git-compat-util.h - git - Git at Google

 #ifndef GIT_COMPAT_UTIL_H
 #define GIT_COMPAT_UTIL_H

 #define _FILE_OFFSET_BITS 64

 #ifndef FLEX_ARRAY
 /*
  * See if our compiler is known to support flexible array members.
  */
 #if defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L)
 # define FLEX_ARRAY /* empty */
 #elif defined(__GNUC__)
 # if (__GNUC__ >= 3)
 #  define FLEX_ARRAY /* empty */
 # else
 #  define FLEX_ARRAY 0 /* older GNU extension */
 # endif
 #endif

 /*
  * Otherwise, default to safer but a bit wasteful traditional style
  */
 #ifndef FLEX_ARRAY
 # define FLEX_ARRAY 1
 #endif
 #endif

 #define ARRAY_SIZE(x) (sizeof(x)/sizeof(x[0]))

 #ifdef __GNUC__
 #define TYPEOF(x) (__typeof__(x))
 #else
 #define TYPEOF(x)
 #endif

 #define MSB(x, bits) ((x) & TYPEOF(x)(~0ULL << (sizeof(x) * 8 - (bits))))
 #define HAS_MULTI_BITS(i)  ((i) & ((i) - 1))  /* checks if an integer has more than 1 bit set */

 /* Approximation of the length of the decimal representation of this type. */
 #define decimal_length(x)	((int)(sizeof(x) * 2.56 + 0.5) + 1)

 #if !defined(__APPLE__) && !defined(__FreeBSD__)  && !defined(__USLC__) && !defined(_M_UNIX)
 #define _XOPEN_SOURCE 600 /* glibc2 and AIX 5.3L need 500, OpenBSD needs 600 for S_ISLNK() */
 #define _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED 1 /* AIX 5.3L needs this */
 #endif
 #define _ALL_SOURCE 1
 #define _GNU_SOURCE 1
 #define _BSD_SOURCE 1

 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <stdarg.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <limits.h>
 #include <sys/param.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <dirent.h>
 #include <sys/time.h>
 #include <time.h>
 #include <signal.h>
 #include <sys/wait.h>
 #include <fnmatch.h>
 #include <sys/poll.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
 #include <utime.h>
 #ifndef NO_SYS_SELECT_H
 #include <sys/select.h>
 #endif
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <regex.h>
 #include <netinet/in.h>
 #include <netinet/tcp.h>
 #include <arpa/inet.h>
 #include <netdb.h>
 #include <pwd.h>
 #include <inttypes.h>
 #if defined(__CYGWIN__)
 #undef _XOPEN_SOURCE
 #include <grp.h>
 #define _XOPEN_SOURCE 600
 #else
 #undef _ALL_SOURCE /* AIX 5.3L defines a struct list with _ALL_SOURCE. */
 #include <grp.h>
 #define _ALL_SOURCE 1
 #endif

 #ifndef NO_ICONV
 #include <iconv.h>
 #endif

 /* On most systems <limits.h> would have given us this, but
  * not on some systems (e.g. GNU/Hurd).
  */
 #ifndef PATH_MAX
 #define PATH_MAX 4096
 #endif

 #ifndef PRIuMAX
 #define PRIuMAX "llu"
 #endif

 #ifdef __GNUC__
 #define NORETURN __attribute__((__noreturn__))
 #else
 #define NORETURN
 #ifndef __attribute__
 #define __attribute__(x)
 #endif
 #endif

 /* General helper functions */
 extern void usage(const char *err) NORETURN;
 extern void die(const char *err, ...) NORETURN __attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
 extern int error(const char *err, ...) __attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
 extern void warning(const char *err, ...) __attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));

 extern void set_usage_routine(void (*routine)(const char *err) NORETURN);
 extern void set_die_routine(void (*routine)(const char *err, va_list params) NORETURN);
 extern void set_error_routine(void (*routine)(const char *err, va_list params));
 extern void set_warn_routine(void (*routine)(const char *warn, va_list params));

 extern int prefixcmp(const char *str, const char *prefix);

 #ifdef NO_MMAP

 #ifndef PROT_READ
 #define PROT_READ 1
 #define PROT_WRITE 2
 #define MAP_PRIVATE 1
 #define MAP_FAILED ((void*)-1)
 #endif

