Merge branch 'ma/doc-diff-doc-vs-doctor-comparison'

Dev support update to make it easier to compare two formatted
results from our documentation.

* ma/doc-diff-doc-vs-doctor-comparison:
  doc-diff: add `--cut-header-footer`
  doc-diff: support diffing from/to AsciiDoc(tor)
  doc-diff: let `render_tree()` take an explicit directory name
  Doc: auto-detect changed build flags
diff --git a/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md b/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 64e605a..e7b4e2f 100644
--- a/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 a mailing list (git@vger.kernel.org) for code submissions, code
 reviews, and bug reports.
 
-Nevertheless, you can use [submitGit](http://submitgit.herokuapp.com/) to
+Nevertheless, you can use [GitGitGadget](https://gitgitgadget.github.io/) to
 conveniently send your Pull Requests commits to our mailing list.
 
 Please read ["A note from the maintainer"](https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git/plain/MaintNotes?h=todo)
diff --git a/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md b/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
index adba13e..952c7c3 100644
--- a/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
+++ b/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 Thanks for taking the time to contribute to Git! Please be advised that the
 Git community does not use github.com for their contributions. Instead, we use
 a mailing list (git@vger.kernel.org) for code submissions, code reviews, and
-bug reports. Nevertheless, you can use submitGit to conveniently send your Pull
-Requests commits to our mailing list.
+bug reports. Nevertheless, you can use GitGitGadget (https://gitgitgadget.github.io/)
+to conveniently send your Pull Requests commits to our mailing list.
 
 Please read the "guidelines for contributing" linked above!
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 7374587..5cb84f1 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -82,7 +82,6 @@
 /git-init-db
 /git-interpret-trailers
 /git-instaweb
-/git-legacy-rebase
 /git-log
 /git-ls-files
 /git-ls-remote
diff --git a/Documentation/Makefile b/Documentation/Makefile
index b534623..4e4dd7e 100644
--- a/Documentation/Makefile
+++ b/Documentation/Makefile
@@ -351,12 +351,12 @@
 	$(RM) manpage-base-url.xsl
 	$(RM) GIT-ASCIIDOCFLAGS
 
-$(MAN_HTML): %.html : %.txt asciidoc.conf GIT-ASCIIDOCFLAGS
+$(MAN_HTML): %.html : %.txt asciidoc.conf asciidoctor-extensions.rb GIT-ASCIIDOCFLAGS
 	$(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \
 	$(TXT_TO_HTML) -d manpage -o $@+ $< && \
 	mv $@+ $@
 
-$(OBSOLETE_HTML): %.html : %.txto asciidoc.conf GIT-ASCIIDOCFLAGS
+$(OBSOLETE_HTML): %.html : %.txto asciidoc.conf asciidoctor-extensions.rb GIT-ASCIIDOCFLAGS
 	$(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \
 	$(TXT_TO_HTML) -o $@+ $< && \
 	mv $@+ $@
@@ -364,16 +364,16 @@
 manpage-base-url.xsl: manpage-base-url.xsl.in
 	$(QUIET_GEN)sed "s|@@MAN_BASE_URL@@|$(MAN_BASE_URL)|" $< > $@
 
-%.1 %.5 %.7 : %.xml manpage-base-url.xsl
+%.1 %.5 %.7 : %.xml manpage-base-url.xsl $(wildcard manpage*.xsl)
 	$(QUIET_XMLTO)$(RM) $@ && \
 	$(XMLTO) -m $(MANPAGE_XSL) $(XMLTO_EXTRA) man $<
 
-%.xml : %.txt asciidoc.conf GIT-ASCIIDOCFLAGS
+%.xml : %.txt asciidoc.conf asciidoctor-extensions.rb GIT-ASCIIDOCFLAGS
 	$(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \
 	$(TXT_TO_XML) -d manpage -o $@+ $< && \
 	mv $@+ $@
 
-user-manual.xml: user-manual.txt user-manual.conf GIT-ASCIIDOCFLAGS
+user-manual.xml: user-manual.txt user-manual.conf asciidoctor-extensions.rb GIT-ASCIIDOCFLAGS
 	$(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \
 	$(TXT_TO_XML) -d book -o $@+ $< && \
 	mv $@+ $@
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.22.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.22.0.txt
index 16d3110..5673c06 100644
--- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.22.0.txt
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.22.0.txt
@@ -31,6 +31,17 @@
  * The command line completion (in contrib/) has been taught to
    complete more subcommand parameters.
 
+ * The final report from "git bisect" used to show the suspected
+   culprit using a raw "diff-tree", with which there is no output for
+   a merge commit.  This has been updated to use a more modern and
+   human readable output that still is concise enough.
+
+ * "git rebase --rebase-merges" replaces its old "--preserve-merges"
+   option; the latter is now marked as deprecated.
+
+ * Error message given while cloning with --recurse-submodules has
+   been updated.
+
 
 Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc.
 
@@ -47,6 +58,12 @@
  * "git prune" has been taught to take advantage of reachability
    bitmap when able.
 
+ * The command line parser of "git commit-tree" has been rewritten to
+   use the parse-options API.
+
+ * Suggest GitGitGadget instead of submitGit as a way to submit
+   patches based on GitHub PR to us.
+
 
 Fixes since v2.21
 -----------------
@@ -85,6 +102,72 @@
    ETAGS on.
    (merge 92b88eba9f js/find-lib-h-with-ls-files-when-possible later to maint).
 
+ * "git rebase" that was reimplemented in C did not set ORIG_HEAD
+   correctly, which has been corrected.
+   (merge cbd29ead92 js/rebase-orig-head-fix later to maint).
+
+ * Dev support.
+   (merge f545737144 js/stress-test-ui-tweak later to maint).
+
+ * CFLAGS now can be tweaked when invoking Make while using
+   DEVELOPER=YesPlease; this did not work well before.
+   (merge 6d5d4b4e93 ab/makefile-help-devs-more later to maint).
+
+ * "git fsck --connectivity-only" omits computation necessary to sift
+   the objects that are not reachable from any of the refs into
+   unreachable and dangling.  This is now enabled when dangling
+   objects are requested (which is done by default, but can be
+   overridden with the "--no-dangling" option).
+   (merge 8d8c2a5aef jk/fsck-doc later to maint).
+
+ * On platforms where "git fetch" is killed with SIGPIPE (e.g. OSX),
+   the upload-pack that runs on the other end that hangs up after
+   detecting an error could cause "git fetch" to die with a signal,
+   which led to a flakey test.  "git fetch" now ignores SIGPIPE during
+   the network portion of its operation (this is not a problem as we
+   check the return status from our write(2)s).
+   (merge 143588949c jk/no-sigpipe-during-network-transport later to maint).
+
+ * A recent update broke "is this object available to us?" check for
+   well-known objects like an empty tree (which should yield "yes",
+   even when there is no on-disk object for an empty tree), which has
+   been corrected.
+   (merge f06ab027ef jk/virtual-objects-do-exist later to maint).
+
+ * The setup code has been cleaned up to avoid leaks around the
+   repository_format structure.
+   (merge e8805af1c3 ma/clear-repository-format later to maint).
+
+ * "git config --type=color ..." is meant to replace "git config --get-color"
+   but there is a slight difference that wasn't documented, which is
+   now fixed.
+   (merge cd8e7593b9 jk/config-type-color-ends-with-lf later to maint).
+
+ * When the "clean" filter can reduce the size of a huge file in the
+   working tree down to a small "token" (a la Git LFS), there is no
+   point in allocating a huge scratch area upfront, but the buffer is
+   sized based on the original file size.  The convert mechanism now
+   allocates very minimum and reallocates as it receives the output
+   from the clean filter process.
+   (merge 02156ab031 jh/resize-convert-scratch-buffer later to maint).
+
+ * "git rebase" uses the refs/rewritten/ hierarchy to store its
+   intermediate states, which inherently makes the hierarchy per
+   worktree, but it didn't quite work well.
+   (merge b9317d55a3 nd/rewritten-ref-is-per-worktree later to maint).
+
+ * "git log -L<from>,<to>:<path>" with "-s" did not suppress the patch
+   output as it should.  This has been corrected.
+   (merge 05314efaea jk/line-log-with-patch later to maint).
+
+ * "git worktree add" used to do a "find an available name with stat
+   and then mkdir", which is race-prone.  This has been fixed by using
+   mkdir and reacting to EEXIST in a loop.
+   (merge 7af01f2367 ms/worktree-add-atomic-mkdir later to maint).
+
+ * Build update for SHA-1 with collision detection.
+   (merge 07a20f569b jk/sha1dc later to maint).
+
  * Code cleanup, docfix, build fix, etc.
    (merge 11f470aee7 jc/test-yes-doc later to maint).
    (merge 90503a240b js/doc-symref-in-proto-v1 later to maint).
@@ -99,3 +182,8 @@
    (merge 716a5af812 rd/gc-prune-doc-fix later to maint).
    (merge 50b206371d js/untravis-windows later to maint).
    (merge dbf47215e3 js/rebase-recreate-merge later to maint).
+   (merge 56cb2d30f8 dl/reset-doc-no-wrt-abbrev later to maint).
+   (merge 64eca306a2 ja/dir-rename-doc-markup-fix later to maint).
+   (merge af91b0230c dl/ignore-docs later to maint).
+   (merge 59a06e947b ra/t3600-test-path-funcs later to maint).
+   (merge e041d0781b ar/t4150-remove-cruft later to maint).
diff --git a/Documentation/asciidoctor-extensions.rb b/Documentation/asciidoctor-extensions.rb
index ec83b49..0089e0c 100644
--- a/Documentation/asciidoctor-extensions.rb
+++ b/Documentation/asciidoctor-extensions.rb
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@
       def process(parent, target, attrs)
         if parent.document.basebackend? 'html'
           prefix = parent.document.attr('git-relative-html-prefix')
-          %(<a href="#{prefix}#{target}.html">#{target}(#{attrs[1]})</a>\n)
+          %(<a href="#{prefix}#{target}.html">#{target}(#{attrs[1]})</a>)
         elsif parent.document.basebackend? 'docbook'
           "<citerefentry>\n" \
             "<refentrytitle>#{target}</refentrytitle>" \
             "<manvolnum>#{attrs[1]}</manvolnum>\n" \
-          "</citerefentry>\n"
+          "</citerefentry>"
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/Documentation/config/branch.txt b/Documentation/config/branch.txt
index 019d60e..8f4b3fa 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/branch.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/branch.txt
@@ -85,9 +85,9 @@
 so that the local merge commits are included in the rebase (see
 linkgit:git-rebase[1] for details).
 +
-When preserve, also pass `--preserve-merges` along to 'git rebase'
-so that locally committed merge commits will not be flattened
-by running 'git pull'.
+When `preserve` (deprecated in favor of `merges`), also pass
+`--preserve-merges` along to 'git rebase' so that locally committed merge
+commits will not be flattened by running 'git pull'.
 +
 When the value is `interactive`, the rebase is run in interactive mode.
 +
diff --git a/Documentation/config/diff.txt b/Documentation/config/diff.txt
index e48bb98..2c4c9ba 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/diff.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/diff.txt
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 
 diff.dirstat::
 	A comma separated list of `--dirstat` parameters specifying the
-	default behavior of the `--dirstat` option to linkgit:git-diff[1]`
+	default behavior of the `--dirstat` option to linkgit:git-diff[1]
 	and friends. The defaults can be overridden on the command line
 	(using `--dirstat=<param1,param2,...>`). The fallback defaults
 	(when not changed by `diff.dirstat`) are `changes,noncumulative,3`.
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@
 	environment variable.  The command is called with parameters
 	as described under "git Diffs" in linkgit:git[1].  Note: if
 	you want to use an external diff program only on a subset of
-	your files, you	might want to use linkgit:gitattributes[5] instead.
+	your files, you might want to use linkgit:gitattributes[5] instead.
 
