad-upstream@{u} &&
 	test_i18ncmp expect error
diff --git a/t/t1600-index.sh b/t/t1600-index.sh
index 42962ed..c77721b 100755
--- a/t/t1600-index.sh
+++ b/t/t1600-index.sh
@@ -59,17 +59,38 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'GIT_INDEX_VERSION takes precedence over config' '
+test_index_version () {
+	INDEX_VERSION_CONFIG=$1 &&
+	FEATURE_MANY_FILES=$2 &&
+	ENV_VAR_VERSION=$3
+	EXPECTED_OUTPUT_VERSION=$4 &&
 	(
 		rm -f .git/index &&
-		GIT_INDEX_VERSION=4 &&
-		export GIT_INDEX_VERSION &&
-		git config --add index.version 2 &&
+		rm -f .git/config &&
+		if test "$INDEX_VERSION_CONFIG" -ne 0
+		then
+			git config --add index.version $INDEX_VERSION_CONFIG
+		fi &&
+		git config --add feature.manyFiles $FEATURE_MANY_FILES
+		if test "$ENV_VAR_VERSION" -ne 0
+		then
+			GIT_INDEX_VERSION=$ENV_VAR_VERSION &&
+			export GIT_INDEX_VERSION
+		else
+			unset GIT_INDEX_VERSION
+		fi &&
 		git add a 2>&1 &&
-		echo 4 >expect &&
+		echo $EXPECTED_OUTPUT_VERSION >expect &&
 		test-tool index-version <.git/index >actual &&
 		test_cmp expect actual
 	)
+}
+
+test_expect_success 'index version config precedence' '
+	test_index_version 2 false 4 4 &&
+	test_index_version 2 true 0 2 &&
+	test_index_version 0 true 0 4 &&
+	test_index_version 0 true 2 2
 '
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t2022-checkout-paths.sh b/t/t2022-checkout-paths.sh
index fc3eb43..6844afa 100755
--- a/t/t2022-checkout-paths.sh
+++ b/t/t2022-checkout-paths.sh
@@ -78,4 +78,15 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'checkout HEAD adds deleted intent-to-add file back to index' '
+	echo "nonempty" >nonempty &&
+	>empty &&
+	git add nonempty empty &&
+	git commit -m "create files to be deleted" &&
+	git rm --cached nonempty empty &&
+	git add -N nonempty empty &&
+	git checkout HEAD nonempty empty &&
+	git diff --cached --exit-code
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t2070-restore.sh b/t/t2070-restore.sh
index 2650df1..21c3f84 100755
--- a/t/t2070-restore.sh
+++ b/t/t2070-restore.sh
@@ -95,4 +95,15 @@
 	)
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'restore --staged adds deleted intent-to-add file back to index' '
+	echo "nonempty" >nonempty &&
+	>empty &&
+	git add nonempty empty &&
+	git commit -m "create files to be deleted" &&
+	git rm --cached nonempty empty &&
+	git add -N nonempty empty &&
+	git restore --staged nonempty empty &&
+	git diff --cached --exit-code
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3005-ls-files-relative.sh b/t/t3005-ls-files-relative.sh
index 209b4c7..2ec69a8 100755
--- a/t/t3005-ls-files-relative.sh
+++ b/t/t3005-ls-files-relative.sh
@@ -7,10 +7,6 @@
 
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
-new_line='
-'
-sq=\'
-
 test_expect_success 'prepare' '
 	: >never-mind-me &&
 	git add never-mind-me &&
@@ -44,9 +40,9 @@
 		cd top/sub &&
 		for f in ../y*
 		do
-			echo "error: pathspec $sq$f$sq did not match any file(s) known to git"
+			echo "error: pathspec $SQ$f$SQ did not match any file(s) known to git"
 		done >expect.err &&
-		echo "Did you forget to ${sq}git add${sq}?" >>expect.err &&
+		echo "Did you forget to ${SQ}git add${SQ}?" >>expect.err &&
 		ls ../x* >expect.out &&
 		test_must_fail git ls-files -c --error-unmatch ../[xy]* >actual.out 2>actual.err &&
 		test_cmp expect.out actual.out &&
@@ -59,9 +55,9 @@
 		cd top/sub &&
 		for f in ../x*
 		do
-			echo "error: pathspec $sq$f$sq did not match any file(s) known to git"
+			echo "error: pathspec $SQ$f$SQ did not match any file(s) known to git"
 		done >expect.err &&
-		echo "Did you forget to ${sq}git add${sq}?" >>expect.err &&
+		echo "Did you forget to ${SQ}git add${SQ}?" >>expect.err &&
 		ls ../y* >expect.out &&
 		test_must_fail git ls-files -o --error-unmatch ../[xy]* >actual.out 2>actual.err &&
 		test_cmp expect.out actual.out &&
diff --git a/t/t3201-branch-contains.sh b/t/t3201-branch-contains.sh
index 0ea4fc4..40251c9 100755
--- a/t/t3201-branch-contains.sh
+++ b/t/t3201-branch-contains.sh
@@ -192,10 +192,10 @@
 	EOF
 	test_cmp expect actual &&
 	git branch --verbose --merged topic >actual &&
-	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
-	  master c77a0a9 second on master
-	* topic  2c939f4 [ahead 1] foo
-	  zzz    c77a0a9 second on master
+	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
+	  master $(git rev-parse --short master) second on master
+	* topic  $(git rev-parse --short topic ) [ahead 1] foo
+	  zzz    $(git rev-parse --short zzz   ) second on master
 	EOF
 	test_i18ncmp expect actual
 '
diff --git a/t/t3206-range-diff.sh b/t/t3206-range-diff.sh
index ec54865..0120f76 100755
--- a/t/t3206-range-diff.sh
+++ b/t/t3206-range-diff.sh
@@ -8,17 +8,124 @@
 # harm than good.  We need some real history.
 
 test_expect_success 'setup' '
-	git fast-import < "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/t3206/history.export
+	git fast-import < "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/t3206/history.export &&
+	test_oid_cache <<-EOF
+	# topic
+	t1 sha1:4de457d
+	t2 sha1:fccce22
+	t3 sha1:147e64e
+	t4 sha1:a63e992
+	t1 sha256:b89f8b9
+	t2 sha256:5f12aad
+	t3 sha256:ea8b273
+	t4 sha256:14b7336
+
+	# unmodified
+	u1 sha1:35b9b25
+	u2 sha1:de345ab
+	u3 sha1:9af6654
+	u4 sha1:2901f77
+	u1 sha256:e3731be
+	u2 sha256:14fadf8
+	u3 sha256:736c4bc
+	u4 sha256:673e77d
+
+	# reordered
+	r1 sha1:aca177a
+	r2 sha1:14ad629
+	r3 sha1:ee58208
+	r4 sha1:307b27a
+	r1 sha256:f59d3aa
+	r2 sha256:fb261a8
+	r3 sha256:cb2649b
+	r4 sha256:958577e
+
+	# removed (deleted)
+	d1 sha1:7657159
+	d2 sha1:43d84d3
+	d3 sha1:a740396
+	d1 sha256:e312513
+	d2 sha256:eb19258
+	d3 sha256:1ccb3c1
+
+	# added
+	a1 sha1:2716022
+	a2 sha1:b62accd
+	a3 sha1:df46cfa
+	a4 sha1:3e64548
+	a5 sha1:12b4063
+	a1 sha256:d724f4d
+	a2 sha256:1de7762
+	a3 sha256:e159431
+	a4 sha256:b3e483c
+	a5 sha256:90866a7
+
+	# rebased
+	b1 sha1:cc9c443
+	b2 sha1:c5d9641
+	b3 sha1:28cc2b6
+	b4 sha1:5628ab7
+	b5 sha1:a31b12e
+	b1 sha256:a1a8717
+	b2 sha256:20a5862
+	b3 sha256:587172a
+	b4 sha256:2721c5d
+	b5 sha256:7b57864
+
+	# changed
+	c1 sha1:a4b3333
+	c2 sha1:f51d370
+	c3 sha1:0559556
+	c4 sha1:d966c5c
+	c1 sha256:f8c2b9d
+	c2 sha256:3fb6318
+	c3 sha256:168ab68
+	c4 sha256:3526539
+
+	# changed-message
+	m1 sha1:f686024
+	m2 sha1:4ab067d
+	m3 sha1:b9cb956
+	m4 sha1:8add5f1
+	m1 sha256:31e6281
+	m2 sha256:a06bf1b
+	m3 sha256:82dc654
+	m4 sha256:48470c5
+
+	# renamed
+	n1 sha1:f258d75
+	n2 sha1:017b62d
+	n3 sha1:3ce7af6
+	n4 sha1:1e6226b
+	n1 sha256:ad52114
+	n2 sha256:3b54c8f
+	n3 sha256:3b0a644
+	n4 sha256:e461653
+
+	# added and removed
+	s1 sha1:096b1ba
+	s2 sha1:d92e698
+	s3 sha1:9a1db4d
+	s4 sha1:fea3b5c
+	s1 sha256:a7f9134
+	s2 sha256:b4c2580
+	s3 sha256:1d62aa2
+	s4 sha256:48160e8
+
+	# Empty delimiter (included so lines match neatly)
+	__ sha1:-------
+	__ sha256:-------
+	EOF
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'simple A..B A..C (unmodified)' '
 	git range-diff --no-color master..topic master..unmodified \
 		>actual &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	1:  4de457d = 1:  35b9b25 s/5/A/
-	2:  fccce22 = 2:  de345ab s/4/A/
-	3:  147e64e = 3:  9af6654 s/11/B/
-	4:  a63e992 = 4:  2901f77 s/12/B/
+	1:  $(test_oid t1) = 1:  $(test_oid u1) s/5/A/
+	2:  $(test_oid t2) = 2:  $(test_oid u2) s/4/A/
+	3:  $(test_oid t3) = 3:  $(test_oid u3) s/11/B/
+	4:  $(test_oid t4) = 4:  $(test_oid u4) s/12/B/
 	EOF
 	test_cmp expected actual
 '
@@ -38,10 +145,10 @@
 test_expect_success 'trivial reordering' '
 	git range-diff --no-color master topic reordered >actual &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	1:  4de457d = 1:  aca177a s/5/A/
-	3:  147e64e = 2:  14ad629 s/11/B/
-	4:  a63e992 = 3:  ee58208 s/12/B/
-	2:  fccce22 = 4:  307b27a s/4/A/
+	1:  $(test_oid t1) = 1:  $(test_oid r1) s/5/A/
+	3:  $(test_oid t3) = 2:  $(test_oid r2) s/11/B/
+	4:  $(test_oid t4) = 3:  $(test_oid r3) s/12/B/
+	2:  $(test_oid t2) = 4:  $(test_oid r4) s/4/A/
 	EOF
 	test_cmp expected actual
 '
@@ -49,10 +156,10 @@
 test_expect_success 'removed a commit' '
 	git range-diff --no-color master topic removed >actual &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	1:  4de457d = 1:  7657159 s/5/A/
-	2:  fccce22 < -:  ------- s/4/A/
-	3:  147e64e = 2:  43d84d3 s/11/B/
-	4:  a63e992 = 3:  a740396 s/12/B/
+	1:  $(test_oid t1) = 1:  $(test_oid d1) s/5/A/
+	2:  $(test_oid t2) < -:  $(test_oid __) s/4/A/
+	3:  $(test_oid t3) = 2:  $(test_oid d2) s/11/B/
+	4:  $(test_oid t4) = 3:  $(test_oid d3) s/12/B/
 	EOF
 	test_cmp expected actual
 '
@@ -60,11 +167,11 @@
 test_expect_success 'added a commit' '
 	git range-diff --no-color master topic added >actual &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	1:  4de457d = 1:  2716022 s/5/A/
-	2:  fccce22 = 2:  b62accd s/4/A/
-	-:  ------- > 3:  df46cfa s/6/A/
-	3:  147e64e = 4:  3e64548 s/11/B/
-	4:  a63e992 = 5:  12b4063 s/12/B/
+	1:  $(test_oid t1) = 1:  $(test_oid a1) s/5/A/
+	2:  $(test_oid t2) = 2:  $(test_oid a2) s/4/A/
+	-:  $(test_oid __) > 3:  $(test_oid a3) s/6/A/
+	3:  $(test_oid t3) = 4:  $(test_oid a4) s/11/B/
+	4:  $(test_oid t4) = 5:  $(test_oid a5) s/12/B/
 	EOF
 	test_cmp expected actual
 '
@@ -72,10 +179,10 @@
 test_expect_success 'new base, A B C' '
 	git range-diff --no-color master topic rebased >actual &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	1:  4de457d = 1:  cc9c443 s/5/A/
-	2:  fccce22 = 2:  c5d9641 s/4/A/
-	3:  147e64e = 3:  28cc2b6 s/11/B/
-	4:  a63e992 = 4:  5628ab7 s/12/B/
+	1:  $(test_oid t1) = 1:  $(test_oid b1) s/5/A/
+	2:  $(test_oid t2) = 2:  $(test_oid b2) s/4/A/
+	3:  $(test_oid t3) = 3:  $(test_oid b3) s/11/B/
+	4:  $(test_oid t4) = 4:  $(test_oid b4) s/12/B/
 	EOF
 	test_cmp expected actual
 '
@@ -84,11 +191,11 @@
 	# this syntax includes the commits from master!
 	git range-diff --no-color topic...rebased >actual &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	-:  ------- > 1:  a31b12e unrelated
-	1:  4de457d = 2:  cc9c443 s/5/A/
-	2:  fccce22 = 3:  c5d9641 s/4/A/
-	3:  147e64e = 4:  28cc2b6 s/11/B/
-	4:  a63e992 = 5:  5628ab7 s/12/B/
+	-:  $(test_oid __) > 1:  $(test_oid b5) unrelated
+	1:  $(test_oid t1) = 2:  $(test_oid b1) s/5/A/
+	2:  $(test_oid t2) = 3:  $(test_oid b2) s/4/A/
+	3:  $(test_oid t3) = 4:  $(test_oid b3) s/11/B/
+	4:  $(test_oid t4) = 5:  $(test_oid b4) s/12/B/
 	EOF
 	test_cmp expected actual
 '
@@ -96,9 +203,9 @@
 test_expect_success 'changed commit' '
 	git range-diff --no-color topic...changed >actual &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	1:  4de457d = 1:  a4b3333 s/5/A/
-	2:  fccce22 = 2:  f51d370 s/4/A/
-	3:  147e64e ! 3:  0559556 s/11/B/
+	1:  $(test_oid t1) = 1:  $(test_oid c1) s/5/A/
+	2:  $(test_oid t2) = 2:  $(test_oid c2) s/4/A/
+	3:  $(test_oid t3) ! 3:  $(test_oid c3) s/11/B/
 	    @@ file: A
 	      9
 	      10
@@ -108,7 +215,7 @@
 	      12
 	      13
 	      14
-	4:  a63e992 ! 4:  d966c5c s/12/B/
+	4:  $(test_oid t4) ! 4:  $(test_oid c4) s/12/B/
 	    @@ file
 	     @@ file: A
 	      9
@@ -125,10 +232,10 @@
 test_expect_success 'changed commit with --no-patch diff option' '
 	git range-diff --no-color --no-patch topic...changed >actual &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	1:  4de457d = 1:  a4b3333 s/5/A/
-	2:  fccce22 = 2:  f51d370 s/4/A/
-	3:  147e64e ! 3:  0559556 s/11/B/
-	4:  a63e992 ! 4:  d966c5c s/12/B/
+	1:  $(test_oid t1) = 1:  $(test_oid c1) s/5/A/
+	2:  $(test_oid t2) = 2:  $(test_oid c2) s/4/A/
+	3:  $(test_oid t3) ! 3:  $(test_oid c3) s/11/B/
+	4:  $(test_oid t4) ! 4:  $(test_oid c4) s/12/B/
 	EOF
 	test_cmp expected actual
 '
@@ -136,16 +243,16 @@
 test_expect_success 'changed commit with --stat diff option' '
 	git range-diff --no-color --stat topic...changed >actual &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	1:  4de457d = 1:  a4b3333 s/5/A/
+	1:  $(test_oid t1) = 1:  $(test_oid c1) s/5/A/
 	     a => b | 0
 	     1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
-	2:  fccce22 = 2:  f51d370 s/4/A/
+	2:  $(test_oid t2) = 2:  $(test_oid c2) s/4/A/
 	     a => b | 0
 	     1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
-	3:  147e64e ! 3:  0559556 s/11/B/
+	3:  $(test_oid t3) ! 3:  $(test_oid c3) s/11/B/
 	     a => b | 0
 	     1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
-	4:  a63e992 ! 4:  d966c5c s/12/B/
+	4:  $(test_oid t4) ! 4:  $(test_oid c4) s/12/B/
 	     a => b | 0
 	     1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 	EOF
@@ -155,9 +262,9 @@
 test_expect_success 'changed commit with sm config' '
 	git range-diff --no-color --submodule=log topic...changed >actual &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
-	1:  4de457d = 1:  a4b3333 s/5/A/
-	2:  fccce22 = 2:  f51d370 s/4/A/
-	3:  147e64e ! 3:  0559556 s/11/B/
+	1:  $(test_oid t1) = 1:  $(test_oid c1) s/5/A/
+	2:  $(test_oid t2) = 2:  $(test_oid c2) s/4/A/
+	3:  $(test_oid t3) ! 3:  $(test_oid c3) s/11/B/
 	    @@ file: A
 	      9
 	      10
@@ -167,7 +274,7 @@
 	      12
 	      13
 	      14
-	4:  a63e992 ! 4:  d966c5c s/12/B/
+	4:  $(test_oid t4) ! 4:  $(test_oid c4) s/12/B/
 	    @@ file
 	     @@ file: A
 	      9
@@ -184,8 +291,8 @@
 test_expect_success 'renamed file' '
 	git range-diff --no-color --submodule=log topic...renamed-file >actual &&
 	sed s/Z/\ /g >expected <<-EOF &&
-	1:  4de457d = 1:  f258d75 s/5/A/
-	2:  fccce22 ! 2:  017b62d s/4/A/
+	1:  $(test_oid t1) = 1:  $(test_oid n1) s/5/A/
+	2:  $(test_oid t2) ! 2:  $(test_oid n2) s/4/A/
 	    @@ Metadata
 	    ZAuthor: Thomas Rast <trast@inf.ethz.ch>
 	    Z
@@ -198,7 +305,7 @@
 	    Z@@
 	    Z 1
 	    Z 2
-	3:  147e64e ! 3:  3ce7af6 s/11/B/
+	3:  $(test_oid t3) ! 3:  $(test_oid n3) s/11/B/
 	    @@ Metadata
 	    Z ## Commit message ##
 	    Z    s/11/B/
@@ -210,7 +317,7 @@
 	    Z 8
 	    Z 9
 	    Z 10
-	4:  a63e992 ! 4:  1e6226b s/12/B/
+	4:  $(test_oid t4) ! 4:  $(test_oid n4) s/12/B/
 	    @@ Metadata
 	    Z ## Commit message ##
 	    Z    s/12/B/
@@ -229,8 +336,8 @@
 test_expect_success 'file added and later removed' '
 	git range-diff --no-color --submodule=log topic...added-removed >actual &&
 	sed s/Z/\ /g >expected <<-EOF &&
-	1:  4de457d = 1:  096b1ba s/5/A/
-	2:  fccce22 ! 2:  d92e698 s/4/A/
+	1:  $(test_oid t1) = 1:  $(test_oid s1) s/5/A/
+	2:  $(test_oid t2) ! 2:  $(test_oid s2) s/4/A/
 	    @@ Metadata
 	    ZAuthor: Thomas Rast <trast@inf.ethz.ch>
 	    Z
@@ -246,7 +353,7 @@
 	    Z 7
 	    +
 	    + ## new-file (new) ##
-	3:  147e64e ! 3:  9a1db4d s/11/B/
+	3:  $(test_oid t3) ! 3:  $(test_oid s3) s/11/B/
 	    @@ Metadata
 	    ZAuthor: Thomas Rast <trast@inf.ethz.ch>
 	    Z
@@ -262,7 +369,7 @@
 	    Z 14
 	    +
 	    + ## new-file (deleted) ##
-	4:  a63e992 = 4:  fea3b5c s/12/B/
+	4:  $(test_oid t4) = 4:  $(test_oid s4) s/12/B/
 	EOF
 	test_cmp expected actual
 '
@@ -275,8 +382,8 @@
 test_expect_success 'changed message' '
 	git range-diff --no-color topic...changed-message >actual &&
 	sed s/Z/\ /g >expected <<-EOF &&
-	1:  4de457d = 1:  f686024 s/5/A/
-	2:  fccce22 ! 2:  4ab067d s/4/A/
+	1:  $(test_oid t1) = 1:  $(test_oid m1) s/5/A/
+	2:  $(test_oid t2) ! 2:  $(test_oid m2) s/4/A/
 	    @@ Metadata
 	    Z ## Commit message ##
 	    Z    s/4/A/
@@ -286,16 +393,16 @@
 	    Z ## file ##
 	    Z@@
 	    Z 1
-	3:  147e64e = 3:  b9cb956 s/11/B/
-	4:  a63e992 = 4:  8add5f1 s/12/B/
+	3:  $(test_oid t3) = 3:  $(test_oid m3) s/11/B/
+	4:  $(test_oid t4) = 4:  $(test_oid m4) s/12/B/
 	EOF
 	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'dual-coloring' '
-	sed -e "s|^:||" >expect <<-\EOF &&
-	:<YELLOW>1:  a4b3333 = 1:  f686024 s/5/A/<RESET>
-	:<RED>2:  f51d370 <RESET><YELLOW>!<RESET><GREEN> 2:  4ab067d<RESET><YELLOW> s/4/A/<RESET>
+	sed -e "s|^:||" >expect <<-EOF &&
+	:<YELLOW>1:  $(test_oid c1) = 1:  $(test_oid m1) s/5/A/<RESET>
+	:<RED>2:  $(test_oid c2) <RESET><YELLOW>!<RESET><GREEN> 2:  $(test_oid m2)<RESET><YELLOW> s/4/A/<RESET>
 	:    <REVERSE><CYAN>@@<RESET> <RESET>Metadata<RESET>
 	:      ## Commit message ##<RESET>
 	:         s/4/A/<RESET>
@@ -305,7 +412,7 @@
 	:      ## file ##<RESET>
 	:    <CYAN> @@<RESET>
 	:      1<RESET>
-	:<RED>3:  0559556 <RESET><YELLOW>!<RESET><GREEN> 3:  b9cb956<RESET><YELLOW> s/11/B/<RESET>
+	:<RED>3:  $(test_oid c3) <RESET><YELLOW>!<RESET><GREEN> 3:  $(test_oid m3)<RESET><YELLOW> s/11/B/<RESET>
 	:    <REVERSE><CYAN>@@<RESET> <RESET>file: A<RESET>
 	:      9<RESET>
 	:      10<RESET>
@@ -315,7 +422,7 @@
 	:      12<RESET>
 	:      13<RESET>
 	:      14<RESET>
-	:<RED>4:  d966c5c <RESET><YELLOW>!<RESET><GREEN> 4:  8add5f1<RESET><YELLOW> s/12/B/<RESET>
+	:<RED>4:  $(test_oid c4) <RESET><YELLOW>!<RESET><GREEN> 4:  $(test_oid m4)<RESET><YELLOW> s/12/B/<RESET>
 	:    <REVERSE><CYAN>@@<RESET> <RESET>file<RESET>
 	:    <CYAN> @@ file: A<RESET>
 	:      9<RESET>
diff --git a/t/t3301-notes.sh b/t/t3301-notes.sh
index 704bbc6..d3fa298 100755
--- a/t/t3301-notes.sh
+++ b/t/t3301-notes.sh
@@ -66,8 +66,9 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'create reflog entry' '
+	ref=$(git rev-parse --short refs/notes/commits) &&
 	cat <<-EOF >expect &&
-		a1d8fa6 refs/notes/commits@{0}: notes: Notes added by '\''git notes add'\''
+		$ref refs/notes/commits@{0}: notes: Notes added by '\''git notes add'\''
 	EOF
 	git reflog show refs/notes/commits >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
@@ -134,8 +135,9 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'show notes' '
+	commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-		commit 7a4ca6ee52a974a66cbaa78e33214535dff1d691
+		commit $commit
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:14:13 2005 -0700
 
@@ -152,8 +154,9 @@
 test_expect_success 'show multi-line notes' '
 	test_commit 3rd &&
 	MSG="b3${LF}c3c3c3c3${LF}d3d3d3" git notes add &&
+	commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	cat >expect-multiline <<-EOF &&
-		commit d07d62e5208f22eb5695e7eb47667dc8b9860290
+		commit $commit
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:15:13 2005 -0700
 
@@ -174,8 +177,9 @@
 	test_commit 4th &&
 	echo "xyzzy" >note5 &&
 	git notes add -F note5 &&
+	commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	cat >expect-F <<-EOF &&
-		commit 0f7aa3ec6325aeb88b910453bb3eb37c49d75c11
+		commit $commit
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:16:13 2005 -0700
 
@@ -198,10 +202,13 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'git log --pretty=raw does not show notes' '
+	commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
+	tree=$(git rev-parse HEAD^{tree}) &&
+	parent=$(git rev-parse HEAD^) &&
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-		commit 0f7aa3ec6325aeb88b910453bb3eb37c49d75c11
-		tree 05ac65288c4c4b3b709a020ae94b2ece2f2201ae
-		parent d07d62e5208f22eb5695e7eb47667dc8b9860290
+		commit $commit
+		tree $tree
+		parent $parent
 		author A U Thor <author@example.com> 1112912173 -0700
 		committer C O Mitter <committer@example.com> 1112912173 -0700
 
@@ -291,8 +298,9 @@
 test_expect_success 'show -m notes' '
 	test_commit 5th &&
 	git notes add -m spam -m "foo${LF}bar${LF}baz" &&
+	commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	cat >expect-m <<-EOF &&
-		commit 7f9ad8836c775acb134c0a055fc55fb4cd1ba361
+		commit $commit
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:17:13 2005 -0700
 
@@ -313,8 +321,9 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'remove note with add -f -F /dev/null' '
 	git notes add -f -F /dev/null &&
+	commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	cat >expect-rm-F <<-EOF &&
-		commit 7f9ad8836c775acb134c0a055fc55fb4cd1ba361
+		commit $commit
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:17:13 2005 -0700
 
@@ -356,14 +365,16 @@
 test_expect_success 'remove note with "git notes remove"' '
 	git notes remove HEAD^ &&
 	git notes remove &&
+	commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
+	parent=$(git rev-parse HEAD^) &&
 	cat >expect-rm-remove <<-EOF &&
-		commit 7f9ad8836c775acb134c0a055fc55fb4cd1ba361
+		commit $commit
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:17:13 2005 -0700
 
 		${indent}5th
 
-		commit 0f7aa3ec6325aeb88b910453bb3eb37c49d75c11
+		commit $parent
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:16:13 2005 -0700
 
@@ -459,9 +470,11 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'list notes with "git notes list"' '
-	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-		c9c6af7f78bc47490dbf3e822cf2f3c24d4b9061 7a4ca6ee52a974a66cbaa78e33214535dff1d691
-		c18dc024e14f08d18d14eea0d747ff692d66d6a3 d07d62e5208f22eb5695e7eb47667dc8b9860290
+	commit_2=$(git rev-parse 2nd) &&
+	commit_3=$(git rev-parse 3rd) &&
+	sort -t" " -k2 >expect <<-EOF &&
+		$(git rev-parse refs/notes/commits:$commit_2) $commit_2
+		$(git rev-parse refs/notes/commits:$commit_3) $commit_3
 	EOF
 	git notes list >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
@@ -474,7 +487,7 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'list specific note with "git notes list <object>"' '
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-		c18dc024e14f08d18d14eea0d747ff692d66d6a3
+		$(git rev-parse refs/notes/commits:$commit_3)
 	EOF
 	git notes list HEAD^^ >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
@@ -498,10 +511,11 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success '"git notes list" does not expand to "git notes list HEAD"' '
-	cat >expect_list <<-EOF &&
-		c9c6af7f78bc47490dbf3e822cf2f3c24d4b9061 7a4ca6ee52a974a66cbaa78e33214535dff1d691
-		4b6ad22357cc8a1296720574b8d2fbc22fab0671 7f9ad8836c775acb134c0a055fc55fb4cd1ba361
-		c18dc024e14f08d18d14eea0d747ff692d66d6a3 d07d62e5208f22eb5695e7eb47667dc8b9860290
+	commit_5=$(git rev-parse 5th) &&
+	sort -t" " -k2 >expect_list <<-EOF &&
+		$(git rev-parse refs/notes/commits:$commit_2) $commit_2
+		$(git rev-parse refs/notes/commits:$commit_3) $commit_3
+		$(git rev-parse refs/notes/commits:$commit_5) $commit_5
 	EOF
 	git notes list >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect_list actual
@@ -531,8 +545,9 @@
 test_expect_success 'create other note on a different notes ref (setup)' '
 	test_commit 6th &&
 	GIT_NOTES_REF="refs/notes/other" git notes add -m "other note" &&
+	commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	cat >expect-not-other <<-EOF &&
-		commit 2c125331118caba0ff8238b7f4958ac6e93fe39c
+		commit $commit
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:18:13 2005 -0700
 
@@ -569,8 +584,10 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'Show all notes when notes.displayRef=refs/notes/*' '
+	commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
+	parent=$(git rev-parse HEAD^) &&
 	cat >expect-both <<-EOF &&
-		commit 2c125331118caba0ff8238b7f4958ac6e93fe39c
+		commit $commit
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:18:13 2005 -0700
 
@@ -582,7 +599,7 @@
 		Notes (other):
 		${indent}other note
 
-		commit 7f9ad8836c775acb134c0a055fc55fb4cd1ba361
+		commit $parent
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:17:13 2005 -0700
 
@@ -616,8 +633,9 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'notes.displayRef respects order' '
+	commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	cat >expect-both-reversed <<-EOF &&
-		commit 2c125331118caba0ff8238b7f4958ac6e93fe39c
+		commit $commit
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:18:13 2005 -0700
 
@@ -642,14 +660,16 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'GIT_NOTES_DISPLAY_REF overrides config' '
+	commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
+	parent=$(git rev-parse HEAD^) &&
 	cat >expect-none <<-EOF &&
-		commit 2c125331118caba0ff8238b7f4958ac6e93fe39c
+		commit $commit
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:18:13 2005 -0700
 
 		${indent}6th
 
-		commit 7f9ad8836c775acb134c0a055fc55fb4cd1ba361
+		commit $parent
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:17:13 2005 -0700
 
@@ -666,8 +686,9 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success '--no-standard-notes' '
+	commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	cat >expect-commits <<-EOF &&
-		commit 2c125331118caba0ff8238b7f4958ac6e93fe39c
+		commit $commit
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:18:13 2005 -0700
 
@@ -712,8 +733,10 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'create note from other note with "git notes add -C"' '
+	test_commit 7th &&
+	commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-		commit fb01e0ca8c33b6cc0c6451dde747f97df567cb5c
+		commit $commit
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:19:13 2005 -0700
 
@@ -722,7 +745,6 @@
 		Notes:
 		${indent}order test
 	EOF
-	test_commit 7th &&
 	git notes add -C $(git notes list HEAD^) &&
 	git log -1 >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual &&
@@ -744,8 +766,9 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'create note from blob with "git notes add -C" reuses blob id' '
+	commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-		commit 9a4c31c7f722b5d517e92c64e932dd751e1413bf
+		commit $commit
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:20:13 2005 -0700
 
@@ -762,8 +785,10 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'create note from other note with "git notes add -c"' '
+	test_commit 9th &&
+	commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-		commit 2e0db4bc649e174d667a1cde19e725cf897a5bd2
+		commit $commit
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:21:13 2005 -0700
 
@@ -772,7 +797,6 @@
 		Notes:
 		${indent}yet another note
 	EOF
-	test_commit 9th &&
 	MSG="yet another note" git notes add -c $(git notes list HEAD^^) &&
 	git log -1 >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
@@ -785,8 +809,9 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'append to note from other note with "git notes append -C"' '
+	commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD^) &&
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-		commit 2e0db4bc649e174d667a1cde19e725cf897a5bd2
+		commit $commit
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:21:13 2005 -0700
 
@@ -803,8 +828,9 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'create note from other note with "git notes append -c"' '
+	commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-		commit 7c3b87ab368f81e11b1ea87b2ab99a71ccd25406
+		commit $commit
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:22:13 2005 -0700
 
@@ -819,8 +845,9 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'append to note from other note with "git notes append -c"' '
+	commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-		commit 7c3b87ab368f81e11b1ea87b2ab99a71ccd25406
+		commit $commit
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:22:13 2005 -0700
 
@@ -837,8 +864,10 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'copy note with "git notes copy"' '
+	test_commit 11th &&
+	commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-		commit a446fff8777efdc6eb8f4b7c8a5ff699484df0d5
+		commit $commit
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:23:13 2005 -0700
 
@@ -849,7 +878,6 @@
 		${indent}
 		${indent}yet another note
 	EOF
-	test_commit 11th &&
 	git notes copy HEAD^ HEAD &&
 	git log -1 >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual &&
@@ -864,8 +892,9 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'allow overwrite with "git notes copy -f"' '
+	commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-		commit a446fff8777efdc6eb8f4b7c8a5ff699484df0d5
+		commit $commit
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:23:13 2005 -0700
 
@@ -889,8 +918,10 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'git notes copy --stdin' '
+	commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
+	parent=$(git rev-parse HEAD^) &&
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-		commit e871aa61182b1d95d0a6fb75445d891722863b6b
+		commit $commit
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:25:13 2005 -0700
 
@@ -901,7 +932,7 @@
 		${indent}
 		${indent}yet another note
 
-		commit 65e263ded02ae4e8839bc151095113737579dc12
+		commit $parent
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:24:13 2005 -0700
 
@@ -922,21 +953,23 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'git notes copy --for-rewrite (unconfigured)' '
+	test_commit 14th &&
+	test_commit 15th &&
+	commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
+	parent=$(git rev-parse HEAD^) &&
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-		commit 4acf42e847e7fffbbf89ee365c20ac7caf40de89
+		commit $commit
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:27:13 2005 -0700
 
 		${indent}15th
 
-		commit 07c85d77059393ed0154b8c96906547a59dfcddd
+		commit $parent
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:26:13 2005 -0700
 
 		${indent}14th
 	EOF
-	test_commit 14th &&
-	test_commit 15th &&
 	(echo $(git rev-parse HEAD~3) $(git rev-parse HEAD^) &&
 	echo $(git rev-parse HEAD~2) $(git rev-parse HEAD)) |
 	git notes copy --for-rewrite=foo &&
@@ -945,8 +978,10 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'git notes copy --for-rewrite (enabled)' '
+	commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
+	parent=$(git rev-parse HEAD^) &&
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-		commit 4acf42e847e7fffbbf89ee365c20ac7caf40de89
+		commit $commit
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:27:13 2005 -0700
 
@@ -957,7 +992,7 @@
 		${indent}
 		${indent}yet another note
 
-		commit 07c85d77059393ed0154b8c96906547a59dfcddd
+		commit $parent
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:26:13 2005 -0700
 
@@ -986,8 +1021,9 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'git notes copy --for-rewrite (overwrite)' '
+	commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-		commit 4acf42e847e7fffbbf89ee365c20ac7caf40de89
+		commit $commit
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:27:13 2005 -0700
 
@@ -1015,8 +1051,9 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'git notes copy --for-rewrite (append)' '
+	commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-		commit 4acf42e847e7fffbbf89ee365c20ac7caf40de89
+		commit $commit
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:27:13 2005 -0700
 
@@ -1037,8 +1074,9 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'git notes copy --for-rewrite (append two to one)' '
+	commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-		commit 4acf42e847e7fffbbf89ee365c20ac7caf40de89
+		commit $commit
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:27:13 2005 -0700
 
@@ -1075,8 +1113,9 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'GIT_NOTES_REWRITE_MODE works' '
+	commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-		commit 4acf42e847e7fffbbf89ee365c20ac7caf40de89
+		commit $commit
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:27:13 2005 -0700
 
@@ -1095,8 +1134,9 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'GIT_NOTES_REWRITE_REF works' '
+	commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-		commit 4acf42e847e7fffbbf89ee365c20ac7caf40de89
+		commit $commit
 		Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 		Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:27:13 2005 -0700
 
diff --git a/t/t3305-notes-fanout.sh b/t/t3305-notes-fanout.sh
index 54460be..831f83d 100755
--- a/t/t3305-notes-fanout.sh
+++ b/t/t3305-notes-fanout.sh
@@ -35,15 +35,10 @@
 	git ls-tree -r --name-only refs/notes/commits |
 	while read path
 	do
-		case "$path" in
-		??/??????????????????????????????????????)
-			: true
-			;;
-		*)
+		echo $path | grep "^../[0-9a-f]*$" || {
 			echo "Invalid path \"$path\"" &&
-			return 1
-			;;
-		esac
+			return 1;
+		}
 	done
 '
 
