=================
Freezing of tasks
=================

(C) 2007 Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>, GPL

I. What is the freezing of tasks?
=================================

The freezing of tasks is a mechanism by which user space processes and some
kernel threads are controlled during hibernation or system-wide suspend (on some
architectures).

II. How does it work?
=====================

There is one per-task flag (PF_NOFREEZE) and three per-task states
(TASK_FROZEN, TASK_FREEZABLE and __TASK_FREEZABLE_UNSAFE) used for that.
The tasks that have PF_NOFREEZE unset (all user space tasks and some kernel
threads) are regarded as 'freezable' and treated in a special way before the
system enters a sleep state as well as before a hibernation image is created
(hibernation is directly covered by what follows, but the description applies
to system-wide suspend too).

Namely, as the first step of the hibernation procedure the function
freeze_processes() (defined in kernel/power/process.c) is called.  A system-wide
static key freezer_active (as opposed to a per-task flag or state) is used to
indicate whether the system is to undergo a freezing operation. And
freeze_processes() sets this static key.  After this, it executes
try_to_freeze_tasks() that sends a fake signal to all user space processes, and
wakes up all the kernel threads. All freezable tasks must react to that by
calling try_to_freeze(), which results in a call to __refrigerator() (defined
in kernel/freezer.c), which changes the task's state to TASK_FROZEN, and makes
it loop until it is woken by an explicit TASK_FROZEN wakeup. Then, that task
is regarded as 'frozen' and so the set of functions handling this mechanism is
referred to as 'the freezer' (these functions are defined in
kernel/power/process.c, kernel/freezer.c & include/linux/freezer.h). User space
tasks are generally frozen before kernel threads.

__refrigerator() must not be called directly.  Instead, use the
try_to_freeze() function (defined in include/linux/freezer.h), that checks
if the task is to be frozen and makes the task enter __refrigerator().

For user space processes try_to_freeze() is called automatically from the
signal-handling code, but the freezable kernel threads need to call it
explicitly in suitable places or use the wait_event_freezable() or
wait_event_freezable_timeout() macros (defined in include/linux/wait.h)
that put the task to sleep (TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE) or freeze it (TASK_FROZEN) if
freezer_active is set. The main loop of a freezable kernel thread may look
like the following one::

	set_freezable();

	while (true) {
		struct task_struct *tsk = NULL;

		wait_event_freezable(oom_reaper_wait, oom_reaper_list != NULL);
		spin_lock_irq(&oom_reaper_lock);
		if (oom_reaper_list != NULL) {
			tsk = oom_reaper_list;
			oom_reaper_list = tsk->oom_reaper_list;
		}
		spin_unlock_irq(&oom_reaper_lock);

		if (tsk)
			oom_reap_task(tsk);
	}

(from mm/oom_kill.c::oom_reaper()).

If a freezable kernel thread is not put to the frozen state after the freezer
has initiated a freezing operation, the freezing of tasks will fail and the
entire system-wide transition will be cancelled.  For this reason, freezable
kernel threads must call try_to_freeze() somewhere or use one of the
wait_event_freezable() and wait_event_freezable_timeout() macros.

After the system memory state has been restored from a hibernation image and
devices have been reinitialized, the function thaw_processes() is called in
order to wake up each frozen task.  Then, the tasks that have been frozen leave
__refrigerator() and continue running.


Rationale behind the functions dealing with freezing and thawing of tasks
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

freeze_processes():
  - freezes only userspace tasks

freeze_kernel_threads():
  - freezes all tasks (including kernel threads) because we can't freeze
    kernel threads without freezing userspace tasks

thaw_kernel_threads():
  - thaws only kernel threads; this is particularly useful if we need to do
    anything special in between thawing of kernel threads and thawing of
    userspace tasks, or if we want to postpone the thawing of userspace tasks

thaw_processes():
  - thaws all tasks (including kernel threads) because we can't thaw userspace
    tasks without thawing kernel threads


III. Which kernel threads are freezable?
========================================

Kernel threads are not freezable by default.  However, a kernel thread may clear
PF_NOFREEZE for itself by calling set_freezable() (the resetting of PF_NOFREEZE
directly is not allowed).  From this point it is regarded as freezable
and must call try_to_freeze() or variants of wait_event_freezable() in a
suitable place.

IV. Why do we do that?
======================

Generally speaking, there is a couple of reasons to use the freezing of tasks:

1. The principal reason is to prevent filesystems from being damaged after
   hibernation.  At the moment we have no simple means of checkpointing
   filesystems, so if there are any modifications made to filesystem data and/or
   metadata on disks, we cannot bring them back to the state from before the
   modifications.  At the same time each hibernation image contains some
   filesystem-related information that must be consistent with the state of the
   on-disk data and metadata after the system memory state has been restored
   from the image (otherwise the filesystems will be damaged in a nasty way,
   usually making them almost impossible to repair).  We therefore freeze
   tasks that might cause the on-disk filesystems' data and metadata to be
   modified after the hibernation image has been created and before the
   system is finally powered off. The majority of these are user space
   processes, but if any of the kernel threads may cause something like this
   to happen, they have to be freezable.

2. Next, to create the hibernation image we need to free a sufficient amount of
   memory (approximately 50% of available RAM) and we need to do that before
   devices are deactivated, because we generally need them for swapping out.
   Then, after the memory for the image has been freed, we don't want tasks
   to allocate additional memory and we prevent them from doing that by
   freezing them earlier. [Of course, this also means that device drivers
   should not allocate substantial amounts of memory from their .suspend()
   callbacks before hibernation, but this is a separate issue.]