 #define mmap git_mmap
 #define munmap git_munmap
 extern void *git_mmap(void *start, size_t length, int prot, int flags, int fd, off_t offset);
 extern int git_munmap(void *start, size_t length);

 /* This value must be multiple of (pagesize * 2) */
 #define DEFAULT_PACKED_GIT_WINDOW_SIZE (1 * 1024 * 1024)

 #else /* NO_MMAP */

 #include <sys/mman.h>

 /* This value must be multiple of (pagesize * 2) */
 #define DEFAULT_PACKED_GIT_WINDOW_SIZE \
 	(sizeof(void*) >= 8 \
 		?  1 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 \
 		: 32 * 1024 * 1024)

 #endif /* NO_MMAP */

 #define DEFAULT_PACKED_GIT_LIMIT \
 	((1024L * 1024L) * (sizeof(void*) >= 8 ? 8192 : 256))

 #ifdef NO_PREAD
 #define pread git_pread
 extern ssize_t git_pread(int fd, void *buf, size_t count, off_t offset);
 #endif

 #ifdef NO_SETENV
 #define setenv gitsetenv
 extern int gitsetenv(const char *, const char *, int);
 #endif

 #ifdef NO_MKDTEMP
 #define mkdtemp gitmkdtemp
 extern char *gitmkdtemp(char *);
 #endif

 #ifdef NO_UNSETENV
 #define unsetenv gitunsetenv
 extern void gitunsetenv(const char *);
 #endif

 #ifdef NO_STRCASESTR
 #define strcasestr gitstrcasestr
 extern char *gitstrcasestr(const char *haystack, const char *needle);
 #endif

 #ifdef NO_STRLCPY
 #define strlcpy gitstrlcpy
 extern size_t gitstrlcpy(char *, const char *, size_t);
 #endif

 #ifdef NO_STRTOUMAX
 #define strtoumax gitstrtoumax
 extern uintmax_t gitstrtoumax(const char *, char **, int);
 #endif

 #ifdef NO_HSTRERROR
 #define hstrerror githstrerror
 extern const char *githstrerror(int herror);
 #endif

 #ifdef NO_MEMMEM
 #define memmem gitmemmem
 void *gitmemmem(const void *haystack, size_t haystacklen,
                 const void *needle, size_t needlelen);
 #endif

 #ifdef FREAD_READS_DIRECTORIES
 #ifdef fopen
 #undef fopen
 #endif
 #define fopen(a,b) git_fopen(a,b)
 extern FILE *git_fopen(const char*, const char*);
 #endif

 #ifdef SNPRINTF_RETURNS_BOGUS
 #define snprintf git_snprintf
 extern int git_snprintf(char *str, size_t maxsize,
 			const char *format, ...);
 #define vsnprintf git_vsnprintf
 extern int git_vsnprintf(char *str, size_t maxsize,
 			 const char *format, va_list ap);
 #endif

 #ifdef __GLIBC_PREREQ
 #if __GLIBC_PREREQ(2, 1)
 #define HAVE_STRCHRNUL
 #endif
 #endif

 #ifndef HAVE_STRCHRNUL
 #define strchrnul gitstrchrnul
 static inline char *gitstrchrnul(const char *s, int c)
 {
 	while (*s && *s != c)
 		s++;
 	return (char *)s;
 }
 #endif

 extern void release_pack_memory(size_t, int);

 static inline char* xstrdup(const char *str)
 {
 	char *ret = strdup(str);
 	if (!ret) {
 		release_pack_memory(strlen(str) + 1, -1);
 		ret = strdup(str);
 		if (!ret)
 			die("Out of memory, strdup failed");
 	}
 	return ret;
 }

 static inline void *xmalloc(size_t size)
 {
 	void *ret = malloc(size);
 	if (!ret && !size)
 		ret = malloc(1);
 	if (!ret) {
 		release_pack_memory(size, -1);
 		ret = malloc(size);
 		if (!ret && !size)
 			ret = malloc(1);
 		if (!ret)
 			die("Out of memory, malloc failed");
 	}
 #ifdef XMALLOC_POISON
 	memset(ret, 0xA5, size);
 #endif
 	return ret;
 }