 diff.ignoreSubmodules::
 	Sets the default value of --ignore-submodules. Note that this
diff --git a/Documentation/config/fsck.txt b/Documentation/config/fsck.txt
index 879c5a2..450e8c3 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/fsck.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/fsck.txt
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@
 vice versa by configuring the `fsck.<msg-id>` setting where the
 `<msg-id>` is the fsck message ID and the value is one of `error`,
 `warn` or `ignore`. For convenience, fsck prefixes the error/warning
-with the message ID, e.g. "missingEmail: invalid author/committer line
-- missing email" means that setting `fsck.missingEmail = ignore` will
-hide that issue.
+with the message ID, e.g. "missingEmail: invalid author/committer
+line - missing email" means that setting `fsck.missingEmail = ignore`
+will hide that issue.
 +
 In general, it is better to enumerate existing objects with problems
 with `fsck.skipList`, instead of listing the kind of breakages these
diff --git a/Documentation/config/gc.txt b/Documentation/config/gc.txt
index c6fbb8a..73c08b0 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/gc.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/gc.txt
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 	When there are more than this many packs that are not
 	marked with `*.keep` file in the repository, `git gc
 	--auto` consolidates them into one larger pack.  The
-	default	value is 50.  Setting this to 0 disables it.
+	default value is 50.  Setting this to 0 disables it.
 
 gc.autoDetach::
 	Make `git gc --auto` return immediately and run in background
diff --git a/Documentation/config/gpg.txt b/Documentation/config/gpg.txt
index 590fe0d..f999f8e 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/gpg.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/gpg.txt
@@ -16,5 +16,5 @@
 gpg.<format>.program::
 	Use this to customize the program used for the signing format you
 	chose. (see `gpg.program` and `gpg.format`) `gpg.program` can still
-	be used as a legacy synonym for	`gpg.openpgp.program`. The default
+	be used as a legacy synonym for `gpg.openpgp.program`. The default
 	value for `gpg.x509.program` is "gpgsm".
diff --git a/Documentation/config/pull.txt b/Documentation/config/pull.txt
index bb23a99..b87cab3 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/pull.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/pull.txt
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@
 so that the local merge commits are included in the rebase (see
 linkgit:git-rebase[1] for details).
 +
-When preserve, also pass `--preserve-merges` along to 'git rebase'
-so that locally committed merge commits will not be flattened
-by running 'git pull'.
+When `preserve` (deprecated in favor of `merges`), also pass
+`--preserve-merges` along to 'git rebase' so that locally committed merge
+commits will not be flattened by running 'git pull'.
 +
 When the value is `interactive`, the rebase is run in interactive mode.
 +
diff --git a/Documentation/config/rebase.txt b/Documentation/config/rebase.txt
index 331d250..d98e32d 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/rebase.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/rebase.txt
@@ -1,16 +1,9 @@
 rebase.useBuiltin::
-	Set to `false` to use the legacy shellscript implementation of
-	linkgit:git-rebase[1]. Is `true` by default, which means use
-	the built-in rewrite of it in C.
-+
-The C rewrite is first included with Git version 2.20. This option
-serves an an escape hatch to re-enable the legacy version in case any
-bugs are found in the rewrite. This option and the shellscript version
-of linkgit:git-rebase[1] will be removed in some future release.
-+
-If you find some reason to set this option to `false` other than
-one-off testing you should report the behavior difference as a bug in
-git.
+	Unused configuration variable. Used in Git versions 2.20 and
+	2.21 as an escape hatch to enable the legacy shellscript
+	implementation of rebase. Now the built-in rewrite of it in C
+	is always used. Setting this will emit a warning, to alert any
+	remaining users that setting this now does nothing.
 
 rebase.stat::
 	Whether to show a diffstat of what changed upstream since the last
diff --git a/Documentation/diff-options.txt b/Documentation/diff-options.txt
index 5ebc568..09faee3 100644
--- a/Documentation/diff-options.txt
+++ b/Documentation/diff-options.txt
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@
 
 --binary::
 	In addition to `--full-index`, output a binary diff that
-	can be applied with `git-apply`.
+	can be applied with `git-apply`. Implies `--patch`.
 
 --abbrev[=<n>]::
 	Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal object
diff --git a/Documentation/git-add.txt b/Documentation/git-add.txt
index 37bcab9..8b0e4c7 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-add.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-add.txt
@@ -193,15 +193,6 @@
 	for command-line options).
 
 
-CONFIGURATION
--------------
-
-The optional configuration variable `core.excludesFile` indicates a path to a
-file containing patterns of file names to exclude from git-add, similar to
-$GIT_DIR/info/exclude.  Patterns in the exclude file are used in addition to
-those in info/exclude.  See linkgit:gitignore[5].
-
-
 EXAMPLES
 --------
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-am.txt b/Documentation/git-am.txt
index 6f6c34b..fc3b993 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-am.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-am.txt
@@ -99,6 +99,11 @@
 	am.threeWay configuration variable. For more information,
 	see am.threeWay in linkgit:git-config[1].
 
+--rerere-autoupdate::
+--no-rerere-autoupdate::
+	Allow the rerere mechanism to update the index with the
+	result of auto-conflict resolution if possible.
+
 --ignore-space-change::
 --ignore-whitespace::
 --whitespace=<option>::
diff --git a/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt b/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt
index b8cfeec..d64e724 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt
@@ -148,6 +148,11 @@
 	Pass the merge strategy-specific option through to the
 	merge strategy.  See linkgit:git-merge[1] for details.
 
+--rerere-autoupdate::
+--no-rerere-autoupdate::
+	Allow the rerere mechanism to update the index with the
+	result of auto-conflict resolution if possible.
+
 SEQUENCER SUBCOMMANDS
 ---------------------
 include::sequencer.txt[]
diff --git a/Documentation/git-clean.txt b/Documentation/git-clean.txt
index 03056da..db876f7 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-clean.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-clean.txt
@@ -55,14 +55,13 @@
 
 -e <pattern>::
 --exclude=<pattern>::
-	In addition to those found in .gitignore (per directory) and
-	$GIT_DIR/info/exclude, also consider these patterns to be in the
-	set of the ignore rules in effect.
+	Use the given exclude pattern in addition to the standard ignore rules
+	(see linkgit:gitignore[5]).
 
 -x::
-	Don't use the standard ignore rules read from .gitignore (per
-	directory) and $GIT_DIR/info/exclude, but do still use the ignore
-	rules given with `-e` options.  This allows removing all untracked
+	Don't use the standard ignore rules (see linkgit:gitignore[5]), but
+	still use the ignore rules given with `-e` options from the command
+	line.  This allows removing all untracked
 	files, including build products.  This can be used (possibly in
 	conjunction with 'git reset') to create a pristine
 	working directory to test a clean build.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-commit-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-commit-tree.txt
index 002dae6..4b90b9c 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-commit-tree.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-commit-tree.txt
@@ -23,6 +23,10 @@
 emits the new commit object id on stdout. The log message is read
 from the standard input, unless `-m` or `-F` options are given.
 
+The `-m` and `-F` options can be given any number of times, in any
+order. The commit log message will be composed in the order in which
+the options are given.
+
 A commit object may have any number of parents. With exactly one
 parent, it is an ordinary commit. Having more than one parent makes
 the commit a merge between several lines of history. Initial (root)
@@ -41,7 +45,7 @@
 OPTIONS
 -------
 <tree>::
-	An existing tree object
+	An existing tree object.
 
 -p <parent>::
 	Each `-p` indicates the id of a parent commit object.
@@ -52,7 +56,8 @@
 
 -F <file>::
 	Read the commit log message from the given file. Use `-` to read
-	from the standard input.
+	from the standard input. This can be given more than once and the
+	content of each file becomes its own paragraph.
 
 -S[<keyid>]::
 --gpg-sign[=<keyid>]::
diff --git a/Documentation/git-config.txt b/Documentation/git-config.txt
index 1bfe9f5..ff9310f 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-config.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-config.txt
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@
 
 --local::
 	For writing options: write to the repository `.git/config` file.
-	This is	the default behavior.
+	This is the default behavior.
 +
 For reading options: read only from the repository `.git/config` rather than
 from all available files.
@@ -240,7 +240,9 @@
 	output.  The optional `default` parameter is used instead, if
 	there is no color configured for `name`.
 +
-`--type=color [--default=<default>]` is preferred over `--get-color`.
+`--type=color [--default=<default>]` is preferred over `--get-color`
+(but note that `--get-color` will omit the trailing newline printed by
+`--type=color`).
 
 -e::
 --edit::
diff --git a/Documentation/git-fsck.txt b/Documentation/git-fsck.txt
index 55950d9..e0eae64 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-fsck.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-fsck.txt
@@ -62,9 +62,17 @@
 	with --no-full.
 
 --connectivity-only::
-	Check only the connectivity of tags, commits and tree objects. By
-	avoiding to unpack blobs, this speeds up the operation, at the
-	expense of missing corrupt objects or other problematic issues.
+	Check only the connectivity of reachable objects, making sure
+	that any objects referenced by a reachable tag, commit, or tree
+	is present. This speeds up the operation by avoiding reading
+	blobs entirely (though it does still check that referenced blobs
+	exist). This will detect corruption in commits and trees, but
+	not do any semantic checks (e.g., for format errors). Corruption
+	in blob objects will not be detected at all.
++
+Unreachable tags, commits, and trees will also be accessed to find the
+tips of dangling segments of history. Use `--no-dangling` if you don't
+care about this output and want to speed it up further.
 
 --strict::
 	Enable more strict checking, namely to catch a file mode
diff --git a/Documentation/git-grep.txt b/Documentation/git-grep.txt
index 84fe236..2d27969 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-grep.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-grep.txt
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
 	mechanism. Only useful with `--untracked`.
 
 --exclude-standard::
-	Do not pay attention to ignored files specified via the	`.gitignore`
+	Do not pay attention to ignored files specified via the `.gitignore`
 	mechanism.  Only useful when searching files in the current directory
 	with `--no-index`.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt b/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt
index bb0db19..558966a 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@
 
 Accelerated static Apache 2.x::
 	Similar to the above, but Apache can be used to return static
-	files that are stored on disk.	On many systems this may
+	files that are stored on disk.  On many systems this may
 	be more efficient as Apache can ask the kernel to copy the
 	file contents from the file system directly to the network:
 +
diff --git a/Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt b/Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt
index b9fd377..0b057cb 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 	displayed.
 
 --refs::
-	Do not show peeled tags or pseudorefs like HEAD	in the output.
+	Do not show peeled tags or pseudorefs like `HEAD` in the output.
 
 -q::
 --quiet::
diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge.txt b/Documentation/git-merge.txt
index 4cc8646..6294dbc 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-merge.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-merge.txt
@@ -83,7 +83,8 @@
 If `--log` is specified, a shortlog of the commits being merged
 will be appended to the specified message.
 
---[no-]rerere-autoupdate::
+--rerere-autoupdate::
+--no-rerere-autoupdate::
 	Allow the rerere mechanism to update the index with the
 	result of auto-conflict resolution if possible.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-notes.txt b/Documentation/git-notes.txt
index df2b64d..f56a5a9 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-notes.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-notes.txt
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@
 
 -C <object>::
 --reuse-message=<object>::
-	Take the given blob object (for	example, another note) as the
+	Take the given blob object (for example, another note) as the
 	note message. (Use `git notes copy <object>` instead to
 	copy notes between objects.)
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt
index 6363d67..f5e6ae3 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt
@@ -300,6 +300,11 @@
 +
 See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below.
 