@@ -77,15 +72,10 @@
 	git ls-tree -r --name-only refs/notes/commits |
 	while read path
 	do
-		case "$path" in
-		????????????????????????????????????????)
-			: true
-			;;
-		*)
+		echo $path | grep -v "^../.*" || {
 			echo "Invalid path \"$path\"" &&
-			return 1
-			;;
-		esac
+			return 1;
+		}
 	done
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t3306-notes-prune.sh b/t/t3306-notes-prune.sh
index 6174808..8f4102f 100755
--- a/t/t3306-notes-prune.sh
+++ b/t/t3306-notes-prune.sh
@@ -11,23 +11,26 @@
 	test_tick &&
 	git commit -m 1st &&
 	git notes add -m "Note #1" &&
+	first=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	: > file2 &&
 	git add file2 &&
 	test_tick &&
 	git commit -m 2nd &&
 	git notes add -m "Note #2" &&
+	second=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	: > file3 &&
 	git add file3 &&
 	test_tick &&
 	git commit -m 3rd &&
-	COMMIT_FILE=.git/objects/5e/e1c35e83ea47cd3cc4f8cbee0568915fbbbd29 &&
+	third=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
+	COMMIT_FILE=$(echo $third | sed "s!^..!.git/objects/&/!") &&
 	test -f $COMMIT_FILE &&
 	test-tool chmtime =+0 $COMMIT_FILE &&
 	git notes add -m "Note #3"
 '
 
 cat > expect <<END_OF_LOG
-commit 5ee1c35e83ea47cd3cc4f8cbee0568915fbbbd29
+commit $third
 Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:15:13 2005 -0700
 
@@ -36,7 +39,7 @@
 Notes:
     Note #3
 
-commit 08341ad9e94faa089d60fd3f523affb25c6da189
+commit $second
 Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:14:13 2005 -0700
 
@@ -45,7 +48,7 @@
 Notes:
     Note #2
 
-commit ab5f302035f2e7aaf04265f08b42034c23256e1f
+commit $first
 Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 Date:   Thu Apr 7 15:13:13 2005 -0700
 
@@ -70,16 +73,16 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'verify that commits are gone' '
 
-	test_must_fail git cat-file -p 5ee1c35e83ea47cd3cc4f8cbee0568915fbbbd29 &&
-	git cat-file -p 08341ad9e94faa089d60fd3f523affb25c6da189 &&
-	git cat-file -p ab5f302035f2e7aaf04265f08b42034c23256e1f
+	test_must_fail git cat-file -p $third &&
+	git cat-file -p $second &&
+	git cat-file -p $first
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'verify that notes are still present' '
 
-	git notes show 5ee1c35e83ea47cd3cc4f8cbee0568915fbbbd29 &&
-	git notes show 08341ad9e94faa089d60fd3f523affb25c6da189 &&
-	git notes show ab5f302035f2e7aaf04265f08b42034c23256e1f
+	git notes show $third &&
+	git notes show $second &&
+	git notes show $first
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'prune -n does not remove notes' '
@@ -90,13 +93,10 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
-cat > expect <<EOF
-5ee1c35e83ea47cd3cc4f8cbee0568915fbbbd29
-EOF
 
 test_expect_success 'prune -n lists prunable notes' '
 
-
+	echo $third >expect &&
 	git notes prune -n > actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
@@ -109,9 +109,9 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'verify that notes are gone' '
 
-	test_must_fail git notes show 5ee1c35e83ea47cd3cc4f8cbee0568915fbbbd29 &&
-	git notes show 08341ad9e94faa089d60fd3f523affb25c6da189 &&
-	git notes show ab5f302035f2e7aaf04265f08b42034c23256e1f
+	test_must_fail git notes show $third &&
+	git notes show $second &&
+	git notes show $first
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'remove some commits' '
@@ -121,21 +121,18 @@
 	git gc --prune=now
 '
 
-cat > expect <<EOF
-08341ad9e94faa089d60fd3f523affb25c6da189
-EOF
-
 test_expect_success 'prune -v notes' '
 
+	echo $second >expect &&
 	git notes prune -v > actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'verify that notes are gone' '
 
-	test_must_fail git notes show 5ee1c35e83ea47cd3cc4f8cbee0568915fbbbd29 &&
-	test_must_fail git notes show 08341ad9e94faa089d60fd3f523affb25c6da189 &&
-	git notes show ab5f302035f2e7aaf04265f08b42034c23256e1f
+	test_must_fail git notes show $third &&
+	test_must_fail git notes show $second &&
+	git notes show $first
 '
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3400-rebase.sh b/t/t3400-rebase.sh
index 80b23fd..ab18ac5 100755
--- a/t/t3400-rebase.sh
+++ b/t/t3400-rebase.sh
@@ -295,12 +295,48 @@
 		echo two >>init.t &&
 		git commit -a -m two &&
 		git tag two &&
-		test_must_fail git rebase --onto init HEAD^ &&
+		test_must_fail git rebase -f --onto init HEAD^ &&
 		GIT_TRACE=1 git rebase --show-current-patch >/dev/null 2>stderr &&
 		grep "show.*$(git rev-parse two)" stderr
 	)
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'rebase --am and .gitattributes' '
+	test_create_repo attributes &&
+	(
+		cd attributes &&
+		test_commit init &&
+		git config filter.test.clean "sed -e '\''s/smudged/clean/g'\''" &&
+		git config filter.test.smudge "sed -e '\''s/clean/smudged/g'\''" &&
+
+		test_commit second &&
+		git checkout -b test HEAD^ &&
+
+		echo "*.txt filter=test" >.gitattributes &&
+		git add .gitattributes &&
+		test_commit third &&
+
+		echo "This text is smudged." >a.txt &&
+		git add a.txt &&
+		test_commit fourth &&
+
+		git checkout -b removal HEAD^ &&
+		git rm .gitattributes &&
+		git add -u &&
+		test_commit fifth &&
+		git cherry-pick test &&
+
+		git checkout test &&
+		git rebase master &&
+		grep "smudged" a.txt &&
+
+		git checkout removal &&
+		git reset --hard &&
+		git rebase master &&
+		grep "clean" a.txt
+	)
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'rebase--merge.sh and --show-current-patch' '
 	test_create_repo conflict-merge &&
 	(
diff --git a/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh b/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh
index 461dd53..29a3584 100755
--- a/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh
+++ b/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh
@@ -29,9 +29,6 @@
 
 . "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-rebase.sh
 
-# WARNING: Modifications to the initial repository can change the SHA ID used
-# in the expect2 file for the 'stop on conflicting pick' test.
-
 test_expect_success 'setup' '
 	test_commit A file1 &&
 	test_commit B file1 &&
@@ -155,8 +152,6 @@
 	test_i18ncmp expected actual
 '
 
-LF='
-'
 test_expect_success 'rebase -x with newline in command fails' '
 	test_when_finished "git rebase --abort ||:" &&
 	test_must_fail env git rebase -x "a${LF}b" @ 2>actual &&
@@ -233,25 +228,28 @@
 	set_fake_editor &&
 	FAKE_LINES="2 1" git rebase -i HEAD~2 &&
 	test H = $(git cat-file commit HEAD^ | sed -ne \$p) &&
-	test G = $(git cat-file commit HEAD | sed -ne \$p)
+	test G = $(git cat-file commit HEAD | sed -ne \$p) &&
+	blob1=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD^:file1) &&
+	blob2=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD:file1) &&
+	commit=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD)
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'stop on conflicting pick' '
-	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
 	diff --git a/file1 b/file1
-	index f70f10e..fd79235 100644
+	index $blob1..$blob2 100644
 	--- a/file1
 	+++ b/file1
 	@@ -1 +1 @@
 	-A
 	+G
 	EOF
-	cat >expect2 <<-\EOF &&
+	cat >expect2 <<-EOF &&
 	<<<<<<< HEAD
 	D
 	=======
 	G
-	>>>>>>> 5d18e54... G
+	>>>>>>> $commit... G
 	EOF
 	git tag new-branch1 &&
 	set_fake_editor &&
@@ -1003,7 +1001,7 @@
 	git checkout B &&
 	set_fake_editor &&
 	test_must_fail env FAKE_LINES="2" git rebase -i --root &&
-	git cat-file commit HEAD | grep "^tree 4b825dc642cb" &&
+	git cat-file commit HEAD | grep "^tree $EMPTY_TREE" &&
 	git rebase --abort
 '
 
@@ -1058,7 +1056,7 @@
 	git reset --hard &&
 	git checkout conflict-branch &&
 	set_fake_editor &&
-	test_must_fail git rebase --onto HEAD~2 HEAD~ &&
+	test_must_fail git rebase -f --onto HEAD~2 HEAD~ &&
 	test_must_fail git rebase --edit-todo &&
 	git rebase --abort
 '
@@ -1161,7 +1159,7 @@
 	test_expect_code 1 grep  "	emp" error
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'short SHA-1 setup' '
+test_expect_success SHA1 'short SHA-1 setup' '
 	test_when_finished "git checkout master" &&
 	git checkout --orphan collide &&
 	git rm -rf . &&
@@ -1173,7 +1171,7 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'short SHA-1 collide' '
+test_expect_success SHA1 'short SHA-1 collide' '
 	test_when_finished "reset_rebase && git checkout master" &&
 	git checkout collide &&
 	(
@@ -1419,7 +1417,6 @@
 	)
 '
 
-SQ="'"
 test_expect_success 'rebase -i --gpg-sign=<key-id>' '
 	test_when_finished "test_might_fail git rebase --abort" &&
 	set_fake_editor &&
diff --git a/t/t3416-rebase-onto-threedots.sh b/t/t3416-rebase-onto-threedots.sh
index ddf2f64..9c25484 100755
--- a/t/t3416-rebase-onto-threedots.sh
+++ b/t/t3416-rebase-onto-threedots.sh
@@ -99,7 +99,64 @@
 	git checkout side &&
 	git reset --hard K &&
 
+	set_fake_editor &&
 	test_must_fail git rebase -i --onto master...side J
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'rebase --keep-base --onto incompatible' '
+	test_must_fail git rebase --keep-base --onto master...
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'rebase --keep-base --root incompatible' '
+	test_must_fail git rebase --keep-base --root
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'rebase --keep-base master from topic' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+	git checkout topic &&
+	git reset --hard G &&
+
+	git rebase --keep-base master &&
+	git rev-parse C >base.expect &&
+	git merge-base master HEAD >base.actual &&
+	test_cmp base.expect base.actual &&
+
+	git rev-parse HEAD~2 >actual &&
+	git rev-parse C^0 >expect &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'rebase --keep-base master from side' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+	git checkout side &&
+	git reset --hard K &&
+
+	test_must_fail git rebase --keep-base master
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'rebase -i --keep-base master from topic' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+	git checkout topic &&
+	git reset --hard G &&
+
+	set_fake_editor &&
+	EXPECT_COUNT=2 git rebase -i --keep-base master &&
+	git rev-parse C >base.expect &&
+	git merge-base master HEAD >base.actual &&
+	test_cmp base.expect base.actual &&
+
+	git rev-parse HEAD~2 >actual &&
+	git rev-parse C^0 >expect &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'rebase -i --keep-base master from side' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+	git checkout side &&
+	git reset --hard K &&
+
+	set_fake_editor &&
+	test_must_fail git rebase -i --keep-base master
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3418-rebase-continue.sh b/t/t3418-rebase-continue.sh
index 4eff14d..7a2da97 100755
--- a/t/t3418-rebase-continue.sh
+++ b/t/t3418-rebase-continue.sh
@@ -120,6 +120,20 @@
 	git rebase --continue
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'rebase -r passes merge strategy options correctly' '
+	rm -fr .git/rebase-* &&
+	git reset --hard commit-new-file-F3-on-topic-branch &&
+	test_commit merge-theirs &&
+	git reset --hard HEAD^ &&
+	test_commit some-other-commit &&
+	test_tick &&
+	git merge --no-ff merge-theirs &&
+	FAKE_LINES="1 3 edit 4 5 7 8 9" git rebase -i -f -r -m \
+		-s recursive --strategy-option=theirs HEAD~2 &&
+	test_commit force-change-ours &&
+	git rebase --continue
+'
+
 test_expect_success '--skip after failed fixup cleans commit message' '
 	test_when_finished "test_might_fail git rebase --abort" &&
 	git checkout -b with-conflicting-fixup &&
diff --git a/t/t3421-rebase-topology-linear.sh b/t/t3421-rebase-topology-linear.sh
index 7274dca..b847064 100755
--- a/t/t3421-rebase-topology-linear.sh
+++ b/t/t3421-rebase-topology-linear.sh
@@ -31,6 +31,16 @@
 test_run_rebase success -i
 test_have_prereq !REBASE_P || test_run_rebase success -p
 
+test_expect_success 'setup branches and remote tracking' '
+	git tag -l >tags &&
+	for tag in $(cat tags)
+	do
+		git branch branch-$tag $tag || return 1
+	done &&
+	git remote add origin "file://$PWD" &&
+	git fetch origin
+'
+
 test_run_rebase () {
 	result=$1
 	shift
@@ -57,6 +67,7 @@
 	"
 }
 test_run_rebase success ''
+test_run_rebase success --fork-point
 test_run_rebase success -m
 test_run_rebase success -i
 test_have_prereq !REBASE_P || test_run_rebase failure -p
@@ -64,6 +75,23 @@
 test_run_rebase () {
 	result=$1
 	shift
+	test_expect_$result "rebase $* -f rewrites even if remote upstream is an ancestor" "
+		reset_rebase &&
+		git rebase $* -f branch-b branch-e &&
+		! test_cmp_rev branch-e origin/branch-e &&
+		test_cmp_rev branch-b HEAD~2 &&
+		test_linear_range 'd e' branch-b..
+	"
+}
+test_run_rebase success ''
+test_run_rebase success --fork-point
+test_run_rebase success -m
+test_run_rebase success -i
+test_have_prereq !REBASE_P || test_run_rebase success -p
+
+test_run_rebase () {
+	result=$1
+	shift
 	test_expect_$result "rebase $* fast-forwards from ancestor of upstream" "
 		reset_rebase &&
 		git rebase $* e b &&
@@ -71,6 +99,7 @@
 	"
 }
 test_run_rebase success ''
+test_run_rebase success --fork-point
 test_run_rebase success -m
 test_run_rebase success -i
 test_have_prereq !REBASE_P || test_run_rebase success -p
diff --git a/t/t3422-rebase-incompatible-options.sh b/t/t3422-rebase-incompatible-options.sh
index a5868ea..50e7960 100755
--- a/t/t3422-rebase-incompatible-options.sh
+++ b/t/t3422-rebase-incompatible-options.sh
@@ -76,14 +76,4 @@
 	test_must_fail git rebase --preserve-merges --rebase-merges A
 '
 
-test_expect_success '--rebase-merges incompatible with --strategy' '
-	git checkout B^0 &&
-	test_must_fail git rebase --rebase-merges -s resolve A
-'
-
-test_expect_success '--rebase-merges incompatible with --strategy-option' '
-	git checkout B^0 &&
-	test_must_fail git rebase --rebase-merges -Xignore-space-change A
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3427-rebase-subtree.sh b/t/t3427-rebase-subtree.sh
index d864052..bec48e6 100755
--- a/t/t3427-rebase-subtree.sh
+++ b/t/t3427-rebase-subtree.sh
@@ -11,113 +11,99 @@
 	git log --pretty=format:%s -1 "$1"
 }
 
+# There are a few bugs in the rebase with regards to the subtree strategy, and
+# this test script tries to document them.  First, the following commit history
+# is generated (the onelines are shown, time flows from left to right):
+#
+# master1 - master2 - master3
+#                             \
+# README ---------------------- Add subproject master - master4 - files_subtree/master5
+#
+# Where the merge moves the files master[123].t into the subdirectory
+# files_subtree/ and master4 as well as files_subtree/master5 add files to that
+# directory directly.
+#
+# Then, in subsequent test cases, `git filter-branch` is used to distill just
+# the commits that touch files_subtree/. To give it a final pre-rebase touch,
+# an empty commit is added on top. The pre-rebase commit history looks like
+# this:
+#
+# Add subproject master - master4 - files_subtree/master5 - Empty commit
+#
+# where the root commit adds three files: master1.t, master2.t and master3.t.
+#
+# This commit history is then rebased onto `master3` with the
+# `-Xsubtree=files_subtree` option in three different ways:
+#
+# 1. using `--preserve-merges`
+# 2. using `--preserve-merges` and --keep-empty
+# 3. without specifying a rebase backend
+
 test_expect_success 'setup' '
 	test_commit README &&
-	mkdir files &&
-	(
-		cd files &&
-		git init &&
-		test_commit master1 &&
-		test_commit master2 &&
-		test_commit master3
-	) &&
-	git fetch files master &&
-	git branch files-master FETCH_HEAD &&
-	git read-tree --prefix=files_subtree files-master &&
-	git checkout -- files_subtree &&
-	tree=$(git write-tree) &&
-	head=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
-	rev=$(git rev-parse --verify files-master^0) &&
-	commit=$(git commit-tree -p $head -p $rev -m "Add subproject master" $tree) &&
-	git update-ref HEAD $commit &&
-	(
-		cd files_subtree &&
-		test_commit master4
-	) &&
-	test_commit files_subtree/master5
+
+	git init files &&
+	test_commit -C files master1 &&
+	test_commit -C files master2 &&
+	test_commit -C files master3 &&
+
+	: perform subtree merge into files_subtree/ &&
+	git fetch files refs/heads/master:refs/heads/files-master &&
+	git merge -s ours --no-commit --allow-unrelated-histories \
+		files-master &&
+	git read-tree --prefix=files_subtree -u files-master &&
+	git commit -m "Add subproject master" &&
+
+	: add two extra commits to rebase &&
+	test_commit -C files_subtree master4 &&
+	test_commit files_subtree/master5 &&
+
+	git checkout -b to-rebase &&
+	git fast-export --no-data HEAD -- files_subtree/ |
+		sed -e "s%\([0-9a-f]\{40\} \)files_subtree/%\1%" |
+		git fast-import --force --quiet &&
+	git reset --hard &&
+	git commit -m "Empty commit" --allow-empty
 '
 
 # FAILURE: Does not preserve master4.
-test_expect_failure REBASE_P \
-	'Rebase -Xsubtree --preserve-merges --onto commit 4' '
+test_expect_failure REBASE_P 'Rebase -Xsubtree --preserve-merges --onto commit' '
 	reset_rebase &&
-	git checkout -b rebase-preserve-merges-4 master &&
-	git filter-branch --prune-empty -f --subdirectory-filter files_subtree &&
-	git commit -m "Empty commit" --allow-empty &&
+	git checkout -b rebase-preserve-merges to-rebase &&
 	git rebase -Xsubtree=files_subtree --preserve-merges --onto files-master master &&
-	verbose test "$(commit_message HEAD~)" = "files_subtree/master4"
-'
-
-# FAILURE: Does not preserve master5.
-test_expect_failure REBASE_P \
-	'Rebase -Xsubtree --preserve-merges --onto commit 5' '
-	reset_rebase &&
-	git checkout -b rebase-preserve-merges-5 master &&
-	git filter-branch --prune-empty -f --subdirectory-filter files_subtree &&
-	git commit -m "Empty commit" --allow-empty &&
-	git rebase -Xsubtree=files_subtree --preserve-merges --onto files-master master &&
+	verbose test "$(commit_message HEAD~)" = "master4" &&
 	verbose test "$(commit_message HEAD)" = "files_subtree/master5"
 '
 
 # FAILURE: Does not preserve master4.
-test_expect_failure REBASE_P \
-	'Rebase -Xsubtree --keep-empty --preserve-merges --onto commit 4' '
+test_expect_failure REBASE_P 'Rebase -Xsubtree --keep-empty --preserve-merges --onto commit' '
 	reset_rebase &&
-	git checkout -b rebase-keep-empty-4 master &&
-	git filter-branch --prune-empty -f --subdirectory-filter files_subtree &&
-	git commit -m "Empty commit" --allow-empty &&
+	git checkout -b rebase-keep-empty to-rebase &&
 	git rebase -Xsubtree=files_subtree --keep-empty --preserve-merges --onto files-master master &&
-	verbose test "$(commit_message HEAD~2)" = "files_subtree/master4"
-'
-
-# FAILURE: Does not preserve master5.
-test_expect_failure REBASE_P \
-	'Rebase -Xsubtree --keep-empty --preserve-merges --onto commit 5' '
-	reset_rebase &&
-	git checkout -b rebase-keep-empty-5 master &&
-	git filter-branch --prune-empty -f --subdirectory-filter files_subtree &&
-	git commit -m "Empty commit" --allow-empty &&
-	git rebase -Xsubtree=files_subtree --keep-empty --preserve-merges --onto files-master master &&
-	verbose test "$(commit_message HEAD~)" = "files_subtree/master5"
-'
-
-# FAILURE: Does not preserve Empty.
-test_expect_failure REBASE_P \
-	'Rebase -Xsubtree --keep-empty --preserve-merges --onto empty commit' '
-	reset_rebase &&
-	git checkout -b rebase-keep-empty-empty master &&
-	git filter-branch --prune-empty -f --subdirectory-filter files_subtree &&
-	git commit -m "Empty commit" --allow-empty &&
-	git rebase -Xsubtree=files_subtree --keep-empty --preserve-merges --onto files-master master &&
+	verbose test "$(commit_message HEAD~2)" = "master4" &&
+	verbose test "$(commit_message HEAD~)" = "files_subtree/master5" &&
 	verbose test "$(commit_message HEAD)" = "Empty commit"
 '
 
-# FAILURE: fatal: Could not parse object
-test_expect_failure 'Rebase -Xsubtree --onto commit 4' '
+test_expect_success 'Rebase -Xsubtree --keep-empty --onto commit' '
 	reset_rebase &&
-	git checkout -b rebase-onto-4 master &&
-	git filter-branch --prune-empty -f --subdirectory-filter files_subtree &&
-	git commit -m "Empty commit" --allow-empty &&
-	git rebase -Xsubtree=files_subtree --onto files-master master &&
-	verbose test "$(commit_message HEAD~2)" = "files_subtree/master4"
+	git checkout -b rebase-onto to-rebase &&
+	test_must_fail git rebase -Xsubtree=files_subtree --keep-empty --onto files-master master &&
+	: first pick results in no changes &&
+	git rebase --continue &&
+	verbose test "$(commit_message HEAD~2)" = "master4" &&
+	verbose test "$(commit_message HEAD~)" = "files_subtree/master5" &&
+	verbose test "$(commit_message HEAD)" = "Empty commit"
 '
 
-# FAILURE: fatal: Could not parse object
-test_expect_failure 'Rebase -Xsubtree --onto commit 5' '
+test_expect_success 'Rebase -Xsubtree --keep-empty --rebase-merges --onto commit' '
 	reset_rebase &&
-	git checkout -b rebase-onto-5 master &&
-	git filter-branch --prune-empty -f --subdirectory-filter files_subtree &&
-	git commit -m "Empty commit" --allow-empty &&
-	git rebase -Xsubtree=files_subtree --onto files-master master &&
-	verbose test "$(commit_message HEAD~)" = "files_subtree/master5"
-'
-# FAILURE: fatal: Could not parse object
-test_expect_failure 'Rebase -Xsubtree --onto empty commit' '
-	reset_rebase &&
-	git checkout -b rebase-onto-empty master &&
-	git filter-branch --prune-empty -f --subdirectory-filter files_subtree &&
-	git commit -m "Empty commit" --allow-empty &&
-	git rebase -Xsubtree=files_subtree --onto files-master master &&
+	git checkout -b rebase-merges-onto to-rebase &&
+	test_must_fail git rebase -Xsubtree=files_subtree --keep-empty --rebase-merges --onto files-master --root &&
+	: first pick results in no changes &&
+	git rebase --continue &&
+	verbose test "$(commit_message HEAD~2)" = "master4" &&
+	verbose test "$(commit_message HEAD~)" = "files_subtree/master5" &&
 	verbose test "$(commit_message HEAD)" = "Empty commit"
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t3430-rebase-merges.sh b/t/t3430-rebase-merges.sh
index 7b6c484..9efcf48 100755
--- a/t/t3430-rebase-merges.sh
+++ b/t/t3430-rebase-merges.sh
@@ -37,20 +37,27 @@
 	test_commit A &&
 	git checkout -b first &&
 	test_commit B &&
+	b=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD) &&
 	git checkout master &&
 	test_commit C &&
+	c=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD) &&
 	test_commit D &&
+	d=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD) &&
 	git merge --no-commit B &&
 	test_tick &&
 	git commit -m E &&
 	git tag -m E E &&
+	e=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD) &&
 	git checkout -b second C &&
 	test_commit F &&
+	f=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD) &&
 	test_commit G &&
+	g=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD) &&
 	git checkout master &&
 	git merge --no-commit G &&
 	test_tick &&
 	git commit -m H &&
+	h=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD) &&
 	git tag -m H H &&
 	git checkout A &&
 	test_commit conflicting-G G.t
@@ -93,24 +100,24 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'generate correct todo list' '
-	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
 	label onto
 
 	reset onto
-	pick d9df450 B
+	pick $b B
 	label E
 
 	reset onto
-	pick 5dee784 C
+	pick $c C
 	label branch-point
-	pick ca2c861 F
-	pick 088b00a G
+	pick $f F
+	pick $g G
 	label H
 
 	reset branch-point # C
-	pick 12bd07b D
-	merge -C 2051b56 E # E
-	merge -C 233d48a H # H
+	pick $d D
+	merge -C $e E # E
+	merge -C $h H # H
 
 	EOF
 
@@ -151,7 +158,6 @@
 	test_path_is_file .git/rebase-merge/patch
 '
 
-SQ="'"
 test_expect_success 'failed `merge <branch>` does not crash' '
 	test_when_finished "test_might_fail git rebase --abort" &&
 	git checkout conflicting-G &&
@@ -441,4 +447,25 @@
 	test_path_is_missing .git/MERGE_HEAD
 '
 
+test_expect_success '--rebase-merges with strategies' '
+	git checkout -b with-a-strategy F &&
+	test_tick &&
+	git merge -m "Merge conflicting-G" conflicting-G &&
+
+	: first, test with a merge strategy option &&
+	git rebase -ir -Xtheirs G &&
+	echo conflicting-G >expect &&
+	test_cmp expect G.t &&
+
+	: now, try with a merge strategy other than recursive &&
+	git reset --hard @{1} &&
+	write_script git-merge-override <<-\EOF &&
+	echo overridden$1 >>G.t
+	git add G.t
+	EOF
+	PATH="$PWD:$PATH" git rebase -ir -s override -Xxopt G &&
+	test_write_lines G overridden--xopt >expect &&
+	test_cmp expect G.t
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3431-rebase-fork-point.sh b/t/t3431-rebase-fork-point.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..78851b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t3431-rebase-fork-point.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2019 Denton Liu
+#
+
+test_description='git rebase --fork-point test'
+
+. ./test-lib.sh
+
+# A---B---D---E    (master)
+#      \
+#       C*---F---G (side)
+#
+# C was formerly part of master but master was rewound to remove C
+#
+test_expect_success setup '
+	test_commit A &&
+	test_commit B &&
+	test_commit C &&
+	git branch -t side &&
+	git reset --hard HEAD^ &&
+	test_commit D &&
+	test_commit E &&
+	git checkout side &&
+	test_commit F &&
+	test_commit G
+'
+
+test_rebase () {
+	expected="$1" &&
+	shift &&
+	test_expect_success "git rebase $*" "
+		git checkout master &&
+		git reset --hard E &&
+		git checkout side &&
+		git reset --hard G &&
+		git rebase $* &&
+		test_write_lines $expected >expect &&
+		git log --pretty=%s >actual &&
+		test_cmp expect actual
+	"
+}
+
+test_rebase 'G F E D B A'
+test_rebase 'G F D B A' --onto D
+test_rebase 'G F B A' --keep-base
+test_rebase 'G F C E D B A' --no-fork-point
+test_rebase 'G F C D B A' --no-fork-point --onto D
+test_rebase 'G F C B A' --no-fork-point --keep-base
+test_rebase 'G F E D B A' --fork-point refs/heads/master
+test_rebase 'G F D B A' --fork-point --onto D refs/heads/master
+test_rebase 'G F B A' --fork-point --keep-base refs/heads/master
+test_rebase 'G F C E D B A' refs/heads/master
+test_rebase 'G F C D B A' --onto D refs/heads/master
+test_rebase 'G F C B A' --keep-base refs/heads/master
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/t3432-rebase-fast-forward.sh b/t/t3432-rebase-fast-forward.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..034ffc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t3432-rebase-fast-forward.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2019 Denton Liu
+#
+
+test_description='ensure rebase fast-forwards commits when possible'
+
+. ./test-lib.sh
+
+test_expect_success setup '
+	test_commit A &&
+	test_commit B &&
+	test_commit C &&
+	test_commit D &&
+	git checkout -t -b side
+'
+
+test_rebase_same_head () {
+	status_n="$1" &&
+	shift &&
+	what_n="$1" &&
+	shift &&
+	cmp_n="$1" &&
+	shift &&
+	status_f="$1" &&
+	shift &&
+	what_f="$1" &&
+	shift &&
+	cmp_f="$1" &&
+	shift &&
+	test_rebase_same_head_ $status_n $what_n $cmp_n "" "$*" &&
+	test_rebase_same_head_ $status_f $what_f $cmp_f " --no-ff" "$*"
+}
+
+test_rebase_same_head_ () {
+	status="$1" &&
+	shift &&
+	what="$1" &&
+	shift &&
+	cmp="$1" &&
+	shift &&
+	flag="$1"
+	shift &&
+	test_expect_$status "git rebase$flag $* with $changes is $what with $cmp HEAD" "
+		oldhead=\$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
+		test_when_finished 'git reset --hard \$oldhead' &&
+		git rebase$flag $* >stdout &&
+		if test $what = work
+		then
+			# Must check this case first, for 'is up to
+			# date, rebase forced[...]rewinding head' cases
+			test_i18ngrep 'rewinding head' stdout
+		elif test $what = noop
+		then
+			test_i18ngrep 'is up to date' stdout &&
+			test_i18ngrep ! 'rebase forced' stdout
+		elif test $what = noop-force
+		then
+			test_i18ngrep 'is up to date, rebase forced' stdout
+		fi &&
+		newhead=\$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
+		if test $cmp = same
+		then
+			test_cmp_rev \$oldhead \$newhead
+		elif test $cmp = diff
+		then
+			! test_cmp_rev \$oldhead \$newhead
+		fi
+	"
+}
+
+changes='no changes'
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success work same
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success noop-force same master
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success noop-force diff --onto B B
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success noop-force diff --onto B... B
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success noop-force same --onto master... master
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success noop-force same --keep-base master
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success noop-force same --keep-base
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success noop-force same --no-fork-point
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success noop-force same --keep-base --no-fork-point
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success work same --fork-point master
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success work diff --fork-point --onto B B
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success work diff --fork-point --onto B... B
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success work same --fork-point --onto master... master
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success work same --keep-base --keep-base master
+
+test_expect_success 'add work same to side' '
+	test_commit E
+'
+
+changes='our changes'
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success work same
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success noop-force same master
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success noop-force diff --onto B B
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success noop-force diff --onto B... B
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success noop-force same --onto master... master
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success noop-force same --keep-base master
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success noop-force same --keep-base
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success noop-force same --no-fork-point
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success noop-force same --keep-base --no-fork-point
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success work same --fork-point master
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success work diff --fork-point --onto B B
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success work diff --fork-point --onto B... B
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success work same --fork-point --onto master... master
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success work same --fork-point --keep-base master
+
+test_expect_success 'add work same to upstream' '
+	git checkout master &&
+	test_commit F &&
+	git checkout side
+'
+
+changes='our and their changes'
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success noop-force diff --onto B B
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success noop-force diff --onto B... B
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success work diff --onto master... master
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success work diff --keep-base master
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success work diff --keep-base
+test_rebase_same_head failure work same success work diff --fork-point --onto B B
+test_rebase_same_head failure work same success work diff --fork-point --onto B... B
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success work diff --fork-point --onto master... master
+test_rebase_same_head success noop same success work diff --fork-point --keep-base master
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/t3506-cherry-pick-ff.sh b/t/t3506-cherry-pick-ff.sh
index 127dd00..9d5adbc 100755
--- a/t/t3506-cherry-pick-ff.sh
+++ b/t/t3506-cherry-pick-ff.sh
@@ -16,7 +16,11 @@
 	git add file1 &&
 	test_tick &&
 	git commit -m "second" &&
-	git tag second
+	git tag second &&
+	test_oid_cache <<-EOF
+	cp_ff sha1:1df192cd8bc58a2b275d842cede4d221ad9000d1
+	cp_ff sha256:e70d6b7fc064bddb516b8d512c9057094b96ce6ff08e12080acc4fe7f1d60a1d
+	EOF
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'cherry-pick using --ff fast forwards' '
@@ -102,7 +106,7 @@
 	git add file2 &&
 	git commit --amend -m "file2" &&
 	git cherry-pick --ff first &&
-	test "$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD)" = "1df192cd8bc58a2b275d842cede4d221ad9000d1"
+	test "$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD)" = "$(test_oid cp_ff)"
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'cherry-pick --ff on unborn branch' '
diff --git a/t/t3600-rm.sh b/t/t3600-rm.sh
index 66282a7..8c8cca5 100755
--- a/t/t3600-rm.sh
+++ b/t/t3600-rm.sh
@@ -240,12 +240,14 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'choking "git rm" should not let it die with cruft' '
+	test_oid_init &&
 	git reset -q --hard &&
 	test_when_finished "rm -f .git/index.lock && git reset -q --hard" &&
 	i=0 &&
+	hash=$(test_oid deadbeef) &&
 	while test $i -lt 12000
 	do
-		echo "100644 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890 0	some-file-$i"
+		echo "100644 $hash 0	some-file-$i"
 		i=$(( $i + 1 ))
 	done | git update-index --index-info &&
 	git rm -n "some-file-*" | : &&
diff --git a/t/t3800-mktag.sh b/t/t3800-mktag.sh
index 8eb4794..64dcc5e 100755
--- a/t/t3800-mktag.sh
+++ b/t/t3800-mktag.sh
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 # first create a commit, so we have a valid object/type
 # for the tag.
 test_expect_success 'setup' '
+	test_oid_init &&
 	echo Hello >A &&
 	git update-index --add A &&
 	git commit -m "Initial commit" &&
@@ -69,28 +70,28 @@
 #  4. type line label check
 
 cat >tag.sig <<EOF
-object 779e9b33986b1c2670fff52c5067603117b3e895
+object $head
 xxxx tag
 tag mytag
 tagger . <> 0 +0000
 
 EOF
 
-check_verify_failure '"type" line label check' '^error: char47: .*"\\ntype "$'
+check_verify_failure '"type" line label check' '^error: char.*: .*"\\ntype "$'
 
 ############################################################
 #  5. type line eol check
 
-echo "object 779e9b33986b1c2670fff52c5067603117b3e895" >tag.sig
+echo "object $head" >tag.sig
 printf "type tagsssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss" >>tag.sig
 
-check_verify_failure '"type" line eol check' '^error: char48: .*"\\n"$'
+check_verify_failure '"type" line eol check' '^error: char.*: .*"\\n"$'
 
 ############################################################
 #  6. tag line label check #1
 
 cat >tag.sig <<EOF
-object 779e9b33986b1c2670fff52c5067603117b3e895
+object $head
 type tag
 xxx mytag
 tagger . <> 0 +0000
@@ -98,37 +99,37 @@
 EOF
 
 check_verify_failure '"tag" line label check #1' \
-	'^error: char57: no "tag " found$'
+	'^error: char.*: no "tag " found$'
 
 ############################################################
 #  7. tag line label check #2
 
 cat >tag.sig <<EOF
-object 779e9b33986b1c2670fff52c5067603117b3e895
+object $head
 type taggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg
 tag
 EOF
 
 check_verify_failure '"tag" line label check #2' \
-	'^error: char87: no "tag " found$'
+	'^error: char.*: no "tag " found$'
 
 ############################################################
 #  8. type line type-name length check
 
 cat >tag.sig <<EOF
-object 779e9b33986b1c2670fff52c5067603117b3e895
+object $head
 type taggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg
 tag mytag
 EOF
 
 check_verify_failure '"type" line type-name length check' \
-	'^error: char53: type too long$'
+	'^error: char.*: type too long$'
 
 ############################################################
 #  9. verify object (SHA1/type) check
 
 cat >tag.sig <<EOF
-object 779e9b33986b1c2670fff52c5067603117b3e895
+object $(test_oid deadbeef)
 type tagggg
 tag mytag
 tagger . <> 0 +0000
@@ -150,7 +151,7 @@
 EOF
 
 check_verify_failure 'verify tag-name check' \
-	'^error: char67: could not verify tag name$'
+	'^error: char.*: could not verify tag name$'
 
 ############################################################
 # 11. tagger line label check #1
@@ -164,7 +165,7 @@
 EOF
 
 check_verify_failure '"tagger" line label check #1' \
-	'^error: char70: could not find "tagger "$'
+	'^error: char.*: could not find "tagger "$'
 
 ############################################################
 # 12. tagger line label check #2
@@ -179,7 +180,7 @@
 EOF
 
 check_verify_failure '"tagger" line label check #2' \
-	'^error: char70: could not find "tagger "$'
+	'^error: char.*: could not find "tagger "$'
 
 ############################################################
 # 13. disallow missing tag author name
@@ -194,7 +195,7 @@
 EOF
 
 check_verify_failure 'disallow missing tag author name' \
-	'^error: char77: missing tagger name$'
+	'^error: char.*: missing tagger name$'
 
 ############################################################
 # 14. disallow missing tag author name
@@ -209,7 +210,7 @@
 EOF
 
 check_verify_failure 'disallow malformed tagger' \
-	'^error: char77: malformed tagger field$'
+	'^error: char.*: malformed tagger field$'
 
 ############################################################
 # 15. allow empty tag email
@@ -238,7 +239,7 @@
 EOF
 
 check_verify_failure 'disallow spaces in tag email' \
-	'^error: char77: malformed tagger field$'
+	'^error: char.*: malformed tagger field$'
 