3. The third reason is to prevent user space processes and some kernel threads
   from interfering with the suspending and resuming of devices.  A user space
   process running on a second CPU while we are suspending devices may, for
   example, be troublesome and without the freezing of tasks we would need some
   safeguards against race conditions that might occur in such a case.

Although Linus Torvalds doesn't like the freezing of tasks, he said this in one
of the discussions on LKML (https://lore.kernel.org/r/alpine.LFD.0.98.0704271801020.9964@woody.linux-foundation.org):

"RJW:> Why we freeze tasks at all or why we freeze kernel threads?

Linus: In many ways, 'at all'.

I **do** realize the IO request queue issues, and that we cannot actually do
s2ram with some devices in the middle of a DMA.  So we want to be able to
avoid *that*, there's no question about that.  And I suspect that stopping
user threads and then waiting for a sync is practically one of the easier
ways to do so.

So in practice, the 'at all' may become a 'why freeze kernel threads?' and
freezing user threads I don't find really objectionable."

Still, there are kernel threads that may want to be freezable.  For example, if
a kernel thread that belongs to a device driver accesses the device directly, it
in principle needs to know when the device is suspended, so that it doesn't try
to access it at that time.  However, if the kernel thread is freezable, it will
be frozen before the driver's .suspend() callback is executed and it will be
thawed after the driver's .resume() callback has run, so it won't be accessing
the device while it's suspended.

4. Another reason for freezing tasks is to prevent user space processes from
   realizing that hibernation (or suspend) operation takes place.  Ideally, user
   space processes should not notice that such a system-wide operation has
   occurred and should continue running without any problems after the restore
   (or resume from suspend).  Unfortunately, in the most general case this
   is quite difficult to achieve without the freezing of tasks.  Consider,
   for example, a process that depends on all CPUs being online while it's
   running.  Since we need to disable nonboot CPUs during the hibernation,
   if this process is not frozen, it may notice that the number of CPUs has
   changed and may start to work incorrectly because of that.

V. Are there any problems related to the freezing of tasks?
===========================================================

Yes, there are.

First of all, the freezing of kernel threads may be tricky if they depend one
on another.  For example, if kernel thread A waits for a completion (in the
TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE state) that needs to be done by freezable kernel thread B
and B is frozen in the meantime, then A will be blocked until B is thawed, which
may be undesirable.  That's why kernel threads are not freezable by default.

Second, there are the following two problems related to the freezing of user
space processes:

1. Putting processes into an uninterruptible sleep distorts the load average.
2. Now that we have FUSE, plus the framework for doing device drivers in
   userspace, it gets even more complicated because some userspace processes are
   now doing the sorts of things that kernel threads do
   (https://lists.linux-foundation.org/pipermail/linux-pm/2007-May/012309.html).

The problem 1. seems to be fixable, although it hasn't been fixed so far.  The
other one is more serious, but it seems that we can work around it by using
hibernation (and suspend) notifiers (in that case, though, we won't be able to
avoid the realization by the user space processes that the hibernation is taking
place).

There are also problems that the freezing of tasks tends to expose, although
they are not directly related to it.  For example, if request_firmware() is
called from a device driver's .resume() routine, it will timeout and eventually
fail, because the user land process that should respond to the request is frozen
at this point.  So, seemingly, the failure is due to the freezing of tasks.
Suppose, however, that the firmware file is located on a filesystem accessible
only through another device that hasn't been resumed yet.  In that case,
request_firmware() will fail regardless of whether or not the freezing of tasks
is used.  Consequently, the problem is not really related to the freezing of
tasks, since it generally exists anyway.

A driver must have all firmwares it may need in RAM before suspend() is called.
If keeping them is not practical, for example due to their size, they must be
requested early enough using the suspend notifier API described in
Documentation/driver-api/pm/notifiers.rst.

VI. Are there any precautions to be taken to prevent freezing failures?
=======================================================================

Yes, there are.

First of all, grabbing the 'system_transition_mutex' lock to mutually exclude a
piece of code from system-wide sleep such as suspend/hibernation is not
encouraged.  If possible, that piece of code must instead hook onto the
suspend/hibernation notifiers to achieve mutual exclusion. Look at the
CPU-Hotplug code (kernel/cpu.c) for an example.

However, if that is not feasible, and grabbing 'system_transition_mutex' is
deemed necessary, it is strongly discouraged to directly call
mutex_[un]lock(&system_transition_mutex) since that could lead to freezing
failures, because if the suspend/hibernate code successfully acquired the
'system_transition_mutex' lock, and hence that other entity failed to acquire
the lock, then that task would get blocked in TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE state. As a
consequence, the freezer would not be able to freeze that task, leading to
freezing failure.

However, the [un]lock_system_sleep() APIs are safe to use in this scenario,
since they ask the freezer to skip freezing this task, since it is anyway
"frozen enough" as it is blocked on 'system_transition_mutex', which will be
released only after the entire suspend/hibernation sequence is complete.  So, to
summarize, use [un]lock_system_sleep() instead of directly using
mutex_[un]lock(&system_transition_mutex). That would prevent freezing failures.

V. Miscellaneous
================

/sys/power/pm_freeze_timeout controls how long it will cost at most to freeze
all user space processes or all freezable kernel threads, in unit of
millisecond.  The default value is 20000, with range of unsigned integer.