+--rerere-autoupdate::
+--no-rerere-autoupdate::
+	Allow the rerere mechanism to update the index with the
+	result of auto-conflict resolution if possible.
+
 -S[<keyid>]::
 --gpg-sign[=<keyid>]::
 	GPG-sign commits. The `keyid` argument is optional and
@@ -415,9 +420,9 @@
 the `rebase-cousins` mode is turned on, such commits are instead rebased
 onto `<upstream>` (or `<onto>`, if specified).
 +
-The `--rebase-merges` mode is similar in spirit to `--preserve-merges`, but
-in contrast to that option works well in interactive rebases: commits can be
-reordered, inserted and dropped at will.
+The `--rebase-merges` mode is similar in spirit to the deprecated
+`--preserve-merges`, but in contrast to that option works well in interactive
+rebases: commits can be reordered, inserted and dropped at will.
 +
 It is currently only possible to recreate the merge commits using the
 `recursive` merge strategy; Different merge strategies can be used only via
@@ -427,9 +432,10 @@
 
 -p::
 --preserve-merges::
-	Recreate merge commits instead of flattening the history by replaying
-	commits a merge commit introduces. Merge conflict resolutions or manual
-	amendments to merge commits are not preserved.
+	[DEPRECATED: use `--rebase-merges` instead] Recreate merge commits
+	instead of flattening the history by replaying commits a merge commit
+	introduces. Merge conflict resolutions or manual amendments to merge
+	commits are not preserved.
 +
 This uses the `--interactive` machinery internally, but combining it
 with the `--interactive` option explicitly is generally not a good
@@ -1020,11 +1026,11 @@
 
 BUGS
 ----
-The todo list presented by `--preserve-merges --interactive` does not
-represent the topology of the revision graph.  Editing commits and
-rewording their commit messages should work fine, but attempts to
-reorder commits tend to produce counterintuitive results. Use
-`--rebase-merges` in such scenarios instead.
+The todo list presented by the deprecated `--preserve-merges --interactive`
+does not represent the topology of the revision graph (use `--rebase-merges`
+instead).  Editing commits and rewording their commit messages should work
+fine, but attempts to reorder commits tend to produce counterintuitive results.
+Use `--rebase-merges` in such scenarios instead.
 
 For example, an attempt to rearrange
 ------------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-reset.txt b/Documentation/git-reset.txt
index 132f8e5..26e746c 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-reset.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-reset.txt
@@ -428,8 +428,8 @@
 
 `reset --merge` is meant to be used when resetting out of a conflicted
 merge. Any mergy operation guarantees that the working tree file that is
-involved in the merge does not have local change wrt the index before
-it starts, and that it writes the result out to the working tree. So if
+involved in the merge does not have a local change with respect to the index
+before it starts, and that it writes the result out to the working tree. So if
 we see some difference between the index and the target and also
 between the index and the working tree, then it means that we are not
 resetting out from a state that a mergy operation left after failing
diff --git a/Documentation/git-revert.txt b/Documentation/git-revert.txt
index 837707a..6afccb2 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-revert.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-revert.txt
@@ -101,6 +101,11 @@
 	Pass the merge strategy-specific option through to the
 	merge strategy.  See linkgit:git-merge[1] for details.
 
+--rerere-autoupdate::
+--no-rerere-autoupdate::
+	Allow the rerere mechanism to update the index with the
+	result of auto-conflict resolution if possible.
+
 SEQUENCER SUBCOMMANDS
 ---------------------
 include::sequencer.txt[]
diff --git a/Documentation/git-svn.txt b/Documentation/git-svn.txt
index b990295..223788f 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-svn.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-svn.txt
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@
 	command-line argument.
 +
 This automatically updates the rev_map if needed (see
-'$GIT_DIR/svn/\*\*/.rev_map.*' in the FILES section below for details).
+'$GIT_DIR/svn/\**/.rev_map.*' in the FILES section below for details).
 
 --localtime;;
 	Store Git commit times in the local time zone instead of UTC.  This
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@
 and have no uncommitted changes.
 +
 This automatically updates the rev_map if needed (see
-'$GIT_DIR/svn/\*\*/.rev_map.*' in the FILES section below for details).
+'$GIT_DIR/svn/\**/.rev_map.*' in the FILES section below for details).
 
 -l;;
 --local;;
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@
 	way to repair the repo is to use 'reset'.
 +
 Only the rev_map and refs/remotes/git-svn are changed (see
-'$GIT_DIR/svn/\*\*/.rev_map.*' in the FILES section below for details).
+'$GIT_DIR/svn/\**/.rev_map.*' in the FILES section below for details).
 Follow 'reset' with a 'fetch' and then 'git reset' or 'git rebase' to
 move local branches onto the new tree.
 
@@ -760,7 +760,7 @@
 +
 This option can only be used for one-shot imports as 'git svn'
 will not be able to fetch again without metadata. Additionally,
-if you lose your '$GIT_DIR/svn/\*\*/.rev_map.*' files, 'git svn' will not
+if you lose your '$GIT_DIR/svn/\**/.rev_map.*' files, 'git svn' will not
 be able to rebuild them.
 +
 The 'git svn log' command will not work on repositories using
@@ -1154,7 +1154,7 @@
 
 FILES
 -----
-$GIT_DIR/svn/\*\*/.rev_map.*::
+$GIT_DIR/svn/\**/.rev_map.*::
 	Mapping between Subversion revision numbers and Git commit
 	names.  In a repository where the noMetadata option is not set,
 	this can be rebuilt from the git-svn-id: lines that are at the
diff --git a/Documentation/git-worktree.txt b/Documentation/git-worktree.txt
index cb86318..85d92c9 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-worktree.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-worktree.txt
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@
 
 In general, all pseudo refs are per working tree and all refs starting
 with "refs/" are shared. Pseudo refs are ones like HEAD which are
-directly under GIT_DIR instead of inside GIT_DIR/refs. There are one
+directly under GIT_DIR instead of inside GIT_DIR/refs. There is one
 exception to this: refs inside refs/bisect and refs/worktree is not
 shared.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git.txt b/Documentation/git.txt
index 00156d6..6d1f2fd 100644
--- a/Documentation/git.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git.txt
@@ -536,7 +536,6 @@
 	The command-line parameters passed to the configured command are
 	determined by the ssh variant.  See `ssh.variant` option in
 	linkgit:git-config[1] for details.
-
 +
 `$GIT_SSH_COMMAND` takes precedence over `$GIT_SSH`, and is interpreted
 by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.
diff --git a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt
index bdd11a2..4fb20cd 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 Each line in `gitattributes` file is of form:
 
-	pattern	attr1 attr2 ...
+	pattern attr1 attr2 ...
 
 That is, a pattern followed by an attributes list,
 separated by whitespaces. Leading and trailing whitespaces are
@@ -314,8 +314,8 @@
 support will checkout `foo.ps1` as UTF-8 encoded file. This will
 typically cause trouble for the users of this file.
 +
-If a Git client, that does not support the `working-tree-encoding`
-attribute, adds a new file `bar.ps1`, then `bar.ps1` will be
+If a Git client that does not support the `working-tree-encoding`
+attribute adds a new file `bar.ps1`, then `bar.ps1` will be
 stored "as-is" internally (in this example probably as UTF-16).
 A client with `working-tree-encoding` support will interpret the
 internal contents as UTF-8 and try to convert it to UTF-16 on checkout.
diff --git a/Documentation/gitignore.txt b/Documentation/gitignore.txt
index 1c94f08..b5bc9db 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitignore.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitignore.txt
@@ -132,6 +132,14 @@
  - Other consecutive asterisks are considered regular asterisks and
    will match according to the previous rules.
 
+CONFIGURATION
+-------------
+
+The optional configuration variable `core.excludesFile` indicates a path to a
+file containing patterns of file names to exclude, similar to
+`$GIT_DIR/info/exclude`.  Patterns in the exclude file are used in addition to
+those in `$GIT_DIR/info/exclude`.
+
 NOTES
 -----
 
diff --git a/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt b/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt
index 9d1459a..4f2905d 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt
@@ -468,7 +468,7 @@
 
 'option dry-run' {'true'|'false'}:
 	If true, pretend the operation completed successfully,
-	but don't actually change any repository data.	For most
+	but don't actually change any repository data.  For most
 	helpers this only applies to the 'push', if supported.
 
 'option servpath <c-style-quoted-path>'::
diff --git a/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt b/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt
index 92535db..b284953 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@
 
 $per_request_config::
 	If this is set to code reference, it will be run once for each request.
-	You can	set parts of configuration that change per session this way.
+	You can set parts of configuration that change per session this way.
 	For example, one might use the following code in a gitweb configuration
 	file
 +
diff --git a/Documentation/glossary-content.txt b/Documentation/glossary-content.txt
index 023ca95..8d38ae6 100644
--- a/Documentation/glossary-content.txt
+++ b/Documentation/glossary-content.txt
@@ -287,6 +287,15 @@
 	origin/name-of-upstream-branch, which you can see using
 	`git branch -r`.
 
+[[def_overlay]]overlay::
+	Only update and add files to the working directory, but don't
+	delete them, similar to how 'cp -R' would update the contents
+	in the destination directory.  This is the default mode in a
+	<<def_checkout,checkout>> when checking out files from the
+	<<def_index,index>> or a <<def_tree-ish,tree-ish>>.  In
+	contrast, no-overlay mode also deletes tracked files not
+	present in the source, similar to 'rsync --delete'.
+
 [[def_pack]]pack::
 	A set of objects which have been compressed into one file (to save space
 	or to transmit them efficiently).
diff --git a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt
index ca959a7..9cf983d 100644
--- a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt
+++ b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt
@@ -743,7 +743,7 @@
 
 --filter-print-omitted::
 	Only useful with `--filter=`; prints a list of the objects omitted
-	by the filter.	Object IDs are prefixed with a ``~'' character.
+	by the filter.  Object IDs are prefixed with a ``~'' character.
 
 --missing=<missing-action>::
 	A debug option to help with future "partial clone" development.
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/directory-rename-detection.txt b/Documentation/technical/directory-rename-detection.txt
index 1c0086e..844629c 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/directory-rename-detection.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/directory-rename-detection.txt
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@
   * one side of history renames x -> z, and the other renames some file to
     x/e, causing the need for the merge to do a transitive rename.
 
-  * one side of history renames x -> z, but also renames all files within
-    x.  For example, x/a -> z/alpha, x/b -> z/bravo, etc.
+  * one side of history renames x -> z, but also renames all files within x.
+    For example, x/a -> z/alpha, x/b -> z/bravo, etc.
 