 ############################################################
 # 17. disallow missing tag timestamp
@@ -252,7 +253,7 @@
 EOF
 
 check_verify_failure 'disallow missing tag timestamp' \
-	'^error: char107: missing tag timestamp$'
+	'^error: char.*: missing tag timestamp$'
 
 ############################################################
 # 18. detect invalid tag timestamp1
@@ -266,7 +267,7 @@
 EOF
 
 check_verify_failure 'detect invalid tag timestamp1' \
-	'^error: char107: missing tag timestamp$'
+	'^error: char.*: missing tag timestamp$'
 
 ############################################################
 # 19. detect invalid tag timestamp2
@@ -280,7 +281,7 @@
 EOF
 
 check_verify_failure 'detect invalid tag timestamp2' \
-	'^error: char111: malformed tag timestamp$'
+	'^error: char.*: malformed tag timestamp$'
 
 ############################################################
 # 20. detect invalid tag timezone1
@@ -294,7 +295,7 @@
 EOF
 
 check_verify_failure 'detect invalid tag timezone1' \
-	'^error: char118: malformed tag timezone$'
+	'^error: char.*: malformed tag timezone$'
 
 ############################################################
 # 21. detect invalid tag timezone2
@@ -308,7 +309,7 @@
 EOF
 
 check_verify_failure 'detect invalid tag timezone2' \
-	'^error: char118: malformed tag timezone$'
+	'^error: char.*: malformed tag timezone$'
 
 ############################################################
 # 22. detect invalid tag timezone3
@@ -322,7 +323,7 @@
 EOF
 
 check_verify_failure 'detect invalid tag timezone3' \
-	'^error: char118: malformed tag timezone$'
+	'^error: char.*: malformed tag timezone$'
 
 ############################################################
 # 23. detect invalid header entry
@@ -337,7 +338,7 @@
 EOF
 
 check_verify_failure 'detect invalid header entry' \
-	'^error: char124: trailing garbage in tag header$'
+	'^error: char.*: trailing garbage in tag header$'
 
 ############################################################
 # 24. create valid tag
diff --git a/t/t3903-stash.sh b/t/t3903-stash.sh
index b8e3378..820b350 100755
--- a/t/t3903-stash.sh
+++ b/t/t3903-stash.sh
@@ -7,6 +7,18 @@
 
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
+diff_cmp () {
+	for i in "$1" "$2"
+	do
+		sed -e 's/^index 0000000\.\.[0-9a-f]*/index 0000000..1234567/' \
+		-e 's/^index [0-9a-f]*\.\.[0-9a-f]*/index 1234567..89abcde/' \
+		-e 's/^index [0-9a-f]*,[0-9a-f]*\.\.[0-9a-f]*/index 1234567,7654321..89abcde/' \
+		"$i" >"$i.compare" || return 1
+	done &&
+	test_cmp "$1.compare" "$2.compare" &&
+	rm -f "$1.compare" "$2.compare"
+}
+
 test_expect_success 'stash some dirty working directory' '
 	echo 1 >file &&
 	git add file &&
@@ -36,7 +48,7 @@
 test_expect_success 'parents of stash' '
 	test $(git rev-parse stash^) = $(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	git diff stash^2..stash >output &&
-	test_cmp expect output
+	diff_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'applying bogus stash does nothing' '
@@ -210,13 +222,13 @@
 	test refs/heads/stashbranch = $(git symbolic-ref HEAD) &&
 	test $(git rev-parse HEAD) = $(git rev-parse master^) &&
 	git diff --cached >output &&
-	test_cmp expect output &&
+	diff_cmp expect output &&
 	git diff >output &&
-	test_cmp expect1 output &&
+	diff_cmp expect1 output &&
 	git add file &&
 	git commit -m alternate\ second &&
 	git diff master..stashbranch >output &&
-	test_cmp output expect2 &&
+	diff_cmp output expect2 &&
 	test 0 = $(git stash list | wc -l)
 '
 
@@ -577,7 +589,7 @@
 	+bar
 	EOF
 	git stash show -p ${STASH_ID} >actual &&
-	test_cmp expected actual
+	diff_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'stash show - no stashes on stack, stash-like argument' '
@@ -609,7 +621,7 @@
 	+foo
 	EOF
 	git stash show -p ${STASH_ID} >actual &&
-	test_cmp expected actual
+	diff_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'stash show --patience shows diff' '
@@ -627,7 +639,7 @@
 	+foo
 	EOF
 	git stash show --patience ${STASH_ID} >actual &&
-	test_cmp expected actual
+	diff_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'drop: fail early if specified stash is not a stash ref' '
@@ -791,7 +803,7 @@
 	git diff-index --cached --quiet HEAD &&
 	test "$(git rev-parse stash^)" = "$(git rev-parse HEAD)" &&
 	git diff stash^..stash >output &&
-	test_cmp expect output
+	diff_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'store called with invalid commit' '
@@ -847,7 +859,7 @@
 	+working
 	EOF
 	git stash list --format=%gd -p >actual &&
-	test_cmp expect actual
+	diff_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'stash list --cc shows combined diff' '
@@ -864,7 +876,7 @@
 	++working
 	EOF
 	git stash list --format=%gd -p --cc >actual &&
-	test_cmp expect actual
+	diff_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'stash is not confused by partial renames' '
diff --git a/t/t4000-diff-format.sh b/t/t4000-diff-format.sh
index 8de36b7..e5116a7 100755
--- a/t/t4000-diff-format.sh
+++ b/t/t4000-diff-format.sh
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'git diff-files --no-patch --patch-with-raw shows the patch and raw data' '
 	git diff-files --no-patch --patch-with-raw >actual &&
-	grep -q "^:100644 100755 .* 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 M	path0\$" actual &&
+	grep -q "^:100644 100755 .* $ZERO_OID M	path0\$" actual &&
 	tail -n +4 actual >actual-patch &&
 	compare_diff_patch expected actual-patch
 '
diff --git a/t/t4002-diff-basic.sh b/t/t4002-diff-basic.sh
index 3a6c21e..cbcdd10 100755
--- a/t/t4002-diff-basic.sh
+++ b/t/t4002-diff-basic.sh
@@ -7,123 +7,272 @@
 
 '
 . ./test-lib.sh
+
 . "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-read-tree-m-3way.sh
 
-cat >.test-plain-OA <<\EOF
-:000000 100644 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 ccba72ad3888a3520b39efcf780b9ee64167535d A	AA
-:000000 100644 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 7e426fb079479fd67f6d81f984e4ec649a44bc25 A	AN
-:100644 000000 bcc68ef997017466d5c9094bcf7692295f588c9a 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 D	DD
-:000000 040000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 6d50f65d3bdab91c63444294d38f08aeff328e42 A	DF
-:100644 000000 141c1f1642328e4bc46a7d801a71da392e66791e 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 D	DM
-:100644 000000 35abde1506ddf806572ff4d407bd06885d0f8ee9 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 D	DN
-:000000 100644 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 1d41122ebdd7a640f29d3c9cc4f9d70094374762 A	LL
-:100644 100644 03f24c8c4700babccfd28b654e7e8eac402ad6cd 103d9f89b50b9aad03054b579be5e7aa665f2d57 M	MD
-:100644 100644 b258508afb7ceb449981bd9d63d2d3e971bf8d34 b431b272d829ff3aa4d1a5085f4394ab4d3305b6 M	MM
-:100644 100644 bd084b0c27c7b6cc34f11d6d0509a29be3caf970 a716d58de4a570e0038f5c307bd8db34daea021f M	MN
-:100644 100644 40c959f984c8b89a2b02520d17f00d717f024397 2ac547ae9614a00d1b28275de608131f7a0e259f M	SS
-:100644 100644 4ac13458899ab908ef3b1128fa378daefc88d356 4c86f9a85fbc5e6804ee2e17a797538fbe785bca M	TT
-:040000 040000 7d670fdcdb9929f6c7dac196ff78689cd1c566a1 5e5f22072bb39f6e12cf663a57cb634c76eefb49 M	Z
+test_oid_init
+
+test_oid_cache <<\EOF
+aa_1 sha1:ccba72ad3888a3520b39efcf780b9ee64167535d
+aa_1 sha256:9febfbf18197819b2735c45291f138525d2476d59470f98239647544586ba403
+
+aa_2 sha1:6aa2b5335b16431a0ef71e5c0a28be69183cf6a2
+aa_2 sha256:6eaa3437de83f145a4aaa6ba355303075ade547b128ec6a2cd00a81ff7ce7a56
+
+an_1 sha1:7e426fb079479fd67f6d81f984e4ec649a44bc25
+an_1 sha256:8f92a0bec99e399a38e3bd0e1bf19fbf121e0160efb29b857df79d439f1c4536
+
+dd_1 sha1:bcc68ef997017466d5c9094bcf7692295f588c9a
+dd_1 sha256:07e17428b00639b85485d2b01083d219e2f3e3ba8579e9ca44e9cc8dd554d952
+
+df_1 sha1:6d50f65d3bdab91c63444294d38f08aeff328e42
+df_1 sha256:e367cecc27e9bf5451b1c65828cb21938d36a5f8e39c1b03ad6509cc36bb8e9d
+
+df_2 sha1:71420ab81e254145d26d6fc0cddee64c1acd4787
+df_2 sha256:0f0a86d10347ff6921d03a3c954679f3f1d14fa3d5cd82f57b32c09755f3a47d
+
+dfd1 sha1:68a6d8b91da11045cf4aa3a5ab9f2a781c701249
+dfd1 sha256:f3bd3265b02b6978ce86490d8ad026c573639c974b3de1d9faf30d8d5a77d3d5
+
+dm_1 sha1:141c1f1642328e4bc46a7d801a71da392e66791e
+dm_1 sha256:c89f8656e7b94e21ee5fbaf0e2149bbf783c51edbe2ce110349cac13059ee7ed
+
+dm_2 sha1:3c4d8de5fbad08572bab8e10eef8dbb264cf0231
+dm_2 sha256:83a572e37e0c94086294dae2cecc43d9131afd6f6c906e495c78972230b54988
+
+dn_1 sha1:35abde1506ddf806572ff4d407bd06885d0f8ee9
+dn_1 sha256:775d5852582070e620be63327bfa515fab8f71c7ac3e4f0c3cd6267b4377ba28
+
+ll_2 sha1:1d41122ebdd7a640f29d3c9cc4f9d70094374762
+ll_2 sha256:7917b4948a883cfed0a77d3d5a625dc8577d6ddcc3c6c3bbc56c4d4226a2246d
+
+md_1 sha1:03f24c8c4700babccfd28b654e7e8eac402ad6cd
+md_1 sha256:fc9f30369b978595ad685ba11ca9a17de0af16d79cd4b629975f4f1590033902
+
+md_2 sha1:103d9f89b50b9aad03054b579be5e7aa665f2d57
+md_2 sha256:fc78ec75275628762fe520479a6b2398dec295ce7aabcb1d15e5963c7b4e9317
+
+mm_1 sha1:b258508afb7ceb449981bd9d63d2d3e971bf8d34
+mm_1 sha256:a4b7847d228e900e3000285e240c20fd96f9dd41ce1445305f6eada126d4a04a
+
+mm_2 sha1:b431b272d829ff3aa4d1a5085f4394ab4d3305b6
+mm_2 sha256:3f8b83ea36aacf689bcf1a1290a9a8ed341564d32682ea6f76fea9a979186782
+
+mm_3 sha1:19989d4559aae417fedee240ccf2ba315ea4dc2b
+mm_3 sha256:71b3bfc5747ac033fff9ea0ab39ee453a3af2969890e75d6ef547b87544e2681
+
+mn_1 sha1:bd084b0c27c7b6cc34f11d6d0509a29be3caf970
+mn_1 sha256:47a67450583d7a329eb01a7c4ba644945af72c0ed2c7c95eb5a00d6e46d4d483
+
+mn_2 sha1:a716d58de4a570e0038f5c307bd8db34daea021f
+mn_2 sha256:f95104c1ebe27acb84bac25a7be98c71f6b8d3054b21f357a5be0c524ad97e08
+
+nm_1 sha1:c8f25781e8f1792e3e40b74225e20553041b5226
+nm_1 sha256:09baddc7afaa62e62e152c23c9c3ab94bf15a3894031e227e9be7fe68e1f4e49
+
+nm_2 sha1:cdb9a8c3da571502ac30225e9c17beccb8387983
+nm_2 sha256:58b5227956ac2d2a08d0efa513c0ae37430948b16791ea3869a1308dbf05536d
+
+na_1 sha1:15885881ea69115351c09b38371f0348a3fb8c67
+na_1 sha256:18e4fdd1670cd7968ee23d35bfd29e5418d56fb190c840094c1c57ceee0aad8f
+
+nd_1 sha1:a4e179e4291e5536a5e1c82e091052772d2c5a93
+nd_1 sha256:07dac9b01d00956ea0c65bd993d7de4864aeef2ed3cbb1255d9f1d949fcd6df6
+
+ss_1 sha1:40c959f984c8b89a2b02520d17f00d717f024397
+ss_1 sha256:50fc1b5df74d9910db2f9270993484235f15b69b75b01bcfb53e059289d14af9
+
+ss_2 sha1:2ac547ae9614a00d1b28275de608131f7a0e259f
+ss_2 sha256:a90f02e6044f1497d13db587d22ab12f90150a7d1e084afcf96065fab35ae2bc
+
+tt_1 sha1:4ac13458899ab908ef3b1128fa378daefc88d356
+tt_1 sha256:c53113c7dd5060e86b5b251428bd058f6726f66273c6a24bff1c61a04f498dd3
+
+tt_2 sha1:4c86f9a85fbc5e6804ee2e17a797538fbe785bca
+tt_2 sha256:0775f2a296129a7cf2862b46bc0e88c14d593f2773a3e3fb1c5193db6f5a7e77
+
+tt_3 sha1:c4e4a12231b9fa79a0053cb6077fcb21bb5b135a
+tt_3 sha256:47860f93cdd211f96443e0560f21c57ab6c2f4b0ac27ff03651a352e53fe8484
+
+z__1 sha1:7d670fdcdb9929f6c7dac196ff78689cd1c566a1
+z__1 sha256:44d0f37aff5e51cfcfdd1134c93a6419bcca7b9964f792ffcd5f9b4fcba1ee63
+
+z__2 sha1:5e5f22072bb39f6e12cf663a57cb634c76eefb49
+z__2 sha256:d29de162113190fed104eb5f010820cef4e315f89b9326e8497f7219fb737894
+
+z__3 sha1:1ba523955d5160681af65cb776411f574c1e8155
+z__3 sha256:07422d772b07794ab4369a5648e617719f89c2d2212cbeab05d97214b6471636
+
+zaa1 sha1:8acb8e9750e3f644bf323fcf3d338849db106c77
+zaa1 sha256:e79b029282c8abec2d9f3f7faceaf2a1405e02d1f368e66450ae66cf5b68d1f4
+
+zaa2 sha1:6c0b99286d0bce551ac4a7b3dff8b706edff3715
+zaa2 sha256:c82bd78c3e69ea1796e6b1a7a3ba45bb106c50e819296475b862123d3f5cc5a0
+
+zan1 sha1:087494262084cefee7ed484d20c8dc0580791272
+zan1 sha256:4b159eb3804d05599023dd074f771d06d02870f4ab24a7165add8ac3d703b8d3
+
+zdd1 sha1:879007efae624d2b1307214b24a956f0a8d686a8
+zdd1 sha256:eecfdd4d8092dd0363fb6d4548b54c6afc8982c3ed9b34e393f1d6a921d8eaa3
+
+zdm1 sha1:9b541b2275c06e3a7b13f28badf5294e2ae63df4
+zdm1 sha256:ab136e88e19a843c4bf7713d2090d5a2186ba16a6a80dacc12eeddd256a8e556
+
+zdm2 sha1:d77371d15817fcaa57eeec27f770c505ba974ec1
+zdm2 sha256:1c1a5f57363f46a15d95ce8527b3c2c158d88d16853b4acbf81bd20fd2c89a46
+
+zdn1 sha1:beb5d38c55283d280685ea21a0e50cfcc0ca064a
+zdn1 sha256:0f0eca66183617b0aa5ad74b256540329f841470922ca6760263c996d825eb18
+
+zmd1 sha1:d41fda41b7ec4de46b43cb7ea42a45001ae393d5
+zmd1 sha256:1ed32d481852eddf31a0ce12652a0ad14bf5b7a842667b5dbb0b50f35bf1c80a
+
+zmd2 sha1:a79ac3be9377639e1c7d1edf1ae1b3a5f0ccd8a9
+zmd2 sha256:b238da211b404f8917df2d9c6f7030535e904b2186131007a3c292ec6902f933
+
+zmm1 sha1:4ca22bae2527d3d9e1676498a0fba3b355bd1278
+zmm1 sha256:072b1d85b5f34fabc99dfa46008c5418df68302d3e317430006f49b32d244226
+
+zmm2 sha1:61422ba9c2c873416061a88cd40a59a35b576474
+zmm2 sha256:81dd5d2b3c5cda16fef552256aed4e2ea0802a8450a08f308a92142112ff6dda
+
+zmm3 sha1:697aad7715a1e7306ca76290a3dd4208fbaeddfa
+zmm3 sha256:8b10fab49e9be3414aa5e9a93d0e46f9569053440138a7c19a5eb5536d8e95bf
+
+zmn1 sha1:b16d7b25b869f2beb124efa53467d8a1550ad694
+zmn1 sha256:609e4f75d1295e844c826feeba213acb0b6cfc609adfe8ff705b19e3829ae3e9
+
+zmn2 sha1:a5c544c21cfcb07eb80a4d89a5b7d1570002edfd
+zmn2 sha256:d6d03edf2dc1a3b267a8205de5f41a2ff4b03def8c7ae02052b543fb09d589fc
+
+zna1 sha1:d12979c22fff69c59ca9409e7a8fe3ee25eaee80
+zna1 sha256:b37b80e789e8ea32aa323f004628f02013f632124b0282c7fe00a127d3c64c3c
+
+znd1 sha1:a18393c636b98e9bd7296b8b437ea4992b72440c
+znd1 sha256:af92a22eee8c38410a0c9d2b5135a10aeb052cbc7cf675541ed9a67bfcaf7cf9
+
+znm1 sha1:3fdbe17fd013303a2e981e1ca1c6cd6e72789087
+znm1 sha256:f75aeaa0c11e76918e381c105f0752932c6150e941fec565d24fa31098a13dc1
+
+znm2 sha1:7e09d6a3a14bd630913e8c75693cea32157b606d
+znm2 sha256:938d73cfbaa1c902a84fb5b3afd9736aa0590367fb9bd59c6c4d072ce70fcd6d
 EOF
 
-cat >.test-recursive-OA <<\EOF
-:000000 100644 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 ccba72ad3888a3520b39efcf780b9ee64167535d A	AA
-:000000 100644 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 7e426fb079479fd67f6d81f984e4ec649a44bc25 A	AN
-:100644 000000 bcc68ef997017466d5c9094bcf7692295f588c9a 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 D	DD
-:000000 100644 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 68a6d8b91da11045cf4aa3a5ab9f2a781c701249 A	DF/DF
-:100644 000000 141c1f1642328e4bc46a7d801a71da392e66791e 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 D	DM
-:100644 000000 35abde1506ddf806572ff4d407bd06885d0f8ee9 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 D	DN
-:000000 100644 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 1d41122ebdd7a640f29d3c9cc4f9d70094374762 A	LL
-:100644 100644 03f24c8c4700babccfd28b654e7e8eac402ad6cd 103d9f89b50b9aad03054b579be5e7aa665f2d57 M	MD
-:100644 100644 b258508afb7ceb449981bd9d63d2d3e971bf8d34 b431b272d829ff3aa4d1a5085f4394ab4d3305b6 M	MM
-:100644 100644 bd084b0c27c7b6cc34f11d6d0509a29be3caf970 a716d58de4a570e0038f5c307bd8db34daea021f M	MN
-:100644 100644 40c959f984c8b89a2b02520d17f00d717f024397 2ac547ae9614a00d1b28275de608131f7a0e259f M	SS
-:100644 100644 4ac13458899ab908ef3b1128fa378daefc88d356 4c86f9a85fbc5e6804ee2e17a797538fbe785bca M	TT
-:000000 100644 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 8acb8e9750e3f644bf323fcf3d338849db106c77 A	Z/AA
-:000000 100644 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 087494262084cefee7ed484d20c8dc0580791272 A	Z/AN
-:100644 000000 879007efae624d2b1307214b24a956f0a8d686a8 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 D	Z/DD
-:100644 000000 9b541b2275c06e3a7b13f28badf5294e2ae63df4 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 D	Z/DM
-:100644 000000 beb5d38c55283d280685ea21a0e50cfcc0ca064a 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 D	Z/DN
-:100644 100644 d41fda41b7ec4de46b43cb7ea42a45001ae393d5 a79ac3be9377639e1c7d1edf1ae1b3a5f0ccd8a9 M	Z/MD
-:100644 100644 4ca22bae2527d3d9e1676498a0fba3b355bd1278 61422ba9c2c873416061a88cd40a59a35b576474 M	Z/MM
-:100644 100644 b16d7b25b869f2beb124efa53467d8a1550ad694 a5c544c21cfcb07eb80a4d89a5b7d1570002edfd M	Z/MN
+cat >.test-plain-OA <<EOF
+:000000 100644 $(test_oid zero) $(test_oid aa_1) A	AA
+:000000 100644 $(test_oid zero) $(test_oid an_1) A	AN
+:100644 000000 $(test_oid dd_1) $(test_oid zero) D	DD
+:000000 040000 $(test_oid zero) $(test_oid df_1) A	DF
+:100644 000000 $(test_oid dm_1) $(test_oid zero) D	DM
+:100644 000000 $(test_oid dn_1) $(test_oid zero) D	DN
+:000000 100644 $(test_oid zero) $(test_oid ll_2) A	LL
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid md_1) $(test_oid md_2) M	MD
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid mm_1) $(test_oid mm_2) M	MM
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid mn_1) $(test_oid mn_2) M	MN
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid ss_1) $(test_oid ss_2) M	SS
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid tt_1) $(test_oid tt_2) M	TT
+:040000 040000 $(test_oid z__1) $(test_oid z__2) M	Z
 EOF
-cat >.test-plain-OB <<\EOF
-:000000 100644 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 6aa2b5335b16431a0ef71e5c0a28be69183cf6a2 A	AA
-:100644 000000 bcc68ef997017466d5c9094bcf7692295f588c9a 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 D	DD
-:000000 100644 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 71420ab81e254145d26d6fc0cddee64c1acd4787 A	DF
-:100644 100644 141c1f1642328e4bc46a7d801a71da392e66791e 3c4d8de5fbad08572bab8e10eef8dbb264cf0231 M	DM
-:000000 100644 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 1d41122ebdd7a640f29d3c9cc4f9d70094374762 A	LL
-:100644 000000 03f24c8c4700babccfd28b654e7e8eac402ad6cd 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 D	MD
-:100644 100644 b258508afb7ceb449981bd9d63d2d3e971bf8d34 19989d4559aae417fedee240ccf2ba315ea4dc2b M	MM
-:000000 100644 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 15885881ea69115351c09b38371f0348a3fb8c67 A	NA
-:100644 000000 a4e179e4291e5536a5e1c82e091052772d2c5a93 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 D	ND
-:100644 100644 c8f25781e8f1792e3e40b74225e20553041b5226 cdb9a8c3da571502ac30225e9c17beccb8387983 M	NM
-:100644 100644 40c959f984c8b89a2b02520d17f00d717f024397 2ac547ae9614a00d1b28275de608131f7a0e259f M	SS
-:100644 100644 4ac13458899ab908ef3b1128fa378daefc88d356 c4e4a12231b9fa79a0053cb6077fcb21bb5b135a M	TT
-:040000 040000 7d670fdcdb9929f6c7dac196ff78689cd1c566a1 1ba523955d5160681af65cb776411f574c1e8155 M	Z
+
+cat >.test-recursive-OA <<EOF
+:000000 100644 $(test_oid zero) $(test_oid aa_1) A	AA
+:000000 100644 $(test_oid zero) $(test_oid an_1) A	AN
+:100644 000000 $(test_oid dd_1) $(test_oid zero) D	DD
+:000000 100644 $(test_oid zero) $(test_oid dfd1) A	DF/DF
+:100644 000000 $(test_oid dm_1) $(test_oid zero) D	DM
+:100644 000000 $(test_oid dn_1) $(test_oid zero) D	DN
+:000000 100644 $(test_oid zero) $(test_oid ll_2) A	LL
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid md_1) $(test_oid md_2) M	MD
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid mm_1) $(test_oid mm_2) M	MM
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid mn_1) $(test_oid mn_2) M	MN
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid ss_1) $(test_oid ss_2) M	SS
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid tt_1) $(test_oid tt_2) M	TT
+:000000 100644 $(test_oid zero) $(test_oid zaa1) A	Z/AA
+:000000 100644 $(test_oid zero) $(test_oid zan1) A	Z/AN
+:100644 000000 $(test_oid zdd1) $(test_oid zero) D	Z/DD
+:100644 000000 $(test_oid zdm1) $(test_oid zero) D	Z/DM
+:100644 000000 $(test_oid zdn1) $(test_oid zero) D	Z/DN
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid zmd1) $(test_oid zmd2) M	Z/MD
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid zmm1) $(test_oid zmm2) M	Z/MM
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid zmn1) $(test_oid zmn2) M	Z/MN
 EOF
-cat >.test-recursive-OB <<\EOF
-:000000 100644 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 6aa2b5335b16431a0ef71e5c0a28be69183cf6a2 A	AA
-:100644 000000 bcc68ef997017466d5c9094bcf7692295f588c9a 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 D	DD
-:000000 100644 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 71420ab81e254145d26d6fc0cddee64c1acd4787 A	DF
-:100644 100644 141c1f1642328e4bc46a7d801a71da392e66791e 3c4d8de5fbad08572bab8e10eef8dbb264cf0231 M	DM
-:000000 100644 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 1d41122ebdd7a640f29d3c9cc4f9d70094374762 A	LL
-:100644 000000 03f24c8c4700babccfd28b654e7e8eac402ad6cd 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 D	MD
-:100644 100644 b258508afb7ceb449981bd9d63d2d3e971bf8d34 19989d4559aae417fedee240ccf2ba315ea4dc2b M	MM
-:000000 100644 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 15885881ea69115351c09b38371f0348a3fb8c67 A	NA
-:100644 000000 a4e179e4291e5536a5e1c82e091052772d2c5a93 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 D	ND
-:100644 100644 c8f25781e8f1792e3e40b74225e20553041b5226 cdb9a8c3da571502ac30225e9c17beccb8387983 M	NM
-:100644 100644 40c959f984c8b89a2b02520d17f00d717f024397 2ac547ae9614a00d1b28275de608131f7a0e259f M	SS
-:100644 100644 4ac13458899ab908ef3b1128fa378daefc88d356 c4e4a12231b9fa79a0053cb6077fcb21bb5b135a M	TT
-:000000 100644 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 6c0b99286d0bce551ac4a7b3dff8b706edff3715 A	Z/AA
-:100644 000000 879007efae624d2b1307214b24a956f0a8d686a8 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 D	Z/DD
-:100644 100644 9b541b2275c06e3a7b13f28badf5294e2ae63df4 d77371d15817fcaa57eeec27f770c505ba974ec1 M	Z/DM
-:100644 000000 d41fda41b7ec4de46b43cb7ea42a45001ae393d5 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 D	Z/MD
-:100644 100644 4ca22bae2527d3d9e1676498a0fba3b355bd1278 697aad7715a1e7306ca76290a3dd4208fbaeddfa M	Z/MM
-:000000 100644 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 d12979c22fff69c59ca9409e7a8fe3ee25eaee80 A	Z/NA
-:100644 000000 a18393c636b98e9bd7296b8b437ea4992b72440c 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 D	Z/ND
-:100644 100644 3fdbe17fd013303a2e981e1ca1c6cd6e72789087 7e09d6a3a14bd630913e8c75693cea32157b606d M	Z/NM
+cat >.test-plain-OB <<EOF
+:000000 100644 $(test_oid zero) $(test_oid aa_2) A	AA
+:100644 000000 $(test_oid dd_1) $(test_oid zero) D	DD
+:000000 100644 $(test_oid zero) $(test_oid df_2) A	DF
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid dm_1) $(test_oid dm_2) M	DM
+:000000 100644 $(test_oid zero) $(test_oid ll_2) A	LL
+:100644 000000 $(test_oid md_1) $(test_oid zero) D	MD
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid mm_1) $(test_oid mm_3) M	MM
+:000000 100644 $(test_oid zero) $(test_oid na_1) A	NA
+:100644 000000 $(test_oid nd_1) $(test_oid zero) D	ND
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid nm_1) $(test_oid nm_2) M	NM
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid ss_1) $(test_oid ss_2) M	SS
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid tt_1) $(test_oid tt_3) M	TT
+:040000 040000 $(test_oid z__1) $(test_oid z__3) M	Z
 EOF
-cat >.test-plain-AB <<\EOF
-:100644 100644 ccba72ad3888a3520b39efcf780b9ee64167535d 6aa2b5335b16431a0ef71e5c0a28be69183cf6a2 M	AA
-:100644 000000 7e426fb079479fd67f6d81f984e4ec649a44bc25 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 D	AN
-:000000 100644 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 71420ab81e254145d26d6fc0cddee64c1acd4787 A	DF
-:040000 000000 6d50f65d3bdab91c63444294d38f08aeff328e42 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 D	DF
-:000000 100644 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 3c4d8de5fbad08572bab8e10eef8dbb264cf0231 A	DM
-:000000 100644 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 35abde1506ddf806572ff4d407bd06885d0f8ee9 A	DN
-:100644 000000 103d9f89b50b9aad03054b579be5e7aa665f2d57 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 D	MD
-:100644 100644 b431b272d829ff3aa4d1a5085f4394ab4d3305b6 19989d4559aae417fedee240ccf2ba315ea4dc2b M	MM
-:100644 100644 a716d58de4a570e0038f5c307bd8db34daea021f bd084b0c27c7b6cc34f11d6d0509a29be3caf970 M	MN
-:000000 100644 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 15885881ea69115351c09b38371f0348a3fb8c67 A	NA
-:100644 000000 a4e179e4291e5536a5e1c82e091052772d2c5a93 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 D	ND
-:100644 100644 c8f25781e8f1792e3e40b74225e20553041b5226 cdb9a8c3da571502ac30225e9c17beccb8387983 M	NM
-:100644 100644 4c86f9a85fbc5e6804ee2e17a797538fbe785bca c4e4a12231b9fa79a0053cb6077fcb21bb5b135a M	TT
-:040000 040000 5e5f22072bb39f6e12cf663a57cb634c76eefb49 1ba523955d5160681af65cb776411f574c1e8155 M	Z
+cat >.test-recursive-OB <<EOF
+:000000 100644 $(test_oid zero) $(test_oid aa_2) A	AA
+:100644 000000 $(test_oid dd_1) $(test_oid zero) D	DD
+:000000 100644 $(test_oid zero) $(test_oid df_2) A	DF
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid dm_1) $(test_oid dm_2) M	DM
+:000000 100644 $(test_oid zero) $(test_oid ll_2) A	LL
+:100644 000000 $(test_oid md_1) $(test_oid zero) D	MD
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid mm_1) $(test_oid mm_3) M	MM
+:000000 100644 $(test_oid zero) $(test_oid na_1) A	NA
+:100644 000000 $(test_oid nd_1) $(test_oid zero) D	ND
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid nm_1) $(test_oid nm_2) M	NM
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid ss_1) $(test_oid ss_2) M	SS
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid tt_1) $(test_oid tt_3) M	TT
+:000000 100644 $(test_oid zero) $(test_oid zaa2) A	Z/AA
+:100644 000000 $(test_oid zdd1) $(test_oid zero) D	Z/DD
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid zdm1) $(test_oid zdm2) M	Z/DM
+:100644 000000 $(test_oid zmd1) $(test_oid zero) D	Z/MD
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid zmm1) $(test_oid zmm3) M	Z/MM
+:000000 100644 $(test_oid zero) $(test_oid zna1) A	Z/NA
+:100644 000000 $(test_oid znd1) $(test_oid zero) D	Z/ND
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid znm1) $(test_oid znm2) M	Z/NM
 EOF
-cat >.test-recursive-AB <<\EOF
-:100644 100644 ccba72ad3888a3520b39efcf780b9ee64167535d 6aa2b5335b16431a0ef71e5c0a28be69183cf6a2 M	AA
-:100644 000000 7e426fb079479fd67f6d81f984e4ec649a44bc25 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 D	AN
-:000000 100644 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 71420ab81e254145d26d6fc0cddee64c1acd4787 A	DF
-:100644 000000 68a6d8b91da11045cf4aa3a5ab9f2a781c701249 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 D	DF/DF
-:000000 100644 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 3c4d8de5fbad08572bab8e10eef8dbb264cf0231 A	DM
-:000000 100644 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 35abde1506ddf806572ff4d407bd06885d0f8ee9 A	DN
-:100644 000000 103d9f89b50b9aad03054b579be5e7aa665f2d57 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 D	MD
-:100644 100644 b431b272d829ff3aa4d1a5085f4394ab4d3305b6 19989d4559aae417fedee240ccf2ba315ea4dc2b M	MM
-:100644 100644 a716d58de4a570e0038f5c307bd8db34daea021f bd084b0c27c7b6cc34f11d6d0509a29be3caf970 M	MN
-:000000 100644 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 15885881ea69115351c09b38371f0348a3fb8c67 A	NA
-:100644 000000 a4e179e4291e5536a5e1c82e091052772d2c5a93 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 D	ND
-:100644 100644 c8f25781e8f1792e3e40b74225e20553041b5226 cdb9a8c3da571502ac30225e9c17beccb8387983 M	NM
-:100644 100644 4c86f9a85fbc5e6804ee2e17a797538fbe785bca c4e4a12231b9fa79a0053cb6077fcb21bb5b135a M	TT
-:100644 100644 8acb8e9750e3f644bf323fcf3d338849db106c77 6c0b99286d0bce551ac4a7b3dff8b706edff3715 M	Z/AA
-:100644 000000 087494262084cefee7ed484d20c8dc0580791272 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 D	Z/AN
-:000000 100644 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 d77371d15817fcaa57eeec27f770c505ba974ec1 A	Z/DM
-:000000 100644 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 beb5d38c55283d280685ea21a0e50cfcc0ca064a A	Z/DN
-:100644 000000 a79ac3be9377639e1c7d1edf1ae1b3a5f0ccd8a9 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 D	Z/MD
-:100644 100644 61422ba9c2c873416061a88cd40a59a35b576474 697aad7715a1e7306ca76290a3dd4208fbaeddfa M	Z/MM
-:100644 100644 a5c544c21cfcb07eb80a4d89a5b7d1570002edfd b16d7b25b869f2beb124efa53467d8a1550ad694 M	Z/MN
-:000000 100644 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 d12979c22fff69c59ca9409e7a8fe3ee25eaee80 A	Z/NA
-:100644 000000 a18393c636b98e9bd7296b8b437ea4992b72440c 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 D	Z/ND
-:100644 100644 3fdbe17fd013303a2e981e1ca1c6cd6e72789087 7e09d6a3a14bd630913e8c75693cea32157b606d M	Z/NM
+cat >.test-plain-AB <<EOF
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid aa_1) $(test_oid aa_2) M	AA
+:100644 000000 $(test_oid an_1) $(test_oid zero) D	AN
+:000000 100644 $(test_oid zero) $(test_oid df_2) A	DF
+:040000 000000 $(test_oid df_1) $(test_oid zero) D	DF
+:000000 100644 $(test_oid zero) $(test_oid dm_2) A	DM
+:000000 100644 $(test_oid zero) $(test_oid dn_1) A	DN
+:100644 000000 $(test_oid md_2) $(test_oid zero) D	MD
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid mm_2) $(test_oid mm_3) M	MM
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid mn_2) $(test_oid mn_1) M	MN
+:000000 100644 $(test_oid zero) $(test_oid na_1) A	NA
+:100644 000000 $(test_oid nd_1) $(test_oid zero) D	ND
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid nm_1) $(test_oid nm_2) M	NM
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid tt_2) $(test_oid tt_3) M	TT
+:040000 040000 $(test_oid z__2) $(test_oid z__3) M	Z
+EOF
+cat >.test-recursive-AB <<EOF
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid aa_1) $(test_oid aa_2) M	AA
+:100644 000000 $(test_oid an_1) $(test_oid zero) D	AN
+:000000 100644 $(test_oid zero) $(test_oid df_2) A	DF
+:100644 000000 $(test_oid dfd1) $(test_oid zero) D	DF/DF
+:000000 100644 $(test_oid zero) $(test_oid dm_2) A	DM
+:000000 100644 $(test_oid zero) $(test_oid dn_1) A	DN
+:100644 000000 $(test_oid md_2) $(test_oid zero) D	MD
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid mm_2) $(test_oid mm_3) M	MM
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid mn_2) $(test_oid mn_1) M	MN
+:000000 100644 $(test_oid zero) $(test_oid na_1) A	NA
+:100644 000000 $(test_oid nd_1) $(test_oid zero) D	ND
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid nm_1) $(test_oid nm_2) M	NM
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid tt_2) $(test_oid tt_3) M	TT
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid zaa1) $(test_oid zaa2) M	Z/AA
+:100644 000000 $(test_oid zan1) $(test_oid zero) D	Z/AN
+:000000 100644 $(test_oid zero) $(test_oid zdm2) A	Z/DM
+:000000 100644 $(test_oid zero) $(test_oid zdn1) A	Z/DN
+:100644 000000 $(test_oid zmd2) $(test_oid zero) D	Z/MD
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid zmm2) $(test_oid zmm3) M	Z/MM
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid zmn2) $(test_oid zmn1) M	Z/MN
+:000000 100644 $(test_oid zero) $(test_oid zna1) A	Z/NA
+:100644 000000 $(test_oid znd1) $(test_oid zero) D	Z/ND
+:100644 100644 $(test_oid znm1) $(test_oid znm2) M	Z/NM
 EOF
 
 cmp_diff_files_output () {
diff --git a/t/t4009-diff-rename-4.sh b/t/t4009-diff-rename-4.sh
index 3641fd8..b63bdf0 100755
--- a/t/t4009-diff-rename-4.sh
+++ b/t/t4009-diff-rename-4.sh
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
     'cat "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/diff-lib/COPYING >COPYING &&
      echo frotz >rezrov &&
     git update-index --add COPYING rezrov &&
+    orig=$(git hash-object COPYING) &&
     tree=$(git write-tree) &&
     echo $tree'
 
@@ -22,6 +23,8 @@
     'sed -e 's/HOWEVER/However/' <COPYING >COPYING.1 &&
     sed -e 's/GPL/G.P.L/g' <COPYING >COPYING.2 &&
     rm -f COPYING &&
+    c1=$(git hash-object COPYING.1) &&
+    c2=$(git hash-object COPYING.2) &&
     git update-index --add --remove COPYING COPYING.?'
 