 /*
  * xmemdupz() allocates (len + 1) bytes of memory, duplicates "len" bytes of
  * "data" to the allocated memory, zero terminates the allocated memory,
  * and returns a pointer to the allocated memory. If the allocation fails,
  * the program dies.
  */
 static inline void *xmemdupz(const void *data, size_t len)
 {
 	char *p = xmalloc(len + 1);
 	memcpy(p, data, len);
 	p[len] = '\0';
 	return p;
 }

 static inline char *xstrndup(const char *str, size_t len)
 {
 	char *p = memchr(str, '\0', len);
 	return xmemdupz(str, p ? p - str : len);
 }

 static inline void *xrealloc(void *ptr, size_t size)
 {
 	void *ret = realloc(ptr, size);
 	if (!ret && !size)
 		ret = realloc(ptr, 1);
 	if (!ret) {
 		release_pack_memory(size, -1);
 		ret = realloc(ptr, size);
 		if (!ret && !size)
 			ret = realloc(ptr, 1);
 		if (!ret)
 			die("Out of memory, realloc failed");
 	}
 	return ret;
 }

 static inline void *xcalloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size)
 {
 	void *ret = calloc(nmemb, size);
 	if (!ret && (!nmemb || !size))
 		ret = calloc(1, 1);
 	if (!ret) {
 		release_pack_memory(nmemb * size, -1);
 		ret = calloc(nmemb, size);
 		if (!ret && (!nmemb || !size))
 			ret = calloc(1, 1);
 		if (!ret)
 			die("Out of memory, calloc failed");
 	}
 	return ret;
 }

 static inline void *xmmap(void *start, size_t length,
 	int prot, int flags, int fd, off_t offset)
 {
 	void *ret = mmap(start, length, prot, flags, fd, offset);
 	if (ret == MAP_FAILED) {
 		if (!length)
 			return NULL;
 		release_pack_memory(length, fd);
 		ret = mmap(start, length, prot, flags, fd, offset);
 		if (ret == MAP_FAILED)
 			die("Out of memory? mmap failed: %s", strerror(errno));
 	}
 	return ret;
 }

 /*
  * xread() is the same a read(), but it automatically restarts read()
  * operations with a recoverable error (EAGAIN and EINTR). xread()
  * DOES NOT GUARANTEE that "len" bytes is read even if the data is available.
  */
 static inline ssize_t xread(int fd, void *buf, size_t len)
 {
 	ssize_t nr;
 	while (1) {
 		nr = read(fd, buf, len);
 		if ((nr < 0) && (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EINTR))
 			continue;
 		return nr;
 	}
 }

 /*
  * xwrite() is the same a write(), but it automatically restarts write()
  * operations with a recoverable error (EAGAIN and EINTR). xwrite() DOES NOT
  * GUARANTEE that "len" bytes is written even if the operation is successful.
  */
 static inline ssize_t xwrite(int fd, const void *buf, size_t len)
 {
 	ssize_t nr;
 	while (1) {
 		nr = write(fd, buf, len);
 		if ((nr < 0) && (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EINTR))
 			continue;
 		return nr;
 	}
 }

 static inline int xdup(int fd)
 {
 	int ret = dup(fd);
 	if (ret < 0)
 		die("dup failed: %s", strerror(errno));
 	return ret;
 }

 static inline FILE *xfdopen(int fd, const char *mode)
 {
 	FILE *stream = fdopen(fd, mode);
 	if (stream == NULL)
 		die("Out of memory? fdopen failed: %s", strerror(errno));
 	return stream;
 }

 static inline int xmkstemp(char *template)
 {
 	int fd;

 	fd = mkstemp(template);
 	if (fd < 0)
 		die("Unable to create temporary file: %s", strerror(errno));
 	return fd;
 }

 static inline size_t xsize_t(off_t len)
 {
 	return (size_t)len;
 }

 static inline int has_extension(const char *filename, const char *ext)
 {
 	size_t len = strlen(filename);
 	size_t extlen = strlen(ext);
 	return len > extlen && !memcmp(filename + len - extlen, ext, extlen);
 }