   * both 'x' and 'y' being merged into a single directory 'z', with a
     directory rename being detected for both x->z and y->z.
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt b/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt
index 7a2375a..c73e72d 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt
@@ -657,14 +657,14 @@
 An example client/server communication might look like this:
 
 ----
-   S: 007c74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/local\0report-status delete-refs ofs-delta\n
+   S: 006274730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/local\0report-status delete-refs ofs-delta\n
    S: 003e7d1665144a3a975c05f1f43902ddaf084e784dbe refs/heads/debug\n
    S: 003f74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/master\n
-   S: 003f74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/team\n
+   S: 003d74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/team\n
    S: 0000
 
-   C: 003e7d1665144a3a975c05f1f43902ddaf084e784dbe 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/debug\n
-   C: 003e74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d 5a3f6be755bbb7deae50065988cbfa1ffa9ab68a refs/heads/master\n
+   C: 00677d1665144a3a975c05f1f43902ddaf084e784dbe 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/debug\n
+   C: 006874730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d 5a3f6be755bbb7deae50065988cbfa1ffa9ab68a refs/heads/master\n
    C: 0000
    C: [PACKDATA]
 
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 5374938..5e5489a 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -479,7 +479,11 @@
 #
 # Define DEVELOPER to enable more compiler warnings. Compiler version
 # and family are auto detected, but could be overridden by defining
-# COMPILER_FEATURES (see config.mak.dev)
+# COMPILER_FEATURES (see config.mak.dev). You can still set
+# CFLAGS="..." in combination with DEVELOPER enables, whether that's
+# for tweaking something unrelated (e.g. optimization level), or for
+# selectively overriding something DEVELOPER or one of the DEVOPTS
+# (see just below) brings in.
 #
 # When DEVELOPER is set, DEVOPTS can be used to control compiler
 # options.  This variable contains keywords separated by
@@ -506,17 +510,8 @@
 	@$(SHELL_PATH) ./GIT-VERSION-GEN
 -include GIT-VERSION-FILE
 
-# CFLAGS and LDFLAGS are for the users to override from the command line.
-
-CFLAGS = -g -O2 -Wall
-LDFLAGS =
-ALL_CFLAGS = $(CPPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS)
-ALL_LDFLAGS = $(LDFLAGS)
-STRIP ?= strip
-
-# Create as necessary, replace existing, make ranlib unneeded.
-ARFLAGS = rcs
-
+# Set our default configuration.
+#
 # Among the variables below, these:
 #   gitexecdir
 #   template_dir
@@ -561,6 +556,7 @@
 
 export prefix bindir sharedir sysconfdir gitwebdir perllibdir localedir
 
+# Set our default programs
 CC = cc
 AR = ar
 RM = rm -f
@@ -573,29 +569,14 @@
 XGETTEXT = xgettext
 MSGFMT = msgfmt
 CURL_CONFIG = curl-config
-PTHREAD_LIBS = -lpthread
-PTHREAD_CFLAGS =
 GCOV = gcov
+STRIP = strip
 SPATCH = spatch
 
 export TCL_PATH TCLTK_PATH
 
-# user customisation variable for 'sparse' target
-SPARSE_FLAGS ?=
-# internal/platform customisation variable for 'sparse'
-SP_EXTRA_FLAGS =
-
-SPATCH_FLAGS = --all-includes --patch .
-
-
-
-### --- END CONFIGURATION SECTION ---
-
-# Those must not be GNU-specific; they are shared with perl/ which may
-# be built by a different compiler. (Note that this is an artifact now
-# but it still might be nice to keep that distinction.)
-BASIC_CFLAGS = -I.
-BASIC_LDFLAGS =
+# Set our default LIBS variables
+PTHREAD_LIBS = -lpthread
 
 # Guard against environment variables
 BUILTIN_OBJS =
@@ -632,7 +613,6 @@
 SCRIPT_SH += git-merge-resolve.sh
 SCRIPT_SH += git-mergetool.sh
 SCRIPT_SH += git-quiltimport.sh
-SCRIPT_SH += git-legacy-rebase.sh
 SCRIPT_SH += git-remote-testgit.sh
 SCRIPT_SH += git-request-pull.sh
 SCRIPT_SH += git-stash.sh
@@ -1177,6 +1157,25 @@
 DC_SHA1_SUBMODULE = auto
 endif
 
+# Set CFLAGS, LDFLAGS and other *FLAGS variables. These might be
+# tweaked by config.* below as well as the command-line, both of
+# which'll override these defaults.
+CFLAGS = -g -O2 -Wall
+LDFLAGS =
+BASIC_CFLAGS = -I.
+BASIC_LDFLAGS =
+
+# library flags
+ARFLAGS = rcs
+PTHREAD_CFLAGS =
+
+# For the 'sparse' target
+SPARSE_FLAGS ?=
+SP_EXTRA_FLAGS =
+
+# For the 'coccicheck' target
+SPATCH_FLAGS = --all-includes --patch .
+
 include config.mak.uname
 -include config.mak.autogen
 -include config.mak
@@ -1185,6 +1184,9 @@
 include config.mak.dev
 endif
 
+ALL_CFLAGS = $(DEVELOPER_CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS)
+ALL_LDFLAGS = $(LDFLAGS)
+
 comma := ,
 empty :=
 space := $(empty) $(empty)
@@ -1195,6 +1197,7 @@
 BASIC_CFLAGS += -fno-omit-frame-pointer
 ifneq ($(filter undefined,$(SANITIZERS)),)
 BASIC_CFLAGS += -DNO_UNALIGNED_LOADS
+BASIC_CFLAGS += -DSHA1DC_FORCE_ALIGNED_ACCESS
 endif
 ifneq ($(filter leak,$(SANITIZERS)),)
 BASIC_CFLAGS += -DSUPPRESS_ANNOTATED_LEAKS
diff --git a/bisect.c b/bisect.c
index 3af955c..e87ac29 100644
--- a/bisect.c
+++ b/bisect.c
@@ -896,24 +896,15 @@
 			   const char *prefix,
 			   struct commit *commit)
 {
+	const char *argv[] = {
+		"diff-tree", "--pretty", "--stat", "--summary", "--cc", NULL
+	};
 	struct rev_info opt;
 
-	/* diff-tree init */
+	git_config(git_diff_ui_config, NULL);
 	repo_init_revisions(r, &opt, prefix);
-	git_config(git_diff_basic_config, NULL); /* no "diff" UI options */
-	opt.abbrev = 0;
-	opt.diff = 1;
 
-	/* This is what "--pretty" does */
-	opt.verbose_header = 1;
-	opt.use_terminator = 0;
-	opt.commit_format = CMIT_FMT_DEFAULT;
-
-	/* diff-tree init */
-	if (!opt.diffopt.output_format)
-		opt.diffopt.output_format = DIFF_FORMAT_RAW;
-
-	setup_revisions(0, NULL, &opt, NULL);
+	setup_revisions(ARRAY_SIZE(argv) - 1, argv, &opt, NULL);
 	log_tree_commit(&opt, commit);
 }
 
diff --git a/builtin/commit-tree.c b/builtin/commit-tree.c
index 12cc403..b866d83 100644
--- a/builtin/commit-tree.c
+++ b/builtin/commit-tree.c
@@ -12,8 +12,13 @@
 #include "builtin.h"
 #include "utf8.h"
 #include "gpg-interface.h"
+#include "parse-options.h"
 
-static const char commit_tree_usage[] = "git commit-tree [(-p <sha1>)...] [-S[<keyid>]] [-m <message>] [-F <file>] <sha1>";
+static const char * const commit_tree_usage[] = {
+	N_("git commit-tree [(-p <parent>)...] [-S[<keyid>]] [(-m <message>)...] "
+		"[(-F <file>)...] <tree>"),
+	NULL
+};
 
 static const char *sign_commit;
 
@@ -23,7 +28,7 @@
 	struct commit_list *parents;
 	for (parents = *parents_p; parents; parents = parents->next) {
 		if (parents->item == parent) {
-			error("duplicate parent %s ignored", oid_to_hex(oid));
+			error(_("duplicate parent %s ignored"), oid_to_hex(oid));
 			return;
 		}
 		parents_p = &parents->next;
@@ -39,91 +44,100 @@
 	return git_default_config(var, value, cb);
 }
 
+static int parse_parent_arg_callback(const struct option *opt,
+		const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	struct object_id oid;
+	struct commit_list **parents = opt->value;
+
+	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG_NOARG(unset, arg);
+
+	if (get_oid_commit(arg, &oid))
+		die(_("not a valid object name %s"), arg);
+
+	assert_oid_type(&oid, OBJ_COMMIT);
+	new_parent(lookup_commit(the_repository, &oid), parents);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int parse_message_arg_callback(const struct option *opt,
+		const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	struct strbuf *buf = opt->value;
+
+	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG_NOARG(unset, arg);
+
+	if (buf->len)
+		strbuf_addch(buf, '\n');
+	strbuf_addstr(buf, arg);
+	strbuf_complete_line(buf);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int parse_file_arg_callback(const struct option *opt,
+		const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	int fd;
+	struct strbuf *buf = opt->value;
+
+	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG_NOARG(unset, arg);
+
+	if (buf->len)
+		strbuf_addch(buf, '\n');
+	if (!strcmp(arg, "-"))
+		fd = 0;
+	else {
+		fd = open(arg, O_RDONLY);
+		if (fd < 0)
+			die_errno(_("git commit-tree: failed to open '%s'"), arg);
+	}
+	if (strbuf_read(buf, fd, 0) < 0)
+		die_errno(_("git commit-tree: failed to read '%s'"), arg);
+	if (fd && close(fd))
+		die_errno(_("git commit-tree: failed to close '%s'"), arg);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
 int cmd_commit_tree(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
-	int i, got_tree = 0;
+	static struct strbuf buffer = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct commit_list *parents = NULL;
 	struct object_id tree_oid;
 	struct object_id commit_oid;
-	struct strbuf buffer = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+	struct option options[] = {
+		{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 'p', NULL, &parents, N_("parent"),
+			N_("id of a parent commit object"), PARSE_OPT_NONEG,
+			parse_parent_arg_callback },
+		{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 'm', NULL, &buffer, N_("message"),
+			N_("commit message"), PARSE_OPT_NONEG,
+			parse_message_arg_callback },
+		{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 'F', NULL, &buffer, N_("file"),
+			N_("read commit log message from file"), PARSE_OPT_NONEG,
+			parse_file_arg_callback },
+		{ OPTION_STRING, 'S', "gpg-sign", &sign_commit, N_("key-id"),
+			N_("GPG sign commit"), PARSE_OPT_OPTARG, NULL, (intptr_t) "" },
+		OPT_END()
+	};
 
 	git_config(commit_tree_config, NULL);
 
 	if (argc < 2 || !strcmp(argv[1], "-h"))
-		usage(commit_tree_usage);
+		usage_with_options(commit_tree_usage, options);
 
-	for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
-		const char *arg = argv[i];
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "-p")) {
-			struct object_id oid;
-			if (argc <= ++i)
-				usage(commit_tree_usage);
-			if (get_oid_commit(argv[i], &oid))
-				die("Not a valid object name %s", argv[i]);
-			assert_oid_type(&oid, OBJ_COMMIT);
-			new_parent(lookup_commit(the_repository, &oid),
-						 &parents);
-			continue;
-		}
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options, commit_tree_usage, 0);
 
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "--gpg-sign")) {
-		    sign_commit = "";
-		    continue;
-		}
+	if (argc != 1)
+		die(_("must give exactly one tree"));
 