 # tree has COPYING and rezrov.  work tree has COPYING.1 and COPYING.2,
@@ -31,11 +34,11 @@
 
 git diff-index -z -C $tree >current
 
-cat >expected <<\EOF
-:100644 100644 6ff87c4664981e4397625791c8ea3bbb5f2279a3 0603b3238a076dc6c8022aedc6648fa523a17178 C1234
+cat >expected <<EOF
+:100644 100644 $orig $c1 C1234
 COPYING
 COPYING.1
-:100644 100644 6ff87c4664981e4397625791c8ea3bbb5f2279a3 06c67961bbaed34a127f76d261f4c0bf73eda471 R1234
+:100644 100644 $orig $c2 R1234
 COPYING
 COPYING.2
 EOF
@@ -57,10 +60,10 @@
 # about rezrov.
 
 git diff-index -z -C $tree >current
-cat >expected <<\EOF
-:100644 100644 6ff87c4664981e4397625791c8ea3bbb5f2279a3 06c67961bbaed34a127f76d261f4c0bf73eda471 M
+cat >expected <<EOF
+:100644 100644 $orig $c2 M
 COPYING
-:100644 100644 6ff87c4664981e4397625791c8ea3bbb5f2279a3 0603b3238a076dc6c8022aedc6648fa523a17178 C1234
+:100644 100644 $orig $c1 C1234
 COPYING
 COPYING.1
 EOF
@@ -82,8 +85,8 @@
      git update-index --add --remove COPYING COPYING.1'
 
 git diff-index -z -C --find-copies-harder $tree >current
-cat >expected <<\EOF
-:100644 100644 6ff87c4664981e4397625791c8ea3bbb5f2279a3 0603b3238a076dc6c8022aedc6648fa523a17178 C1234
+cat >expected <<EOF
+:100644 100644 $orig $c1 C1234
 COPYING
 COPYING.1
 EOF
diff --git a/t/t4013-diff-various.sh b/t/t4013-diff-various.sh
index a9054d2..5ac94b3 100755
--- a/t/t4013-diff-various.sh
+++ b/t/t4013-diff-various.sh
@@ -7,9 +7,6 @@
 
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
-LF='
-'
-
 test_expect_success setup '
 
 	GIT_AUTHOR_DATE="2006-06-26 00:00:00 +0000" &&
diff --git a/t/t4014-format-patch.sh b/t/t4014-format-patch.sh
index ca7debf..83f5261 100755
--- a/t/t4014-format-patch.sh
+++ b/t/t4014-format-patch.sh
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@
 . "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-terminal.sh
 
 test_expect_success setup '
-
 	for i in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10; do echo "$i"; done >file &&
 	cat file >elif &&
 	git add file elif &&
@@ -34,7 +33,8 @@
 	git commit -m "Side changes #3 with \\n backslash-n in it." &&
 
 	git checkout master &&
-	git diff-tree -p C2 | git apply --index &&
+	git diff-tree -p C2 >patch &&
+	git apply --index <patch &&
 	test_tick &&
 	git commit -m "Master accepts moral equivalent of #2" &&
 
@@ -59,33 +59,28 @@
 	git checkout master
 '
 
-test_expect_success "format-patch --ignore-if-in-upstream" '
-
+test_expect_success 'format-patch --ignore-if-in-upstream' '
 	git format-patch --stdout master..side >patch0 &&
-	cnt=$(grep "^From " patch0 | wc -l) &&
-	test $cnt = 3
-
+	grep "^From " patch0 >from0 &&
+	test_line_count = 3 from0
 '
 
-test_expect_success "format-patch --ignore-if-in-upstream" '
-
+test_expect_success 'format-patch --ignore-if-in-upstream' '
 	git format-patch --stdout \
 		--ignore-if-in-upstream master..side >patch1 &&
-	cnt=$(grep "^From " patch1 | wc -l) &&
-	test $cnt = 2
-
+	grep "^From " patch1 >from1 &&
+	test_line_count = 2 from1
 '
 
-test_expect_success "format-patch --ignore-if-in-upstream handles tags" '
+test_expect_success 'format-patch --ignore-if-in-upstream handles tags' '
 	git tag -a v1 -m tag side &&
 	git tag -a v2 -m tag master &&
 	git format-patch --stdout --ignore-if-in-upstream v2..v1 >patch1 &&
-	cnt=$(grep "^From " patch1 | wc -l) &&
-	test $cnt = 2
+	grep "^From " patch1 >from1 &&
+	test_line_count = 2 from1
 '
 
 test_expect_success "format-patch doesn't consider merge commits" '
-
 	git checkout -b slave master &&
 	echo "Another line" >>file &&
 	test_tick &&
@@ -96,148 +91,138 @@
 	git checkout -b merger master &&
 	test_tick &&
 	git merge --no-ff slave &&
-	cnt=$(git format-patch -3 --stdout | grep "^From " | wc -l) &&
-	test $cnt = 3
+	git format-patch -3 --stdout >patch &&
+	grep "^From " patch >from &&
+	test_line_count = 3 from
 '
 
-test_expect_success "format-patch result applies" '
-
+test_expect_success 'format-patch result applies' '
 	git checkout -b rebuild-0 master &&
 	git am -3 patch0 &&
-	cnt=$(git rev-list master.. | wc -l) &&
-	test $cnt = 2
+	git rev-list master.. >list &&
+	test_line_count = 2 list
 '
 
-test_expect_success "format-patch --ignore-if-in-upstream result applies" '
-
+test_expect_success 'format-patch --ignore-if-in-upstream result applies' '
 	git checkout -b rebuild-1 master &&
 	git am -3 patch1 &&
-	cnt=$(git rev-list master.. | wc -l) &&
-	test $cnt = 2
+	git rev-list master.. >list &&
+	test_line_count = 2 list
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'commit did not screw up the log message' '
-
-	git cat-file commit side | grep "^Side .* with .* backslash-n"
-
+	git cat-file commit side >actual &&
+	grep "^Side .* with .* backslash-n" actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'format-patch did not screw up the log message' '
-
 	grep "^Subject: .*Side changes #3 with .* backslash-n" patch0 &&
 	grep "^Subject: .*Side changes #3 with .* backslash-n" patch1
-
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'replay did not screw up the log message' '
-
-	git cat-file commit rebuild-1 | grep "^Side .* with .* backslash-n"
-
+	git cat-file commit rebuild-1 >actual &&
+	grep "^Side .* with .* backslash-n" actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'extra headers' '
-
 	git config format.headers "To: R E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>
 " &&
 	git config --add format.headers "Cc: S E Cipient <scipient@example.com>
 " &&
-	git format-patch --stdout master..side > patch2 &&
-	sed -e "/^\$/q" patch2 > hdrs2 &&
+	git format-patch --stdout master..side >patch2 &&
+	sed -e "/^\$/q" patch2 >hdrs2 &&
 	grep "^To: R E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>\$" hdrs2 &&
 	grep "^Cc: S E Cipient <scipient@example.com>\$" hdrs2
-
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'extra headers without newlines' '
-
 	git config --replace-all format.headers "To: R E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>" &&
 	git config --add format.headers "Cc: S E Cipient <scipient@example.com>" &&
 	git format-patch --stdout master..side >patch3 &&
-	sed -e "/^\$/q" patch3 > hdrs3 &&
+	sed -e "/^\$/q" patch3 >hdrs3 &&
 	grep "^To: R E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>\$" hdrs3 &&
 	grep "^Cc: S E Cipient <scipient@example.com>\$" hdrs3
-
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'extra headers with multiple To:s' '
-
 	git config --replace-all format.headers "To: R E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>" &&
 	git config --add format.headers "To: S E Cipient <scipient@example.com>" &&
-	git format-patch --stdout master..side > patch4 &&
-	sed -e "/^\$/q" patch4 > hdrs4 &&
+	git format-patch --stdout master..side >patch4 &&
+	sed -e "/^\$/q" patch4 >hdrs4 &&
 	grep "^To: R E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>,\$" hdrs4 &&
 	grep "^ *S E Cipient <scipient@example.com>\$" hdrs4
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'additional command line cc (ascii)' '
-
 	git config --replace-all format.headers "Cc: R E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>" &&
-	git format-patch --cc="S E Cipient <scipient@example.com>" --stdout master..side | sed -e "/^\$/q" >patch5 &&
-	grep "^Cc: R E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>,\$" patch5 &&
-	grep "^ *S E Cipient <scipient@example.com>\$" patch5
+	git format-patch --cc="S E Cipient <scipient@example.com>" --stdout master..side >patch5 &&
+	sed -e "/^\$/q" patch5 >hdrs5 &&
+	grep "^Cc: R E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>,\$" hdrs5 &&
+	grep "^ *S E Cipient <scipient@example.com>\$" hdrs5
 '
 
 test_expect_failure 'additional command line cc (rfc822)' '
-
 	git config --replace-all format.headers "Cc: R E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>" &&
-	git format-patch --cc="S. E. Cipient <scipient@example.com>" --stdout master..side | sed -e "/^\$/q" >patch5 &&
-	grep "^Cc: R E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>,\$" patch5 &&
-	grep "^ *\"S. E. Cipient\" <scipient@example.com>\$" patch5
+	git format-patch --cc="S. E. Cipient <scipient@example.com>" --stdout master..side >patch5 &&
+	sed -e "/^\$/q" patch5 >hdrs5 &&
+	grep "^Cc: R E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>,\$" hdrs5 &&
+	grep "^ *\"S. E. Cipient\" <scipient@example.com>\$" hdrs5
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'command line headers' '
-
 	git config --unset-all format.headers &&
-	git format-patch --add-header="Cc: R E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>" --stdout master..side | sed -e "/^\$/q" >patch6 &&
-	grep "^Cc: R E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>\$" patch6
+	git format-patch --add-header="Cc: R E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>" --stdout master..side >patch6 &&
+	sed -e "/^\$/q" patch6 >hdrs6 &&
+	grep "^Cc: R E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>\$" hdrs6
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'configuration headers and command line headers' '
-
 	git config --replace-all format.headers "Cc: R E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>" &&
-	git format-patch --add-header="Cc: S E Cipient <scipient@example.com>" --stdout master..side | sed -e "/^\$/q" >patch7 &&
-	grep "^Cc: R E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>,\$" patch7 &&
-	grep "^ *S E Cipient <scipient@example.com>\$" patch7
+	git format-patch --add-header="Cc: S E Cipient <scipient@example.com>" --stdout master..side >patch7 &&
+	sed -e "/^\$/q" patch7 >hdrs7 &&
+	grep "^Cc: R E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>,\$" hdrs7 &&
+	grep "^ *S E Cipient <scipient@example.com>\$" hdrs7
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'command line To: header (ascii)' '
-
 	git config --unset-all format.headers &&
-	git format-patch --to="R E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>" --stdout master..side | sed -e "/^\$/q" >patch8 &&
-	grep "^To: R E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>\$" patch8
+	git format-patch --to="R E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>" --stdout master..side >patch8 &&
+	sed -e "/^\$/q" patch8 >hdrs8 &&
+	grep "^To: R E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>\$" hdrs8
 '
 
 test_expect_failure 'command line To: header (rfc822)' '
-
-	git format-patch --to="R. E. Cipient <rcipient@example.com>" --stdout master..side | sed -e "/^\$/q" >patch8 &&
-	grep "^To: \"R. E. Cipient\" <rcipient@example.com>\$" patch8
+	git format-patch --to="R. E. Cipient <rcipient@example.com>" --stdout master..side >patch8 &&
+	sed -e "/^\$/q" patch8 >hdrs8 &&
+	grep "^To: \"R. E. Cipient\" <rcipient@example.com>\$" hdrs8
 '
 
 test_expect_failure 'command line To: header (rfc2047)' '
-
-	git format-patch --to="R Ä Cipient <rcipient@example.com>" --stdout master..side | sed -e "/^\$/q" >patch8 &&
-	grep "^To: =?UTF-8?q?R=20=C3=84=20Cipient?= <rcipient@example.com>\$" patch8
+	git format-patch --to="R Ä Cipient <rcipient@example.com>" --stdout master..side >patch8 &&
+	sed -e "/^\$/q" patch8 >hdrs8 &&
+	grep "^To: =?UTF-8?q?R=20=C3=84=20Cipient?= <rcipient@example.com>\$" hdrs8
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'configuration To: header (ascii)' '
-
 	git config format.to "R E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>" &&
-	git format-patch --stdout master..side | sed -e "/^\$/q" >patch9 &&
-	grep "^To: R E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>\$" patch9
+	git format-patch --stdout master..side >patch9 &&
+	sed -e "/^\$/q" patch9 >hdrs9 &&
+	grep "^To: R E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>\$" hdrs9
 '
 
 test_expect_failure 'configuration To: header (rfc822)' '
-
 	git config format.to "R. E. Cipient <rcipient@example.com>" &&
-	git format-patch --stdout master..side | sed -e "/^\$/q" >patch9 &&
-	grep "^To: \"R. E. Cipient\" <rcipient@example.com>\$" patch9
+	git format-patch --stdout master..side >patch9 &&
+	sed -e "/^\$/q" patch9 >hdrs9 &&
+	grep "^To: \"R. E. Cipient\" <rcipient@example.com>\$" hdrs9
 '
 
 test_expect_failure 'configuration To: header (rfc2047)' '
-
 	git config format.to "R Ä Cipient <rcipient@example.com>" &&
-	git format-patch --stdout master..side | sed -e "/^\$/q" >patch9 &&
-	grep "^To: =?UTF-8?q?R=20=C3=84=20Cipient?= <rcipient@example.com>\$" patch9
+	git format-patch --stdout master..side >patch9 &&
+	sed -e "/^\$/q" patch9 >hdrs9 &&
+	grep "^To: =?UTF-8?q?R=20=C3=84=20Cipient?= <rcipient@example.com>\$" hdrs9
 '
 
 # check_patch <patch>: Verify that <patch> looks like a half-sane
@@ -249,89 +234,79 @@
 }
 
 test_expect_success 'format.from=false' '
-
-	git -c format.from=false format-patch --stdout master..side |
-	sed -e "/^\$/q" >patch &&
+	git -c format.from=false format-patch --stdout master..side >patch &&
+	sed -e "/^\$/q" patch >hdrs &&
 	check_patch patch &&
-	! grep "^From: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>\$" patch
+	! grep "^From: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>\$" hdrs
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'format.from=true' '
-
-	git -c format.from=true format-patch --stdout master..side |
-	sed -e "/^\$/q" >patch &&
-	check_patch patch &&
-	grep "^From: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>\$" patch
+	git -c format.from=true format-patch --stdout master..side >patch &&
+	sed -e "/^\$/q" patch >hdrs &&
+	check_patch hdrs &&
+	grep "^From: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>\$" hdrs
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'format.from with address' '
-
-	git -c format.from="F R Om <from@example.com>" format-patch --stdout master..side |
-	sed -e "/^\$/q" >patch &&
-	check_patch patch &&
-	grep "^From: F R Om <from@example.com>\$" patch
+	git -c format.from="F R Om <from@example.com>" format-patch --stdout master..side >patch &&
+	sed -e "/^\$/q" patch >hdrs &&
+	check_patch hdrs &&
+	grep "^From: F R Om <from@example.com>\$" hdrs
 '
 
 test_expect_success '--no-from overrides format.from' '
-
-	git -c format.from="F R Om <from@example.com>" format-patch --no-from --stdout master..side |
-	sed -e "/^\$/q" >patch &&
-	check_patch patch &&
-	! grep "^From: F R Om <from@example.com>\$" patch
+	git -c format.from="F R Om <from@example.com>" format-patch --no-from --stdout master..side >patch &&
+	sed -e "/^\$/q" patch >hdrs &&
+	check_patch hdrs &&
+	! grep "^From: F R Om <from@example.com>\$" hdrs
 '
 
 test_expect_success '--from overrides format.from' '
-
-	git -c format.from="F R Om <from@example.com>" format-patch --from --stdout master..side |
-	sed -e "/^\$/q" >patch &&
-	check_patch patch &&
-	! grep "^From: F R Om <from@example.com>\$" patch
+	git -c format.from="F R Om <from@example.com>" format-patch --from --stdout master..side >patch &&
+	sed -e "/^\$/q" patch >hdrs &&
+	check_patch hdrs &&
+	! grep "^From: F R Om <from@example.com>\$" hdrs
 '
 
 test_expect_success '--no-to overrides config.to' '
-
 	git config --replace-all format.to \
 		"R E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>" &&
-	git format-patch --no-to --stdout master..side |
-	sed -e "/^\$/q" >patch10 &&
-	check_patch patch10 &&
-	! grep "^To: R E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>\$" patch10
+	git format-patch --no-to --stdout master..side >patch10 &&
+	sed -e "/^\$/q" patch10 >hdrs10 &&
+	check_patch hdrs10 &&
+	! grep "^To: R E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>\$" hdrs10
 '
 
 test_expect_success '--no-to and --to replaces config.to' '
-
 	git config --replace-all format.to \
 		"Someone <someone@out.there>" &&
 	git format-patch --no-to --to="Someone Else <else@out.there>" \
-		--stdout master..side |
-	sed -e "/^\$/q" >patch11 &&
-	check_patch patch11 &&
-	! grep "^To: Someone <someone@out.there>\$" patch11 &&
-	grep "^To: Someone Else <else@out.there>\$" patch11
+		--stdout master..side >patch11 &&
+	sed -e "/^\$/q" patch11 >hdrs11 &&
+	check_patch hdrs11 &&
+	! grep "^To: Someone <someone@out.there>\$" hdrs11 &&
+	grep "^To: Someone Else <else@out.there>\$" hdrs11
 '
 
 test_expect_success '--no-cc overrides config.cc' '
-
 	git config --replace-all format.cc \
 		"C E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>" &&
-	git format-patch --no-cc --stdout master..side |
-	sed -e "/^\$/q" >patch12 &&
-	check_patch patch12 &&
-	! grep "^Cc: C E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>\$" patch12
+	git format-patch --no-cc --stdout master..side >patch12 &&
+	sed -e "/^\$/q" patch12 >hdrs12 &&
+	check_patch hdrs12 &&
+	! grep "^Cc: C E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>\$" hdrs12
 '
 
 test_expect_success '--no-add-header overrides config.headers' '
-
 	git config --replace-all format.headers \
 		"Header1: B E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>" &&
-	git format-patch --no-add-header --stdout master..side |
-	sed -e "/^\$/q" >patch13 &&
-	check_patch patch13 &&
-	! grep "^Header1: B E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>\$" patch13
+	git format-patch --no-add-header --stdout master..side >patch13 &&
+	sed -e "/^\$/q" patch13 >hdrs13 &&
+	check_patch hdrs13 &&
+	! grep "^Header1: B E Cipient <rcipient@example.com>\$" hdrs13
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'multiple files' '
-
 	rm -rf patches/ &&
 	git checkout side &&
 	git format-patch -o patches/ master &&
@@ -357,7 +332,7 @@
 check_threading () {
 	expect="$1" &&
 	shift &&
-	(git format-patch --stdout "$@"; echo $? > status.out) |
+	git format-patch --stdout "$@" >patch &&
 	# Prints everything between the Message-ID and In-Reply-To,
 	# and replaces all Message-ID-lookalikes by a sequence number
 	perl -ne '
@@ -372,12 +347,11 @@
 			print;
 		}
 		print "---\n" if /^From /i;
-	' > actual &&
-	test 0 = "$(cat status.out)" &&
+	' <patch >actual &&
 	test_cmp "$expect" actual
 }
 
-cat >> expect.no-threading <<EOF
+cat >>expect.no-threading <<EOF
 ---
 ---
 ---
@@ -388,7 +362,7 @@
 	check_threading expect.no-threading master
 '
 
-cat > expect.thread <<EOF
+cat >expect.thread <<EOF
 ---
 Message-Id: <0>
 ---
@@ -405,7 +379,7 @@
 	check_threading expect.thread --thread master
 '
 
-cat > expect.in-reply-to <<EOF
+cat >expect.in-reply-to <<EOF
 ---
 Message-Id: <0>
 In-Reply-To: <1>
@@ -425,7 +399,7 @@
 		--thread master
 '
 
-cat > expect.cover-letter <<EOF
+cat >expect.cover-letter <<EOF
 ---
 Message-Id: <0>
 ---
@@ -446,7 +420,7 @@
 	check_threading expect.cover-letter --cover-letter --thread master
 '
 
-cat > expect.cl-irt <<EOF
+cat >expect.cl-irt <<EOF
 ---
 Message-Id: <0>
 In-Reply-To: <1>
@@ -478,7 +452,7 @@
 		--in-reply-to="<test.message>" --thread=shallow master
 '
 
-cat > expect.deep <<EOF
+cat >expect.deep <<EOF
 ---
 Message-Id: <0>
 ---
@@ -496,7 +470,7 @@
 	check_threading expect.deep --thread=deep master
 '
 
-cat > expect.deep-irt <<EOF
+cat >expect.deep-irt <<EOF
 ---
 Message-Id: <0>
 In-Reply-To: <1>
@@ -519,7 +493,7 @@
 		--in-reply-to="<test.message>" master
 '
 
-cat > expect.deep-cl <<EOF
+cat >expect.deep-cl <<EOF
 ---
 Message-Id: <0>
 ---
@@ -543,7 +517,7 @@
 	check_threading expect.deep-cl --cover-letter --thread=deep master
 '
 
-cat > expect.deep-cl-irt <<EOF
+cat >expect.deep-cl-irt <<EOF
 ---
 Message-Id: <0>
 In-Reply-To: <1>
@@ -594,7 +568,6 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'excessive subject' '
-
 	rm -rf patches/ &&
 	git checkout side &&
 	before=$(git hash-object file) &&
@@ -622,10 +595,9 @@
 	! grep "file => foo .* 0 *\$" 0000-cover-letter.patch &&
 	git format-patch --cover-letter -1 -M &&
 	grep "file => foo .* 0 *\$" 0000-cover-letter.patch
-
 '
 
-cat > expect << EOF
+cat >expect <<EOF
   This is an excessively long subject line for a message due to the
     habit some projects have of not having a short, one-line subject at
     the start of the commit message, but rather sticking a whole
@@ -636,14 +608,12 @@
 EOF
 
 test_expect_success 'shortlog of cover-letter wraps overly-long onelines' '
-
 	git format-patch --cover-letter -2 &&
-	sed -e "1,/A U Thor/d" -e "/^\$/q" < 0000-cover-letter.patch > output &&
+	sed -e "1,/A U Thor/d" -e "/^\$/q" 0000-cover-letter.patch >output &&
 	test_cmp expect output
-
 '
 
-cat > expect << EOF
+cat >expect <<EOF
 index $before..$after 100644
 --- a/file
 +++ b/file
@@ -656,16 +626,14 @@
 EOF
 
 test_expect_success 'format-patch respects -U' '
-
 	git format-patch -U4 -2 &&
 	sed -e "1,/^diff/d" -e "/^+5/q" \
 		<0001-This-is-an-excessively-long-subject-line-for-a-messa.patch \
 		>output &&
 	test_cmp expect output
-
 '
 
-cat > expect << EOF
+cat >expect <<EOF
 
 diff --git a/file b/file
 index $before..$after 100644
@@ -679,11 +647,9 @@
 EOF
 
 test_expect_success 'format-patch -p suppresses stat' '
-
 	git format-patch -p -2 &&
-	sed -e "1,/^\$/d" -e "/^+5/q" < 0001-This-is-an-excessively-long-subject-line-for-a-messa.patch > output &&
+	sed -e "1,/^\$/d" -e "/^+5/q" 0001-This-is-an-excessively-long-subject-line-for-a-messa.patch >output &&
 	test_cmp expect output
-
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'format-patch from a subdirectory (1)' '
@@ -736,7 +702,7 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'format-patch --in-reply-to' '
-	git format-patch -1 --stdout --in-reply-to "baz@foo.bar" > patch8 &&
+	git format-patch -1 --stdout --in-reply-to "baz@foo.bar" >patch8 &&
 	grep "^In-Reply-To: <baz@foo.bar>" patch8 &&
 	grep "^References: <baz@foo.bar>" patch8
 '
@@ -827,21 +793,24 @@
 	! grep "this is note 2" out
 '
 
-echo "fatal: --name-only does not make sense" > expect.name-only
-echo "fatal: --name-status does not make sense" > expect.name-status
-echo "fatal: --check does not make sense" > expect.check
+echo "fatal: --name-only does not make sense" >expect.name-only
+echo "fatal: --name-status does not make sense" >expect.name-status
+echo "fatal: --check does not make sense" >expect.check
 
 test_expect_success 'options no longer allowed for format-patch' '
-	test_must_fail git format-patch --name-only 2> output &&
+	test_must_fail git format-patch --name-only 2>output &&
 	test_i18ncmp expect.name-only output &&
-	test_must_fail git format-patch --name-status 2> output &&
+	test_must_fail git format-patch --name-status 2>output &&
 	test_i18ncmp expect.name-status output &&
-	test_must_fail git format-patch --check 2> output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect.check output'
+	test_must_fail git format-patch --check 2>output &&
+	test_i18ncmp expect.check output
+'
 
 test_expect_success 'format-patch --numstat should produce a patch' '
-	git format-patch --numstat --stdout master..side > output &&
-	test 5 = $(grep "^diff --git a/" output | wc -l)'
+	git format-patch --numstat --stdout master..side >output &&
+	grep "^diff --git a/" output >diff &&
+	test_line_count = 5 diff
+'
 
 test_expect_success 'format-patch -- <path>' '
 	git format-patch master..side -- file 2>error &&
@@ -852,20 +821,25 @@
 	git format-patch --ignore-if-in-upstream HEAD
 '
 
-git_version="$(git --version | sed "s/.* //")"
+test_expect_success 'get git version' '
+	git_version=$(git --version) &&
+	git_version=${git_version##* }
+'
 
 signature() {
 	printf "%s\n%s\n\n" "-- " "${1:-$git_version}"
 }
 
 test_expect_success 'format-patch default signature' '
-	git format-patch --stdout -1 | tail -n 3 >output &&
+	git format-patch --stdout -1 >patch &&
+	tail -n 3 patch >output &&
 	signature >expect &&
 	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'format-patch --signature' '
-	git format-patch --stdout --signature="my sig" -1 | tail -n 3 >output &&
+	git format-patch --stdout --signature="my sig" -1 >patch &&
+	tail -n 3 patch >output &&
 	signature "my sig" >expect &&
 	test_cmp expect output
 '
@@ -897,8 +871,8 @@
 	git config --unset-all format.signature &&
 	git format-patch --stdout --signature="my sig" --cover-letter \
 		-1 >output &&
-	grep "my sig" output &&
-	test 2 = $(grep "my sig" output | wc -l)
+	grep "my sig" output >sig &&
+	test_line_count = 2 sig
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'format.signature="" suppresses signatures' '
@@ -935,7 +909,7 @@
 test_expect_success '--signature-file=file works' '
 	git format-patch --stdout --signature-file=mail-signature -1 >output &&
 	check_patch output &&
-	sed -e "1,/^-- \$/d" <output >actual &&
+	sed -e "1,/^-- \$/d" output >actual &&
 	{
 		cat mail-signature && echo
 	} >expect &&
@@ -946,7 +920,7 @@
 	test_config format.signaturefile mail-signature &&
 	git format-patch --stdout -1 >output &&
 	check_patch output &&
-	sed -e "1,/^-- \$/d" <output >actual &&
+	sed -e "1,/^-- \$/d" output >actual &&
 	{
 		cat mail-signature && echo
 	} >expect &&
@@ -968,7 +942,7 @@
 	git format-patch --stdout \
 			--signature-file=other-mail-signature -1 >output &&
 	check_patch output &&
-	sed -e "1,/^-- \$/d" <output >actual &&
+	sed -e "1,/^-- \$/d" output >actual &&
 	{
 		cat other-mail-signature && echo
 	} >expect &&
@@ -1037,7 +1011,7 @@
 	git add file &&
 	git commit -m "$M512" &&
 	git format-patch --stdout -1 >patch &&
-	sed -n "/^Subject/p; /^ /p; /^$/q" <patch >subject &&
+	sed -n "/^Subject/p; /^ /p; /^$/q" patch >subject &&
 	test_cmp expect subject
 '
 
@@ -1076,7 +1050,7 @@
 	git add file &&
 	git commit -m "$M512" &&
 	git format-patch --stdout -1 >patch &&
-	sed -n "/^Subject/p; /^ /p; /^$/q" <patch >subject &&
+	sed -n "/^Subject/p; /^ /p; /^$/q" patch >subject &&
 	test_cmp expect subject
 '
 
@@ -1085,7 +1059,7 @@
 	git add file &&
 	GIT_AUTHOR_NAME=$1 git commit -m author-check &&
 	git format-patch --stdout -1 >patch &&
-	sed -n "/^From: /p; /^ /p; /^$/q" <patch >actual &&
+	sed -n "/^From: /p; /^ /p; /^$/q" patch >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 }
 
@@ -1205,7 +1179,7 @@
 	From: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 
 	EOF
-	sed -ne "/^From:/p; /^$/p; /^---$/q" <patch >patch.head &&
+	sed -ne "/^From:/p; /^$/p; /^---$/q" patch >patch.head &&
 	test_cmp expect patch.head
 '
 
@@ -1217,7 +1191,7 @@
 	From: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 
 	EOF
-	sed -ne "/^From:/p; /^$/p; /^---$/q" <patch >patch.head &&
+	sed -ne "/^From:/p; /^$/p; /^---$/q" patch >patch.head &&
 	test_cmp expect patch.head
 '
 
@@ -1227,7 +1201,7 @@
 	From: A U Thor <author@example.com>
 
 	EOF
-	sed -ne "/^From:/p; /^$/p; /^---$/q" <patch >patch.head &&
+	sed -ne "/^From:/p; /^$/p; /^---$/q" patch >patch.head &&
 	test_cmp expect patch.head
 '
 
@@ -1242,7 +1216,7 @@
 	From: éxötìc <author@example.com>
 
 	EOF
-	sed -ne "/^From:/p; /^$/p; /^Content-Type/p; /^---$/q" <patch >patch.head &&
+	sed -ne "/^From:/p; /^$/p; /^Content-Type/p; /^---$/q" patch >patch.head &&
 	test_cmp expect patch.head
 '
 
@@ -1256,283 +1230,283 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'signoff: commit with no body' '
 	append_signoff </dev/null >actual &&
-	cat <<\EOF | sed "s/EOL$//" >expected &&
-4:Subject: [PATCH] EOL
-8:
-9:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
-EOF
-	test_cmp expected actual
+	cat <<-\EOF | sed "s/EOL$//" >expect &&
+	4:Subject: [PATCH] EOL
+	8:
+	9:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'signoff: commit with only subject' '
 	echo subject | append_signoff >actual &&
-	cat >expected <<\EOF &&
-4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
-8:
-9:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
-EOF
-	test_cmp expected actual
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
+	8:
+	9:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'signoff: commit with only subject that does not end with NL' '
 	printf subject | append_signoff >actual &&
-	cat >expected <<\EOF &&
-4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
-8:
-9:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
-EOF
-	test_cmp expected actual
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
+	8:
+	9:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'signoff: no existing signoffs' '
-	append_signoff <<\EOF >actual &&
-subject
+	append_signoff <<-\EOF >actual &&
+	subject
 
-body
-EOF
-	cat >expected <<\EOF &&
-4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
-8:
-10:
-11:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
-EOF
-	test_cmp expected actual
+	body
+	EOF
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
+	8:
+	10:
+	11:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'signoff: no existing signoffs and no trailing NL' '
 	printf "subject\n\nbody" | append_signoff >actual &&
-	cat >expected <<\EOF &&
-4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
-8:
-10:
-11:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
-EOF
-	test_cmp expected actual
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
+	8:
+	10:
+	11:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'signoff: some random signoff' '
-	append_signoff <<\EOF >actual &&
-subject
+	append_signoff <<-\EOF >actual &&
+	subject
 
-body
+	body
 
-Signed-off-by: my@house
-EOF
-	cat >expected <<\EOF &&
-4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
-8:
-10:
-11:Signed-off-by: my@house
-12:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
-EOF
-	test_cmp expected actual
+	Signed-off-by: my@house
+	EOF
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
+	8:
+	10:
+	11:Signed-off-by: my@house
+	12:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'signoff: misc conforming footer elements' '
-	append_signoff <<\EOF >actual &&
-subject
+	append_signoff <<-\EOF >actual &&
+	subject
 
-body
+	body
 
-Signed-off-by: my@house
-(cherry picked from commit da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709)
-Tested-by: Some One <someone@example.com>
-Bug: 1234
-EOF
-	cat >expected <<\EOF &&
-4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
-8:
-10:
-11:Signed-off-by: my@house
-15:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
-EOF
-	test_cmp expected actual
+	Signed-off-by: my@house
+	(cherry picked from commit da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709)
+	Tested-by: Some One <someone@example.com>
+	Bug: 1234
+	EOF
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
+	8:
+	10:
+	11:Signed-off-by: my@house
+	15:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'signoff: some random signoff-alike' '
-	append_signoff <<\EOF >actual &&
-subject
+	append_signoff <<-\EOF >actual &&
+	subject
 
-body
-Fooled-by-me: my@house
-EOF
-	cat >expected <<\EOF &&
-4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
-8:
-11:
-12:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
-EOF
-	test_cmp expected actual
+	body
+	Fooled-by-me: my@house
+	EOF
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
+	8:
+	11:
+	12:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'signoff: not really a signoff' '
-	append_signoff <<\EOF >actual &&
-subject
+	append_signoff <<-\EOF >actual &&
+	subject
 
-I want to mention about Signed-off-by: here.
-EOF
-	cat >expected <<\EOF &&
-4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
-8:
-9:I want to mention about Signed-off-by: here.
-10:
-11:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
-EOF
-	test_cmp expected actual
+	I want to mention about Signed-off-by: here.
+	EOF
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
+	8:
+	9:I want to mention about Signed-off-by: here.
+	10:
+	11:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'signoff: not really a signoff (2)' '
-	append_signoff <<\EOF >actual &&
-subject
+	append_signoff <<-\EOF >actual &&
+	subject
 
-My unfortunate
-Signed-off-by: example happens to be wrapped here.
-EOF
-	cat >expected <<\EOF &&
-4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
-8:
-10:Signed-off-by: example happens to be wrapped here.
-11:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
-EOF
-	test_cmp expected actual
+	My unfortunate
+	Signed-off-by: example happens to be wrapped here.
+	EOF
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
+	8:
+	10:Signed-off-by: example happens to be wrapped here.
+	11:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'signoff: valid S-o-b paragraph in the middle' '
-	append_signoff <<\EOF >actual &&
-subject
+	append_signoff <<-\EOF >actual &&
+	subject
 
-Signed-off-by: my@house
-Signed-off-by: your@house
+	Signed-off-by: my@house
+	Signed-off-by: your@house
 
-A lot of houses.
-EOF
-	cat >expected <<\EOF &&
-4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
-8:
-9:Signed-off-by: my@house
-10:Signed-off-by: your@house
-11:
-13:
-14:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
-EOF
-	test_cmp expected actual
+	A lot of houses.
+	EOF
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
+	8:
+	9:Signed-off-by: my@house
+	10:Signed-off-by: your@house
+	11:
+	13:
+	14:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'signoff: the same signoff at the end' '
-	append_signoff <<\EOF >actual &&
-subject
+	append_signoff <<-\EOF >actual &&
+	subject
 
-body
+	body
 
-Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
-EOF
-	cat >expected <<\EOF &&
-4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
-8:
-10:
-11:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
-EOF
-	test_cmp expected actual
+	Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
+	EOF
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
+	8:
+	10:
+	11:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'signoff: the same signoff at the end, no trailing NL' '
 	printf "subject\n\nSigned-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>" |
 		append_signoff >actual &&
-	cat >expected <<\EOF &&
-4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
-8:
-9:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
-EOF
-	test_cmp expected actual
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
+	8:
+	9:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'signoff: the same signoff NOT at the end' '
-	append_signoff <<\EOF >actual &&
-subject
+	append_signoff <<-\EOF >actual &&
+	subject
 
-body
+	body
 
-Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
-Signed-off-by: my@house
-EOF
-	cat >expected <<\EOF &&
-4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
-8:
-10:
-11:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
-12:Signed-off-by: my@house
-EOF
-	test_cmp expected actual
+	Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
+	Signed-off-by: my@house
+	EOF
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
+	8:
+	10:
+	11:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
+	12:Signed-off-by: my@house
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'signoff: tolerate garbage in conforming footer' '
-	append_signoff <<\EOF >actual &&
-subject
+	append_signoff <<-\EOF >actual &&
+	subject
 