 /* Sane ctype - no locale, and works with signed chars */
 #undef isspace
 #undef isdigit
 #undef isalpha
 #undef isalnum
 #undef tolower
 #undef toupper
 extern unsigned char sane_ctype[256];
 #define GIT_SPACE 0x01
 #define GIT_DIGIT 0x02
 #define GIT_ALPHA 0x04
 #define sane_istest(x,mask) ((sane_ctype[(unsigned char)(x)] & (mask)) != 0)
 #define isspace(x) sane_istest(x,GIT_SPACE)
 #define isdigit(x) sane_istest(x,GIT_DIGIT)
 #define isalpha(x) sane_istest(x,GIT_ALPHA)
 #define isalnum(x) sane_istest(x,GIT_ALPHA | GIT_DIGIT)
 #define tolower(x) sane_case((unsigned char)(x), 0x20)
 #define toupper(x) sane_case((unsigned char)(x), 0)

 static inline int sane_case(int x, int high)
 {
 	if (sane_istest(x, GIT_ALPHA))
 		x = (x & ~0x20) | high;
 	return x;
 }

 static inline int strtoul_ui(char const *s, int base, unsigned int *result)
 {
 	unsigned long ul;
 	char *p;

 	errno = 0;
 	ul = strtoul(s, &p, base);
 	if (errno || *p || p == s || (unsigned int) ul != ul)
 		return -1;
 	*result = ul;
 	return 0;
 }

 static inline int strtol_i(char const *s, int base, int *result)
 {
 	long ul;
 	char *p;

 	errno = 0;
 	ul = strtol(s, &p, base);
 	if (errno || *p || p == s || (int) ul != ul)
 		return -1;
 	*result = ul;
 	return 0;
 }

 #ifdef INTERNAL_QSORT
 void git_qsort(void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
 	       int(*compar)(const void *, const void *));
 #define qsort git_qsort
 #endif

 #ifndef DIR_HAS_BSD_GROUP_SEMANTICS
 # define FORCE_DIR_SET_GID S_ISGID
 #else
 # define FORCE_DIR_SET_GID 0
 #endif

 #endif
	#ifndef GIT_COMPAT_UTIL_H
	#define GIT_COMPAT_UTIL_H

	#define _FILE_OFFSET_BITS 64

	#ifndef FLEX_ARRAY
	/*
	* See if our compiler is known to support flexible array members.
	*/
	#if defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L)
	# define FLEX_ARRAY /* empty */
	#elif defined(__GNUC__)
	# if (__GNUC__ >= 3)
	# define FLEX_ARRAY /* empty */
	# else
	# define FLEX_ARRAY 0 /* older GNU extension */
	# endif
	#endif

	/*
	* Otherwise, default to safer but a bit wasteful traditional style
	*/
	#ifndef FLEX_ARRAY
	# define FLEX_ARRAY 1
	#endif
	#endif

	#define ARRAY_SIZE(x) (sizeof(x)/sizeof(x[0]))

	#ifdef __GNUC__
	#define TYPEOF(x) (__typeof__(x))
	#else
	#define TYPEOF(x)
	#endif

	#define MSB(x, bits) ((x) & TYPEOF(x)(~0ULL << (sizeof(x) * 8 - (bits))))
	#define HAS_MULTI_BITS(i) ((i) & ((i) - 1)) /* checks if an integer has more than 1 bit set */

	/* Approximation of the length of the decimal representation of this type. */
	#define decimal_length(x) ((int)(sizeof(x) * 2.56 + 0.5) + 1)

	#if !defined(__APPLE__) && !defined(__FreeBSD__) && !defined(__USLC__) && !defined(_M_UNIX)
	#define _XOPEN_SOURCE 600 /* glibc2 and AIX 5.3L need 500, OpenBSD needs 600 for S_ISLNK() */
	#define _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED 1 /* AIX 5.3L needs this */
	#endif
	#define _ALL_SOURCE 1
	#define _GNU_SOURCE 1
	#define _BSD_SOURCE 1