-		if (skip_prefix(arg, "-S", &sign_commit) ||
-			skip_prefix(arg, "--gpg-sign=", &sign_commit))
-			continue;
-
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "--no-gpg-sign")) {
-			sign_commit = NULL;
-			continue;
-		}
-
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "-m")) {
-			if (argc <= ++i)
-				usage(commit_tree_usage);
-			if (buffer.len)
-				strbuf_addch(&buffer, '\n');
-			strbuf_addstr(&buffer, argv[i]);
-			strbuf_complete_line(&buffer);
-			continue;
-		}
-
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "-F")) {
-			int fd;
-
-			if (argc <= ++i)
-				usage(commit_tree_usage);
-			if (buffer.len)
-				strbuf_addch(&buffer, '\n');
-			if (!strcmp(argv[i], "-"))
-				fd = 0;
-			else {
-				fd = open(argv[i], O_RDONLY);
-				if (fd < 0)
-					die_errno("git commit-tree: failed to open '%s'",
-						  argv[i]);
-			}
-			if (strbuf_read(&buffer, fd, 0) < 0)
-				die_errno("git commit-tree: failed to read '%s'",
-					  argv[i]);
-			if (fd && close(fd))
-				die_errno("git commit-tree: failed to close '%s'",
-					  argv[i]);
-			continue;
-		}
-
-		if (get_oid_tree(arg, &tree_oid))
-			die("Not a valid object name %s", arg);
-		if (got_tree)
-			die("Cannot give more than one trees");
-		got_tree = 1;
-	}
+	if (get_oid_tree(argv[0], &tree_oid))
+		die(_("not a valid object name %s"), argv[0]);
 
 	if (!buffer.len) {
 		if (strbuf_read(&buffer, 0, 0) < 0)
-			die_errno("git commit-tree: failed to read");
+			die_errno(_("git commit-tree: failed to read"));
 	}
 
 	if (commit_tree(buffer.buf, buffer.len, &tree_oid, parents, &commit_oid,
diff --git a/builtin/fetch.c b/builtin/fetch.c
index b620fd5..4ba63d5 100644
--- a/builtin/fetch.c
+++ b/builtin/fetch.c
@@ -1556,7 +1556,9 @@
 
 	sigchain_push_common(unlock_pack_on_signal);
 	atexit(unlock_pack);
+	sigchain_push(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	exit_code = do_fetch(gtransport, &rs);
+	sigchain_pop(SIGPIPE);
 	refspec_clear(&rs);
 	transport_disconnect(gtransport);
 	gtransport = NULL;
diff --git a/builtin/fsck.c b/builtin/fsck.c
index bb4227b..d26fb0a 100644
--- a/builtin/fsck.c
+++ b/builtin/fsck.c
@@ -235,6 +235,48 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static void mark_unreachable_referents(const struct object_id *oid)
+{
+	struct fsck_options options = FSCK_OPTIONS_DEFAULT;
+	struct object *obj = lookup_object(the_repository, oid->hash);
+
+	if (!obj || !(obj->flags & HAS_OBJ))
+		return; /* not part of our original set */
+	if (obj->flags & REACHABLE)
+		return; /* reachable objects already traversed */
+
+	/*
+	 * Avoid passing OBJ_NONE to fsck_walk, which will parse the object
+	 * (and we want to avoid parsing blobs).
+	 */
+	if (obj->type == OBJ_NONE) {
+		enum object_type type = oid_object_info(the_repository,
+							&obj->oid, NULL);
+		if (type > 0)
+			object_as_type(the_repository, obj, type, 0);
+	}
+
+	options.walk = mark_used;
+	fsck_walk(obj, NULL, &options);
+}
+
+static int mark_loose_unreachable_referents(const struct object_id *oid,
+					    const char *path,
+					    void *data)
+{
+	mark_unreachable_referents(oid);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int mark_packed_unreachable_referents(const struct object_id *oid,
+					     struct packed_git *pack,
+					     uint32_t pos,
+					     void *data)
+{
+	mark_unreachable_referents(oid);
+	return 0;
+}
+
 /*
  * Check a single reachable object
  */
@@ -347,6 +389,26 @@
 	/* Traverse the pending reachable objects */
 	traverse_reachable();
 
+	/*
+	 * With --connectivity-only, we won't have actually opened and marked
+	 * unreachable objects with USED. Do that now to make --dangling, etc
+	 * accurate.
+	 */
+	if (connectivity_only && (show_dangling || write_lost_and_found)) {
+		/*
+		 * Even though we already have a "struct object" for each of
+		 * these in memory, we must not iterate over the internal
+		 * object hash as we do below. Our loop would potentially
+		 * resize the hash, making our iteration invalid.
+		 *
+		 * Instead, we'll just go back to the source list of objects,
+		 * and ignore any that weren't present in our earlier
+		 * traversal.
+		 */
+		for_each_loose_object(mark_loose_unreachable_referents, NULL, 0);
+		for_each_packed_object(mark_packed_unreachable_referents, NULL, 0);
+	}
+
 	/* Look up all the requirements, warn about missing objects.. */
 	max = get_max_object_index();
 	if (verbose)
diff --git a/builtin/init-db.c b/builtin/init-db.c
index 93eff76..6ca0028 100644
--- a/builtin/init-db.c
+++ b/builtin/init-db.c
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
 	struct strbuf path = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct strbuf template_path = STRBUF_INIT;
 	size_t template_len;
-	struct repository_format template_format;
+	struct repository_format template_format = REPOSITORY_FORMAT_INIT;
 	struct strbuf err = STRBUF_INIT;
 	DIR *dir;
 	char *to_free = NULL;
@@ -148,6 +148,7 @@
 	free(to_free);
 	strbuf_release(&path);
 	strbuf_release(&template_path);
+	clear_repository_format(&template_format);
 }
 
 static int git_init_db_config(const char *k, const char *v, void *cb)
@@ -155,6 +156,9 @@
 	if (!strcmp(k, "init.templatedir"))
 		return git_config_pathname(&init_db_template_dir, k, v);
 
+	if (starts_with(k, "core."))
+		return platform_core_config(k, v, cb);
+
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -185,6 +189,7 @@
 	struct strbuf err = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	/* Just look for `init.templatedir` */
+	init_db_template_dir = NULL; /* re-set in case it was set before */
 	git_config(git_init_db_config, NULL);
 
 	/*
@@ -361,6 +366,9 @@
 	}
 	startup_info->have_repository = 1;
 
+	/* Just look for `core.hidedotfiles` */
+	git_config(git_init_db_config, NULL);
+
 	safe_create_dir(git_dir, 0);
 
 	init_is_bare_repository = is_bare_repository();
diff --git a/builtin/log.c b/builtin/log.c
index ab859f5..e63c8c2 100644
--- a/builtin/log.c
+++ b/builtin/log.c
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@
 	if (get_oid_with_context(the_repository, obj_name,
 				 GET_OID_RECORD_PATH,
 				 &oidc, &obj_context))
-		die(_("Not a valid object name %s"), obj_name);
+		die(_("not a valid object name %s"), obj_name);
 	if (!obj_context.path ||
 	    !textconv_object(the_repository, obj_context.path,
 			     obj_context.mode, &oidc, 1, &buf, &size)) {
@@ -541,7 +541,7 @@
 	int offset = 0;
 
 	if (!buf)
-		return error(_("Could not read object %s"), oid_to_hex(oid));
+		return error(_("could not read object %s"), oid_to_hex(oid));
 
 	assert(type == OBJ_TAG);
 	while (offset < size && buf[offset] != '\n') {
@@ -635,7 +635,7 @@
 				break;
 			o = parse_object(the_repository, &t->tagged->oid);
 			if (!o)
-				ret = error(_("Could not read object %s"),
+				ret = error(_("could not read object %s"),
 					    oid_to_hex(&t->tagged->oid));
 			objects[i].item = o;
 			i--;
@@ -660,7 +660,7 @@
 			ret = cmd_log_walk(&rev);
 			break;
 		default:
-			ret = error(_("Unknown type: %d"), o->type);
+			ret = error(_("unknown type: %d"), o->type);
 		}
 	}
 	free(objects);
@@ -898,7 +898,7 @@
 		printf("%s\n", filename.buf + outdir_offset);
 
 	if ((rev->diffopt.file = fopen(filename.buf, "w")) == NULL) {
-		error_errno(_("Cannot open patch file %s"), filename.buf);
+		error_errno(_("cannot open patch file %s"), filename.buf);
 		strbuf_release(&filename);
 		return -1;
 	}
@@ -915,7 +915,7 @@
 	unsigned flags1, flags2;
 
 	if (rev->pending.nr != 2)
-		die(_("Need exactly one range."));
+		die(_("need exactly one range"));
 
 	o1 = rev->pending.objects[0].item;
 	o2 = rev->pending.objects[1].item;
@@ -925,7 +925,7 @@
 	c2 = lookup_commit_reference(the_repository, &o2->oid);
 
 	if ((flags1 & UNINTERESTING) == (flags2 & UNINTERESTING))
-		die(_("Not a range."));
+		die(_("not a range"));
 
 	init_patch_ids(the_repository, ids);
 
@@ -1048,13 +1048,13 @@
 	struct commit *head = list[0];
 
 	if (!cmit_fmt_is_mail(rev->commit_format))
-		die(_("Cover letter needs email format"));
+		die(_("cover letter needs email format"));
 
 	committer = git_committer_info(0);
 
 	if (!use_stdout &&
 	    open_next_file(NULL, rev->numbered_files ? NULL : "cover-letter", rev, quiet))
-		return;
+		die(_("failed to create cover-letter file"));
 
 	log_write_email_headers(rev, head, &pp.after_subject, &need_8bit_cte, 0);
 
@@ -1218,7 +1218,7 @@
 	const char **dir = (const char **)opt->value;
 	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
 	if (*dir)
-		die(_("Two output directories?"));
+		die(_("two output directories?"));
 	*dir = arg;
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -1329,7 +1329,7 @@
 	if (base_commit && strcmp(base_commit, "auto")) {
 		base = lookup_commit_reference_by_name(base_commit);
 		if (!base)
-			die(_("Unknown commit %s"), base_commit);
+			die(_("unknown commit %s"), base_commit);
 	} else if ((base_commit && !strcmp(base_commit, "auto")) || base_auto) {
 		struct branch *curr_branch = branch_get(NULL);
 		const char *upstream = branch_get_upstream(curr_branch, NULL);
@@ -1339,18 +1339,18 @@
 			struct object_id oid;
 
 			if (get_oid(upstream, &oid))
-				die(_("Failed to resolve '%s' as a valid ref."), upstream);
+				die(_("failed to resolve '%s' as a valid ref"), upstream);
 			commit = lookup_commit_or_die(&oid, "upstream base");
 			base_list = get_merge_bases_many(commit, total, list);
 			/* There should be one and only one merge base. */
 			if (!base_list || base_list->next)
-				die(_("Could not find exact merge base."));
+				die(_("could not find exact merge base"));
 			base = base_list->item;
 			free_commit_list(base_list);
 		} else {
-			die(_("Failed to get upstream, if you want to record base commit automatically,\n"
+			die(_("failed to get upstream, if you want to record base commit automatically,\n"
 			      "please use git branch --set-upstream-to to track a remote branch.\n"
-			      "Or you could specify base commit by --base=<base-commit-id> manually."));
+			      "Or you could specify base commit by --base=<base-commit-id> manually"));
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -1368,7 +1368,7 @@
 			struct commit_list *merge_base;
 			merge_base = get_merge_bases(rev[2 * i], rev[2 * i + 1]);
 			if (!merge_base || merge_base->next)
-				die(_("Failed to find exact merge base"));
+				die(_("failed to find exact merge base"));
 
 			rev[i] = merge_base->item;
 		}
@@ -1747,7 +1747,7 @@
 		if (use_stdout)
 			die(_("standard output, or directory, which one?"));
 		if (mkdir(output_directory, 0777) < 0 && errno != EEXIST)
-			die_errno(_("Could not create directory '%s'"),
+			die_errno(_("could not create directory '%s'"),
 				  output_directory);
 	}
 
@@ -1949,7 +1949,7 @@
 
 		if (!use_stdout &&
 		    open_next_file(rev.numbered_files ? NULL : commit, NULL, &rev, quiet))
-			die(_("Failed to create output files"));
+			die(_("failed to create output files"));
 		shown = log_tree_commit(&rev, commit);
 		free_commit_buffer(the_repository->parsed_objects,
 				   commit);
@@ -2073,9 +2073,9 @@
 	revs.max_parents = 1;
 
 	if (add_pending_commit(head, &revs, 0))
-		die(_("Unknown commit %s"), head);
+		die(_("unknown commit %s"), head);
 	if (add_pending_commit(upstream, &revs, UNINTERESTING))
-		die(_("Unknown commit %s"), upstream);
+		die(_("unknown commit %s"), upstream);
 
 	/* Don't say anything if head and upstream are the same. */
 	if (revs.pending.nr == 2) {
@@ -2087,7 +2087,7 @@
 	get_patch_ids(&revs, &ids);
 
 	if (limit && add_pending_commit(limit, &revs, UNINTERESTING))
-		die(_("Unknown commit %s"), limit);
+		die(_("unknown commit %s"), limit);
 