-body
+	body
 
-Tested-by: my@house
-Some Trash
-Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
-EOF
-	cat >expected <<\EOF &&
-4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
-8:
-10:
-13:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
-EOF
-	test_cmp expected actual
+	Tested-by: my@house
+	Some Trash
+	Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
+	EOF
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
+	8:
+	10:
+	13:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'signoff: respect trailer config' '
-	append_signoff <<\EOF >actual &&
-subject
+	append_signoff <<-\EOF >actual &&
+	subject
 
-Myfooter: x
-Some Trash
-EOF
-	cat >expected <<\EOF &&
-4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
-8:
-11:
-12:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
-EOF
-	test_cmp expected actual &&
+	Myfooter: x
+	Some Trash
+	EOF
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
+	8:
+	11:
+	12:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
 
 	test_config trailer.Myfooter.ifexists add &&
-	append_signoff <<\EOF >actual &&
-subject
+	append_signoff <<-\EOF >actual &&
+	subject
 
-Myfooter: x
-Some Trash
-EOF
-	cat >expected <<\EOF &&
-4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
-8:
-11:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
-EOF
-	test_cmp expected actual
+	Myfooter: x
+	Some Trash
+	EOF
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
+	8:
+	11:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'signoff: footer begins with non-signoff without @ sign' '
-	append_signoff <<\EOF >actual &&
-subject
+	append_signoff <<-\EOF >actual &&
+	subject
 
-body
+	body
 
-Reviewed-id: Noone
-Tested-by: my@house
-Change-id: Ideadbeef
-Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
-Bug: 1234
-EOF
-	cat >expected <<\EOF &&
-4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
-8:
-10:
-14:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
-EOF
-	test_cmp expected actual
+	Reviewed-id: Noone
+	Tested-by: my@house
+	Change-id: Ideadbeef
+	Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
+	Bug: 1234
+	EOF
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	4:Subject: [PATCH] subject
+	8:
+	10:
+	14:Signed-off-by: C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'format patch ignores color.ui' '
@@ -1547,42 +1521,42 @@
 	git checkout rebuild-1 &&
 	test_config branch.rebuild-1.description hello &&
 	git format-patch --stdout --cover-letter master >actual &&
-	grep hello actual >/dev/null
+	grep hello actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'cover letter using branch description (2)' '
 	git checkout rebuild-1 &&
 	test_config branch.rebuild-1.description hello &&
 	git format-patch --stdout --cover-letter rebuild-1~2..rebuild-1 >actual &&
-	grep hello actual >/dev/null
+	grep hello actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'cover letter using branch description (3)' '
 	git checkout rebuild-1 &&
 	test_config branch.rebuild-1.description hello &&
 	git format-patch --stdout --cover-letter ^master rebuild-1 >actual &&
-	grep hello actual >/dev/null
+	grep hello actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'cover letter using branch description (4)' '
 	git checkout rebuild-1 &&
 	test_config branch.rebuild-1.description hello &&
 	git format-patch --stdout --cover-letter master.. >actual &&
-	grep hello actual >/dev/null
+	grep hello actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'cover letter using branch description (5)' '
 	git checkout rebuild-1 &&
 	test_config branch.rebuild-1.description hello &&
 	git format-patch --stdout --cover-letter -2 HEAD >actual &&
-	grep hello actual >/dev/null
+	grep hello actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'cover letter using branch description (6)' '
 	git checkout rebuild-1 &&
 	test_config branch.rebuild-1.description hello &&
 	git format-patch --stdout --cover-letter -2 >actual &&
-	grep hello actual >/dev/null
+	grep hello actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'cover letter with nothing' '
@@ -1636,7 +1610,8 @@
 	test_config format.outputDirectory patches &&
 	rm -fr patches &&
 	git format-patch master..side &&
-	test $(git rev-list master..side | wc -l) -eq $(ls patches | wc -l)
+	git rev-list master..side >list &&
+	test_line_count = $(ls patches | wc -l) list
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'format-patch -o overrides format.outputDirectory' '
@@ -1649,20 +1624,41 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'format-patch --base' '
 	git checkout patchid &&
-	git format-patch --stdout --base=HEAD~3 -1 | tail -n 7 >actual1 &&
-	git format-patch --stdout --base=HEAD~3 HEAD~.. | tail -n 7 >actual2 &&
-	echo >expected &&
-	echo "base-commit: $(git rev-parse HEAD~3)" >>expected &&
-	echo "prerequisite-patch-id: $(git show --patch HEAD~2 | git patch-id --stable | awk "{print \$1}")" >>expected &&
-	echo "prerequisite-patch-id: $(git show --patch HEAD~1 | git patch-id --stable | awk "{print \$1}")" >>expected &&
-	signature >> expected &&
-	test_cmp expected actual1 &&
-	test_cmp expected actual2 &&
+
+	git format-patch --stdout --base=HEAD~3 -1 >patch &&
+	tail -n 7 patch >actual1 &&
+
+	git format-patch --stdout --base=HEAD~3 HEAD~.. >patch &&
+	tail -n 7 patch >actual2 &&
+
+	echo >expect &&
+	git rev-parse HEAD~3 >commit-id-base &&
+	echo "base-commit: $(cat commit-id-base)" >>expect &&
+
+	git show --patch HEAD~2 >patch &&
+	git patch-id --stable <patch >patch.id.raw &&
+	awk "{print \"prerequisite-patch-id:\", \$1}" <patch.id.raw >>expect &&
+
+	git show --patch HEAD~1 >patch &&
+	git patch-id --stable <patch >patch.id.raw &&
+	awk "{print \"prerequisite-patch-id:\", \$1}" <patch.id.raw >>expect &&
+
+	signature >>expect &&
+	test_cmp expect actual1 &&
+	test_cmp expect actual2 &&
+
 	echo >fail &&
-	echo "base-commit: $(git rev-parse HEAD~3)" >>fail &&
-	echo "prerequisite-patch-id: $(git show --patch HEAD~2 | git patch-id --unstable | awk "{print \$1}")" >>fail &&
-	echo "prerequisite-patch-id: $(git show --patch HEAD~1 | git patch-id --unstable | awk "{print \$1}")" >>fail &&
-	signature >> fail &&
+	echo "base-commit: $(cat commit-id-base)" >>fail &&
+
+	git show --patch HEAD~2 >patch &&
+	git patch-id --unstable <patch >patch.id.raw &&
+	awk "{print \"prerequisite-patch-id:\", \$1}" <patch.id.raw >>fail &&
+
+	git show --patch HEAD~1 >patch &&
+	git patch-id --unstable <patch >patch.id.raw &&
+	awk "{print \"prerequisite-patch-id:\", \$1}" <patch.id.raw >>fail &&
+
+	signature >>fail &&
 	! test_cmp fail actual1 &&
 	! test_cmp fail actual2
 '
@@ -1672,8 +1668,9 @@
 	test_must_fail git format-patch --base=HEAD~1 -2 &&
 	git format-patch --stdout --base=HEAD~2 -2 >patch &&
 	grep "^base-commit:" patch >actual &&
-	echo "base-commit: $(git rev-parse HEAD~2)" >expected &&
-	test_cmp expected actual
+	git rev-parse HEAD~2 >commit-id-base &&
+	echo "base-commit: $(cat commit-id-base)" >expect &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'format-patch --base errors out when base commit is not ancestor of revision list' '
@@ -1699,8 +1696,8 @@
 	test_must_fail git format-patch --base=$(cat commit-id-Z) -3 &&
 	git format-patch --stdout --base=$(cat commit-id-base) -3 >patch &&
 	grep "^base-commit:" patch >actual &&
-	echo "base-commit: $(cat commit-id-base)" >expected &&
-	test_cmp expected actual
+	echo "base-commit: $(cat commit-id-base)" >expect &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'format-patch --base=auto' '
@@ -1711,8 +1708,9 @@
 	test_commit N2 &&
 	git format-patch --stdout --base=auto -2 >patch &&
 	grep "^base-commit:" patch >actual &&
-	echo "base-commit: $(git rev-parse upstream)" >expected &&
-	test_cmp expected actual
+	git rev-parse upstream >commit-id-base &&
+	echo "base-commit: $(cat commit-id-base)" >expect &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'format-patch errors out when history involves criss-cross' '
@@ -1748,8 +1746,9 @@
 	git config format.useAutoBase true &&
 	git format-patch --stdout -1 >patch &&
 	grep "^base-commit:" patch >actual &&
-	echo "base-commit: $(git rev-parse upstream)" >expected &&
-	test_cmp expected actual
+	git rev-parse upstream >commit-id-base &&
+	echo "base-commit: $(cat commit-id-base)" >expect &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'format-patch --base overrides format.useAutoBase' '
@@ -1757,8 +1756,9 @@
 	git config format.useAutoBase true &&
 	git format-patch --stdout --base=HEAD~1 -1 >patch &&
 	grep "^base-commit:" patch >actual &&
-	echo "base-commit: $(git rev-parse HEAD~1)" >expected &&
-	test_cmp expected actual
+	git rev-parse HEAD~1 >commit-id-base &&
+	echo "base-commit: $(cat commit-id-base)" >expect &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'format-patch --base with --attach' '
@@ -1833,7 +1833,7 @@
 	git format-patch --cover-letter --interdiff=boop~2 -1 boop &&
 	test_i18ngrep "^Interdiff:$" 0000-cover-letter.patch &&
 	test_i18ngrep ! "^Interdiff:$" 0001-fleep.patch &&
-	sed "1,/^@@ /d; /^-- $/q" <0000-cover-letter.patch >actual &&
+	sed "1,/^@@ /d; /^-- $/q" 0000-cover-letter.patch >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
@@ -1849,7 +1849,7 @@
 	EOF
 	git format-patch --interdiff=boop~2 -1 boop &&
 	test_i18ngrep "^Interdiff:$" 0001-fleep.patch &&
-	sed "1,/^  @@ /d; /^$/q" <0001-fleep.patch >actual &&
+	sed "1,/^  @@ /d; /^$/q" 0001-fleep.patch >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t4018-diff-funcname.sh b/t/t4018-diff-funcname.sh
index 9261d6d..6f5ef00 100755
--- a/t/t4018-diff-funcname.sh
+++ b/t/t4018-diff-funcname.sh
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 	cpp
 	csharp
 	css
+	dts
 	fortran
 	fountain
 	golang
diff --git a/t/t4018/dts-labels b/t/t4018/dts-labels
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b21ef87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t4018/dts-labels
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+/ {
+	label_1: node1@ff00 {
+		label2: RIGHT {
+			vendor,some-property;
+
+			ChangeMe = <0x45-30>;
+		};
+	};
+};
diff --git a/t/t4018/dts-node-unitless b/t/t4018/dts-node-unitless
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c5287d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t4018/dts-node-unitless
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+/ {
+	label_1: node1 {
+		RIGHT {
+			prop-array = <1>, <4>;
+			ChangeMe = <0xffeedd00>;
+		};
+	};
+};
diff --git a/t/t4018/dts-nodes b/t/t4018/dts-nodes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a4334b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t4018/dts-nodes
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+/ {
+	label_1: node1@ff00 {
+		RIGHT@deadf00,4000 {
+			#size-cells = <1>;
+			ChangeMe = <0xffeedd00>;
+		};
+	};
+};
diff --git a/t/t4018/dts-nodes-comment1 b/t/t4018/dts-nodes-comment1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..559dfce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t4018/dts-nodes-comment1
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+/ {
+	label_1: node1@ff00 {
+		RIGHT@deadf00,4000 /* &a comment */ {
+			#size-cells = <1>;
+			ChangeMe = <0xffeedd00>;
+		};
+	};
+};
diff --git a/t/t4018/dts-nodes-comment2 b/t/t4018/dts-nodes-comment2
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..27e9718
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t4018/dts-nodes-comment2
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+/ {
+	label_1: node1@ff00 {
+		RIGHT@deadf00,4000 { /* a trailing comment */ 
+			#size-cells = <1>;
+			ChangeMe = <0xffeedd00>;
+		};
+	};
+};
diff --git a/t/t4018/dts-reference b/t/t4018/dts-reference
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f0c87d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t4018/dts-reference
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+&label_1 {
+	TEST = <455>;
+};
+
+&RIGHT {
+	vendor,some-property;
+
+	ChangeMe = <0x45-30>;
+};
diff --git a/t/t4018/dts-root b/t/t4018/dts-root
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2ef9e6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t4018/dts-root
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+/RIGHT { /* Technically just supposed to be a slash */
+	#size-cells = <1>;
+
+	ChangeMe = <0xffeedd00>;
+};
diff --git a/t/t4034-diff-words.sh b/t/t4034-diff-words.sh
index 912df91..9a93c2a 100755
--- a/t/t4034-diff-words.sh
+++ b/t/t4034-diff-words.sh
@@ -303,6 +303,7 @@
 test_language_driver cpp
 test_language_driver csharp
 test_language_driver css
+test_language_driver dts
 test_language_driver fortran
 test_language_driver html
 test_language_driver java
diff --git a/t/t4034/dts/expect b/t/t4034/dts/expect
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..560fc99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t4034/dts/expect
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<BOLD>diff --git a/pre b/post<RESET>
+<BOLD>index b6a9051..7803aee 100644<RESET>
+<BOLD>--- a/pre<RESET>
+<BOLD>+++ b/post<RESET>
+<CYAN>@@ -1,32 +1,32 @@<RESET>
+/ {<RESET>
+	<RED>this_handle<RESET><GREEN>HANDLE_2<RESET>: <RED>node<RESET><GREEN>new-node<RESET>@<RED>f00<RESET><GREEN>eeda<RESET> {
+		compatible = "<RED>mydev<RESET><GREEN>vendor,compat<RESET>";
+		string-prop = <RED>start<RESET><GREEN>end<RESET>: "hello <RED>world!<RESET><GREEN>world?<RESET>" <RED>end<RESET><GREEN>start<RESET>: ;
+		<RED>#size-cells<RESET><GREEN>#address-cells<RESET> = <<RED>0+0<RESET><GREEN>0+40<RESET>>;
+		reg = <<RED>0xf00<RESET><GREEN>0xeeda<RESET>>;
+		prop = <<GREEN>(<RESET>1<GREEN>)<RESET>>;
+		prop = <<GREEN>(<RESET>-1e10<GREEN>)<RESET>>;
+		prop = <(!<RED>3<RESET><GREEN>1<RESET>)>;
+		prop = <(~<RED>3<RESET><GREEN>1<RESET>)>;
+		prop = <(<RED>3<RESET><GREEN>1<RESET>*<RED>4<RESET><GREEN>2<RESET>)>;
+		prop = <(<RED>3<RESET><GREEN>1<RESET>&<RED>4<RESET><GREEN>2<RESET>)>;
+		prop = <(<RED>3<RESET><GREEN>1<RESET>*<RED>4<RESET><GREEN>2<RESET>)>;
+		prop = <(<RED>3<RESET><GREEN>1<RESET>/<RED>4<RESET><GREEN>2<RESET>)>;
+		prop = <(<RED>3<RESET><GREEN>1<RESET>%<RED>4<RESET><GREEN>2<RESET>)>;
+		prop = <(<RED>3+4<RESET><GREEN>1+2<RESET>)>;
+		prop = <(<RED>3-4<RESET><GREEN>1-2<RESET>)>;
+		prop = /bits/ <RED>64<RESET><GREEN>32<RESET> <(<RED>3<RESET><GREEN>1<RESET><<<RED>4<RESET><GREEN>2<RESET>)>;
+		prop = <(<RED>3<RESET><GREEN>1<RESET>>><RED>4<RESET><GREEN>2<RESET>)>;
+		prop = <(<RED>3<RESET><GREEN>1<RESET>&<RED>4<RESET><GREEN>2<RESET>)>;
+		prop = <(<RED>3<RESET><GREEN>1<RESET>^<RED>4<RESET><GREEN>2<RESET>)>;
+		prop = <(<RED>3<RESET><GREEN>1<RESET>|<RED>4<RESET><GREEN>2<RESET>)>;
+		prop = <(<RED>3<RESET><GREEN>1<RESET>&&<RED>4<RESET><GREEN>2<RESET>)>;
+		prop = <(<RED>3<RESET><GREEN>1<RESET>||<RED>4<RESET><GREEN>2<RESET>)>;
+		prop = <(<RED>4?5<RESET><GREEN>1?2<RESET>:3)>;
+		list = <&<RED>this_handle<RESET><GREEN>HANDLE_2<RESET>>, <0 0 0 <RED>0<RESET><GREEN>1<RESET>>;
+	};<RESET>
+
+	&<RED>phandle<RESET><GREEN>phandle2<RESET> {
+		<RED>pre-phandle<RESET><GREEN>prop_handle<RESET> = <&<RED>this_handle<RESET><GREEN>HANDLE_2<RESET>>;
+	};<RESET>
+};<RESET>
diff --git a/t/t4034/dts/post b/t/t4034/dts/post
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7803aee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t4034/dts/post
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+/ {
+	HANDLE_2: new-node@eeda {
+		compatible = "vendor,compat";
+		string-prop = end: "hello world?" start: ;
+		#address-cells = <0+40>;
+		reg = <0xeeda>;
+		prop = <(1)>;
+		prop = <(-1e10)>;
+		prop = <(!1)>;
+		prop = <(~1)>;
+		prop = <(1*2)>;
+		prop = <(1&2)>;
+		prop = <(1*2)>;
+		prop = <(1/2)>;
+		prop = <(1%2)>;
+		prop = <(1+2)>;
+		prop = <(1-2)>;
+		prop = /bits/ 32 <(1<<2)>;
+		prop = <(1>>2)>;
+		prop = <(1&2)>;
+		prop = <(1^2)>;
+		prop = <(1|2)>;
+		prop = <(1&&2)>;
+		prop = <(1||2)>;
+		prop = <(1?2:3)>;
+		list = <&HANDLE_2>, <0 0 0 1>;
+	};
+
+	&phandle2 {
+		prop_handle = <&HANDLE_2>;
+	};
+};
diff --git a/t/t4034/dts/pre b/t/t4034/dts/pre
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b6a9051
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t4034/dts/pre
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+/ {
+	this_handle: node@f00 {
+		compatible = "mydev";
+		string-prop = start: "hello world!" end: ;
+		#size-cells = <0+0>;
+		reg = <0xf00>;
+		prop = <1>;
+		prop = <-1e10>;
+		prop = <(!3)>;
+		prop = <(~3)>;
+		prop = <(3*4)>;
+		prop = <(3&4)>;
+		prop = <(3*4)>;
+		prop = <(3/4)>;
+		prop = <(3%4)>;
+		prop = <(3+4)>;
+		prop = <(3-4)>;
+		prop = /bits/ 64 <(3<<4)>;
+		prop = <(3>>4)>;
+		prop = <(3&4)>;
+		prop = <(3^4)>;
+		prop = <(3|4)>;
+		prop = <(3&&4)>;
+		prop = <(3||4)>;
+		prop = <(4?5:3)>;
+		list = <&this_handle>, <0 0 0 0>;
+	};
+
+	&phandle {
+		pre-phandle = <&this_handle>;
+	};
+};
diff --git a/t/t4067-diff-partial-clone.sh b/t/t4067-diff-partial-clone.sh
index 90c8fb2..4831ad3 100755
--- a/t/t4067-diff-partial-clone.sh
+++ b/t/t4067-diff-partial-clone.sh
@@ -75,6 +75,37 @@
 	! grep "want $(cat hash-b)" trace
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'when fetching missing objects, diff skips GITLINKs' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -rf sub server client trace" &&
+
+	test_create_repo sub &&
+	test_commit -C sub first &&
+
+	test_create_repo server &&
+	echo a >server/a &&
+	git -C server add a &&
+	git -C server submodule add "file://$(pwd)/sub" &&
+	git -C server commit -m x &&
+
+	test_commit -C server/sub second &&
+	echo another-a >server/a &&
+	git -C server add a sub &&
+	git -C server commit -m x &&
+
+	test_config -C server uploadpack.allowfilter 1 &&
+	test_config -C server uploadpack.allowanysha1inwant 1 &&
+	git clone --bare --filter=blob:limit=0 "file://$(pwd)/server" client &&
+
+	echo a | git hash-object --stdin >hash-old-a &&
+	echo another-a | git hash-object --stdin >hash-new-a &&
+
+	# Ensure that a and another-a are fetched, and check (by successful
+	# execution of the diff) that no invalid OIDs are sent.
+	GIT_TRACE_PACKET="$(pwd)/trace" git -C client diff HEAD^ HEAD &&
+	grep "want $(cat hash-old-a)" trace &&
+	grep "want $(cat hash-new-a)" trace
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'diff with rename detection batches blobs' '
 	test_when_finished "rm -rf server client trace" &&
 
diff --git a/t/t4150-am.sh b/t/t4150-am.sh
index 3f7f750..4f1e24e 100755
--- a/t/t4150-am.sh
+++ b/t/t4150-am.sh
@@ -1061,4 +1061,56 @@
 	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'am and .gitattibutes' '
+	test_create_repo attributes &&
+	(
+		cd attributes &&
+		test_commit init &&
+		git config filter.test.clean "sed -e '\''s/smudged/clean/g'\''" &&
+		git config filter.test.smudge "sed -e '\''s/clean/smudged/g'\''" &&
+
+		test_commit second &&
+		git checkout -b test HEAD^ &&
+
+		echo "*.txt filter=test conflict-marker-size=10" >.gitattributes &&
+		git add .gitattributes &&
+		test_commit third &&
+
+		echo "This text is smudged." >a.txt &&
+		git add a.txt &&
+		test_commit fourth &&
+
+		git checkout -b removal HEAD^ &&
+		git rm .gitattributes &&
+		git add -u &&
+		test_commit fifth &&
+		git cherry-pick test &&
+
+		git checkout -b conflict third &&
+		echo "This text is different." >a.txt &&
+		git add a.txt &&
+		test_commit sixth &&
+
+		git checkout test &&
+		git format-patch --stdout master..HEAD >patches &&
+		git reset --hard master &&
+		git am patches &&
+		grep "smudged" a.txt &&
+
+		git checkout removal &&
+		git reset --hard &&
+		git format-patch --stdout master..HEAD >patches &&
+		git reset --hard master &&
+		git am patches &&
+		grep "clean" a.txt &&
+
+		git checkout conflict &&
+		git reset --hard &&
+		git format-patch --stdout master..HEAD >patches &&
+		git reset --hard fourth &&
+		test_must_fail git am -3 patches &&
+		grep "<<<<<<<<<<" a.txt
+	)
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t4202-log.sh b/t/t4202-log.sh
index c202093..e88ccb0 100755
--- a/t/t4202-log.sh
+++ b/t/t4202-log.sh
@@ -1707,4 +1707,11 @@
 	test_must_fail git log --exclude-promisor-objects source-a
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'log --end-of-options' '
+       git update-ref refs/heads/--source HEAD &&
+       git log --end-of-options --source >actual &&
+       git log >expect &&
+       test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t4211-line-log.sh b/t/t4211-line-log.sh
index 1db7bd0..8319163 100755
--- a/t/t4211-line-log.sh
+++ b/t/t4211-line-log.sh
@@ -132,4 +132,86 @@
 	test_must_fail git log -L1,24:b.c --raw
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'setup for checking fancy rename following' '
+	git checkout --orphan moves-start &&
+	git reset --hard &&
+
+	printf "%s\n"    12 13 14 15      b c d e   >file-1 &&
+	printf "%s\n"    22 23 24 25      B C D E   >file-2 &&
+	git add file-1 file-2 &&
+	test_tick &&
+	git commit -m "Add file-1 and file-2" &&
+	oid_add_f1_f2=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD) &&
+
+	git checkout -b moves-main &&
+	printf "%s\n" 11 12 13 14 15      b c d e   >file-1 &&
+	git commit -a -m "Modify file-1 on main" &&
+	oid_mod_f1_main=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD) &&
+
+	printf "%s\n" 21 22 23 24 25      B C D E   >file-2 &&
+	git commit -a -m "Modify file-2 on main #1" &&
+	oid_mod_f2_main_1=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD) &&
+
+	git mv file-1 renamed-1 &&
+	git commit -m "Rename file-1 to renamed-1 on main" &&
+
+	printf "%s\n" 11 12 13 14 15      b c d e f >renamed-1 &&
+	git commit -a -m "Modify renamed-1 on main" &&
+	oid_mod_r1_main=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD) &&
+
+	printf "%s\n" 21 22 23 24 25      B C D E F >file-2 &&
+	git commit -a -m "Modify file-2 on main #2" &&
+	oid_mod_f2_main_2=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD) &&
+
+	git checkout -b moves-side moves-start &&
+	printf "%s\n"    12 13 14 15 16   b c d e   >file-1 &&
+	git commit -a -m "Modify file-1 on side #1" &&
+	oid_mod_f1_side_1=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD) &&
+
+	printf "%s\n"    22 23 24 25 26   B C D E   >file-2 &&
+	git commit -a -m "Modify file-2 on side" &&
+	oid_mod_f2_side=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD) &&
+
+	git mv file-2 renamed-2 &&
+	git commit -m "Rename file-2 to renamed-2 on side" &&
+
+	printf "%s\n"    12 13 14 15 16 a b c d e   >file-1 &&
+	git commit -a -m "Modify file-1 on side #2" &&
+	oid_mod_f1_side_2=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD) &&
+
+	printf "%s\n"    22 23 24 25 26 A B C D E   >renamed-2 &&
+	git commit -a -m "Modify renamed-2 on side" &&
+	oid_mod_r2_side=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD) &&
+
+	git checkout moves-main &&
+	git merge moves-side &&
+	oid_merge=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD)
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'fancy rename following #1' '
+	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
+	$oid_merge Merge branch '\''moves-side'\'' into moves-main
+	$oid_mod_f1_side_2 Modify file-1 on side #2
+	$oid_mod_f1_side_1 Modify file-1 on side #1
+	$oid_mod_r1_main Modify renamed-1 on main
+	$oid_mod_f1_main Modify file-1 on main
+	$oid_add_f1_f2 Add file-1 and file-2
+	EOF
+	git log -L1:renamed-1 --oneline --no-patch >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'fancy rename following #2' '
+	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
+	$oid_merge Merge branch '\''moves-side'\'' into moves-main
+	$oid_mod_r2_side Modify renamed-2 on side
+	$oid_mod_f2_side Modify file-2 on side
+	$oid_mod_f2_main_2 Modify file-2 on main #2
+	$oid_mod_f2_main_1 Modify file-2 on main #1
+	$oid_add_f1_f2 Add file-1 and file-2
+	EOF
+	git log -L1:renamed-2 --oneline --no-patch >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5004-archive-corner-cases.sh b/t/t5004-archive-corner-cases.sh
index 271eb5a..3e7b23c 100755
--- a/t/t5004-archive-corner-cases.sh
+++ b/t/t5004-archive-corner-cases.sh
@@ -204,4 +204,23 @@
 	grep $size big.lst
 '
 
+build_tree() {
+	perl -e '
+		my $hash = $ARGV[0];
+		foreach my $order (2..6) {
+			$first = 10 ** $order;
+			foreach my $i (-13..-9) {
+				my $name = "a" x ($first + $i);
+				print "100644 blob $hash\t$name\n"
+			}
+		}
+	' "$1"
+}
+
+test_expect_success 'tar archive with long paths' '
+	blob=$(echo foo | git hash-object -w --stdin) &&
+	tree=$(build_tree $blob | git mktree) &&
+	git archive -o long_paths.tar $tree
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5307-pack-missing-commit.sh b/t/t5307-pack-missing-commit.sh
index dacb440..f4338ab 100755
--- a/t/t5307-pack-missing-commit.sh
+++ b/t/t5307-pack-missing-commit.sh
@@ -24,11 +24,11 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'rev-list notices corruption (1)' '
-	test_must_fail env GIT_TEST_COMMIT_GRAPH=0 git rev-list HEAD
+	test_must_fail env GIT_TEST_COMMIT_GRAPH=0 git -c core.commitGraph=false rev-list HEAD
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'rev-list notices corruption (2)' '
-	test_must_fail env GIT_TEST_COMMIT_GRAPH=0 git rev-list --objects HEAD
+	test_must_fail env GIT_TEST_COMMIT_GRAPH=0 git -c core.commitGraph=false rev-list --objects HEAD
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'pack-objects notices corruption' '
diff --git a/t/t5318-commit-graph.sh b/t/t5318-commit-graph.sh
index 22cb9d6..ab3eccf 100755
--- a/t/t5318-commit-graph.sh
+++ b/t/t5318-commit-graph.sh
@@ -23,11 +23,10 @@
 	test_path_is_missing info/commit-graph
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'close with correct error on bad input' '
+test_expect_success 'exit with correct error on bad input to --stdin-packs' '
 	cd "$TRASH_DIRECTORY/full" &&
 	echo doesnotexist >in &&
-	{ git commit-graph write --stdin-packs <in 2>stderr; ret=$?; } &&
-	test "$ret" = 1 &&
+	test_expect_code 1 git commit-graph write --stdin-packs <in 2>stderr &&
 	test_i18ngrep "error adding pack" stderr
 '
 
@@ -41,6 +40,15 @@
 	git repack
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'exit with correct error on bad input to --stdin-commits' '
+	cd "$TRASH_DIRECTORY/full" &&
+	echo HEAD | test_expect_code 1 git commit-graph write --stdin-commits 2>stderr &&
+	test_i18ngrep "invalid commit object id" stderr &&
+	# valid tree OID, but not a commit OID
+	git rev-parse HEAD^{tree} | test_expect_code 1 git commit-graph write --stdin-commits 2>stderr &&
+	test_i18ngrep "invalid commit object id" stderr
+'
+
 graph_git_two_modes() {
 	git -c core.commitGraph=true $1 >output
 	git -c core.commitGraph=false $1 >expect
diff --git a/t/t5324-split-commit-graph.sh b/t/t5324-split-commit-graph.sh
index 99f4ef4..e2c3953 100755
--- a/t/t5324-split-commit-graph.sh
+++ b/t/t5324-split-commit-graph.sh
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 test_expect_success 'setup repo' '
 	git init &&
 	git config core.commitGraph true &&
+	git config gc.writeCommitGraph false &&
 	infodir=".git/objects/info" &&
 	graphdir="$infodir/commit-graphs" &&
 	test_oid_init
@@ -334,6 +335,7 @@
 	git clone --no-hardlinks . alt-split &&
 	(
 		cd alt-split &&
+		rm -f .git/objects/info/commit-graph &&
 		echo "$(pwd)"/../.git/objects >.git/objects/info/alternates &&
 		test_commit 18 &&
 		git commit-graph write --reachable --split &&
diff --git a/t/t5500-fetch-pack.sh b/t/t5500-fetch-pack.sh
index 1c71c0e..5115711 100755
--- a/t/t5500-fetch-pack.sh
+++ b/t/t5500-fetch-pack.sh
@@ -708,13 +708,22 @@
 	# file with scheme
 	for p in file
 	do
-		test_expect_success "fetch-pack --diag-url $p://$h/$r" '
+		test_expect_success !MINGW "fetch-pack --diag-url $p://$h/$r" '
 			check_prot_path $p://$h/$r $p "/$r"
 		'
+		test_expect_success MINGW "fetch-pack --diag-url $p://$h/$r" '
+			check_prot_path $p://$h/$r $p "//$h/$r"
+		'
+		test_expect_success MINGW "fetch-pack --diag-url $p:///$r" '
+			check_prot_path $p:///$r $p "/$r"
+		'
 		# No "/~" -> "~" conversion for file
-		test_expect_success "fetch-pack --diag-url $p://$h/~$r" '
+		test_expect_success !MINGW "fetch-pack --diag-url $p://$h/~$r" '
 			check_prot_path $p://$h/~$r $p "/~$r"
 		'
+		test_expect_success MINGW "fetch-pack --diag-url $p://$h/~$r" '
+			check_prot_path $p://$h/~$r $p "//$h/~$r"
+		'
 	done
 	# file without scheme
 	for h in nohost nohost:12 [::1] [::1]:23 [ [:aa
@@ -920,4 +929,7 @@
 	fetch_filter_blob_limit_zero "$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH/server" "$HTTPD_URL/smart/server"
 '
 
+# DO NOT add non-httpd-specific tests here, because the last part of this
+# test script is only executed when httpd is available and enabled.
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5510-fetch.sh b/t/t5510-fetch.sh
index 139f710..34b486f 100755
--- a/t/t5510-fetch.sh
+++ b/t/t5510-fetch.sh
@@ -902,6 +902,29 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success '--no-show-forced-updates' '
+	mkdir forced-updates &&
+	(
+		cd forced-updates &&
+		git init &&
+		test_commit 1 &&
+		test_commit 2
+	) &&
+	git clone forced-updates forced-update-clone &&
+	git clone forced-updates no-forced-update-clone &&
+	git -C forced-updates reset --hard HEAD~1 &&
+	(
+		cd forced-update-clone &&
+		git fetch --show-forced-updates origin 2>output &&
+		test_i18ngrep "(forced update)" output
+	) &&
+	(
+		cd no-forced-update-clone &&
+		git fetch --no-show-forced-updates origin 2>output &&
+		test_i18ngrep ! "(forced update)" output
+	)
+'
+
 setup_negotiation_tip () {
 	SERVER="$1"
 	URL="$2"
@@ -978,27 +1001,7 @@
 	check_negotiation_tip
 '
 
-test_expect_success '--no-show-forced-updates' '
-	mkdir forced-updates &&
-	(
-		cd forced-updates &&
-		git init &&
-		test_commit 1 &&
-		test_commit 2
-	) &&
-	git clone forced-updates forced-update-clone &&
-	git clone forced-updates no-forced-update-clone &&
-	git -C forced-updates reset --hard HEAD~1 &&
-	(
-		cd forced-update-clone &&
-		git fetch --show-forced-updates origin 2>output &&
-		test_i18ngrep "(forced update)" output
-	) &&
-	(
-		cd no-forced-update-clone &&
-		git fetch --no-show-forced-updates origin 2>output &&
-		! test_i18ngrep "(forced update)" output
-	)
-'
+# DO NOT add non-httpd-specific tests here, because the last part of this
+# test script is only executed when httpd is available and enabled.
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5515-fetch-merge-logic.sh b/t/t5515-fetch-merge-logic.sh
index e55d847..961eb35 100755
--- a/t/t5515-fetch-merge-logic.sh
+++ b/t/t5515-fetch-merge-logic.sh
@@ -12,9 +12,6 @@
 
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
-LF='
-'
-
 test_expect_success setup '
 	GIT_AUTHOR_DATE="2006-06-26 00:00:00 +0000" &&
 	GIT_COMMITTER_DATE="2006-06-26 00:00:00 +0000" &&
diff --git a/t/t5517-push-mirror.sh b/t/t5517-push-mirror.sh
index c05a661..e4edd56 100755
--- a/t/t5517-push-mirror.sh
+++ b/t/t5517-push-mirror.sh
@@ -265,4 +265,14 @@
 
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'push to mirrored repository with refspec fails' '
+	mk_repo_pair &&
+	(
+		cd master &&
+		echo one >foo && git add foo && git commit -m one &&
+		git config --add remote.up.mirror true &&
+		test_must_fail git push up master
+	)
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5537-fetch-shallow.sh b/t/t5537-fetch-shallow.sh
index 66f0b64..97a6772 100755
--- a/t/t5537-fetch-shallow.sh
+++ b/t/t5537-fetch-shallow.sh
@@ -255,4 +255,7 @@
 	git -C client fsck
 '
 
+# DO NOT add non-httpd-specific tests here, because the last part of this
+# test script is only executed when httpd is available and enabled.
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5545-push-options.sh b/t/t5545-push-options.sh
index 6d1d59c..04b34c4 100755
--- a/t/t5545-push-options.sh
+++ b/t/t5545-push-options.sh
@@ -278,4 +278,7 @@
 	test_cmp expect "$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH"/upstream.git/hooks/pre-receive.push_options
 '
 