	#include <unistd.h>
	#include <stdio.h>
	#include <sys/stat.h>
	#include <fcntl.h>
	#include <stddef.h>
	#include <stdlib.h>
	#include <stdarg.h>
	#include <string.h>
	#include <errno.h>
	#include <limits.h>
	#include <sys/param.h>
	#include <sys/types.h>
	#include <dirent.h>
	#include <sys/time.h>
	#include <time.h>
	#include <signal.h>
	#include <sys/wait.h>
	#include <fnmatch.h>
	#include <sys/poll.h>
	#include <sys/socket.h>
	#include <sys/ioctl.h>
	#include <utime.h>
	#ifndef NO_SYS_SELECT_H
	#include <sys/select.h>
	#endif
	#include <assert.h>
	#include <regex.h>
	#include <netinet/in.h>
	#include <netinet/tcp.h>
	#include <arpa/inet.h>
	#include <netdb.h>
	#include <pwd.h>
	#include <inttypes.h>
	#if defined(__CYGWIN__)
	#undef _XOPEN_SOURCE
	#include <grp.h>
	#define _XOPEN_SOURCE 600
	#else
	#undef _ALL_SOURCE /* AIX 5.3L defines a struct list with _ALL_SOURCE. */
	#include <grp.h>
	#define _ALL_SOURCE 1
	#endif

	#ifndef NO_ICONV
	#include <iconv.h>
	#endif

	/* On most systems <limits.h> would have given us this, but
	* not on some systems (e.g. GNU/Hurd).
	*/
	#ifndef PATH_MAX
	#define PATH_MAX 4096
	#endif

	#ifndef PRIuMAX
	#define PRIuMAX "llu"
	#endif

	#ifdef __GNUC__
	#define NORETURN __attribute__((__noreturn__))
	#else
	#define NORETURN
	#ifndef __attribute__
	#define __attribute__(x)
	#endif
	#endif

	/* General helper functions */
	extern void usage(const char *err) NORETURN;
	extern void die(const char *err, ...) NORETURN __attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
	extern int error(const char *err, ...) __attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
	extern void warning(const char *err, ...) __attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));

	extern void set_usage_routine(void (routine)(const char err) NORETURN);
	extern void set_die_routine(void (routine)(const char err, va_list params) NORETURN);
	extern void set_error_routine(void (routine)(const char err, va_list params));
	extern void set_warn_routine(void (routine)(const char warn, va_list params));

	extern int prefixcmp(const char str, const char prefix);

	#ifdef NO_MMAP

	#ifndef PROT_READ
	#define PROT_READ 1
	#define PROT_WRITE 2
	#define MAP_PRIVATE 1
	#define MAP_FAILED ((void*)-1)
	#endif

	#define mmap git_mmap
	#define munmap git_munmap
	extern void git_mmap(void start, size_t length, int prot, int flags, int fd, off_t offset);
	extern int git_munmap(void *start, size_t length);

	/* This value must be multiple of (pagesize * 2) */
	#define DEFAULT_PACKED_GIT_WINDOW_SIZE (1 * 1024 * 1024)

	#else /* NO_MMAP */

	#include <sys/mman.h>

	/* This value must be multiple of (pagesize * 2) */
	#define DEFAULT_PACKED_GIT_WINDOW_SIZE \
	(sizeof(void*) >= 8 \
	? 1 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 \
	: 32 * 1024 * 1024)

	#endif /* NO_MMAP */

	#define DEFAULT_PACKED_GIT_LIMIT \
	((1024L * 1024L) * (sizeof(void*) >= 8 ? 8192 : 256))

	#ifdef NO_PREAD
	#define pread git_pread
	extern ssize_t git_pread(int fd, void *buf, size_t count, off_t offset);
	#endif

	#ifdef NO_SETENV
	#define setenv gitsetenv
	extern int gitsetenv(const char , const char , int);
	#endif

	#ifdef NO_MKDTEMP
	#define mkdtemp gitmkdtemp
	extern char gitmkdtemp(char );
	#endif

	#ifdef NO_UNSETENV
	#define unsetenv gitunsetenv
	extern void gitunsetenv(const char *);
	#endif

	#ifdef NO_STRCASESTR
	#define strcasestr gitstrcasestr
	extern char gitstrcasestr(const char haystack, const char *needle);
	#endif

	#ifdef NO_STRLCPY
	#define strlcpy gitstrlcpy
	extern size_t gitstrlcpy(char , const char , size_t);
	#endif