 	/* reverse the list of commits */
 	if (prepare_revision_walk(&revs))
diff --git a/builtin/rebase.c b/builtin/rebase.c
index 52114cb..2e41ad5 100644
--- a/builtin/rebase.c
+++ b/builtin/rebase.c
@@ -46,29 +46,6 @@
 	REBASE_PRESERVE_MERGES
 };
 
-static int use_builtin_rebase(void)
-{
-	struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
-	struct strbuf out = STRBUF_INIT;
-	int ret, env = git_env_bool("GIT_TEST_REBASE_USE_BUILTIN", -1);
-
-	if (env != -1)
-		return env;
-
-	argv_array_pushl(&cp.args,
-			 "config", "--bool", "rebase.usebuiltin", NULL);
-	cp.git_cmd = 1;
-	if (capture_command(&cp, &out, 6)) {
-		strbuf_release(&out);
-		return 1;
-	}
-
-	strbuf_trim(&out);
-	ret = !strcmp("true", out.buf);
-	strbuf_release(&out);
-	return ret;
-}
-
 struct rebase_options {
 	enum rebase_type type;
 	const char *state_dir;
@@ -106,6 +83,7 @@
 	char *strategy, *strategy_opts;
 	struct strbuf git_format_patch_opt;
 	int reschedule_failed_exec;
+	int use_legacy_rebase;
 };
 
 static int is_interactive(struct rebase_options *opts)
@@ -369,6 +347,7 @@
 #define RESET_HEAD_HARD (1<<1)
 #define RESET_HEAD_RUN_POST_CHECKOUT_HOOK (1<<2)
 #define RESET_HEAD_REFS_ONLY (1<<3)
+#define RESET_ORIG_HEAD (1<<4)
 
 static int reset_head(struct object_id *oid, const char *action,
 		      const char *switch_to_branch, unsigned flags,
@@ -378,6 +357,7 @@
 	unsigned reset_hard = flags & RESET_HEAD_HARD;
 	unsigned run_hook = flags & RESET_HEAD_RUN_POST_CHECKOUT_HOOK;
 	unsigned refs_only = flags & RESET_HEAD_REFS_ONLY;
+	unsigned update_orig_head = flags & RESET_ORIG_HEAD;
 	struct object_id head_oid;
 	struct tree_desc desc[2] = { { NULL }, { NULL } };
 	struct lock_file lock = LOCK_INIT;
@@ -454,18 +434,21 @@
 	strbuf_addf(&msg, "%s: ", reflog_action ? reflog_action : "rebase");
 	prefix_len = msg.len;
 
-	if (!get_oid("ORIG_HEAD", &oid_old_orig))
-		old_orig = &oid_old_orig;
-	if (!get_oid("HEAD", &oid_orig)) {
-		orig = &oid_orig;
-		if (!reflog_orig_head) {
-			strbuf_addstr(&msg, "updating ORIG_HEAD");
-			reflog_orig_head = msg.buf;
-		}
-		update_ref(reflog_orig_head, "ORIG_HEAD", orig, old_orig, 0,
-			   UPDATE_REFS_MSG_ON_ERR);
-	} else if (old_orig)
-		delete_ref(NULL, "ORIG_HEAD", old_orig, 0);
+	if (update_orig_head) {
+		if (!get_oid("ORIG_HEAD", &oid_old_orig))
+			old_orig = &oid_old_orig;
+		if (!get_oid("HEAD", &oid_orig)) {
+			orig = &oid_orig;
+			if (!reflog_orig_head) {
+				strbuf_addstr(&msg, "updating ORIG_HEAD");
+				reflog_orig_head = msg.buf;
+			}
+			update_ref(reflog_orig_head, "ORIG_HEAD", orig,
+				   old_orig, 0, UPDATE_REFS_MSG_ON_ERR);
+		} else if (old_orig)
+			delete_ref(NULL, "ORIG_HEAD", old_orig, 0);
+	}
+
 	if (!reflog_head) {
 		strbuf_setlen(&msg, prefix_len);
 		strbuf_addstr(&msg, "updating HEAD");
@@ -476,7 +459,7 @@
 				 detach_head ? REF_NO_DEREF : 0,
 				 UPDATE_REFS_MSG_ON_ERR);
 	else {
-		ret = update_ref(reflog_orig_head, switch_to_branch, oid,
+		ret = update_ref(reflog_head, switch_to_branch, oid,
 				 NULL, 0, UPDATE_REFS_MSG_ON_ERR);
 		if (!ret)
 			ret = create_symref("HEAD", switch_to_branch,
@@ -869,6 +852,11 @@
 		return 0;
 	}
 
+	if (!strcmp(var, "rebase.usebuiltin")) {
+		opts->use_legacy_rebase = !git_config_bool(var, value);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
 	return git_default_config(var, value, data);
 }
 
@@ -1100,8 +1088,8 @@
 			PARSE_OPT_NOARG | PARSE_OPT_NONEG,
 			parse_opt_interactive },
 		OPT_SET_INT('p', "preserve-merges", &options.type,
-			    N_("try to recreate merges instead of ignoring "
-			       "them"), REBASE_PRESERVE_MERGES),
+			    N_("(DEPRECATED) try to recreate merges instead of "
+			       "ignoring them"), REBASE_PRESERVE_MERGES),
 		OPT_BOOL(0, "rerere-autoupdate",
 			 &options.allow_rerere_autoupdate,
 			 N_("allow rerere to update index with resolved "
@@ -1143,22 +1131,6 @@
 	};
 	int i;
 
-	/*
-	 * NEEDSWORK: Once the builtin rebase has been tested enough
-	 * and git-legacy-rebase.sh is retired to contrib/, this preamble
-	 * can be removed.
-	 */
-
-	if (!use_builtin_rebase()) {
-		const char *path = mkpath("%s/git-legacy-rebase",
-					  git_exec_path());
-
-		if (sane_execvp(path, (char **)argv) < 0)
-			die_errno(_("could not exec %s"), path);
-		else
-			BUG("sane_execvp() returned???");
-	}
-
 	if (argc == 2 && !strcmp(argv[1], "-h"))
 		usage_with_options(builtin_rebase_usage,
 				   builtin_rebase_options);
@@ -1169,6 +1141,11 @@
 
 	git_config(rebase_config, &options);
 
+	if (options.use_legacy_rebase ||
+	    !git_env_bool("GIT_TEST_REBASE_USE_BUILTIN", -1))
+		warning(_("the rebase.useBuiltin support has been removed!\n"
+			  "See its entry in 'git help config' for details."));
+
 	strbuf_reset(&buf);
 	strbuf_addf(&buf, "%s/applying", apply_dir());
 	if(file_exists(buf.buf))
@@ -1212,6 +1189,10 @@
 		usage_with_options(builtin_rebase_usage,
 				   builtin_rebase_options);
 
+	if (options.type == REBASE_PRESERVE_MERGES)
+		warning(_("git rebase --preserve-merges is deprecated. "
+			  "Use --rebase-merges instead."));
+
 	if (action != NO_ACTION && !in_progress)
 		die(_("No rebase in progress?"));
 	setenv(GIT_REFLOG_ACTION_ENVIRONMENT, "rebase", 0);
@@ -1777,7 +1758,8 @@
 	strbuf_addf(&msg, "%s: checkout %s",
 		    getenv(GIT_REFLOG_ACTION_ENVIRONMENT), options.onto_name);
 	if (reset_head(&options.onto->object.oid, "checkout", NULL,
-		       RESET_HEAD_DETACH | RESET_HEAD_RUN_POST_CHECKOUT_HOOK,
+		       RESET_HEAD_DETACH | RESET_ORIG_HEAD | 
+		       RESET_HEAD_RUN_POST_CHECKOUT_HOOK,
 		       NULL, msg.buf))
 		die(_("Could not detach HEAD"));
 	strbuf_release(&msg);
@@ -1793,8 +1775,8 @@
 		strbuf_addf(&msg, "rebase finished: %s onto %s",
 			options.head_name ? options.head_name : "detached HEAD",
 			oid_to_hex(&options.onto->object.oid));
-		reset_head(NULL, "Fast-forwarded", options.head_name, 0,
-			   "HEAD", msg.buf);
+		reset_head(NULL, "Fast-forwarded", options.head_name,
+			   RESET_HEAD_REFS_ONLY, "HEAD", msg.buf);
 		strbuf_release(&msg);
 		ret = !!finish_rebase(&options);
 		goto cleanup;
diff --git a/builtin/rev-list.c b/builtin/rev-list.c
index 5b5b6db..425a577 100644
--- a/builtin/rev-list.c
+++ b/builtin/rev-list.c
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@
 static int finish_object(struct object *obj, const char *name, void *cb_data)
 {
 	struct rev_list_info *info = cb_data;
-	if (!has_object_file(&obj->oid)) {
+	if (oid_object_info_extended(the_repository, &obj->oid, NULL, 0) < 0) {
 		finish_object__ma(obj);
 		return 1;
 	}
diff --git a/builtin/worktree.c b/builtin/worktree.c
index 6cc094a..d2a7e2f 100644
--- a/builtin/worktree.c
+++ b/builtin/worktree.c
@@ -268,10 +268,10 @@
 	struct strbuf sb_git = STRBUF_INIT, sb_repo = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
 	const char *name;
-	struct stat st;
 	struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 	struct argv_array child_env = ARGV_ARRAY_INIT;
-	int counter = 0, len, ret;
+	unsigned int counter = 0;
+	int len, ret;
 	struct strbuf symref = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct commit *commit = NULL;
 	int is_branch = 0;
@@ -295,8 +295,12 @@
 	if (safe_create_leading_directories_const(sb_repo.buf))
 		die_errno(_("could not create leading directories of '%s'"),
 			  sb_repo.buf);
-	while (!stat(sb_repo.buf, &st)) {
+
+	while (mkdir(sb_repo.buf, 0777)) {
 		counter++;
+		if ((errno != EEXIST) || !counter /* overflow */)
+			die_errno(_("could not create directory of '%s'"),
+				  sb_repo.buf);
 		strbuf_setlen(&sb_repo, len);
 		strbuf_addf(&sb_repo, "%d", counter);
 	}
@@ -306,8 +310,6 @@
 	atexit(remove_junk);
 	sigchain_push_common(remove_junk_on_signal);
 
-	if (mkdir(sb_repo.buf, 0777))
-		die_errno(_("could not create directory of '%s'"), sb_repo.buf);
 	junk_git_dir = xstrdup(sb_repo.buf);
 	is_junk = 1;
 
diff --git a/cache.h b/cache.h
index abd518a..ac92421 100644
--- a/cache.h
+++ b/cache.h
@@ -962,6 +962,10 @@
 extern const char *core_partial_clone_filter_default;
 extern int repository_format_worktree_config;
 
+/*
+ * You _have_ to initialize a `struct repository_format` using
+ * `= REPOSITORY_FORMAT_INIT` before calling `read_repository_format()`.
+ */
 struct repository_format {
 	int version;
 	int precious_objects;
@@ -974,14 +978,35 @@
 };
 
 /*
+ * Always use this to initialize a `struct repository_format`
+ * to a well-defined, default state before calling
+ * `read_repository()`.
+ */
+#define REPOSITORY_FORMAT_INIT \
+{ \
+	.version = -1, \
+	.is_bare = -1, \
+	.hash_algo = GIT_HASH_SHA1, \
+	.unknown_extensions = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP, \
+}
+
+/*
  * Read the repository format characteristics from the config file "path" into
- * "format" struct. Returns the numeric version. On error, -1 is returned,
- * format->version is set to -1, and all other fields in the struct are
- * undefined.
+ * "format" struct. Returns the numeric version. On error, or if no version is
+ * found in the configuration, -1 is returned, format->version is set to -1,
+ * and all other fields in the struct are set to the default configuration
+ * (REPOSITORY_FORMAT_INIT). Always initialize the struct using
+ * REPOSITORY_FORMAT_INIT before calling this function.
  */
 int read_repository_format(struct repository_format *format, const char *path);
 