+# DO NOT add non-httpd-specific tests here, because the last part of this
+# test script is only executed when httpd is available and enabled.
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5552-skipping-fetch-negotiator.sh b/t/t5552-skipping-fetch-negotiator.sh
index 8a14be5..f70cbcc 100755
--- a/t/t5552-skipping-fetch-negotiator.sh
+++ b/t/t5552-skipping-fetch-negotiator.sh
@@ -60,29 +60,6 @@
 	have_not_sent c6 c4 c3
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'unknown fetch.negotiationAlgorithm values error out' '
-	rm -rf server client trace &&
-	git init server &&
-	test_commit -C server to_fetch &&
-
-	git init client &&
-	test_commit -C client on_client &&
-	git -C client checkout on_client &&
-
-	test_config -C client fetch.negotiationAlgorithm invalid &&
-	test_must_fail git -C client fetch "$(pwd)/server" 2>err &&
-	test_i18ngrep "unknown fetch negotiation algorithm" err &&
-
-	# Explicit "default" value
-	test_config -C client fetch.negotiationAlgorithm default &&
-	git -C client -c fetch.negotiationAlgorithm=default fetch "$(pwd)/server" &&
-
-	# Implementation detail: If there is nothing to fetch, we will not error out
-	test_config -C client fetch.negotiationAlgorithm invalid &&
-	git -C client fetch "$(pwd)/server" 2>err &&
-	test_i18ngrep ! "unknown fetch negotiation algorithm" err
-'
-
 test_expect_success 'when two skips collide, favor the larger one' '
 	rm -rf server client trace &&
 	git init server &&
diff --git a/t/t5553-set-upstream.sh b/t/t5553-set-upstream.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..81975ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t5553-set-upstream.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+test_description='"git fetch/pull --set-upstream" basic tests.'
+. ./test-lib.sh
+
+check_config () {
+	printf "%s\n" "$2" "$3" >"expect.$1" &&
+	{
+		git config "branch.$1.remote" && git config "branch.$1.merge"
+	} >"actual.$1" &&
+	test_cmp "expect.$1" "actual.$1"
+}
+
+check_config_missing () {
+	test_expect_code 1 git config "branch.$1.remote" &&
+	test_expect_code 1 git config "branch.$1.merge"
+}
+
+clear_config () {
+	for branch in "$@"; do
+		test_might_fail git config --unset-all "branch.$branch.remote"
+		test_might_fail git config --unset-all "branch.$branch.merge"
+	done
+}
+
+ensure_fresh_upstream () {
+	rm -rf parent && git init --bare parent
+}
+
+test_expect_success 'setup bare parent fetch' '
+	ensure_fresh_upstream &&
+	git remote add upstream parent
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'setup commit on master and other fetch' '
+	test_commit one &&
+	git push upstream master &&
+	git checkout -b other &&
+	test_commit two &&
+	git push upstream other
+'
+
+# tests for fetch --set-upstream
+
+test_expect_success 'fetch --set-upstream does not set upstream w/o branch' '
+	clear_config master other &&
+	git checkout master &&
+	git fetch --set-upstream upstream &&
+	check_config_missing master &&
+	check_config_missing other
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'fetch --set-upstream upstream master sets branch master but not other' '
+	clear_config master other &&
+	git fetch --set-upstream upstream master &&
+	check_config master upstream refs/heads/master &&
+	check_config_missing other
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'fetch --set-upstream upstream other sets branch other' '
+	clear_config master other &&
+	git fetch --set-upstream upstream other &&
+	check_config master upstream refs/heads/other &&
+	check_config_missing other
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'fetch --set-upstream master:other does not set the branch other2' '
+	clear_config other2 &&
+	git fetch --set-upstream upstream master:other2 &&
+	check_config_missing other2
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'fetch --set-upstream http://nosuchdomain.example.com fails with invalid url' '
+	# master explicitly not cleared, we check that it is not touched from previous value
+	clear_config other other2 &&
+	test_must_fail git fetch --set-upstream http://nosuchdomain.example.com &&
+	check_config master upstream refs/heads/other &&
+	check_config_missing other &&
+	check_config_missing other2
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'fetch --set-upstream with valid URL sets upstream to URL' '
+	clear_config other other2 &&
+	url="file://'"$PWD"'" &&
+	git fetch --set-upstream "$url" &&
+	check_config master "$url" HEAD &&
+	check_config_missing other &&
+	check_config_missing other2
+'
+
+# tests for pull --set-upstream
+
+test_expect_success 'setup bare parent pull' '
+	git remote rm upstream &&
+	ensure_fresh_upstream &&
+	git remote add upstream parent
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'setup commit on master and other pull' '
+	test_commit three &&
+	git push --tags upstream master &&
+	test_commit four &&
+	git push upstream other
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'pull --set-upstream upstream master sets branch master but not other' '
+	clear_config master other &&
+	git pull --set-upstream upstream master &&
+	check_config master upstream refs/heads/master &&
+	check_config_missing other
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'pull --set-upstream master:other2 does not set the branch other2' '
+	clear_config other2 &&
+	git pull --set-upstream upstream master:other2 &&
+	check_config_missing other2
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'pull --set-upstream upstream other sets branch master' '
+	clear_config master other &&
+	git pull --set-upstream upstream other &&
+	check_config master upstream refs/heads/other &&
+	check_config_missing other
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'pull --set-upstream upstream tag does not set the tag' '
+	clear_config three &&
+	git pull --tags --set-upstream upstream three &&
+	check_config_missing three
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'pull --set-upstream http://nosuchdomain.example.com fails with invalid url' '
+	# master explicitly not cleared, we check that it is not touched from previous value
+	clear_config other other2 three &&
+	test_must_fail git pull --set-upstream http://nosuchdomain.example.com &&
+	check_config master upstream refs/heads/other &&
+	check_config_missing other &&
+	check_config_missing other2 &&
+	check_config_missing three
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'pull --set-upstream upstream HEAD sets branch HEAD' '
+	clear_config master other &&
+	git pull --set-upstream upstream HEAD &&
+	check_config master upstream HEAD &&
+	git checkout other &&
+	git pull --set-upstream upstream HEAD &&
+	check_config other upstream HEAD
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'pull --set-upstream upstream with more than one branch does nothing' '
+	clear_config master three &&
+	git pull --set-upstream upstream master three &&
+	check_config_missing master &&
+	check_config_missing three
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'pull --set-upstream with valid URL sets upstream to URL' '
+	clear_config master other other2 &&
+	git checkout master &&
+	url="file://'"$PWD"'" &&
+	git pull --set-upstream "$url" &&
+	check_config master "$url" HEAD &&
+	check_config_missing other &&
+	check_config_missing other2
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'pull --set-upstream with valid URL and branch sets branch' '
+	clear_config master other other2 &&
+	git checkout master &&
+	url="file://'"$PWD"'" &&
+	git pull --set-upstream "$url" master &&
+	check_config master "$url" refs/heads/master &&
+	check_config_missing other &&
+	check_config_missing other2
+'
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/t5601-clone.sh b/t/t5601-clone.sh
index 37d7680..ad8c411 100755
--- a/t/t5601-clone.sh
+++ b/t/t5601-clone.sh
@@ -434,7 +434,6 @@
 	expect_ssh "-v -P 123" myhost src
 '
 
-SQ="'"
 test_expect_success 'single quoted plink.exe in GIT_SSH_COMMAND' '
 	copy_ssh_wrapper_as "$TRASH_DIRECTORY/plink.exe" &&
 	GIT_SSH_COMMAND="$SQ$TRASH_DIRECTORY/plink.exe$SQ -v" \
@@ -654,7 +653,8 @@
 	git -C client fsck &&
 
 	# Ensure that unneeded blobs are not inadvertently fetched.
-	test_config -C client extensions.partialclone "not a remote" &&
+	test_config -C client remote.origin.promisor "false" &&
+	git -C client config --unset remote.origin.partialclonefilter &&
 	test_must_fail git -C client cat-file -e "$HASH1" &&
 
 	# But this blob was fetched, because clone performs an initial checkout
@@ -739,4 +739,7 @@
 	partial_clone "$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH/server" "$HTTPD_URL/smart/server"
 '
 
+# DO NOT add non-httpd-specific tests here, because the last part of this
+# test script is only executed when httpd is available and enabled.
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5607-clone-bundle.sh b/t/t5607-clone-bundle.sh
index 2a0fb15..b7a3fdf 100755
--- a/t/t5607-clone-bundle.sh
+++ b/t/t5607-clone-bundle.sh
@@ -83,4 +83,15 @@
 	test_path_is_missing fail.bundle.lock
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'fetch SHA-1 from bundle' '
+	test_create_repo foo &&
+	test_commit -C foo x &&
+	git -C foo bundle create tip.bundle -1 master &&
+	git -C foo rev-parse HEAD >hash &&
+
+	# Exercise to ensure that fetching a SHA-1 from a bundle works with no
+	# errors
+	git fetch --no-tags foo/tip.bundle "$(cat hash)"
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5616-partial-clone.sh b/t/t5616-partial-clone.sh
index b91ef54..fc634a5 100755
--- a/t/t5616-partial-clone.sh
+++ b/t/t5616-partial-clone.sh
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@
 
 	test_cmp expect_1.oids observed.oids &&
 	test "$(git -C pc1 config --local core.repositoryformatversion)" = "1" &&
-	test "$(git -C pc1 config --local extensions.partialclone)" = "origin" &&
-	test "$(git -C pc1 config --local core.partialclonefilter)" = "blob:none"
+	test "$(git -C pc1 config --local remote.origin.promisor)" = "true" &&
+	test "$(git -C pc1 config --local remote.origin.partialclonefilter)" = "blob:none"
 '
 
 # checkout master to force dynamic object fetch of blobs at HEAD.
@@ -208,6 +208,25 @@
 	test_cmp unique_types.expected unique_types.observed
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'implicitly construct combine: filter with repeated flags' '
+	GIT_TRACE=$(pwd)/trace git clone --bare \
+		--filter=blob:none --filter=tree:1 \
+		"file://$(pwd)/srv.bare" pc2 &&
+	grep "trace:.* git pack-objects .*--filter=combine:blob:none+tree:1" \
+		trace &&
+	git -C pc2 rev-list --objects --missing=allow-any HEAD >objects &&
+
+	# We should have gotten some root trees.
+	grep " $" objects &&
+	# Should not have gotten any non-root trees or blobs.
+	! grep " ." objects &&
+
+	xargs -n 1 git -C pc2 cat-file -t <objects >types &&
+	sort -u types >unique_types.actual &&
+	test_write_lines commit tree >unique_types.expected &&
+	test_cmp unique_types.expected unique_types.actual
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'partial clone fetches blobs pointed to by refs even if normally filtered out' '
 	rm -rf src dst &&
 	git init src &&
@@ -417,4 +436,7 @@
 	! test -e "$HTTPD_ROOT_PATH/one-time-sed"
 '
 
+# DO NOT add non-httpd-specific tests here, because the last part of this
+# test script is only executed when httpd is available and enabled.
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5700-protocol-v1.sh b/t/t5700-protocol-v1.sh
index 7c9511c..2571eb9 100755
--- a/t/t5700-protocol-v1.sh
+++ b/t/t5700-protocol-v1.sh
@@ -292,4 +292,7 @@
 	grep "git< version 1" log
 '
 
+# DO NOT add non-httpd-specific tests here, because the last part of this
+# test script is only executed when httpd is available and enabled.
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5702-protocol-v2.sh b/t/t5702-protocol-v2.sh
index 011b81d..ae9175c 100755
--- a/t/t5702-protocol-v2.sh
+++ b/t/t5702-protocol-v2.sh
@@ -631,6 +631,19 @@
 	grep "git< version 2" log
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'fetch with http:// by hash without tag following with protocol v2 does not list refs' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -f log" &&
+
+	test_commit -C "$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH/http_parent" two_a &&
+	git -C "$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH/http_parent" rev-parse two_a >two_a_hash &&
+
+	GIT_TRACE_PACKET="$(pwd)/log" git -C http_child -c protocol.version=2 \
+		fetch --no-tags origin $(cat two_a_hash) &&
+
+	grep "fetch< version 2" log &&
+	! grep "fetch> command=ls-refs" log
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'fetch from namespaced repo respects namespaces' '
 	test_when_finished "rm -f log" &&
 
@@ -723,4 +736,7 @@
 	test_i18ngrep "expected no other sections to be sent after no .ready." err
 '
 
+# DO NOT add non-httpd-specific tests here, because the last part of this
+# test script is only executed when httpd is available and enabled.
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5703-upload-pack-ref-in-want.sh b/t/t5703-upload-pack-ref-in-want.sh
index de4b610..3a2c143 100755
--- a/t/t5703-upload-pack-ref-in-want.sh
+++ b/t/t5703-upload-pack-ref-in-want.sh
@@ -157,106 +157,6 @@
 	check_output
 '
 
-. "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-httpd.sh
-start_httpd
-
-REPO="$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH/repo"
-LOCAL_PRISTINE="$(pwd)/local_pristine"
-
-test_expect_success 'setup repos for change-while-negotiating test' '
-	(
-		git init "$REPO" &&
-		cd "$REPO" &&
-		>.git/git-daemon-export-ok &&
-		test_commit m1 &&
-		git tag -d m1 &&
-
-		# Local repo with many commits (so that negotiation will take
-		# more than 1 request/response pair)
-		git clone "http://127.0.0.1:$LIB_HTTPD_PORT/smart/repo" "$LOCAL_PRISTINE" &&
-		cd "$LOCAL_PRISTINE" &&
-		git checkout -b side &&
-		test_commit_bulk --id=s 33 &&
-
-		# Add novel commits to upstream
-		git checkout master &&
-		cd "$REPO" &&
-		test_commit m2 &&
-		test_commit m3 &&
-		git tag -d m2 m3
-	) &&
-	git -C "$LOCAL_PRISTINE" remote set-url origin "http://127.0.0.1:$LIB_HTTPD_PORT/one_time_sed/repo" &&
-	git -C "$LOCAL_PRISTINE" config protocol.version 2
-'
-
-inconsistency () {
-	# Simulate that the server initially reports $2 as the ref
-	# corresponding to $1, and after that, $1 as the ref corresponding to
-	# $1. This corresponds to the real-life situation where the server's
-	# repository appears to change during negotiation, for example, when
-	# different servers in a load-balancing arrangement serve (stateless)
-	# RPCs during a single negotiation.
-	printf "s/%s/%s/" \
-	       $(git -C "$REPO" rev-parse $1 | tr -d "\n") \
-	       $(git -C "$REPO" rev-parse $2 | tr -d "\n") \
-	       >"$HTTPD_ROOT_PATH/one-time-sed"
-}
-
-test_expect_success 'server is initially ahead - no ref in want' '
-	git -C "$REPO" config uploadpack.allowRefInWant false &&
-	rm -rf local &&
-	cp -r "$LOCAL_PRISTINE" local &&
-	inconsistency master 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890 &&
-	test_must_fail git -C local fetch 2>err &&
-	test_i18ngrep "fatal: remote error: upload-pack: not our ref" err
-'
-
-test_expect_success 'server is initially ahead - ref in want' '
-	git -C "$REPO" config uploadpack.allowRefInWant true &&
-	rm -rf local &&
-	cp -r "$LOCAL_PRISTINE" local &&
-	inconsistency master 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890 &&
-	git -C local fetch &&
-
-	git -C "$REPO" rev-parse --verify master >expected &&
-	git -C local rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/origin/master >actual &&
-	test_cmp expected actual
-'
-
-test_expect_success 'server is initially behind - no ref in want' '
-	git -C "$REPO" config uploadpack.allowRefInWant false &&
-	rm -rf local &&
-	cp -r "$LOCAL_PRISTINE" local &&
-	inconsistency master "master^" &&
-	git -C local fetch &&
-
-	git -C "$REPO" rev-parse --verify "master^" >expected &&
-	git -C local rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/origin/master >actual &&
-	test_cmp expected actual
-'
-
-test_expect_success 'server is initially behind - ref in want' '
-	git -C "$REPO" config uploadpack.allowRefInWant true &&
-	rm -rf local &&
-	cp -r "$LOCAL_PRISTINE" local &&
-	inconsistency master "master^" &&
-	git -C local fetch &&
-
-	git -C "$REPO" rev-parse --verify "master" >expected &&
-	git -C local rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/origin/master >actual &&
-	test_cmp expected actual
-'
-
-test_expect_success 'server loses a ref - ref in want' '
-	git -C "$REPO" config uploadpack.allowRefInWant true &&
-	rm -rf local &&
-	cp -r "$LOCAL_PRISTINE" local &&
-	echo "s/master/raster/" >"$HTTPD_ROOT_PATH/one-time-sed" &&
-	test_must_fail git -C local fetch 2>err &&
-
-	test_i18ngrep "fatal: remote error: unknown ref refs/heads/raster" err
-'
-
 REPO="$(pwd)/repo"
 LOCAL_PRISTINE="$(pwd)/local_pristine"
 
@@ -372,4 +272,108 @@
 	grep "want-ref refs/heads/o/bar" log
 '
 
+. "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-httpd.sh
+start_httpd
+
+REPO="$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH/repo"
+LOCAL_PRISTINE="$(pwd)/local_pristine"
+
+test_expect_success 'setup repos for change-while-negotiating test' '
+	(
+		git init "$REPO" &&
+		cd "$REPO" &&
+		>.git/git-daemon-export-ok &&
+		test_commit m1 &&
+		git tag -d m1 &&
+
+		# Local repo with many commits (so that negotiation will take
+		# more than 1 request/response pair)
+		rm -rf "$LOCAL_PRISTINE" &&
+		git clone "http://127.0.0.1:$LIB_HTTPD_PORT/smart/repo" "$LOCAL_PRISTINE" &&
+		cd "$LOCAL_PRISTINE" &&
+		git checkout -b side &&
+		test_commit_bulk --id=s 33 &&
+
+		# Add novel commits to upstream
+		git checkout master &&
+		cd "$REPO" &&
+		test_commit m2 &&
+		test_commit m3 &&
+		git tag -d m2 m3
+	) &&
+	git -C "$LOCAL_PRISTINE" remote set-url origin "http://127.0.0.1:$LIB_HTTPD_PORT/one_time_sed/repo" &&
+	git -C "$LOCAL_PRISTINE" config protocol.version 2
+'
+
+inconsistency () {
+	# Simulate that the server initially reports $2 as the ref
+	# corresponding to $1, and after that, $1 as the ref corresponding to
+	# $1. This corresponds to the real-life situation where the server's
+	# repository appears to change during negotiation, for example, when
+	# different servers in a load-balancing arrangement serve (stateless)
+	# RPCs during a single negotiation.
+	printf "s/%s/%s/" \
+	       $(git -C "$REPO" rev-parse $1 | tr -d "\n") \
+	       $(git -C "$REPO" rev-parse $2 | tr -d "\n") \
+	       >"$HTTPD_ROOT_PATH/one-time-sed"
+}
+
+test_expect_success 'server is initially ahead - no ref in want' '
+	git -C "$REPO" config uploadpack.allowRefInWant false &&
+	rm -rf local &&
+	cp -r "$LOCAL_PRISTINE" local &&
+	inconsistency master 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890 &&
+	test_must_fail git -C local fetch 2>err &&
+	test_i18ngrep "fatal: remote error: upload-pack: not our ref" err
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'server is initially ahead - ref in want' '
+	git -C "$REPO" config uploadpack.allowRefInWant true &&
+	rm -rf local &&
+	cp -r "$LOCAL_PRISTINE" local &&
+	inconsistency master 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890 &&
+	git -C local fetch &&
+
+	git -C "$REPO" rev-parse --verify master >expected &&
+	git -C local rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/origin/master >actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'server is initially behind - no ref in want' '
+	git -C "$REPO" config uploadpack.allowRefInWant false &&
+	rm -rf local &&
+	cp -r "$LOCAL_PRISTINE" local &&
+	inconsistency master "master^" &&
+	git -C local fetch &&
+
+	git -C "$REPO" rev-parse --verify "master^" >expected &&
+	git -C local rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/origin/master >actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'server is initially behind - ref in want' '
+	git -C "$REPO" config uploadpack.allowRefInWant true &&
+	rm -rf local &&
+	cp -r "$LOCAL_PRISTINE" local &&
+	inconsistency master "master^" &&
+	git -C local fetch &&
+
+	git -C "$REPO" rev-parse --verify "master" >expected &&
+	git -C local rev-parse --verify refs/remotes/origin/master >actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'server loses a ref - ref in want' '
+	git -C "$REPO" config uploadpack.allowRefInWant true &&
+	rm -rf local &&
+	cp -r "$LOCAL_PRISTINE" local &&
+	echo "s/master/raster/" >"$HTTPD_ROOT_PATH/one-time-sed" &&
+	test_must_fail git -C local fetch 2>err &&
+
+	test_i18ngrep "fatal: remote error: unknown ref refs/heads/raster" err
+'
+
+# DO NOT add non-httpd-specific tests here, because the last part of this
+# test script is only executed when httpd is available and enabled.
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t6000-rev-list-misc.sh b/t/t6000-rev-list-misc.sh
index 52a9e38..b8cf823 100755
--- a/t/t6000-rev-list-misc.sh
+++ b/t/t6000-rev-list-misc.sh
@@ -140,4 +140,12 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'rev-list --end-of-options' '
+	git update-ref refs/heads/--output=yikes HEAD &&
+	git rev-list --end-of-options --output=yikes >actual &&
+	test_path_is_missing yikes &&
+	git rev-list HEAD >expect &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t6006-rev-list-format.sh b/t/t6006-rev-list-format.sh
index da113d9..cfb74d0 100755
--- a/t/t6006-rev-list-format.sh
+++ b/t/t6006-rev-list-format.sh
@@ -501,9 +501,8 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'oneline with empty message' '
-	git commit -m "dummy" --allow-empty &&
-	git commit -m "dummy" --allow-empty &&
-	git filter-branch --msg-filter "sed -e s/dummy//" HEAD^^.. &&
+	git commit --allow-empty --cleanup=verbatim -m "$LF" &&
+	git commit --allow-empty --allow-empty-message &&
 	git rev-list --oneline HEAD >test.txt &&
 	test_line_count = 5 test.txt &&
 	git rev-list --oneline --graph HEAD >testg.txt &&
diff --git a/t/t6011-rev-list-with-bad-commit.sh b/t/t6011-rev-list-with-bad-commit.sh
index 545b461..bad02cf 100755
--- a/t/t6011-rev-list-with-bad-commit.sh
+++ b/t/t6011-rev-list-with-bad-commit.sh
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
    '
 
 test_expect_success 'rev-list should fail' '
-	test_must_fail env GIT_TEST_COMMIT_GRAPH=0 git rev-list --all > /dev/null
+	test_must_fail env GIT_TEST_COMMIT_GRAPH=0 git -c core.commitGraph=false rev-list --all > /dev/null
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'git repack _MUST_ fail' \
diff --git a/t/t6112-rev-list-filters-objects.sh b/t/t6112-rev-list-filters-objects.sh
index acd7f5a..de0e5a5 100755
--- a/t/t6112-rev-list-filters-objects.sh
+++ b/t/t6112-rev-list-filters-objects.sh
@@ -278,7 +278,19 @@
 	test_line_count = 2 actual &&
 
 	# Make sure no other trees were considered besides the root.
-	! grep "Skipping contents of tree [^.]" filter_trace
+	! grep "Skipping contents of tree [^.]" filter_trace &&
+
+	# Try this again with "combine:". If both sub-filters are skipping
+	# trees, the composite filter should also skip trees. This is not
+	# important unless the user does combine:tree:X+tree:Y or another filter
+	# besides "tree:" is implemented in the future which can skip trees.
+	GIT_TRACE=1 git -C r3 rev-list \
+		--objects --filter=combine:tree:1+tree:3 HEAD 2>filter_trace &&
+
+	# Only skip the dir1/ tree, which is shared between the two commits.
+	grep "Skipping contents of tree " filter_trace >actual &&
+	test_write_lines "Skipping contents of tree dir1/..." >expected &&
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 # Test tree:# filters.
@@ -330,6 +342,148 @@
 	test_line_count = 10 actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'combine:... for a simple combination' '
+	git -C r3 rev-list --objects --filter=combine:tree:2+blob:none HEAD \
+		>actual &&
+
+	expect_has HEAD "" &&
+	expect_has HEAD~1 "" &&
+	expect_has HEAD dir1 &&
+
+	# There are also 2 commit objects
+	test_line_count = 5 actual &&
+
+	cp actual expected &&
+
+	# Try again using repeated --filter - this is equivalent to a manual
+	# combine with "combine:...+..."
+	git -C r3 rev-list --objects --filter=combine:tree:2 \
+		--filter=blob:none HEAD >actual &&
+
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'combine:... with URL encoding' '
+	git -C r3 rev-list --objects \
+		--filter=combine:tree%3a2+blob:%6Eon%65 HEAD >actual &&
+
+	expect_has HEAD "" &&
+	expect_has HEAD~1 "" &&
+	expect_has HEAD dir1 &&
+
+	# There are also 2 commit objects
+	test_line_count = 5 actual
+'
+
+expect_invalid_filter_spec () {
+	spec="$1" &&
+	err="$2" &&
+
+	test_must_fail git -C r3 rev-list --objects --filter="$spec" HEAD \
+		>actual 2>actual_stderr &&
+	test_must_be_empty actual &&
+	test_i18ngrep "$err" actual_stderr
+}
+
+test_expect_success 'combine:... while URL-encoding things that should not be' '
+	expect_invalid_filter_spec combine%3Atree:2+blob:none \
+		"invalid filter-spec"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'combine: with nothing after the :' '
+	expect_invalid_filter_spec combine: "expected something after combine:"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'parse error in first sub-filter in combine:' '
+	expect_invalid_filter_spec combine:tree:asdf+blob:none \
+		"expected .tree:<depth>."
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'combine:... with non-encoded reserved chars' '
+	expect_invalid_filter_spec combine:tree:2+sparse:@xyz \
+		"must escape char in sub-filter-spec: .@." &&
+	expect_invalid_filter_spec combine:tree:2+sparse:\` \
+		"must escape char in sub-filter-spec: .\`." &&
+	expect_invalid_filter_spec combine:tree:2+sparse:~abc \
+		"must escape char in sub-filter-spec: .\~."
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'validate err msg for "combine:<valid-filter>+"' '
+	expect_invalid_filter_spec combine:tree:2+ "expected .tree:<depth>."
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'combine:... with edge-case hex digits: Ff Aa 0 9' '
+	git -C r3 rev-list --objects --filter="combine:tree:2+bl%6Fb:n%6fne" \
+		HEAD >actual &&
+	test_line_count = 5 actual &&
+	git -C r3 rev-list --objects --filter="combine:tree%3A2+blob%3anone" \
+		HEAD >actual &&
+	test_line_count = 5 actual &&
+	git -C r3 rev-list --objects --filter="combine:tree:%30" HEAD >actual &&
+	test_line_count = 2 actual &&
+	git -C r3 rev-list --objects --filter="combine:tree:%39+blob:none" \
+		HEAD >actual &&
+	test_line_count = 5 actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'add sparse pattern blobs whose paths have reserved chars' '
+	cp r3/pattern r3/pattern1+renamed% &&
+	cp r3/pattern "r3/p;at%ter+n" &&
+	cp r3/pattern r3/^~pattern &&
+	git -C r3 add pattern1+renamed% "p;at%ter+n" ^~pattern &&
+	git -C r3 commit -m "add sparse pattern files with reserved chars"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'combine:... with more than two sub-filters' '
+	git -C r3 rev-list --objects \
+		--filter=combine:tree:3+blob:limit=40+sparse:oid=master:pattern \
+		HEAD >actual &&
+
+	expect_has HEAD "" &&
+	expect_has HEAD~1 "" &&
+	expect_has HEAD~2 "" &&
+	expect_has HEAD dir1 &&
+	expect_has HEAD dir1/sparse1 &&
+	expect_has HEAD dir1/sparse2 &&
+
+	# Should also have 3 commits
+	test_line_count = 9 actual &&
+
+	# Try again, this time making sure the last sub-filter is only
+	# URL-decoded once.
+	cp actual expect &&
+
+	git -C r3 rev-list --objects \
+		--filter=combine:tree:3+blob:limit=40+sparse:oid=master:pattern1%2brenamed%25 \
+		HEAD >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+	# Use the same composite filter again, but with a pattern file name that
+	# requires encoding multiple characters, and use implicit filter
+	# combining.
+	test_when_finished "rm -f trace1" &&
+	GIT_TRACE=$(pwd)/trace1 git -C r3 rev-list --objects \
+		--filter=tree:3 --filter=blob:limit=40 \
+		--filter=sparse:oid="master:p;at%ter+n" \
+		HEAD >actual &&
+
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+	grep "Add to combine filter-spec: sparse:oid=master:p%3bat%25ter%2bn" \
+		trace1 &&
+
+	# Repeat the above test, but this time, the characters to encode are in
+	# the LHS of the combined filter.
+	test_when_finished "rm -f trace2" &&
+	GIT_TRACE=$(pwd)/trace2 git -C r3 rev-list --objects \
+		--filter=sparse:oid=master:^~pattern \
+		--filter=tree:3 --filter=blob:limit=40 \
+		HEAD >actual &&
+
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+	grep "Add to combine filter-spec: sparse:oid=master:%5e%7epattern" \
+		trace2
+'
+
 # Test provisional omit collection logic with a repo that has objects appearing
 # at multiple depths - first deeper than the filter's threshold, then shallow.
 
@@ -373,6 +527,37 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'setup r5' '
+	git init r5 &&
+	mkdir -p r5/subdir &&
+
+	echo 1     >r5/short-root          &&
+	echo 12345 >r5/long-root           &&
+	echo a     >r5/subdir/short-subdir &&
+	echo abcde >r5/subdir/long-subdir  &&
+
+	git -C r5 add short-root long-root subdir &&
+	git -C r5 commit -m "commit msg"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'verify collecting omits in combined: filter' '
+	# Note that this test guards against the naive implementation of simply
+	# giving both filters the same "omits" set and expecting it to
+	# automatically merge them.
+	git -C r5 rev-list --objects --quiet --filter-print-omitted \
+		--filter=combine:tree:2+blob:limit=3 HEAD >actual &&
+
+	# Expect 0 trees/commits, 3 blobs omitted (all blobs except short-root)
+	omitted_1=$(echo 12345 | git hash-object --stdin) &&
+	omitted_2=$(echo a     | git hash-object --stdin) &&
+	omitted_3=$(echo abcde | git hash-object --stdin) &&
+
+	grep ~$omitted_1 actual &&
+	grep ~$omitted_2 actual &&
+	grep ~$omitted_3 actual &&
+	test_line_count = 3 actual
+'
+
 # Test tree:<depth> where a tree is iterated to twice - once where a subentry is
 # too deep to be included, and again where the blob inside it is shallow enough
 # to be included. This makes sure we don't use LOFR_MARK_SEEN incorrectly (we
@@ -441,11 +626,4 @@
 	grep "blob:limit=1024" trace
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'expand tree depth limit in protocol' '
-	GIT_TRACE_PACKET="$(pwd)/tree_trace" git -c protocol.version=2 clone \
-		--filter=tree:0k "file://$(pwd)/r2" tree &&
-	! grep "tree:0k" tree_trace &&
-	grep "tree:0" tree_trace
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t6300-for-each-ref.sh b/t/t6300-for-each-ref.sh
index ab69aa1..9c910ce 100755
--- a/t/t6300-for-each-ref.sh
+++ b/t/t6300-for-each-ref.sh
@@ -526,6 +526,25 @@
 	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'create tag without tagger' '
+	git tag -a -m "Broken tag" taggerless &&
+	git tag -f taggerless $(git cat-file tag taggerless |
+		sed -e "/^tagger /d" |
+		git hash-object --stdin -w -t tag)
+'
+
+test_atom refs/tags/taggerless type 'commit'
+test_atom refs/tags/taggerless tag 'taggerless'
+test_atom refs/tags/taggerless tagger ''
+test_atom refs/tags/taggerless taggername ''
+test_atom refs/tags/taggerless taggeremail ''
+test_atom refs/tags/taggerless taggerdate ''
+test_atom refs/tags/taggerless committer ''
+test_atom refs/tags/taggerless committername ''
+test_atom refs/tags/taggerless committeremail ''
+test_atom refs/tags/taggerless committerdate ''
+test_atom refs/tags/taggerless subject 'Broken tag'
+
 test_expect_success 'an unusual tag with an incomplete line' '
 
 	git tag -m "bogo" bogo &&
diff --git a/t/t6501-freshen-objects.sh b/t/t6501-freshen-objects.sh
index 033871e..f30b484 100755
--- a/t/t6501-freshen-objects.sh
+++ b/t/t6501-freshen-objects.sh
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@
 	some message
 	EOF
 	commit=$(git hash-object -t commit -w broken-commit) &&
-	git gc 2>stderr &&
+	git gc -q 2>stderr &&
 	verbose git cat-file -e $commit &&
 	test_must_be_empty stderr
 '
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@
 	100644 blob 0000000000000000000000000000000000000003	foo
 	EOF
 	tree=$(git mktree --missing <broken-tree) &&
-	git gc 2>stderr &&
+	git gc -q 2>stderr &&
 	git cat-file -e $tree &&
 	test_must_be_empty stderr
 '
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@
 	this is a broken tag
 	EOF
 	tag=$(git hash-object -t tag -w broken-tag) &&
-	git gc 2>stderr &&
+	git gc -q 2>stderr &&
 	git cat-file -e $tag &&
 	test_must_be_empty stderr
 '
diff --git a/t/t7300-clean.sh b/t/t7300-clean.sh
index a2c45d1..d01fd12 100755
--- a/t/t7300-clean.sh
+++ b/t/t7300-clean.sh
@@ -669,6 +669,28 @@
 	test_path_is_missing foo/b/bb
 '
 
+test_expect_failure 'git clean -d skips nested repo containing ignored files' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -rf nested-repo-with-ignored-file" &&
+
+	git init nested-repo-with-ignored-file &&
+	(
+		cd nested-repo-with-ignored-file &&
+		>file &&
+		git add file &&
+		git commit -m Initial &&
+
+		# This file is ignored by a .gitignore rule in the outer repo
+		# added in the previous test.
+		>ignoreme
+	) &&
+
+	git clean -fd &&
+
+	test_path_is_file nested-repo-with-ignored-file/.git/index &&
+	test_path_is_file nested-repo-with-ignored-file/ignoreme &&
+	test_path_is_file nested-repo-with-ignored-file/file
+'
+
 test_expect_success MINGW 'handle clean & core.longpaths = false nicely' '
 	test_config core.longpaths false &&
 	a50=aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa &&
diff --git a/t/t7406-submodule-update.sh b/t/t7406-submodule-update.sh
index c973278..df34c99 100755
--- a/t/t7406-submodule-update.sh
+++ b/t/t7406-submodule-update.sh
@@ -158,7 +158,6 @@
 	test_i18ncmp expect2 actual2
 '
 