	#ifdef NO_STRTOUMAX
	#define strtoumax gitstrtoumax
	extern uintmax_t gitstrtoumax(const char , char *, int);
	#endif

	#ifdef NO_HSTRERROR
	#define hstrerror githstrerror
	extern const char *githstrerror(int herror);
	#endif

	#ifdef NO_MEMMEM
	#define memmem gitmemmem
	void gitmemmem(const void haystack, size_t haystacklen,
	const void *needle, size_t needlelen);
	#endif

	#ifdef FREAD_READS_DIRECTORIES
	#ifdef fopen
	#undef fopen
	#endif
	#define fopen(a,b) git_fopen(a,b)
	extern FILE git_fopen(const char, const char*);
	#endif

	#ifdef SNPRINTF_RETURNS_BOGUS
	#define snprintf git_snprintf
	extern int git_snprintf(char *str, size_t maxsize,
	const char *format, ...);
	#define vsnprintf git_vsnprintf
	extern int git_vsnprintf(char *str, size_t maxsize,
	const char *format, va_list ap);
	#endif

	#ifdef __GLIBC_PREREQ
	#if __GLIBC_PREREQ(2, 1)
	#define HAVE_STRCHRNUL
	#endif
	#endif

	#ifndef HAVE_STRCHRNUL
	#define strchrnul gitstrchrnul
	static inline char gitstrchrnul(const char s, int c)
	{
	while (s && s != c)
	s++;
	return (char *)s;
	}
	#endif

	extern void release_pack_memory(size_t, int);

	static inline char* xstrdup(const char *str)
	{
	char *ret = strdup(str);
	if (!ret) {
	release_pack_memory(strlen(str) + 1, -1);
	ret = strdup(str);
	if (!ret)
	die("Out of memory, strdup failed");
	}
	return ret;
	}

	static inline void *xmalloc(size_t size)
	{
	void *ret = malloc(size);
	if (!ret && !size)
	ret = malloc(1);
	if (!ret) {
	release_pack_memory(size, -1);
	ret = malloc(size);
	if (!ret && !size)
	ret = malloc(1);
	if (!ret)
	die("Out of memory, malloc failed");
	}
	#ifdef XMALLOC_POISON
	memset(ret, 0xA5, size);
	#endif
	return ret;
	}

	/*
	* xmemdupz() allocates (len + 1) bytes of memory, duplicates "len" bytes of
	* "data" to the allocated memory, zero terminates the allocated memory,
	* and returns a pointer to the allocated memory. If the allocation fails,
	* the program dies.
	*/
	static inline void xmemdupz(const void data, size_t len)
	{
	char *p = xmalloc(len + 1);
	memcpy(p, data, len);
	p[len] = '\0';
	return p;
	}

	static inline char xstrndup(const char str, size_t len)
	{
	char *p = memchr(str, '\0', len);
	return xmemdupz(str, p ? p - str : len);
	}

	static inline void xrealloc(void ptr, size_t size)
	{
	void *ret = realloc(ptr, size);
	if (!ret && !size)
	ret = realloc(ptr, 1);
	if (!ret) {
	release_pack_memory(size, -1);
	ret = realloc(ptr, size);
	if (!ret && !size)
	ret = realloc(ptr, 1);
	if (!ret)
	die("Out of memory, realloc failed");
	}
	return ret;
	}

	static inline void *xcalloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size)
	{
	void *ret = calloc(nmemb, size);
	if (!ret && (!nmemb \|\| !size))
	ret = calloc(1, 1);
	if (!ret) {
	release_pack_memory(nmemb * size, -1);
	ret = calloc(nmemb, size);
	if (!ret && (!nmemb \|\| !size))
	ret = calloc(1, 1);
	if (!ret)
	die("Out of memory, calloc failed");
	}
	return ret;
	}

	static inline void xmmap(void start, size_t length,
	int prot, int flags, int fd, off_t offset)
	{
	void *ret = mmap(start, length, prot, flags, fd, offset);
	if (ret == MAP_FAILED) {
	if (!length)
	return NULL;
	release_pack_memory(length, fd);
	ret = mmap(start, length, prot, flags, fd, offset);
	if (ret == MAP_FAILED)
	die("Out of memory? mmap failed: %s", strerror(errno));
	}
	return ret;
	}