 /*
+ * Free the memory held onto by `format`, but not the struct itself.
+ * (No need to use this after `read_repository_format()` fails.)
+ */
+void clear_repository_format(struct repository_format *format);
+
+/*
  * Verify that the repository described by repository_format is something we
  * can read. If it is, return 0. Otherwise, return -1, and "err" will describe
  * any errors encountered.
diff --git a/config.mak.dev b/config.mak.dev
index 7354fe1..bf1f3fc 100644
--- a/config.mak.dev
+++ b/config.mak.dev
@@ -1,41 +1,41 @@
 ifeq ($(filter no-error,$(DEVOPTS)),)
-CFLAGS += -Werror
+DEVELOPER_CFLAGS += -Werror
 endif
 ifneq ($(filter pedantic,$(DEVOPTS)),)
-CFLAGS += -pedantic
+DEVELOPER_CFLAGS += -pedantic
 # don't warn for each N_ use
-CFLAGS += -DUSE_PARENS_AROUND_GETTEXT_N=0
+DEVELOPER_CFLAGS += -DUSE_PARENS_AROUND_GETTEXT_N=0
 endif
-CFLAGS += -Wall
-CFLAGS += -Wdeclaration-after-statement
-CFLAGS += -Wformat-security
-CFLAGS += -Wno-format-zero-length
-CFLAGS += -Wold-style-definition
-CFLAGS += -Woverflow
-CFLAGS += -Wpointer-arith
-CFLAGS += -Wstrict-prototypes
-CFLAGS += -Wunused
-CFLAGS += -Wvla
+DEVELOPER_CFLAGS += -Wall
+DEVELOPER_CFLAGS += -Wdeclaration-after-statement
+DEVELOPER_CFLAGS += -Wformat-security
+DEVELOPER_CFLAGS += -Wno-format-zero-length
+DEVELOPER_CFLAGS += -Wold-style-definition
+DEVELOPER_CFLAGS += -Woverflow
+DEVELOPER_CFLAGS += -Wpointer-arith
+DEVELOPER_CFLAGS += -Wstrict-prototypes
+DEVELOPER_CFLAGS += -Wunused
+DEVELOPER_CFLAGS += -Wvla
 
 ifndef COMPILER_FEATURES
 COMPILER_FEATURES := $(shell ./detect-compiler $(CC))
 endif
 
 ifneq ($(filter clang4,$(COMPILER_FEATURES)),)
-CFLAGS += -Wtautological-constant-out-of-range-compare
+DEVELOPER_CFLAGS += -Wtautological-constant-out-of-range-compare
 endif
 
 ifneq ($(or $(filter gcc6,$(COMPILER_FEATURES)),$(filter clang4,$(COMPILER_FEATURES))),)
-CFLAGS += -Wextra
+DEVELOPER_CFLAGS += -Wextra
 # if a function is public, there should be a prototype and the right
 # header file should be included. If not, it should be static.
-CFLAGS += -Wmissing-prototypes
+DEVELOPER_CFLAGS += -Wmissing-prototypes
 ifeq ($(filter extra-all,$(DEVOPTS)),)
 # These are disabled because we have these all over the place.
-CFLAGS += -Wno-empty-body
-CFLAGS += -Wno-missing-field-initializers
-CFLAGS += -Wno-sign-compare
-CFLAGS += -Wno-unused-parameter
+DEVELOPER_CFLAGS += -Wno-empty-body
+DEVELOPER_CFLAGS += -Wno-missing-field-initializers
+DEVELOPER_CFLAGS += -Wno-sign-compare
+DEVELOPER_CFLAGS += -Wno-unused-parameter
 endif
 endif
 
@@ -43,6 +43,6 @@
 # not worth fixing since newer compilers correctly stop complaining
 ifneq ($(filter gcc4,$(COMPILER_FEATURES)),)
 ifeq ($(filter gcc5,$(COMPILER_FEATURES)),)
-CFLAGS += -Wno-uninitialized
+DEVELOPER_CFLAGS += -Wno-uninitialized
 endif
 endif
diff --git a/contrib/subtree/git-subtree.sh b/contrib/subtree/git-subtree.sh
index 147201d..868e18b 100755
--- a/contrib/subtree/git-subtree.sh
+++ b/contrib/subtree/git-subtree.sh
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 git subtree merge --prefix=<prefix> <commit>
 git subtree pull  --prefix=<prefix> <repository> <ref>
 git subtree push  --prefix=<prefix> <repository> <ref>
-git subtree split --prefix=<prefix> <commit...>
+git subtree split --prefix=<prefix> <commit>
 --
 h,help        show the help
 q             quiet
@@ -77,6 +77,12 @@
 	fi
 }
 
+ensure_single_rev () {
+	if test $# -ne 1
+	then
+		die "You must provide exactly one revision.  Got: '$@'"
+	fi
+}
 
 while test $# -gt 0
 do
@@ -185,6 +191,7 @@
 then
 	revs=$(git rev-parse $default --revs-only "$@") || exit $?
 	dirs=$(git rev-parse --no-revs --no-flags "$@") || exit $?
+	ensure_single_rev $revs
 	if test -n "$dirs"
 	then
 		die "Error: Use --prefix instead of bare filenames."
@@ -716,9 +723,8 @@
 }
 
 cmd_add_commit () {
-	revs=$(git rev-parse $default --revs-only "$@") || exit $?
-	set -- $revs
-	rev="$1"
+	rev=$(git rev-parse $default --revs-only "$@") || exit $?
+	ensure_single_rev $rev
 
 	debug "Adding $dir as '$rev'..."
 	git read-tree --prefix="$dir" $rev || exit $?
@@ -817,16 +823,10 @@
 }
 
 cmd_merge () {
-	revs=$(git rev-parse $default --revs-only "$@") || exit $?
+	rev=$(git rev-parse $default --revs-only "$@") || exit $?
+	ensure_single_rev $rev
 	ensure_clean
 
-	set -- $revs
-	if test $# -ne 1
-	then
-		die "You must provide exactly one revision.  Got: '$revs'"
-	fi
-	rev="$1"
-
 	if test -n "$squash"
 	then
 		first_split="$(find_latest_squash "$dir")"
diff --git a/convert.c b/convert.c
index 5d0307f..94ff837 100644
--- a/convert.c
+++ b/convert.c
@@ -731,7 +731,7 @@
 	if (start_async(&async))
 		return 0;	/* error was already reported */
 
-	if (strbuf_read(&nbuf, async.out, len) < 0) {
+	if (strbuf_read(&nbuf, async.out, 0) < 0) {
 		err = error(_("read from external filter '%s' failed"), cmd);
 	}
 	if (close(async.out)) {
diff --git a/diff.c b/diff.c
index ec5c095..6dfad79 100644
--- a/diff.c
+++ b/diff.c
@@ -4788,14 +4788,6 @@
 	return 1;
 }
 
-static int parse_submodule_opt(struct diff_options *options, const char *value)
-{
-	if (parse_submodule_params(options, value))
-		die(_("Failed to parse --submodule option parameter: '%s'"),
-			value);
-	return 1;
-}
-
 static const char diff_status_letters[] = {
 	DIFF_STATUS_ADDED,
 	DIFF_STATUS_COPIED,
@@ -4906,6 +4898,31 @@
 	return 1;
 }
 
+static int diff_opt_anchored(const struct option *opt,
+			     const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	struct diff_options *options = opt->value;
+
+	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
+	options->xdl_opts = DIFF_WITH_ALG(options, PATIENCE_DIFF);
+	ALLOC_GROW(options->anchors, options->anchors_nr + 1,
+		   options->anchors_alloc);
+	options->anchors[options->anchors_nr++] = xstrdup(arg);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int diff_opt_binary(const struct option *opt,
+			   const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	struct diff_options *options = opt->value;
+
+	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
+	BUG_ON_OPT_ARG(arg);
+	enable_patch_output(&options->output_format);
+	options->flags.binary = 1;
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static int diff_opt_break_rewrites(const struct option *opt,
 				   const char *arg, int unset)
 {
@@ -4943,6 +4960,18 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static int diff_opt_color_words(const struct option *opt,
+				const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	struct diff_options *options = opt->value;
+
+	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
+	options->use_color = 1;
+	options->word_diff = DIFF_WORDS_COLOR;
+	options->word_regex = arg;
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static int diff_opt_compact_summary(const struct option *opt,
 				    const char *arg, int unset)
 {
@@ -4958,6 +4987,24 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static int diff_opt_diff_algorithm(const struct option *opt,
+				   const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	struct diff_options *options = opt->value;
+	long value = parse_algorithm_value(arg);
+
+	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
+	if (value < 0)
+		return error(_("option diff-algorithm accepts \"myers\", "
+			       "\"minimal\", \"patience\" and \"histogram\""));
+
+	/* clear out previous settings */
+	DIFF_XDL_CLR(options, NEED_MINIMAL);
+	options->xdl_opts &= ~XDF_DIFF_ALGORITHM_MASK;
+	options->xdl_opts |= value;
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static int diff_opt_dirstat(const struct option *opt,
 			    const char *arg, int unset)
 {
@@ -5010,6 +5057,34 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static int diff_opt_follow(const struct option *opt,
+			   const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	struct diff_options *options = opt->value;
+
+	BUG_ON_OPT_ARG(arg);
+	if (unset) {
+		options->flags.follow_renames = 0;
+		options->flags.default_follow_renames = 0;
+	} else {
+		options->flags.follow_renames = 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int diff_opt_ignore_submodules(const struct option *opt,
+				      const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	struct diff_options *options = opt->value;
+
+	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
+	if (!arg)
+		arg = "all";
+	options->flags.override_submodule_config = 1;
+	handle_ignore_submodules_arg(options, arg);
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static enum parse_opt_result diff_opt_output(struct parse_opt_ctx_t *ctx,
 					     const struct option *opt,
 					     const char *arg, int unset)
@@ -5027,6 +5102,26 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static int diff_opt_patience(const struct option *opt,
+			     const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	struct diff_options *options = opt->value;
+	int i;
+
+	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
+	BUG_ON_OPT_ARG(arg);
+	options->xdl_opts = DIFF_WITH_ALG(options, PATIENCE_DIFF);
+	/*
+	 * Both --patience and --anchored use PATIENCE_DIFF
+	 * internally, so remove any anchors previously
+	 * specified.
+	 */
+	for (i = 0; i < options->anchors_nr; i++)
+		free(options->anchors[i]);
+	options->anchors_nr = 0;
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static int diff_opt_relative(const struct option *opt,
 			     const char *arg, int unset)
 {
@@ -5039,6 +5134,35 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static int diff_opt_submodule(const struct option *opt,
+			      const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	struct diff_options *options = opt->value;
+
+	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
+	if (!arg)
+		arg = "log";
+	if (parse_submodule_params(options, arg))
+		return error(_("failed to parse --submodule option parameter: '%s'"),
+			     arg);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int diff_opt_textconv(const struct option *opt,
+			     const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	struct diff_options *options = opt->value;
+
+	BUG_ON_OPT_ARG(arg);
+	if (unset) {
+		options->flags.allow_textconv = 0;
+	} else {
+		options->flags.allow_textconv = 1;
+		options->flags.textconv_set_via_cmdline = 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static int diff_opt_unified(const struct option *opt,
 			    const char *arg, int unset)
 {
@@ -5055,6 +5179,44 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static int diff_opt_word_diff(const struct option *opt,
+			      const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	struct diff_options *options = opt->value;
+
+	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
+	if (arg) {
+		if (!strcmp(arg, "plain"))
+			options->word_diff = DIFF_WORDS_PLAIN;
+		else if (!strcmp(arg, "color")) {
+			options->use_color = 1;
+			options->word_diff = DIFF_WORDS_COLOR;
+		}
+		else if (!strcmp(arg, "porcelain"))
+			options->word_diff = DIFF_WORDS_PORCELAIN;
+		else if (!strcmp(arg, "none"))
+			options->word_diff = DIFF_WORDS_NONE;
+		else
+			return error(_("bad --word-diff argument: %s"), arg);
+	} else {
+		if (options->word_diff == DIFF_WORDS_NONE)
+			options->word_diff = DIFF_WORDS_PLAIN;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int diff_opt_word_diff_regex(const struct option *opt,
+				    const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	struct diff_options *options = opt->value;
+
+	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
+	if (options->word_diff == DIFF_WORDS_NONE)
+		options->word_diff = DIFF_WORDS_PLAIN;
+	options->word_regex = arg;
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static void prep_parse_options(struct diff_options *options)
 {
 	struct option parseopts[] = {
@@ -5132,6 +5294,13 @@
 		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "compact-summary", options, NULL,
 			       N_("generate compact summary in diffstat"),
 			       PARSE_OPT_NOARG, diff_opt_compact_summary),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "binary", options, NULL,
+			       N_("output a binary diff that can be applied"),
+			       PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_NOARG, diff_opt_binary),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "full-index", &options->flags.full_index,
+			 N_("show full pre- and post-image object names on the \"index\" lines")),
+		OPT_COLOR_FLAG(0, "color", &options->use_color,
+			       N_("show colored diff")),
 		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "output-indicator-new",
 			       &options->output_indicators[OUTPUT_INDICATOR_NEW],
 			       N_("<char>"),
@@ -5171,6 +5340,9 @@
 			      0, PARSE_OPT_NONEG),
 		OPT_BOOL(0, "rename-empty", &options->flags.rename_empty,
 			 N_("use empty blobs as rename source")),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "follow", options, NULL,
+			       N_("continue listing the history of a file beyond renames"),
+			       PARSE_OPT_NOARG, diff_opt_follow),
 