-apos="'";
 test_expect_success 'submodule update does not fetch already present commits' '
 	(cd submodule &&
 	  echo line3 >> file &&
@@ -168,7 +167,7 @@
 	) &&
 	(cd super/submodule &&
 	  head=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD) &&
-	  echo "Submodule path ${apos}submodule$apos: checked out $apos$head$apos" > ../../expected &&
+	  echo "Submodule path ${SQ}submodule$SQ: checked out $SQ$head$SQ" > ../../expected &&
 	  git reset --hard HEAD~1
 	) &&
 	(cd super &&
diff --git a/t/t7503-pre-commit-and-pre-merge-commit-hooks.sh b/t/t7503-pre-commit-and-pre-merge-commit-hooks.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..b348545
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t7503-pre-commit-and-pre-merge-commit-hooks.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+test_description='pre-commit and pre-merge-commit hooks'
+
+. ./test-lib.sh
+
+HOOKDIR="$(git rev-parse --git-dir)/hooks"
+PRECOMMIT="$HOOKDIR/pre-commit"
+PREMERGE="$HOOKDIR/pre-merge-commit"
+
+# Prepare sample scripts that write their $0 to actual_hooks
+test_expect_success 'sample script setup' '
+	mkdir -p "$HOOKDIR" &&
+	write_script "$HOOKDIR/success.sample" <<-\EOF &&
+	echo $0 >>actual_hooks
+	exit 0
+	EOF
+	write_script "$HOOKDIR/fail.sample" <<-\EOF &&
+	echo $0 >>actual_hooks
+	exit 1
+	EOF
+	write_script "$HOOKDIR/non-exec.sample" <<-\EOF &&
+	echo $0 >>actual_hooks
+	exit 1
+	EOF
+	chmod -x "$HOOKDIR/non-exec.sample" &&
+	write_script "$HOOKDIR/require-prefix.sample" <<-\EOF &&
+	echo $0 >>actual_hooks
+	test $GIT_PREFIX = "success/"
+	EOF
+	write_script "$HOOKDIR/check-author.sample" <<-\EOF
+	echo $0 >>actual_hooks
+	test "$GIT_AUTHOR_NAME" = "New Author" &&
+	test "$GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL" = "newauthor@example.com"
+	EOF
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'root commit' '
+	echo "root" >file &&
+	git add file &&
+	git commit -m "zeroth" &&
+	git checkout -b side &&
+	echo "foo" >foo &&
+	git add foo &&
+	git commit -m "make it non-ff" &&
+	git branch side-orig side &&
+	git checkout master
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'setup conflicting branches' '
+	test_when_finished "git checkout master" &&
+	git checkout -b conflicting-a master &&
+	echo a >conflicting &&
+	git add conflicting &&
+	git commit -m conflicting-a &&
+	git checkout -b conflicting-b master &&
+	echo b >conflicting &&
+	git add conflicting &&
+	git commit -m conflicting-b
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'with no hook' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -f actual_hooks" &&
+	echo "foo" >file &&
+	git add file &&
+	git commit -m "first" &&
+	test_path_is_missing actual_hooks
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'with no hook (merge)' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -f actual_hooks" &&
+	git branch -f side side-orig &&
+	git checkout side &&
+	git merge -m "merge master" master &&
+	git checkout master &&
+	test_path_is_missing actual_hooks
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--no-verify with no hook' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -f actual_hooks" &&
+	echo "bar" >file &&
+	git add file &&
+	git commit --no-verify -m "bar" &&
+	test_path_is_missing actual_hooks
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--no-verify with no hook (merge)' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -f actual_hooks" &&
+	git branch -f side side-orig &&
+	git checkout side &&
+	git merge --no-verify -m "merge master" master &&
+	git checkout master &&
+	test_path_is_missing actual_hooks
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'with succeeding hook' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -f \"$PRECOMMIT\" expected_hooks actual_hooks" &&
+	cp "$HOOKDIR/success.sample" "$PRECOMMIT" &&
+	echo "$PRECOMMIT" >expected_hooks &&
+	echo "more" >>file &&
+	git add file &&
+	git commit -m "more" &&
+	test_cmp expected_hooks actual_hooks
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'with succeeding hook (merge)' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -f \"$PREMERGE\" expected_hooks actual_hooks" &&
+	cp "$HOOKDIR/success.sample" "$PREMERGE" &&
+	echo "$PREMERGE" >expected_hooks &&
+	git checkout side &&
+	git merge -m "merge master" master &&
+	git checkout master &&
+	test_cmp expected_hooks actual_hooks
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'automatic merge fails; both hooks are available' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -f \"$PREMERGE\" \"$PRECOMMIT\"" &&
+	test_when_finished "rm -f expected_hooks actual_hooks" &&
+	test_when_finished "git checkout master" &&
+	cp "$HOOKDIR/success.sample" "$PREMERGE" &&
+	cp "$HOOKDIR/success.sample" "$PRECOMMIT" &&
+
+	git checkout conflicting-a &&
+	test_must_fail git merge -m "merge conflicting-b" conflicting-b &&
+	test_path_is_missing actual_hooks &&
+
+	echo "$PRECOMMIT" >expected_hooks &&
+	echo a+b >conflicting &&
+	git add conflicting &&
+	git commit -m "resolve conflict" &&
+	test_cmp expected_hooks actual_hooks
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--no-verify with succeeding hook' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -f \"$PRECOMMIT\" actual_hooks" &&
+	cp "$HOOKDIR/success.sample" "$PRECOMMIT" &&
+	echo "even more" >>file &&
+	git add file &&
+	git commit --no-verify -m "even more" &&
+	test_path_is_missing actual_hooks
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--no-verify with succeeding hook (merge)' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -f \"$PREMERGE\" actual_hooks" &&
+	cp "$HOOKDIR/success.sample" "$PREMERGE" &&
+	git branch -f side side-orig &&
+	git checkout side &&
+	git merge --no-verify -m "merge master" master &&
+	git checkout master &&
+	test_path_is_missing actual_hooks
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'with failing hook' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -f \"$PRECOMMIT\" expected_hooks actual_hooks" &&
+	cp "$HOOKDIR/fail.sample" "$PRECOMMIT" &&
+	echo "$PRECOMMIT" >expected_hooks &&
+	echo "another" >>file &&
+	git add file &&
+	test_must_fail git commit -m "another" &&
+	test_cmp expected_hooks actual_hooks
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--no-verify with failing hook' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -f \"$PRECOMMIT\" actual_hooks" &&
+	cp "$HOOKDIR/fail.sample" "$PRECOMMIT" &&
+	echo "stuff" >>file &&
+	git add file &&
+	git commit --no-verify -m "stuff" &&
+	test_path_is_missing actual_hooks
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'with failing hook (merge)' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -f \"$PREMERGE\" expected_hooks actual_hooks" &&
+	cp "$HOOKDIR/fail.sample" "$PREMERGE" &&
+	echo "$PREMERGE" >expected_hooks &&
+	git checkout side &&
+	test_must_fail git merge -m "merge master" master &&
+	git checkout master &&
+	test_cmp expected_hooks actual_hooks
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--no-verify with failing hook (merge)' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -f \"$PREMERGE\" actual_hooks" &&
+	cp "$HOOKDIR/fail.sample" "$PREMERGE" &&
+	git branch -f side side-orig &&
+	git checkout side &&
+	git merge --no-verify -m "merge master" master &&
+	git checkout master &&
+	test_path_is_missing actual_hooks
+'
+
+test_expect_success POSIXPERM 'with non-executable hook' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -f \"$PRECOMMIT\" actual_hooks" &&
+	cp "$HOOKDIR/non-exec.sample" "$PRECOMMIT" &&
+	echo "content" >>file &&
+	git add file &&
+	git commit -m "content" &&
+	test_path_is_missing actual_hooks
+'
+
+test_expect_success POSIXPERM '--no-verify with non-executable hook' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -f \"$PRECOMMIT\" actual_hooks" &&
+	cp "$HOOKDIR/non-exec.sample" "$PRECOMMIT" &&
+	echo "more content" >>file &&
+	git add file &&
+	git commit --no-verify -m "more content" &&
+	test_path_is_missing actual_hooks
+'
+
+test_expect_success POSIXPERM 'with non-executable hook (merge)' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -f \"$PREMERGE\" actual_hooks" &&
+	cp "$HOOKDIR/non-exec.sample" "$PREMERGE" &&
+	git branch -f side side-orig &&
+	git checkout side &&
+	git merge -m "merge master" master &&
+	git checkout master &&
+	test_path_is_missing actual_hooks
+'
+
+test_expect_success POSIXPERM '--no-verify with non-executable hook (merge)' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -f \"$PREMERGE\" actual_hooks" &&
+	cp "$HOOKDIR/non-exec.sample" "$PREMERGE" &&
+	git branch -f side side-orig &&
+	git checkout side &&
+	git merge --no-verify -m "merge master" master &&
+	git checkout master &&
+	test_path_is_missing actual_hooks
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'with hook requiring GIT_PREFIX' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -rf \"$PRECOMMIT\" expected_hooks actual_hooks success" &&
+	cp "$HOOKDIR/require-prefix.sample" "$PRECOMMIT" &&
+	echo "$PRECOMMIT" >expected_hooks &&
+	echo "more content" >>file &&
+	git add file &&
+	mkdir success &&
+	(
+		cd success &&
+		git commit -m "hook requires GIT_PREFIX = success/"
+	) &&
+	test_cmp expected_hooks actual_hooks
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'with failing hook requiring GIT_PREFIX' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -rf \"$PRECOMMIT\" expected_hooks actual_hooks fail" &&
+	cp "$HOOKDIR/require-prefix.sample" "$PRECOMMIT" &&
+	echo "$PRECOMMIT" >expected_hooks &&
+	echo "more content" >>file &&
+	git add file &&
+	mkdir fail &&
+	(
+		cd fail &&
+		test_must_fail git commit -m "hook must fail"
+	) &&
+	git checkout -- file &&
+	test_cmp expected_hooks actual_hooks
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'check the author in hook' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -f \"$PRECOMMIT\" expected_hooks actual_hooks" &&
+	cp "$HOOKDIR/check-author.sample" "$PRECOMMIT" &&
+	cat >expected_hooks <<-EOF &&
+	$PRECOMMIT
+	$PRECOMMIT
+	$PRECOMMIT
+	EOF
+	test_must_fail git commit --allow-empty -m "by a.u.thor" &&
+	(
+		GIT_AUTHOR_NAME="New Author" &&
+		GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL="newauthor@example.com" &&
+		export GIT_AUTHOR_NAME GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL &&
+		git commit --allow-empty -m "by new.author via env" &&
+		git show -s
+	) &&
+	git commit --author="New Author <newauthor@example.com>" \
+		--allow-empty -m "by new.author via command line" &&
+	git show -s &&
+	test_cmp expected_hooks actual_hooks
+'
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/t7503-pre-commit-hook.sh b/t/t7503-pre-commit-hook.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 984889b..0000000
--- a/t/t7503-pre-commit-hook.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,139 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/sh
-
-test_description='pre-commit hook'
-
-. ./test-lib.sh
-
-test_expect_success 'with no hook' '
-
-	echo "foo" > file &&
-	git add file &&
-	git commit -m "first"
-
-'
-
-test_expect_success '--no-verify with no hook' '
-
-	echo "bar" > file &&
-	git add file &&
-	git commit --no-verify -m "bar"
-
-'
-
-# now install hook that always succeeds
-HOOKDIR="$(git rev-parse --git-dir)/hooks"
-HOOK="$HOOKDIR/pre-commit"
-mkdir -p "$HOOKDIR"
-cat > "$HOOK" <<EOF
-#!/bin/sh
-exit 0
-EOF
-chmod +x "$HOOK"
-
-test_expect_success 'with succeeding hook' '
-
-	echo "more" >> file &&
-	git add file &&
-	git commit -m "more"
-
-'
-
-test_expect_success '--no-verify with succeeding hook' '
-
-	echo "even more" >> file &&
-	git add file &&
-	git commit --no-verify -m "even more"
-
-'
-
-# now a hook that fails
-cat > "$HOOK" <<EOF
-#!/bin/sh
-exit 1
-EOF
-
-test_expect_success 'with failing hook' '
-
-	echo "another" >> file &&
-	git add file &&
-	test_must_fail git commit -m "another"
-
-'
-
-test_expect_success '--no-verify with failing hook' '
-
-	echo "stuff" >> file &&
-	git add file &&
-	git commit --no-verify -m "stuff"
-
-'
-
-chmod -x "$HOOK"
-test_expect_success POSIXPERM 'with non-executable hook' '
-
-	echo "content" >> file &&
-	git add file &&
-	git commit -m "content"
-
-'
-
-test_expect_success POSIXPERM '--no-verify with non-executable hook' '
-
-	echo "more content" >> file &&
-	git add file &&
-	git commit --no-verify -m "more content"
-
-'
-chmod +x "$HOOK"
-
-# a hook that checks $GIT_PREFIX and succeeds inside the
-# success/ subdirectory only
-cat > "$HOOK" <<EOF
-#!/bin/sh
-test \$GIT_PREFIX = success/
-EOF
-
-test_expect_success 'with hook requiring GIT_PREFIX' '
-
-	echo "more content" >> file &&
-	git add file &&
-	mkdir success &&
-	(
-		cd success &&
-		git commit -m "hook requires GIT_PREFIX = success/"
-	) &&
-	rmdir success
-'
-
-test_expect_success 'with failing hook requiring GIT_PREFIX' '
-
-	echo "more content" >> file &&
-	git add file &&
-	mkdir fail &&
-	(
-		cd fail &&
-		test_must_fail git commit -m "hook must fail"
-	) &&
-	rmdir fail &&
-	git checkout -- file
-'
-
-test_expect_success 'check the author in hook' '
-	write_script "$HOOK" <<-\EOF &&
-	test "$GIT_AUTHOR_NAME" = "New Author" &&
-	test "$GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL" = "newauthor@example.com"
-	EOF
-	test_must_fail git commit --allow-empty -m "by a.u.thor" &&
-	(
-		GIT_AUTHOR_NAME="New Author" &&
-		GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL="newauthor@example.com" &&
-		export GIT_AUTHOR_NAME GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL &&
-		git commit --allow-empty -m "by new.author via env" &&
-		git show -s
-	) &&
-	git commit --author="New Author <newauthor@example.com>" \
-		--allow-empty -m "by new.author via command line" &&
-	git show -s
-'
-
-test_done
diff --git a/t/t7512-status-help.sh b/t/t7512-status-help.sh
index e01c285..66d7a62 100755
--- a/t/t7512-status-help.sh
+++ b/t/t7512-status-help.sh
@@ -733,6 +733,7 @@
 On branch cherry_branch
 You are currently cherry-picking commit $TO_CHERRY_PICK.
   (fix conflicts and run "git cherry-pick --continue")
+  (use "git cherry-pick --skip" to skip this patch)
   (use "git cherry-pick --abort" to cancel the cherry-pick operation)
 
 Unmerged paths:
@@ -757,6 +758,7 @@
 On branch cherry_branch
 You are currently cherry-picking commit $TO_CHERRY_PICK.
   (all conflicts fixed: run "git cherry-pick --continue")
+  (use "git cherry-pick --skip" to skip this patch)
   (use "git cherry-pick --abort" to cancel the cherry-pick operation)
 
 Changes to be committed:
@@ -778,6 +780,7 @@
 On branch cherry_branch
 Cherry-pick currently in progress.
   (run "git cherry-pick --continue" to continue)
+  (use "git cherry-pick --skip" to skip this patch)
   (use "git cherry-pick --abort" to cancel the cherry-pick operation)
 
 nothing to commit (use -u to show untracked files)
@@ -835,6 +838,7 @@
 On branch master
 You are currently reverting commit $TO_REVERT.
   (fix conflicts and run "git revert --continue")
+  (use "git revert --skip" to skip this patch)
   (use "git revert --abort" to cancel the revert operation)
 
 Unmerged paths:
@@ -855,6 +859,7 @@
 On branch master
 You are currently reverting commit $TO_REVERT.
   (all conflicts fixed: run "git revert --continue")
+  (use "git revert --skip" to skip this patch)
   (use "git revert --abort" to cancel the revert operation)
 
 Changes to be committed:
@@ -887,6 +892,7 @@
 On branch master
 Revert currently in progress.
   (run "git revert --continue" to continue)
+  (use "git revert --skip" to skip this patch)
   (use "git revert --abort" to cancel the revert operation)
 
 nothing to commit (use -u to show untracked files)
diff --git a/t/t7814-grep-recurse-submodules.sh b/t/t7814-grep-recurse-submodules.sh
index a11366b..946f91f 100755
--- a/t/t7814-grep-recurse-submodules.sh
+++ b/t/t7814-grep-recurse-submodules.sh
@@ -408,4 +408,25 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+reset_and_clean () {
+	git reset --hard &&
+	git clean -fd &&
+	git submodule foreach --recursive 'git reset --hard' &&
+	git submodule foreach --recursive 'git clean -fd'
+}
+
+test_expect_success 'grep --recurse-submodules without --cached considers worktree modifications' '
+	reset_and_clean &&
+	echo "A modified line in submodule" >>submodule/a &&
+	echo "submodule/a:A modified line in submodule" >expect &&
+	git grep --recurse-submodules "A modified line in submodule" >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'grep --recurse-submodules with --cached ignores worktree modifications' '
+	reset_and_clean &&
+	echo "A modified line in submodule" >>submodule/a &&
+	test_must_fail git grep --recurse-submodules --cached "A modified line in submodule" >actual 2>&1 &&
+	test_must_be_empty actual
+'
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9902-completion.sh b/t/t9902-completion.sh
index 75512c3..54f8ce1 100755
--- a/t/t9902-completion.sh
+++ b/t/t9902-completion.sh
@@ -28,10 +28,10 @@
 #
 # (2) A test makes sure that common subcommands are included in the
 #     completion for "git <TAB>", and a plumbing is excluded.  "add",
-#     "filter-branch" and "ls-files" are listed for this.
+#     "rebase" and "ls-files" are listed for this.
 
-GIT_TESTING_ALL_COMMAND_LIST='add checkout check-attr filter-branch ls-files'
-GIT_TESTING_PORCELAIN_COMMAND_LIST='add checkout filter-branch'
+GIT_TESTING_ALL_COMMAND_LIST='add checkout check-attr rebase ls-files'
+GIT_TESTING_PORCELAIN_COMMAND_LIST='add checkout rebase'
 
 . "$GIT_BUILD_DIR/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash"
 
@@ -1392,12 +1392,12 @@
 	# built-in
 	grep -q "^add \$" out &&
 	# script
-	grep -q "^filter-branch \$" out &&
+	grep -q "^rebase \$" out &&
 	# plumbing
 	! grep -q "^ls-files \$" out &&
 
-	run_completion "git f" &&
-	! grep -q -v "^f" out
+	run_completion "git r" &&
+	! grep -q -v "^r" out
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'double dash "git" itself' '
@@ -1698,6 +1698,69 @@
 	'
 done
 
+test_expect_success 'git config - section' '
+	test_completion "git config br" <<-\EOF
+	branch.Z
+	browser.Z
+	EOF
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'git config - variable name' '
+	test_completion "git config log.d" <<-\EOF
+	log.date Z
+	log.decorate Z
+	EOF
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'git config - value' '
+	test_completion "git config color.pager " <<-\EOF
+	false Z
+	true Z
+	EOF
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'git -c - section' '
+	test_completion "git -c br" <<-\EOF
+	branch.Z
+	browser.Z
+	EOF
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'git -c - variable name' '
+	test_completion "git -c log.d" <<-\EOF
+	log.date=Z
+	log.decorate=Z
+	EOF
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'git -c - value' '
+	test_completion "git -c color.pager=" <<-\EOF
+	false Z
+	true Z
+	EOF
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'git clone --config= - section' '
+	test_completion "git clone --config=br" <<-\EOF
+	branch.Z
+	browser.Z
+	EOF
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'git clone --config= - variable name' '
+	test_completion "git clone --config=log.d" <<-\EOF
+	log.date=Z
+	log.decorate=Z
+	EOF
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'git clone --config= - value' '
+	test_completion "git clone --config=color.pager=" <<-\EOF
+	false Z
+	true Z
+	EOF
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'sourcing the completion script clears cached commands' '
 	__git_compute_all_commands &&
 	verbose test -n "$__git_all_commands" &&
diff --git a/t/test-lib-functions.sh b/t/test-lib-functions.sh
index e0b3f28..87bf3a2 100644
--- a/t/test-lib-functions.sh
+++ b/t/test-lib-functions.sh
@@ -580,7 +580,7 @@
 	export test_prereq
 	if ! test_skip "$@"
 	then
-		say >&3 "checking known breakage: $2"
+		say >&3 "checking known breakage of $TEST_NUMBER.$test_count '$1': $2"
 		if test_run_ "$2" expecting_failure
 		then
 			test_known_broken_ok_ "$1"
@@ -600,7 +600,7 @@
 	export test_prereq
 	if ! test_skip "$@"
 	then
-		say >&3 "expecting success: $2"
+		say >&3 "expecting success of $TEST_NUMBER.$test_count '$1': $2"
 		if test_run_ "$2"
 		then
 			test_ok_ "$1"
diff --git a/t/test-lib.sh b/t/test-lib.sh
index 30b07e3..ee602c4 100644
--- a/t/test-lib.sh
+++ b/t/test-lib.sh
@@ -212,6 +212,8 @@
 
 TEST_STRESS_JOB_SFX="${GIT_TEST_STRESS_JOB_NR:+.stress-$GIT_TEST_STRESS_JOB_NR}"
 TEST_NAME="$(basename "$0" .sh)"
+TEST_NUMBER="${TEST_NAME%%-*}"
+TEST_NUMBER="${TEST_NUMBER#t}"
 TEST_RESULTS_DIR="$TEST_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY/test-results"
 TEST_RESULTS_BASE="$TEST_RESULTS_DIR/$TEST_NAME$TEST_STRESS_JOB_SFX"
 TRASH_DIRECTORY="trash directory.$TEST_NAME$TEST_STRESS_JOB_SFX"
@@ -507,6 +509,9 @@
 LF='
 '
 
+# Single quote
+SQ=\'
+
 # UTF-8 ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER, which HFS+ ignores
 # when case-folding filenames
 u200c=$(printf '\342\200\214')
diff --git a/tag.c b/tag.c
index 5db870e..bfa0e31 100644
--- a/tag.c
+++ b/tag.c
@@ -212,3 +212,10 @@ int parse_tag(struct tag *item)
 	free(data);
 	return ret;
 }
+
+struct object_id *get_tagged_oid(struct tag *tag)
+{
+	if (!tag->tagged)
+		die("bad tag");
+	return &tag->tagged->oid;
+}
diff --git a/tag.h b/tag.h
index 03265fb..3ce8e72 100644
--- a/tag.h
+++ b/tag.h
@@ -19,5 +19,6 @@ struct object *deref_tag(struct repository *r, struct object *, const char *, in
 struct object *deref_tag_noverify(struct object *);
 int gpg_verify_tag(const struct object_id *oid,
 		   const char *name_to_report, unsigned flags);
+struct object_id *get_tagged_oid(struct tag *tag);
 
 #endif /* TAG_H */
diff --git a/templates/hooks--pre-merge-commit.sample b/templates/hooks--pre-merge-commit.sample
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..399eab1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/templates/hooks--pre-merge-commit.sample
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+#
+# An example hook script to verify what is about to be committed.
+# Called by "git merge" with no arguments.  The hook should
+# exit with non-zero status after issuing an appropriate message to
+# stderr if it wants to stop the merge commit.
+#
+# To enable this hook, rename this file to "pre-merge-commit".
+
+. git-sh-setup
+test -x "$GIT_DIR/hooks/pre-commit" &&
+        exec "$GIT_DIR/hooks/pre-commit"
+:
diff --git a/trace.c b/trace.c
index fa4a2e7..b3ef0e6 100644
--- a/trace.c
+++ b/trace.c
@@ -88,8 +88,6 @@ static int prepare_trace_line(const char *file, int line,
 	if (!trace_want(key))
 		return 0;
 
-	set_try_to_free_routine(NULL);	/* is never reset */
-
 	/* unit tests may want to disable additional trace output */
 	if (trace_want(&trace_bare))
 		return 1;
diff --git a/trace2/tr2_dst.c b/trace2/tr2_dst.c
index 5dda0ca..c698575 100644
--- a/trace2/tr2_dst.c
+++ b/trace2/tr2_dst.c
@@ -215,13 +215,8 @@ static int tr2_dst_try_unix_domain_socket(struct tr2_dst *dst,
 static void tr2_dst_malformed_warning(struct tr2_dst *dst,
 				      const char *tgt_value)
 {
-	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
-
-	strbuf_addf(&buf, "trace2: unknown value for '%s': '%s'",
-		    tr2_sysenv_display_name(dst->sysenv_var), tgt_value);
-	warning("%s", buf.buf);
-
-	strbuf_release(&buf);
+	warning("trace2: unknown value for '%s': '%s'",
+		tr2_sysenv_display_name(dst->sysenv_var), tgt_value);
 }
 
 int tr2_dst_get_trace_fd(struct tr2_dst *dst)
diff --git a/trace2/tr2_tgt_event.c b/trace2/tr2_tgt_event.c
index c2852d1..9bcac20 100644
--- a/trace2/tr2_tgt_event.c
+++ b/trace2/tr2_tgt_event.c
@@ -205,11 +205,6 @@ static void maybe_add_string_va(struct json_writer *jw, const char *field_name,
 		strbuf_release(&buf);
 		return;
 	}
-
-	if (fmt && *fmt) {
-		jw_object_string(jw, field_name, fmt);
-		return;
-	}
 }
 
 static void fn_error_va_fl(const char *file, int line, const char *fmt,
diff --git a/trace2/tr2_tgt_normal.c b/trace2/tr2_tgt_normal.c
index 00b116d..438ed05 100644
--- a/trace2/tr2_tgt_normal.c
+++ b/trace2/tr2_tgt_normal.c
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ static void fn_start_fl(const char *file, int line,
 	struct strbuf buf_payload = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	strbuf_addstr(&buf_payload, "start ");
-	sq_quote_argv_pretty(&buf_payload, argv);
+	sq_append_quote_argv_pretty(&buf_payload, argv);
 	normal_io_write_fl(file, line, &buf_payload);
 	strbuf_release(&buf_payload);
 }
@@ -135,11 +135,6 @@ static void maybe_append_string_va(struct strbuf *buf, const char *fmt,
 		va_end(copy_ap);
 		return;
 	}
-
-	if (fmt && *fmt) {
-		strbuf_addstr(buf, fmt);
-		return;
-	}
 }
 
 static void fn_error_va_fl(const char *file, int line, const char *fmt,
@@ -147,8 +142,11 @@ static void fn_error_va_fl(const char *file, int line, const char *fmt,
 {
 	struct strbuf buf_payload = STRBUF_INIT;
 
-	strbuf_addstr(&buf_payload, "error ");
-	maybe_append_string_va(&buf_payload, fmt, ap);
+	strbuf_addstr(&buf_payload, "error");
+	if (fmt && *fmt) {
+		strbuf_addch(&buf_payload, ' ');
+		maybe_append_string_va(&buf_payload, fmt, ap);
+	}
 	normal_io_write_fl(file, line, &buf_payload);
 	strbuf_release(&buf_payload);
 }
@@ -188,8 +186,8 @@ static void fn_alias_fl(const char *file, int line, const char *alias,
 {
 	struct strbuf buf_payload = STRBUF_INIT;
 
-	strbuf_addf(&buf_payload, "alias %s ->", alias);
-	sq_quote_argv_pretty(&buf_payload, argv);
+	strbuf_addf(&buf_payload, "alias %s -> ", alias);
+	sq_append_quote_argv_pretty(&buf_payload, argv);
 	normal_io_write_fl(file, line, &buf_payload);
 	strbuf_release(&buf_payload);
 }
@@ -200,12 +198,12 @@ static void fn_child_start_fl(const char *file, int line,
 {
 	struct strbuf buf_payload = STRBUF_INIT;
 
-	strbuf_addf(&buf_payload, "child_start[%d] ", cmd->trace2_child_id);
+	strbuf_addf(&buf_payload, "child_start[%d]", cmd->trace2_child_id);
 
 	if (cmd->dir) {
-		strbuf_addstr(&buf_payload, " cd");
+		strbuf_addstr(&buf_payload, " cd ");
 		sq_quote_buf_pretty(&buf_payload, cmd->dir);
-		strbuf_addstr(&buf_payload, "; ");
+		strbuf_addstr(&buf_payload, ";");
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -213,9 +211,10 @@ static void fn_child_start_fl(const char *file, int line,
 	 * See trace_add_env() in run-command.c as used by original trace.c
 	 */
 
+	strbuf_addch(&buf_payload, ' ');
 	if (cmd->git_cmd)
-		strbuf_addstr(&buf_payload, "git");
-	sq_quote_argv_pretty(&buf_payload, cmd->argv);
+		strbuf_addstr(&buf_payload, "git ");
+	sq_append_quote_argv_pretty(&buf_payload, cmd->argv);
 
 	normal_io_write_fl(file, line, &buf_payload);
 	strbuf_release(&buf_payload);
@@ -240,9 +239,11 @@ static void fn_exec_fl(const char *file, int line, uint64_t us_elapsed_absolute,
 	struct strbuf buf_payload = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	strbuf_addf(&buf_payload, "exec[%d] ", exec_id);
-	if (exe)
+	if (exe) {
 		strbuf_addstr(&buf_payload, exe);
-	sq_quote_argv_pretty(&buf_payload, argv);
+		strbuf_addch(&buf_payload, ' ');
+	}
+	sq_append_quote_argv_pretty(&buf_payload, argv);
 	normal_io_write_fl(file, line, &buf_payload);
 	strbuf_release(&buf_payload);
 }
diff --git a/trace2/tr2_tgt_perf.c b/trace2/tr2_tgt_perf.c
index ea0cbbe..fd979db 100644
--- a/trace2/tr2_tgt_perf.c
+++ b/trace2/tr2_tgt_perf.c
@@ -21,10 +21,10 @@ static struct tr2_dst tr2dst_perf = { TR2_SYSENV_PERF, 0, 0, 0 };
  */
 static int tr2env_perf_be_brief;
 
-#define TR2FMT_PERF_FL_WIDTH (50)
+#define TR2FMT_PERF_FL_WIDTH (28)
 #define TR2FMT_PERF_MAX_EVENT_NAME (12)
-#define TR2FMT_PERF_REPO_WIDTH (4)
-#define TR2FMT_PERF_CATEGORY_WIDTH (10)
+#define TR2FMT_PERF_REPO_WIDTH (3)
+#define TR2FMT_PERF_CATEGORY_WIDTH (12)
 
 #define TR2_DOTS_BUFFER_SIZE (100)
 #define TR2_INDENT (2)
@@ -79,17 +79,36 @@ static void perf_fmt_prepare(const char *event_name,
 
 	if (!tr2env_perf_be_brief) {
 		struct tr2_tbuf tb_now;
+		size_t fl_end_col;
 
 		tr2_tbuf_local_time(&tb_now);
 		strbuf_addstr(buf, tb_now.buf);
 		strbuf_addch(buf, ' ');
 
-		if (file && *file)
-			strbuf_addf(buf, "%s:%d ", file, line);
-		while (buf->len < TR2FMT_PERF_FL_WIDTH)
+		fl_end_col = buf->len + TR2FMT_PERF_FL_WIDTH;
+
+		if (file && *file) {
+			struct strbuf buf_fl = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+			strbuf_addf(&buf_fl, "%s:%d", file, line);
+
+			if (buf_fl.len <= TR2FMT_PERF_FL_WIDTH)
+				strbuf_addbuf(buf, &buf_fl);
+			else {
+				size_t avail = TR2FMT_PERF_FL_WIDTH - 3;
+				strbuf_addstr(buf, "...");
+				strbuf_add(buf,
+					   &buf_fl.buf[buf_fl.len - avail],
+					   avail);
+			}
+
+			strbuf_release(&buf_fl);
+		}
+
+		while (buf->len < fl_end_col)
 			strbuf_addch(buf, ' ');
 
-		strbuf_addstr(buf, "| ");
+		strbuf_addstr(buf, " | ");
 	}
 
 	strbuf_addf(buf, "d%d | ", tr2_sid_depth());
@@ -102,7 +121,7 @@ static void perf_fmt_prepare(const char *event_name,
 		strbuf_addf(buf, "r%d ", repo->trace2_repo_id);
 	while (buf->len < len)
 		strbuf_addch(buf, ' ');
-	strbuf_addstr(buf, "| ");
+	strbuf_addstr(buf, " | ");
 
 	if (p_us_elapsed_absolute)
 		strbuf_addf(buf, "%9.6f | ",
@@ -116,8 +135,8 @@ static void perf_fmt_prepare(const char *event_name,
 	else
 		strbuf_addf(buf, "%9s | ", " ");
 
-	strbuf_addf(buf, "%-*s | ", TR2FMT_PERF_CATEGORY_WIDTH,
-		    (category ? category : ""));
+	strbuf_addf(buf, "%-*.*s | ", TR2FMT_PERF_CATEGORY_WIDTH,
+		    TR2FMT_PERF_CATEGORY_WIDTH, (category ? category : ""));
 
 	if (ctx->nr_open_regions > 0) {
 		int len_indent = TR2_INDENT_LENGTH(ctx);
@@ -165,7 +184,7 @@ static void fn_start_fl(const char *file, int line,
 	const char *event_name = "start";
 	struct strbuf buf_payload = STRBUF_INIT;
 
-	sq_quote_argv_pretty(&buf_payload, argv);
+	sq_append_quote_argv_pretty(&buf_payload, argv);
 
 	perf_io_write_fl(file, line, event_name, NULL, &us_elapsed_absolute,
 			 NULL, NULL, &buf_payload);
@@ -220,11 +239,6 @@ static void maybe_append_string_va(struct strbuf *buf, const char *fmt,
 		va_end(copy_ap);
 		return;
 	}
-
-	if (fmt && *fmt) {
-		strbuf_addstr(buf, fmt);
-		return;
-	}
 }
 
 static void fn_error_va_fl(const char *file, int line, const char *fmt,
@@ -285,8 +299,9 @@ static void fn_alias_fl(const char *file, int line, const char *alias,
 	const char *event_name = "alias";
 	struct strbuf buf_payload = STRBUF_INIT;
 
-	strbuf_addf(&buf_payload, "alias:%s argv:", alias);
-	sq_quote_argv_pretty(&buf_payload, argv);
+	strbuf_addf(&buf_payload, "alias:%s argv:[", alias);
+	sq_append_quote_argv_pretty(&buf_payload, argv);
+	strbuf_addch(&buf_payload, ']');
 
 	perf_io_write_fl(file, line, event_name, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL,
 			 &buf_payload);
@@ -315,10 +330,14 @@ static void fn_child_start_fl(const char *file, int line,
 		sq_quote_buf_pretty(&buf_payload, cmd->dir);
 	}
 
-	strbuf_addstr(&buf_payload, " argv:");
-	if (cmd->git_cmd)
-		strbuf_addstr(&buf_payload, " git");
-	sq_quote_argv_pretty(&buf_payload, cmd->argv);
+	strbuf_addstr(&buf_payload, " argv:[");
+	if (cmd->git_cmd) {
+		strbuf_addstr(&buf_payload, "git");
+		if (cmd->argv[0])
+			strbuf_addch(&buf_payload, ' ');
+	}
+	sq_append_quote_argv_pretty(&buf_payload, cmd->argv);
+	strbuf_addch(&buf_payload, ']');
 
 	perf_io_write_fl(file, line, event_name, NULL, &us_elapsed_absolute,
 			 NULL, NULL, &buf_payload);
@@ -369,10 +388,14 @@ static void fn_exec_fl(const char *file, int line, uint64_t us_elapsed_absolute,
 	struct strbuf buf_payload = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	strbuf_addf(&buf_payload, "id:%d ", exec_id);
-	strbuf_addstr(&buf_payload, "argv:");
-	if (exe)
-		strbuf_addf(&buf_payload, " %s", exe);
-	sq_quote_argv_pretty(&buf_payload, argv);
+	strbuf_addstr(&buf_payload, "argv:[");
+	if (exe) {
+		strbuf_addstr(&buf_payload, exe);
+		if (argv[0])
+			strbuf_addch(&buf_payload, ' ');
+	}
+	sq_append_quote_argv_pretty(&buf_payload, argv);
+	strbuf_addch(&buf_payload, ']');
 
 	perf_io_write_fl(file, line, event_name, NULL, &us_elapsed_absolute,
 			 NULL, NULL, &buf_payload);
@@ -433,8 +456,11 @@ static void fn_region_enter_printf_va_fl(const char *file, int line,
 	struct strbuf buf_payload = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	if (label)
-		strbuf_addf(&buf_payload, "label:%s ", label);
-	maybe_append_string_va(&buf_payload, fmt, ap);
+		strbuf_addf(&buf_payload, "label:%s", label);
+	if (fmt && *fmt) {
+		strbuf_addch(&buf_payload, ' ');
+		maybe_append_string_va(&buf_payload, fmt, ap);
+	}
 
 	perf_io_write_fl(file, line, event_name, repo, &us_elapsed_absolute,
 			 NULL, category, &buf_payload);
@@ -450,8 +476,11 @@ static void fn_region_leave_printf_va_fl(
 	struct strbuf buf_payload = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	if (label)
-		strbuf_addf(&buf_payload, "label:%s ", label);
-	maybe_append_string_va(&buf_payload, fmt, ap);
+		strbuf_addf(&buf_payload, "label:%s", label);
+	if (fmt && *fmt) {
+		strbuf_addch(&buf_payload, ' ' );
+		maybe_append_string_va(&buf_payload, fmt, ap);
+	}
 
 	perf_io_write_fl(file, line, event_name, repo, &us_elapsed_absolute,
 			 &us_elapsed_region, category, &buf_payload);
diff --git a/transport-helper.c b/transport-helper.c
index 6b05a88..9e1279b 100644
--- a/transport-helper.c
+++ b/transport-helper.c
@@ -33,6 +33,16 @@ struct helper_data {
 		check_connectivity : 1,
 		no_disconnect_req : 1,
 		no_private_update : 1;
+
+	/*
+	 * As an optimization, the transport code may invoke fetch before
+	 * get_refs_list. If this happens, and if the transport helper doesn't
+	 * support connect or stateless_connect, we need to invoke
+	 * get_refs_list ourselves if we haven't already done so. Keep track of
+	 * whether we have invoked get_refs_list.
+	 */
+	unsigned get_refs_list_called : 1;
+
 	char *export_marks;
 	char *import_marks;
 	/* These go from remote name (as in "list") to private name */
@@ -652,17 +662,25 @@ static int connect_helper(struct transport *transport, const char *name,
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static struct ref *get_refs_list_using_list(struct transport *transport,
+					    int for_push);
+
 static int fetch(struct transport *transport,
 		 int nr_heads, struct ref **to_fetch)
 {
 	struct helper_data *data = transport->data;
 	int i, count;
 
+	get_helper(transport);
+
 	if (process_connect(transport, 0)) {
 		do_take_over(transport);
 		return transport->vtable->fetch(transport, nr_heads, to_fetch);
 	}
 
+	if (!data->get_refs_list_called)
+		get_refs_list_using_list(transport, 0);
+
 	count = 0;
 	for (i = 0; i < nr_heads; i++)
 		if (!(to_fetch[i]->status & REF_STATUS_UPTODATE))
@@ -682,13 +700,9 @@ static int fetch(struct transport *transport,
 		set_helper_option(transport, "update-shallow", "true");
 
 	if (data->transport_options.filter_options.choice) {
-		struct strbuf expanded_filter_spec = STRBUF_INIT;
-		expand_list_objects_filter_spec(
-			&data->transport_options.filter_options,
-			&expanded_filter_spec);
-		set_helper_option(transport, "filter",
-				  expanded_filter_spec.buf);
-		strbuf_release(&expanded_filter_spec);
+		const char *spec = expand_list_objects_filter_spec(
+			&data->transport_options.filter_options);
+		set_helper_option(transport, "filter", spec);
 	}
 
 	if (data->transport_options.negotiation_tips)
@@ -1059,6 +1073,19 @@ static int has_attribute(const char *attrs, const char *attr)
 static struct ref *get_refs_list(struct transport *transport, int for_push,
 				 const struct argv_array *ref_prefixes)
 {
+	get_helper(transport);
+
+	if (process_connect(transport, for_push)) {
+		do_take_over(transport);
+		return transport->vtable->get_refs_list(transport, for_push, ref_prefixes);
+	}
+
+	return get_refs_list_using_list(transport, for_push);
+}
+
+static struct ref *get_refs_list_using_list(struct transport *transport,
+					    int for_push)
+{
 	struct helper_data *data = transport->data;
 	struct child_process *helper;
 	struct ref *ret = NULL;
@@ -1066,13 +1093,9 @@ static struct ref *get_refs_list(struct transport *transport, int for_push,
 	struct ref *posn;
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 
+	data->get_refs_list_called = 1;
 	helper = get_helper(transport);
 
-	if (process_connect(transport, for_push)) {
-		do_take_over(transport);
-		return transport->vtable->get_refs_list(transport, for_push, ref_prefixes);
-	}
-
 	if (data->push && for_push)
 		write_str_in_full(helper->in, "list for-push\n");
 	else
@@ -1119,7 +1142,6 @@ static struct ref *get_refs_list(struct transport *transport, int for_push,
 }
 
 static struct transport_vtable vtable = {
-	0,
 	set_helper_option,
 	get_refs_list,
 	fetch,
diff --git a/transport-internal.h b/transport-internal.h
index 004bee5..1cde625 100644
--- a/transport-internal.h
+++ b/transport-internal.h
@@ -7,12 +7,6 @@ struct argv_array;
 
 struct transport_vtable {
 	/**
-	 * This transport supports the fetch() function being called
-	 * without get_refs_list() first being called.
-	 */
-	unsigned fetch_without_list : 1;
-
-	/**
 	 * Returns 0 if successful, positive if the option is not
 	 * recognized or is inapplicable, and negative if the option
 	 * is applicable but the value is invalid.
diff --git a/transport.c b/transport.c
index 778c60b..ae558af 100644
--- a/transport.c
+++ b/transport.c
@@ -122,6 +122,7 @@ static void set_upstreams(struct transport *transport, struct ref *refs,
 struct bundle_transport_data {
 	int fd;
 	struct bundle_header header;
+	unsigned get_refs_from_bundle_called : 1;
 };
 
 static struct ref *get_refs_from_bundle(struct transport *transport,
@@ -135,6 +136,8 @@ static struct ref *get_refs_from_bundle(struct transport *transport,
 	if (for_push)
 		return NULL;
 
