Use of index and Racy Git problem
=================================

Background
----------

The index is one of the most important data structures in Git.
It represents a virtual working tree state by recording list of
paths and their object names and serves as a staging area to
write out the next tree object to be committed.  The state is
"virtual" in the sense that it does not necessarily have to, and
often does not, match the files in the working tree.

There are cases Git needs to examine the differences between the
virtual working tree state in the index and the files in the
working tree.  The most obvious case is when the user asks `git
diff` (or its low level implementation, `git diff-files`) or
`git-ls-files --modified`.  In addition, Git internally checks
if the files in the working tree are different from what are
recorded in the index to avoid stomping on local changes in them
during patch application, switching branches, and merging.

In order to speed up this comparison between the files in the
working tree and the index entries, the index entries record the
information obtained from the filesystem via `lstat(2)` system
call when they were last updated.  When checking if they differ,
Git first runs `lstat(2)` on the files and compares the result
with this information (this is what was originally done by the
`ce_match_stat()` function, but the current code does it in
`ce_match_stat_basic()` function).  If some of these "cached
stat information" fields do not match, Git can tell that the
files are modified without even looking at their contents.

Note: not all members in `struct stat` obtained via `lstat(2)`
are used for this comparison.  For example, `st_atime` obviously
is not useful.  Currently, Git compares the file type (regular
files vs symbolic links) and executable bits (only for regular
files) from `st_mode` member, `st_mtime` and `st_ctime`
timestamps, `st_uid`, `st_gid`, `st_ino`, and `st_size` members.
With a `USE_STDEV` compile-time option, `st_dev` is also
compared, but this is not enabled by default because this member
is not stable on network filesystems.  With `USE_NSEC`
compile-time option, `st_mtim.tv_nsec` and `st_ctim.tv_nsec`
members are also compared. On Linux, this is not enabled by default
because in-core timestamps can have finer granularity than
on-disk timestamps, resulting in meaningless changes when an
inode is evicted from the inode cache.  See commit 8ce13b0
of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tglx/history.git
([PATCH] Sync in core time granularity with filesystems,
2005-01-04). This patch is included in kernel 2.6.11 and newer, but
only fixes the issue for file systems with exactly 1 ns or 1 s
resolution. Other file systems are still broken in current Linux
kernels (e.g. CEPH, CIFS, NTFS, UDF), see
https://lkml.org/lkml/2015/6/9/714

Racy Git
--------

There is one slight problem with the optimization based on the
cached stat information.  Consider this sequence:

  : modify 'foo'
  $ git update-index 'foo'
  : modify 'foo' again, in-place, without changing its size

The first `update-index` computes the object name of the
contents of file `foo` and updates the index entry for `foo`
along with the `struct stat` information.  If the modification
that follows it happens very fast so that the file's `st_mtime`
timestamp does not change, after this sequence, the cached stat
information the index entry records still exactly match what you
would see in the filesystem, even though the file `foo` is now
different.
This way, Git can incorrectly think files in the working tree
are unmodified even though they actually are.  This is called
the "racy Git" problem (discovered by Pasky), and the entries
that appear clean when they may not be because of this problem
are called "racily clean".

To avoid this problem, Git does two things:

. When the cached stat information says the file has not been
  modified, and the `st_mtime` is the same as (or newer than)
  the timestamp of the index file itself (which is the time `git
  update-index foo` finished running in the above example), it
  also compares the contents with the object registered in the
  index entry to make sure they match.

. When the index file is updated that contains racily clean
  entries, cached `st_size` information is truncated to zero
  before writing a new version of the index file.

Because the index file itself is written after collecting all
the stat information from updated paths, `st_mtime` timestamp of
it is usually the same as or newer than any of the paths the
index contains.  And no matter how quick the modification that
follows `git update-index foo` finishes, the resulting
`st_mtime` timestamp on `foo` cannot get a value earlier
than the index file.  Therefore, index entries that can be
racily clean are limited to the ones that have the same
timestamp as the index file itself.

The callers that want to check if an index entry matches the
corresponding file in the working tree continue to call
`ce_match_stat()`, but with this change, `ce_match_stat()` uses
`ce_modified_check_fs()` to see if racily clean ones are
actually clean after comparing the cached stat information using
`ce_match_stat_basic()`.

The problem the latter solves is this sequence:

  $ git update-index 'foo'
  : modify 'foo' in-place without changing its size
  : wait for enough time
  $ git update-index 'bar'

Without the latter, the timestamp of the index file gets a newer
value, and falsely clean entry `foo` would not be caught by the
timestamp comparison check done with the former logic anymore.
The latter makes sure that the cached stat information for `foo`
would never match with the file in the working tree, so later
checks by `ce_match_stat_basic()` would report that the index entry
does not match the file and Git does not have to fall back on more
expensive `ce_modified_check_fs()`.


Runtime penalty
---------------

The runtime penalty of falling back to `ce_modified_check_fs()`
from `ce_match_stat()` can be very expensive when there are many
racily clean entries.  An obvious way to artificially create
this situation is to give the same timestamp to all the files in
the working tree in a large project, run `git update-index` on
them, and give the same timestamp to the index file:

  $ date >.datestamp
  $ git ls-files | xargs touch -r .datestamp
  $ git ls-files | git update-index --stdin
  $ touch -r .datestamp .git/index

This will make all index entries racily clean.  The linux project, for
example, there are over 20,000 files in the working tree.  On my
Athlon 64 X2 3800+, after the above:

  $ /usr/bin/time git diff-files
  1.68user 0.54system 0:02.22elapsed 100%CPU (0avgtext+0avgdata 0maxresident)k
  0inputs+0outputs (0major+67111minor)pagefaults 0swaps
  $ git update-index MAINTAINERS
  $ /usr/bin/time git diff-files
  0.02user 0.12system 0:00.14elapsed 100%CPU (0avgtext+0avgdata 0maxresident)k
  0inputs+0outputs (0major+935minor)pagefaults 0swaps

Running `git update-index` in the middle checked the racily
clean entries, and left the cached `st_mtime` for all the paths
intact because they were actually clean (so this step took about
the same amount of time as the first `git diff-files`).  After
that, they are not racily clean anymore but are truly clean, so
the second invocation of `git diff-files` fully took advantage
of the cached stat information.


Avoiding runtime penalty
------------------------

In order to avoid the above runtime penalty, post 1.4.2 Git used
to have a code that made sure the index file
got timestamp newer than the youngest files in the index when
there are many young files with the same timestamp as the
resulting index file would otherwise would have by waiting
before finishing writing the index file out.

I suspected that in practice the situation where many paths in the
index are all racily clean was quite rare.  The only code paths
that can record recent timestamp for large number of paths are:

. Initial `git add .` of a large project.

. `git checkout` of a large project from an empty index into an
  unpopulated working tree.

Note: switching branches with `git checkout` keeps the cached
stat information of existing working tree files that are the
same between the current branch and the new branch, which are
all older than the resulting index file, and they will not
become racily clean.  Only the files that are actually checked
out can become racily clean.

In a large project where raciness avoidance cost really matters,
however, the initial computation of all object names in the
index takes more than one second, and the index file is written
out after all that happens.  Therefore the timestamp of the
index file will be more than one seconds later than the
youngest file in the working tree.  This means that in these
cases there actually will not be any racily clean entry in
the resulting index.

Based on this discussion, the current code does not use the
"workaround" to avoid the runtime penalty that does not exist in
practice anymore.  This was done with commit 0fc82cff on Aug 15,
2006.