	/*
	* xread() is the same a read(), but it automatically restarts read()
	* operations with a recoverable error (EAGAIN and EINTR). xread()
	* DOES NOT GUARANTEE that "len" bytes is read even if the data is available.
	*/
	static inline ssize_t xread(int fd, void *buf, size_t len)
	{
	ssize_t nr;
	while (1) {
	nr = read(fd, buf, len);
	if ((nr < 0) && (errno == EAGAIN \|\| errno == EINTR))
	continue;
	return nr;
	}
	}

	/*
	* xwrite() is the same a write(), but it automatically restarts write()
	* operations with a recoverable error (EAGAIN and EINTR). xwrite() DOES NOT
	* GUARANTEE that "len" bytes is written even if the operation is successful.
	*/
	static inline ssize_t xwrite(int fd, const void *buf, size_t len)
	{
	ssize_t nr;
	while (1) {
	nr = write(fd, buf, len);
	if ((nr < 0) && (errno == EAGAIN \|\| errno == EINTR))
	continue;
	return nr;
	}
	}

	static inline int xdup(int fd)
	{
	int ret = dup(fd);
	if (ret < 0)
	die("dup failed: %s", strerror(errno));
	return ret;
	}

	static inline FILE xfdopen(int fd, const char mode)
	{
	FILE *stream = fdopen(fd, mode);
	if (stream == NULL)
	die("Out of memory? fdopen failed: %s", strerror(errno));
	return stream;
	}

	static inline int xmkstemp(char *template)
	{
	int fd;

	fd = mkstemp(template);
	if (fd < 0)
	die("Unable to create temporary file: %s", strerror(errno));
	return fd;
	}

	static inline size_t xsize_t(off_t len)
	{
	return (size_t)len;
	}

	static inline int has_extension(const char filename, const char ext)
	{
	size_t len = strlen(filename);
	size_t extlen = strlen(ext);
	return len > extlen && !memcmp(filename + len - extlen, ext, extlen);
	}

	/* Sane ctype - no locale, and works with signed chars */
	#undef isspace
	#undef isdigit
	#undef isalpha
	#undef isalnum
	#undef tolower
	#undef toupper
	extern unsigned char sane_ctype[256];
	#define GIT_SPACE 0x01
	#define GIT_DIGIT 0x02
	#define GIT_ALPHA 0x04
	#define sane_istest(x,mask) ((sane_ctype[(unsigned char)(x)] & (mask)) != 0)
	#define isspace(x) sane_istest(x,GIT_SPACE)
	#define isdigit(x) sane_istest(x,GIT_DIGIT)
	#define isalpha(x) sane_istest(x,GIT_ALPHA)
	#define isalnum(x) sane_istest(x,GIT_ALPHA \| GIT_DIGIT)
	#define tolower(x) sane_case((unsigned char)(x), 0x20)
	#define toupper(x) sane_case((unsigned char)(x), 0)

	static inline int sane_case(int x, int high)
	{
	if (sane_istest(x, GIT_ALPHA))
	x = (x & ~0x20) \| high;
	return x;
	}

	static inline int strtoul_ui(char const s, int base, unsigned int result)
	{
	unsigned long ul;
	char *p;

	errno = 0;
	ul = strtoul(s, &p, base);
	if (errno \|\| *p \|\| p == s \|\| (unsigned int) ul != ul)
	return -1;
	*result = ul;
	return 0;
	}

	static inline int strtol_i(char const s, int base, int result)
	{
	long ul;
	char *p;

	errno = 0;
	ul = strtol(s, &p, base);
	if (errno \|\| *p \|\| p == s \|\| (int) ul != ul)
	return -1;
	*result = ul;
	return 0;
	}

	#ifdef INTERNAL_QSORT
	void git_qsort(void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
	int(compar)(const void , const void *));
	#define qsort git_qsort
	#endif

	#ifndef DIR_HAS_BSD_GROUP_SEMANTICS
	# define FORCE_DIR_SET_GID S_ISGID
	#else
	# define FORCE_DIR_SET_GID 0
	#endif

	#endif