+	data->get_refs_from_bundle_called = 1;
+
 	if (data->fd > 0)
 		close(data->fd);
 	data->fd = read_bundle_header(transport->url, &data->header);
@@ -154,6 +157,9 @@ static int fetch_refs_from_bundle(struct transport *transport,
 			       int nr_heads, struct ref **to_fetch)
 {
 	struct bundle_transport_data *data = transport->data;
+
+	if (!data->get_refs_from_bundle_called)
+		get_refs_from_bundle(transport, 0, NULL);
 	return unbundle(the_repository, &data->header, data->fd,
 			transport->progress ? BUNDLE_VERBOSE : 0);
 }
@@ -224,6 +230,7 @@ static int set_git_option(struct git_transport_options *opts,
 		opts->no_dependents = !!value;
 		return 0;
 	} else if (!strcmp(name, TRANS_OPT_LIST_OBJECTS_FILTER)) {
+		list_objects_filter_die_if_populated(&opts->filter_options);
 		parse_list_objects_filter(&opts->filter_options, value);
 		return 0;
 	}
@@ -742,7 +749,6 @@ static int disconnect_git(struct transport *transport)
 }
 
 static struct transport_vtable taken_over_vtable = {
-	1,
 	NULL,
 	get_refs_via_connect,
 	fetch_refs_via_pack,
@@ -892,7 +898,6 @@ void transport_check_allowed(const char *type)
 }
 
 static struct transport_vtable bundle_vtable = {
-	0,
 	NULL,
 	get_refs_from_bundle,
 	fetch_refs_from_bundle,
@@ -902,7 +907,6 @@ static struct transport_vtable bundle_vtable = {
 };
 
 static struct transport_vtable builtin_smart_vtable = {
-	1,
 	NULL,
 	get_refs_via_connect,
 	fetch_refs_via_pack,
@@ -1285,15 +1289,6 @@ int transport_fetch_refs(struct transport *transport, struct ref *refs)
 	struct ref **heads = NULL;
 	struct ref *rm;
 
-	if (!transport->vtable->fetch_without_list)
-		/*
-		 * Some transports (e.g. the built-in bundle transport and the
-		 * transport helper interface) do not work when fetching is
-		 * done immediately after transport creation. List the remote
-		 * refs anyway (if not already listed) as a workaround.
-		 */
-		transport_get_remote_refs(transport, NULL);
-
 	for (rm = refs; rm; rm = rm->next) {
 		nr_refs++;
 		if (rm->peer_ref &&
diff --git a/tree-walk.c b/tree-walk.c
index c20b62f..bea819d 100644
--- a/tree-walk.c
+++ b/tree-walk.c
@@ -170,40 +170,61 @@ int tree_entry_gently(struct tree_desc *desc, struct name_entry *entry)
 
 void setup_traverse_info(struct traverse_info *info, const char *base)
 {
-	int pathlen = strlen(base);
+	size_t pathlen = strlen(base);
 	static struct traverse_info dummy;
 
 	memset(info, 0, sizeof(*info));
 	if (pathlen && base[pathlen-1] == '/')
 		pathlen--;
 	info->pathlen = pathlen ? pathlen + 1 : 0;
-	info->name.path = base;
-	info->name.pathlen = pathlen;
-	if (pathlen) {
-		hashcpy(info->name.oid.hash, (const unsigned char *)base + pathlen + 1);
+	info->name = base;
+	info->namelen = pathlen;
+	if (pathlen)
 		info->prev = &dummy;
-	}
 }
 
-char *make_traverse_path(char *path, const struct traverse_info *info, const struct name_entry *n)
+char *make_traverse_path(char *path, size_t pathlen,
+			 const struct traverse_info *info,
+			 const char *name, size_t namelen)
 {
-	int len = tree_entry_len(n);
-	int pathlen = info->pathlen;
+	/* Always points to the end of the name we're about to add */
+	size_t pos = st_add(info->pathlen, namelen);
 
-	path[pathlen + len] = 0;
+	if (pos >= pathlen)
+		BUG("too small buffer passed to make_traverse_path");
+
+	path[pos] = 0;
 	for (;;) {
-		memcpy(path + pathlen, n->path, len);
-		if (!pathlen)
+		if (pos < namelen)
+			BUG("traverse_info pathlen does not match strings");
+		pos -= namelen;
+		memcpy(path + pos, name, namelen);
+
+		if (!pos)
 			break;
-		path[--pathlen] = '/';
-		n = &info->name;
-		len = tree_entry_len(n);
+		path[--pos] = '/';
+
+		if (!info)
+			BUG("traverse_info ran out of list items");
+		name = info->name;
+		namelen = info->namelen;
 		info = info->prev;
-		pathlen -= len;
 	}
 	return path;
 }
 
+void strbuf_make_traverse_path(struct strbuf *out,
+			       const struct traverse_info *info,
+			       const char *name, size_t namelen)
+{
+	size_t len = traverse_path_len(info, namelen);
+
+	strbuf_grow(out, len);
+	make_traverse_path(out->buf + out->len, out->alloc - out->len,
+			   info, name, namelen);
+	strbuf_setlen(out, out->len + len);
+}
+
 struct tree_desc_skip {
 	struct tree_desc_skip *prev;
 	const void *ptr;
@@ -400,13 +421,12 @@ int traverse_trees(struct index_state *istate,
 		tx[i].d = t[i];
 
 	if (info->prev) {
-		strbuf_grow(&base, info->pathlen);
-		make_traverse_path(base.buf, info->prev, &info->name);
-		base.buf[info->pathlen-1] = '/';
-		strbuf_setlen(&base, info->pathlen);
-		traverse_path = xstrndup(base.buf, info->pathlen);
+		strbuf_make_traverse_path(&base, info->prev,
+					  info->name, info->namelen);
+		strbuf_addch(&base, '/');
+		traverse_path = xstrndup(base.buf, base.len);
 	} else {
-		traverse_path = xstrndup(info->name.path, info->pathlen);
+		traverse_path = xstrndup(info->name, info->pathlen);
 	}
 	info->traverse_path = traverse_path;
 	for (;;) {
diff --git a/tree-walk.h b/tree-walk.h
index 2a5db29..abe2caf 100644
--- a/tree-walk.h
+++ b/tree-walk.h
@@ -58,8 +58,11 @@ enum get_oid_result get_tree_entry_follow_symlinks(struct repository *r, struct
 struct traverse_info {
 	const char *traverse_path;
 	struct traverse_info *prev;
-	struct name_entry name;
-	int pathlen;
+	const char *name;
+	size_t namelen;
+	unsigned mode;
+
+	size_t pathlen;
 	struct pathspec *pathspec;
 
 	unsigned long df_conflicts;
@@ -69,12 +72,17 @@ struct traverse_info {
 };
 
 int get_tree_entry(struct repository *, const struct object_id *, const char *, struct object_id *, unsigned short *);
-char *make_traverse_path(char *path, const struct traverse_info *info, const struct name_entry *n);
+char *make_traverse_path(char *path, size_t pathlen, const struct traverse_info *info,
+			 const char *name, size_t namelen);
+void strbuf_make_traverse_path(struct strbuf *out,
+			       const struct traverse_info *info,
+			       const char *name, size_t namelen);
 void setup_traverse_info(struct traverse_info *info, const char *base);
 
-static inline int traverse_path_len(const struct traverse_info *info, const struct name_entry *n)
+static inline size_t traverse_path_len(const struct traverse_info *info,
+				       size_t namelen)
 {
-	return info->pathlen + tree_entry_len(n);
+	return st_add(info->pathlen, namelen);
 }
 
 /* in general, positive means "kind of interesting" */
diff --git a/tree.c b/tree.c
index 4720945..1466bcc 100644
--- a/tree.c
+++ b/tree.c
@@ -244,19 +244,7 @@ void free_tree_buffer(struct tree *tree)
 
 struct tree *parse_tree_indirect(const struct object_id *oid)
 {
-	struct object *obj = parse_object(the_repository, oid);
-	do {
-		if (!obj)
-			return NULL;
-		if (obj->type == OBJ_TREE)
-			return (struct tree *) obj;
-		else if (obj->type == OBJ_COMMIT)
-			obj = &(get_commit_tree(((struct commit *)obj))->object);
-		else if (obj->type == OBJ_TAG)
-			obj = ((struct tag *) obj)->tagged;
-		else
-			return NULL;
-		if (!obj->parsed)
-			parse_object(the_repository, &obj->oid);
-	} while (1);
+	struct repository *r = the_repository;
+	struct object *obj = parse_object(r, oid);
+	return (struct tree *)repo_peel_to_type(r, NULL, 0, obj, OBJ_TREE);
 }
diff --git a/unpack-trees.c b/unpack-trees.c
index 62276d4..f0f56d4 100644
--- a/unpack-trees.c
+++ b/unpack-trees.c
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 #include "submodule-config.h"
 #include "fsmonitor.h"
 #include "object-store.h"
-#include "fetch-object.h"
+#include "promisor-remote.h"
 
 /*
  * Error messages expected by scripts out of plumbing commands such as
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ static int check_updates(struct unpack_trees_options *o)
 		load_gitmodules_file(index, &state);
 
 	enable_delayed_checkout(&state);
-	if (repository_format_partial_clone && o->update && !o->dry_run) {
+	if (has_promisor_remote() && o->update && !o->dry_run) {
 		/*
 		 * Prefetch the objects that are to be checked out in the loop
 		 * below.
@@ -419,8 +419,8 @@ static int check_updates(struct unpack_trees_options *o)
 			oid_array_append(&to_fetch, &ce->oid);
 		}
 		if (to_fetch.nr)
-			fetch_objects(repository_format_partial_clone,
-				      to_fetch.oid, to_fetch.nr);
+			promisor_remote_get_direct(the_repository,
+						   to_fetch.oid, to_fetch.nr);
 		oid_array_clear(&to_fetch);
 	}
 	for (i = 0; i < index->cache_nr; i++) {
@@ -632,7 +632,7 @@ static int unpack_index_entry(struct cache_entry *ce,
 	return ret;
 }
 
-static int find_cache_pos(struct traverse_info *, const struct name_entry *);
+static int find_cache_pos(struct traverse_info *, const char *p, size_t len);
 
 static void restore_cache_bottom(struct traverse_info *info, int bottom)
 {
@@ -651,7 +651,7 @@ static int switch_cache_bottom(struct traverse_info *info)
 	if (o->diff_index_cached)
 		return 0;
 	ret = o->cache_bottom;
-	pos = find_cache_pos(info->prev, &info->name);
+	pos = find_cache_pos(info->prev, info->name, info->namelen);
 
 	if (pos < -1)
 		o->cache_bottom = -2 - pos;
@@ -686,21 +686,19 @@ static int index_pos_by_traverse_info(struct name_entry *names,
 				      struct traverse_info *info)
 {
 	struct unpack_trees_options *o = info->data;
-	int len = traverse_path_len(info, names);
-	char *name = xmalloc(len + 1 /* slash */ + 1 /* NUL */);
+	struct strbuf name = STRBUF_INIT;
 	int pos;
 
-	make_traverse_path(name, info, names);
-	name[len++] = '/';
-	name[len] = '\0';
-	pos = index_name_pos(o->src_index, name, len);
+	strbuf_make_traverse_path(&name, info, names->path, names->pathlen);
+	strbuf_addch(&name, '/');
+	pos = index_name_pos(o->src_index, name.buf, name.len);
 	if (pos >= 0)
 		BUG("This is a directory and should not exist in index");
 	pos = -pos - 1;
-	if (!starts_with(o->src_index->cache[pos]->name, name) ||
-	    (pos > 0 && starts_with(o->src_index->cache[pos-1]->name, name)))
+	if (!starts_with(o->src_index->cache[pos]->name, name.buf) ||
+	    (pos > 0 && starts_with(o->src_index->cache[pos-1]->name, name.buf)))
 		BUG("pos must point at the first entry in this directory");
-	free(name);
+	strbuf_release(&name);
 	return pos;
 }
 
@@ -811,8 +809,10 @@ static int traverse_trees_recursive(int n, unsigned long dirmask,
 	newinfo = *info;
 	newinfo.prev = info;
 	newinfo.pathspec = info->pathspec;
-	newinfo.name = *p;
-	newinfo.pathlen += tree_entry_len(p) + 1;
+	newinfo.name = p->path;
+	newinfo.namelen = p->pathlen;
+	newinfo.mode = p->mode;
+	newinfo.pathlen = st_add3(newinfo.pathlen, tree_entry_len(p), 1);
 	newinfo.df_conflicts |= df_conflicts;
 
 	/*
@@ -863,14 +863,18 @@ static int traverse_trees_recursive(int n, unsigned long dirmask,
  * itself - the caller needs to do the final check for the cache
  * entry having more data at the end!
  */
-static int do_compare_entry_piecewise(const struct cache_entry *ce, const struct traverse_info *info, const struct name_entry *n)
+static int do_compare_entry_piecewise(const struct cache_entry *ce,
+				      const struct traverse_info *info,
+				      const char *name, size_t namelen,
+				      unsigned mode)
 {
-	int len, pathlen, ce_len;
+	int pathlen, ce_len;
 	const char *ce_name;
 
 	if (info->prev) {
 		int cmp = do_compare_entry_piecewise(ce, info->prev,
-						     &info->name);
+						     info->name, info->namelen,
+						     info->mode);
 		if (cmp)
 			return cmp;
 	}
@@ -884,15 +888,15 @@ static int do_compare_entry_piecewise(const struct cache_entry *ce, const struct
 	ce_len -= pathlen;
 	ce_name = ce->name + pathlen;
 
-	len = tree_entry_len(n);
-	return df_name_compare(ce_name, ce_len, S_IFREG, n->path, len, n->mode);
+	return df_name_compare(ce_name, ce_len, S_IFREG, name, namelen, mode);
 }
 
 static int do_compare_entry(const struct cache_entry *ce,
 			    const struct traverse_info *info,
-			    const struct name_entry *n)
+			    const char *name, size_t namelen,
+			    unsigned mode)
 {
-	int len, pathlen, ce_len;
+	int pathlen, ce_len;
 	const char *ce_name;
 	int cmp;
 
@@ -902,7 +906,7 @@ static int do_compare_entry(const struct cache_entry *ce,
 	 * it is quicker to use the precomputed version.
 	 */
 	if (!info->traverse_path)
-		return do_compare_entry_piecewise(ce, info, n);
+		return do_compare_entry_piecewise(ce, info, name, namelen, mode);
 
 	cmp = strncmp(ce->name, info->traverse_path, info->pathlen);
 	if (cmp)
@@ -917,13 +921,12 @@ static int do_compare_entry(const struct cache_entry *ce,
 	ce_len -= pathlen;
 	ce_name = ce->name + pathlen;
 
-	len = tree_entry_len(n);
-	return df_name_compare(ce_name, ce_len, S_IFREG, n->path, len, n->mode);
+	return df_name_compare(ce_name, ce_len, S_IFREG, name, namelen, mode);
 }
 
 static int compare_entry(const struct cache_entry *ce, const struct traverse_info *info, const struct name_entry *n)
 {
-	int cmp = do_compare_entry(ce, info, n);
+	int cmp = do_compare_entry(ce, info, n->path, n->pathlen, n->mode);
 	if (cmp)
 		return cmp;
 
@@ -931,7 +934,7 @@ static int compare_entry(const struct cache_entry *ce, const struct traverse_inf
 	 * Even if the beginning compared identically, the ce should
 	 * compare as bigger than a directory leading up to it!
 	 */
-	return ce_namelen(ce) > traverse_path_len(info, n);
+	return ce_namelen(ce) > traverse_path_len(info, tree_entry_len(n));
 }
 
 static int ce_in_traverse_path(const struct cache_entry *ce,
@@ -939,7 +942,8 @@ static int ce_in_traverse_path(const struct cache_entry *ce,
 {
 	if (!info->prev)
 		return 1;
-	if (do_compare_entry(ce, info->prev, &info->name))
+	if (do_compare_entry(ce, info->prev,
+			     info->name, info->namelen, info->mode))
 		return 0;
 	/*
 	 * If ce (blob) is the same name as the path (which is a tree
@@ -954,7 +958,7 @@ static struct cache_entry *create_ce_entry(const struct traverse_info *info,
 	struct index_state *istate,
 	int is_transient)
 {
-	int len = traverse_path_len(info, n);
+	size_t len = traverse_path_len(info, tree_entry_len(n));
 	struct cache_entry *ce =
 		is_transient ?
 		make_empty_transient_cache_entry(len) :
@@ -964,7 +968,8 @@ static struct cache_entry *create_ce_entry(const struct traverse_info *info,
 	ce->ce_flags = create_ce_flags(stage);
 	ce->ce_namelen = len;
 	oidcpy(&ce->oid, &n->oid);
-	make_traverse_path(ce->name, info, n);
+	/* len+1 because the cache_entry allocates space for NUL */
+	make_traverse_path(ce->name, len + 1, info, n->path, n->pathlen);
 
 	return ce;
 }
@@ -1057,13 +1062,12 @@ static int unpack_failed(struct unpack_trees_options *o, const char *message)
  * the directory.
  */
 static int find_cache_pos(struct traverse_info *info,
-			  const struct name_entry *p)
+			  const char *p, size_t p_len)
 {
 	int pos;
 	struct unpack_trees_options *o = info->data;
 	struct index_state *index = o->src_index;
 	int pfxlen = info->pathlen;
-	int p_len = tree_entry_len(p);
 
 	for (pos = o->cache_bottom; pos < index->cache_nr; pos++) {
 		const struct cache_entry *ce = index->cache[pos];
@@ -1099,7 +1103,7 @@ static int find_cache_pos(struct traverse_info *info,
 			ce_len = ce_slash - ce_name;
 		else
 			ce_len = ce_namelen(ce) - pfxlen;
-		cmp = name_compare(p->path, p_len, ce_name, ce_len);
+		cmp = name_compare(p, p_len, ce_name, ce_len);
 		/*
 		 * Exact match; if we have a directory we need to
 		 * delay returning it.
@@ -1114,7 +1118,7 @@ static int find_cache_pos(struct traverse_info *info,
 		 * E.g.  ce_name == "t-i", and p->path == "t"; we may
 		 * have "t/a" in the index.
 		 */
-		if (p_len < ce_len && !memcmp(ce_name, p->path, p_len) &&
+		if (p_len < ce_len && !memcmp(ce_name, p, p_len) &&
 		    ce_name[p_len] < '/')
 			continue; /* keep looking */
 		break;
@@ -1125,7 +1129,7 @@ static int find_cache_pos(struct traverse_info *info,
 static struct cache_entry *find_cache_entry(struct traverse_info *info,
 					    const struct name_entry *p)
 {
-	int pos = find_cache_pos(info, p);
+	int pos = find_cache_pos(info, p->path, p->pathlen);
 	struct unpack_trees_options *o = info->data;
 
 	if (0 <= pos)
@@ -1138,10 +1142,10 @@ static void debug_path(struct traverse_info *info)
 {
 	if (info->prev) {
 		debug_path(info->prev);
-		if (*info->prev->name.path)
+		if (*info->prev->name)
 			putchar('/');
 	}
-	printf("%s", info->name.path);
+	printf("%s", info->name);
 }
 
 static void debug_name_entry(int i, struct name_entry *n)
@@ -1265,7 +1269,8 @@ static int clear_ce_flags_1(struct index_state *istate,
 			    struct cache_entry **cache, int nr,
 			    struct strbuf *prefix,
 			    int select_mask, int clear_mask,
-			    struct exclude_list *el, int defval);
+			    struct pattern_list *pl,
+			    enum pattern_match_result default_match);
 
 /* Whole directory matching */
 static int clear_ce_flags_dir(struct index_state *istate,
@@ -1273,19 +1278,21 @@ static int clear_ce_flags_dir(struct index_state *istate,
 			      struct strbuf *prefix,
 			      char *basename,
 			      int select_mask, int clear_mask,
-			      struct exclude_list *el, int defval)
+			      struct pattern_list *pl,
+			      enum pattern_match_result default_match)
 {
 	struct cache_entry **cache_end;
 	int dtype = DT_DIR;
-	int ret = is_excluded_from_list(prefix->buf, prefix->len,
-					basename, &dtype, el, istate);
 	int rc;
+	enum pattern_match_result ret;
+	ret = path_matches_pattern_list(prefix->buf, prefix->len,
+					basename, &dtype, pl, istate);
 
 	strbuf_addch(prefix, '/');
 
 	/* If undecided, use matching result of parent dir in defval */
-	if (ret < 0)
-		ret = defval;
+	if (ret == UNDECIDED)
+		ret = default_match;
 
 	for (cache_end = cache; cache_end != cache + nr; cache_end++) {
 		struct cache_entry *ce = *cache_end;
@@ -1294,23 +1301,23 @@ static int clear_ce_flags_dir(struct index_state *istate,
 	}
 
 	/*
-	 * TODO: check el, if there are no patterns that may conflict
+	 * TODO: check pl, if there are no patterns that may conflict
 	 * with ret (iow, we know in advance the incl/excl
 	 * decision for the entire directory), clear flag here without
 	 * calling clear_ce_flags_1(). That function will call
-	 * the expensive is_excluded_from_list() on every entry.
+	 * the expensive path_matches_pattern_list() on every entry.
 	 */
 	rc = clear_ce_flags_1(istate, cache, cache_end - cache,
 			      prefix,
 			      select_mask, clear_mask,
-			      el, ret);
+			      pl, ret);
 	strbuf_setlen(prefix, prefix->len - 1);
 	return rc;
 }
 
 /*
  * Traverse the index, find every entry that matches according to
- * o->el. Do "ce_flags &= ~clear_mask" on those entries. Return the
+ * o->pl. Do "ce_flags &= ~clear_mask" on those entries. Return the
  * number of traversed entries.
  *
  * If select_mask is non-zero, only entries whose ce_flags has on of
@@ -1327,7 +1334,8 @@ static int clear_ce_flags_1(struct index_state *istate,
 			    struct cache_entry **cache, int nr,
 			    struct strbuf *prefix,
 			    int select_mask, int clear_mask,
-			    struct exclude_list *el, int defval)
+			    struct pattern_list *pl,
+			    enum pattern_match_result default_match)
 {
 	struct cache_entry **cache_end = cache + nr;
 
@@ -1338,7 +1346,8 @@ static int clear_ce_flags_1(struct index_state *istate,
 	while(cache != cache_end) {
 		struct cache_entry *ce = *cache;
 		const char *name, *slash;
-		int len, dtype, ret;
+		int len, dtype;
+		enum pattern_match_result ret;
 
 		if (select_mask && !(ce->ce_flags & select_mask)) {
 			cache++;
@@ -1362,7 +1371,7 @@ static int clear_ce_flags_1(struct index_state *istate,
 						       prefix,
 						       prefix->buf + prefix->len - len,
 						       select_mask, clear_mask,
-						       el, defval);
+						       pl, default_match);
 
 			/* clear_c_f_dir eats a whole dir already? */
 			if (processed) {
@@ -1374,18 +1383,20 @@ static int clear_ce_flags_1(struct index_state *istate,
 			strbuf_addch(prefix, '/');
 			cache += clear_ce_flags_1(istate, cache, cache_end - cache,
 						  prefix,
-						  select_mask, clear_mask, el, defval);
+						  select_mask, clear_mask, pl,
+						  default_match);
 			strbuf_setlen(prefix, prefix->len - len - 1);
 			continue;
 		}
 
 		/* Non-directory */
 		dtype = ce_to_dtype(ce);
-		ret = is_excluded_from_list(ce->name, ce_namelen(ce),
-					    name, &dtype, el, istate);
-		if (ret < 0)
-			ret = defval;
-		if (ret > 0)
+		ret = path_matches_pattern_list(ce->name,
+						ce_namelen(ce),
+						name, &dtype, pl, istate);
+		if (ret == UNDECIDED)
+			ret = default_match;
+		if (ret == MATCHED)
 			ce->ce_flags &= ~clear_mask;
 		cache++;
 	}
@@ -1394,7 +1405,7 @@ static int clear_ce_flags_1(struct index_state *istate,
 
 static int clear_ce_flags(struct index_state *istate,
 			  int select_mask, int clear_mask,
-			  struct exclude_list *el)
+			  struct pattern_list *pl)
 {
 	static struct strbuf prefix = STRBUF_INIT;
 
@@ -1405,13 +1416,13 @@ static int clear_ce_flags(struct index_state *istate,
 				istate->cache_nr,
 				&prefix,
 				select_mask, clear_mask,
-				el, 0);
+				pl, 0);
 }
 
 /*
  * Set/Clear CE_NEW_SKIP_WORKTREE according to $GIT_DIR/info/sparse-checkout
  */
-static void mark_new_skip_worktree(struct exclude_list *el,
+static void mark_new_skip_worktree(struct pattern_list *pl,
 				   struct index_state *istate,
 				   int select_flag, int skip_wt_flag)
 {
@@ -1437,7 +1448,7 @@ static void mark_new_skip_worktree(struct exclude_list *el,
 	 * 2. Widen worktree according to sparse-checkout file.
 	 * Matched entries will have skip_wt_flag cleared (i.e. "in")
 	 */
-	clear_ce_flags(istate, select_flag, skip_wt_flag, el);
+	clear_ce_flags(istate, select_flag, skip_wt_flag, pl);
 }
 
 static int verify_absent(const struct cache_entry *,
@@ -1453,21 +1464,21 @@ int unpack_trees(unsigned len, struct tree_desc *t, struct unpack_trees_options
 {
 	int i, ret;
 	static struct cache_entry *dfc;
-	struct exclude_list el;
+	struct pattern_list pl;
 
 	if (len > MAX_UNPACK_TREES)
 		die("unpack_trees takes at most %d trees", MAX_UNPACK_TREES);
 
 	trace_performance_enter();
-	memset(&el, 0, sizeof(el));
+	memset(&pl, 0, sizeof(pl));
 	if (!core_apply_sparse_checkout || !o->update)
 		o->skip_sparse_checkout = 1;
 	if (!o->skip_sparse_checkout) {
 		char *sparse = git_pathdup("info/sparse-checkout");
-		if (add_excludes_from_file_to_list(sparse, "", 0, &el, NULL) < 0)
+		if (add_patterns_from_file_to_list(sparse, "", 0, &pl, NULL) < 0)
 			o->skip_sparse_checkout = 1;
 		else
-			o->el = &el;
+			o->pl = &pl;
 		free(sparse);
 	}
 
@@ -1498,7 +1509,7 @@ int unpack_trees(unsigned len, struct tree_desc *t, struct unpack_trees_options
 	 * Sparse checkout loop #1: set NEW_SKIP_WORKTREE on existing entries
 	 */
 	if (!o->skip_sparse_checkout)
-		mark_new_skip_worktree(o->el, o->src_index, 0, CE_NEW_SKIP_WORKTREE);
+		mark_new_skip_worktree(o->pl, o->src_index, 0, CE_NEW_SKIP_WORKTREE);
 
 	if (!dfc)
 		dfc = xcalloc(1, cache_entry_size(0));
@@ -1563,7 +1574,7 @@ int unpack_trees(unsigned len, struct tree_desc *t, struct unpack_trees_options
 		 * If the will have NEW_SKIP_WORKTREE, also set CE_SKIP_WORKTREE
 		 * so apply_sparse_checkout() won't attempt to remove it from worktree
 		 */
-		mark_new_skip_worktree(o->el, &o->result, CE_ADDED, CE_SKIP_WORKTREE | CE_NEW_SKIP_WORKTREE);
+		mark_new_skip_worktree(o->pl, &o->result, CE_ADDED, CE_SKIP_WORKTREE | CE_NEW_SKIP_WORKTREE);
 
 		ret = 0;
 		for (i = 0; i < o->result.cache_nr; i++) {
@@ -1631,7 +1642,7 @@ int unpack_trees(unsigned len, struct tree_desc *t, struct unpack_trees_options
 
 done:
 	trace_performance_leave("unpack_trees");
-	clear_exclude_list(&el);
+	clear_pattern_list(&pl);
 	return ret;
 
 return_failed:
diff --git a/unpack-trees.h b/unpack-trees.h
index d344d7d..f2eee0c 100644
--- a/unpack-trees.h
+++ b/unpack-trees.h
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 
 struct cache_entry;
 struct unpack_trees_options;
-struct exclude_list;
+struct pattern_list;
 
 typedef int (*merge_fn_t)(const struct cache_entry * const *src,
 		struct unpack_trees_options *options);
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ struct unpack_trees_options {
 	struct index_state *src_index;
 	struct index_state result;
 
-	struct exclude_list *el; /* for internal use */
+	struct pattern_list *pl; /* for internal use */
 };
 
 int unpack_trees(unsigned n, struct tree_desc *t,
diff --git a/upload-pack.c b/upload-pack.c
index 222cd3a..875db92 100644
--- a/upload-pack.c
+++ b/upload-pack.c
@@ -140,18 +140,17 @@ static void create_pack_file(const struct object_array *have_obj,
 		argv_array_push(&pack_objects.args, "--delta-base-offset");
 	if (use_include_tag)
 		argv_array_push(&pack_objects.args, "--include-tag");
-	if (filter_options.filter_spec) {
-		struct strbuf expanded_filter_spec = STRBUF_INIT;
-		expand_list_objects_filter_spec(&filter_options,
-						&expanded_filter_spec);
+	if (filter_options.choice) {
+		const char *spec =
+			expand_list_objects_filter_spec(&filter_options);
 		if (pack_objects.use_shell) {
 			struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
-			sq_quote_buf(&buf, expanded_filter_spec.buf);
+			sq_quote_buf(&buf, spec);
 			argv_array_pushf(&pack_objects.args, "--filter=%s", buf.buf);
 			strbuf_release(&buf);
 		} else {
 			argv_array_pushf(&pack_objects.args, "--filter=%s",
-					 expanded_filter_spec.buf);
+					 spec);
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -884,6 +883,7 @@ static void receive_needs(struct packet_reader *reader, struct object_array *wan
 		if (skip_prefix(reader->line, "filter ", &arg)) {
 			if (!filter_capability_requested)
 				die("git upload-pack: filtering capability not negotiated");
+			list_objects_filter_die_if_populated(&filter_options);
 			parse_list_objects_filter(&filter_options, arg);
 			continue;
 		}
@@ -1305,6 +1305,7 @@ static void process_args(struct packet_reader *request,
 		}
 
 		if (allow_filter && skip_prefix(arg, "filter ", &p)) {
+			list_objects_filter_die_if_populated(&filter_options);
 			parse_list_objects_filter(&filter_options, p);
 			continue;
 		}
diff --git a/url.c b/url.c
index 1b8ef78..e34e5e7 100644
--- a/url.c
+++ b/url.c
@@ -86,6 +86,12 @@ char *url_decode_mem(const char *url, int len)
 	return url_decode_internal(&url, len, NULL, &out, 0);
 }
 
+char *url_percent_decode(const char *encoded)
+{
+	struct strbuf out = STRBUF_INIT;
+	return url_decode_internal(&encoded, strlen(encoded), NULL, &out, 0);
+}
+
 char *url_decode_parameter_name(const char **query)
 {
 	struct strbuf out = STRBUF_INIT;
diff --git a/url.h b/url.h
index 00b7d58..2a27c34 100644
--- a/url.h
+++ b/url.h
@@ -7,6 +7,14 @@ int is_url(const char *url);
 int is_urlschemechar(int first_flag, int ch);
 char *url_decode(const char *url);
 char *url_decode_mem(const char *url, int len);
+
+/*
+ * Similar to the url_decode_{,mem} methods above, but doesn't assume there
+ * is a scheme followed by a : at the start of the string. Instead, %-sequences
+ * before any : are also parsed.
+ */
+char *url_percent_decode(const char *encoded);
+
 char *url_decode_parameter_name(const char **query);
 char *url_decode_parameter_value(const char **query);
 
diff --git a/userdiff.c b/userdiff.c
index e74a6d4..86e3244 100644
--- a/userdiff.c
+++ b/userdiff.c
@@ -23,6 +23,14 @@ IPATTERN("ada",
 	 "[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_]*"
 	 "|[-+]?[0-9][0-9#_.aAbBcCdDeEfF]*([eE][+-]?[0-9_]+)?"
 	 "|=>|\\.\\.|\\*\\*|:=|/=|>=|<=|<<|>>|<>"),
+PATTERNS("dts",
+	 "!;\n"
+	 /* lines beginning with a word optionally preceded by '&' or the root */
+	 "^[ \t]*((/|&?[a-zA-Z_]).*)",
+	 /* -- */
+	 /* Property names and math operators */
+	 "[a-zA-Z0-9,._+?#-]+"
+	 "|[-+*/%&^|!~]|>>|<<|&&|\\|\\|"),
 IPATTERN("fortran",
 	 "!^([C*]|[ \t]*!)\n"
 	 "!^[ \t]*MODULE[ \t]+PROCEDURE[ \t]\n"
diff --git a/wrapper.c b/wrapper.c
index 1e45ab7..c55d772 100644
--- a/wrapper.c
+++ b/wrapper.c
@@ -4,12 +4,6 @@
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "config.h"
 
-static void do_nothing(size_t size)
-{
-}
-
-static void (*try_to_free_routine)(size_t size) = do_nothing;
-
 static int memory_limit_check(size_t size, int gentle)
 {
 	static size_t limit = 0;
@@ -30,24 +24,11 @@ static int memory_limit_check(size_t size, int gentle)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-try_to_free_t set_try_to_free_routine(try_to_free_t routine)
-{
-	try_to_free_t old = try_to_free_routine;
-	if (!routine)
-		routine = do_nothing;
-	try_to_free_routine = routine;
-	return old;
-}
-
 char *xstrdup(const char *str)
 {
 	char *ret = strdup(str);
-	if (!ret) {
-		try_to_free_routine(strlen(str) + 1);
-		ret = strdup(str);
-		if (!ret)
-			die("Out of memory, strdup failed");
-	}
+	if (!ret)
+		die("Out of memory, strdup failed");
 	return ret;
 }
 
@@ -61,19 +42,13 @@ static void *do_xmalloc(size_t size, int gentle)
 	if (!ret && !size)
 		ret = malloc(1);
 	if (!ret) {
-		try_to_free_routine(size);
-		ret = malloc(size);
-		if (!ret && !size)
-			ret = malloc(1);
-		if (!ret) {
-			if (!gentle)
-				die("Out of memory, malloc failed (tried to allocate %lu bytes)",
-				    (unsigned long)size);
-			else {
-				error("Out of memory, malloc failed (tried to allocate %lu bytes)",
-				      (unsigned long)size);
-				return NULL;
-			}
+		if (!gentle)
+			die("Out of memory, malloc failed (tried to allocate %lu bytes)",
+			    (unsigned long)size);
+		else {
+			error("Out of memory, malloc failed (tried to allocate %lu bytes)",
+			      (unsigned long)size);
+			return NULL;
 		}
 	}
 #ifdef XMALLOC_POISON
@@ -138,14 +113,8 @@ void *xrealloc(void *ptr, size_t size)
 	ret = realloc(ptr, size);
 	if (!ret && !size)
 		ret = realloc(ptr, 1);
-	if (!ret) {
-		try_to_free_routine(size);
-		ret = realloc(ptr, size);
-		if (!ret && !size)
-			ret = realloc(ptr, 1);
-		if (!ret)
-			die("Out of memory, realloc failed");
-	}
+	if (!ret)
+		die("Out of memory, realloc failed");
 	return ret;
 }
 
@@ -160,14 +129,8 @@ void *xcalloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size)
 	ret = calloc(nmemb, size);
 	if (!ret && (!nmemb || !size))
 		ret = calloc(1, 1);
-	if (!ret) {
-		try_to_free_routine(nmemb * size);
-		ret = calloc(nmemb, size);
-		if (!ret && (!nmemb || !size))
-			ret = calloc(1, 1);
-		if (!ret)
-			die("Out of memory, calloc failed");
-	}
+	if (!ret)
+		die("Out of memory, calloc failed");
 	return ret;
 }
 
diff --git a/wt-status.c b/wt-status.c
index 9f6c65a..ad6282c 100644
--- a/wt-status.c
+++ b/wt-status.c
@@ -1434,6 +1434,8 @@ static void show_cherry_pick_in_progress(struct wt_status *s,
 			status_printf_ln(s, color,
 				_("  (all conflicts fixed: run \"git cherry-pick --continue\")"));
 		status_printf_ln(s, color,
+			_("  (use \"git cherry-pick --skip\" to skip this patch)"));
+		status_printf_ln(s, color,
 			_("  (use \"git cherry-pick --abort\" to cancel the cherry-pick operation)"));
 	}
 	wt_longstatus_print_trailer(s);
@@ -1461,6 +1463,8 @@ static void show_revert_in_progress(struct wt_status *s,
 			status_printf_ln(s, color,
 				_("  (all conflicts fixed: run \"git revert --continue\")"));
 		status_printf_ln(s, color,
+			_("  (use \"git revert --skip\" to skip this patch)"));
+		status_printf_ln(s, color,
 			_("  (use \"git revert --abort\" to cancel the revert operation)"));
 	}
 	wt_longstatus_print_trailer(s);