 		OPT_GROUP(N_("Diff algorithm options")),
 		OPT_BIT(0, "minimal", &options->xdl_opts,
@@ -5191,12 +5363,58 @@
 		OPT_BIT_F(0, "ignore-blank-lines", &options->xdl_opts,
 			  N_("ignore changes whose lines are all blank"),
 			  XDF_IGNORE_BLANK_LINES, PARSE_OPT_NONEG),
+		OPT_BIT(0, "indent-heuristic", &options->xdl_opts,
+			N_("heuristic to shift diff hunk boundaries for easy reading"),
+			XDF_INDENT_HEURISTIC),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "patience", options, NULL,
+			       N_("generate diff using the \"patience diff\" algorithm"),
+			       PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_NOARG,
+			       diff_opt_patience),
+		OPT_BITOP(0, "histogram", &options->xdl_opts,
+			  N_("generate diff using the \"histogram diff\" algorithm"),
+			  XDF_HISTOGRAM_DIFF, XDF_DIFF_ALGORITHM_MASK),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "diff-algorithm", options, N_("<algorithm>"),
+			       N_("choose a diff algorithm"),
+			       PARSE_OPT_NONEG, diff_opt_diff_algorithm),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "anchored", options, N_("<text>"),
+			       N_("generate diff using the \"anchored diff\" algorithm"),
+			       PARSE_OPT_NONEG, diff_opt_anchored),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "word-diff", options, N_("<mode>"),
+			       N_("show word diff, using <mode> to delimit changed words"),
+			       PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_OPTARG, diff_opt_word_diff),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "word-diff-regex", options, N_("<regex>"),
+			       N_("use <regex> to decide what a word is"),
+			       PARSE_OPT_NONEG, diff_opt_word_diff_regex),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "color-words", options, N_("<regex>"),
+			       N_("equivalent to --word-diff=color --word-diff-regex=<regex>"),
+			       PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_OPTARG, diff_opt_color_words),
 
 		OPT_GROUP(N_("Diff other options")),
 		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "relative", options, N_("<prefix>"),
 			       N_("when run from subdir, exclude changes outside and show relative paths"),
 			       PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_OPTARG,
 			       diff_opt_relative),
+		OPT_BOOL('a', "text", &options->flags.text,
+			 N_("treat all files as text")),
+		OPT_BOOL('R', NULL, &options->flags.reverse_diff,
+			 N_("swap two inputs, reverse the diff")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "exit-code", &options->flags.exit_with_status,
+			 N_("exit with 1 if there were differences, 0 otherwise")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "quiet", &options->flags.quick,
+			 N_("disable all output of the program")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "ext-diff", &options->flags.allow_external,
+			 N_("allow an external diff helper to be executed")),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "textconv", options, NULL,
+			       N_("run external text conversion filters when comparing binary files"),
+			       PARSE_OPT_NOARG, diff_opt_textconv),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "ignore-submodules", options, N_("<when>"),
+			       N_("ignore changes to submodules in the diff generation"),
+			       PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_OPTARG,
+			       diff_opt_ignore_submodules),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "submodule", options, N_("<format>"),
+			       N_("specify how differences in submodules are shown"),
+			       PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_OPTARG,
+			       diff_opt_submodule),
 		{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "output", options, N_("<file>"),
 		  N_("Output to a specific file"),
 		  PARSE_OPT_NONEG, NULL, 0, diff_opt_output },
@@ -5228,66 +5446,8 @@
 	if (ac)
 		return ac;
 
-	/* xdiff options */
-	if (!strcmp(arg, "--indent-heuristic"))
-		DIFF_XDL_SET(options, INDENT_HEURISTIC);
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--no-indent-heuristic"))
-		DIFF_XDL_CLR(options, INDENT_HEURISTIC);
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--patience")) {
-		int i;
-		options->xdl_opts = DIFF_WITH_ALG(options, PATIENCE_DIFF);
-		/*
-		 * Both --patience and --anchored use PATIENCE_DIFF
-		 * internally, so remove any anchors previously
-		 * specified.
-		 */
-		for (i = 0; i < options->anchors_nr; i++)
-			free(options->anchors[i]);
-		options->anchors_nr = 0;
-	} else if (!strcmp(arg, "--histogram"))
-		options->xdl_opts = DIFF_WITH_ALG(options, HISTOGRAM_DIFF);
-	else if ((argcount = parse_long_opt("diff-algorithm", av, &optarg))) {
-		long value = parse_algorithm_value(optarg);
-		if (value < 0)
-			return error("option diff-algorithm accepts \"myers\", "
-				     "\"minimal\", \"patience\" and \"histogram\"");
-		/* clear out previous settings */
-		DIFF_XDL_CLR(options, NEED_MINIMAL);
-		options->xdl_opts &= ~XDF_DIFF_ALGORITHM_MASK;
-		options->xdl_opts |= value;
-		return argcount;
-	} else if (skip_prefix(arg, "--anchored=", &arg)) {
-		options->xdl_opts = DIFF_WITH_ALG(options, PATIENCE_DIFF);
-		ALLOC_GROW(options->anchors, options->anchors_nr + 1,
-			   options->anchors_alloc);
-		options->anchors[options->anchors_nr++] = xstrdup(arg);
-	}
-
 	/* flags options */
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--binary")) {
-		enable_patch_output(&options->output_format);
-		options->flags.binary = 1;
-	}
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--full-index"))
-		options->flags.full_index = 1;
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "-a") || !strcmp(arg, "--text"))
-		options->flags.text = 1;
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "-R"))
-		options->flags.reverse_diff = 1;
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--follow"))
-		options->flags.follow_renames = 1;
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--no-follow")) {
-		options->flags.follow_renames = 0;
-		options->flags.default_follow_renames = 0;
-	} else if (skip_to_optional_arg_default(arg, "--color", &arg, "always")) {
-		int value = git_config_colorbool(NULL, arg);
-		if (value < 0)
-			return error("option `color' expects \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\"");
-		options->use_color = value;
-	}
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--no-color"))
-		options->use_color = 0;
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--color-moved")) {
+	if (!strcmp(arg, "--color-moved")) {
 		if (diff_color_moved_default)
 			options->color_moved = diff_color_moved_default;
 		if (options->color_moved == COLOR_MOVED_NO)
@@ -5306,53 +5466,7 @@
 		if (cm & COLOR_MOVED_WS_ERROR)
 			return -1;
 		options->color_moved_ws_handling = cm;
-	} else if (skip_to_optional_arg_default(arg, "--color-words", &options->word_regex, NULL)) {
-		options->use_color = 1;
-		options->word_diff = DIFF_WORDS_COLOR;
-	}
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--word-diff")) {
-		if (options->word_diff == DIFF_WORDS_NONE)
-			options->word_diff = DIFF_WORDS_PLAIN;
-	}
-	else if (skip_prefix(arg, "--word-diff=", &arg)) {
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "plain"))
-			options->word_diff = DIFF_WORDS_PLAIN;
-		else if (!strcmp(arg, "color")) {
-			options->use_color = 1;
-			options->word_diff = DIFF_WORDS_COLOR;
-		}
-		else if (!strcmp(arg, "porcelain"))
-			options->word_diff = DIFF_WORDS_PORCELAIN;
-		else if (!strcmp(arg, "none"))
-			options->word_diff = DIFF_WORDS_NONE;
-		else
-			die("bad --word-diff argument: %s", arg);
-	}
-	else if ((argcount = parse_long_opt("word-diff-regex", av, &optarg))) {
-		if (options->word_diff == DIFF_WORDS_NONE)
-			options->word_diff = DIFF_WORDS_PLAIN;
-		options->word_regex = optarg;
-		return argcount;
-	}
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--exit-code"))
-		options->flags.exit_with_status = 1;
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--quiet"))
-		options->flags.quick = 1;
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--ext-diff"))
-		options->flags.allow_external = 1;
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--no-ext-diff"))
-		options->flags.allow_external = 0;
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--textconv")) {
-		options->flags.allow_textconv = 1;
-		options->flags.textconv_set_via_cmdline = 1;
-	} else if (!strcmp(arg, "--no-textconv"))
-		options->flags.allow_textconv = 0;
-	else if (skip_to_optional_arg_default(arg, "--ignore-submodules", &arg, "all")) {
-		options->flags.override_submodule_config = 1;
-		handle_ignore_submodules_arg(options, arg);
-	} else if (skip_to_optional_arg_default(arg, "--submodule", &arg, "log"))
-		return parse_submodule_opt(options, arg);
-	else if (skip_prefix(arg, "--ws-error-highlight=", &arg))
+	} else if (skip_prefix(arg, "--ws-error-highlight=", &arg))
 		return parse_ws_error_highlight_opt(options, arg);
 	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--ita-invisible-in-index"))
 		options->ita_invisible_in_index = 1;
diff --git a/fetch-pack.c b/fetch-pack.c
index 812be15..e69993b 100644
--- a/fetch-pack.c
+++ b/fetch-pack.c
@@ -191,8 +191,10 @@
 	if (args->stateless_rpc) {
 		send_sideband(fd, -1, buf->buf, buf->len, LARGE_PACKET_MAX);
 		packet_flush(fd);
-	} else
-		write_or_die(fd, buf->buf, buf->len);
+	} else {
+		if (write_in_full(fd, buf->buf, buf->len) < 0)
+			die_errno(_("unable to write to remote"));
+	}
 }
 
 static void insert_one_alternate_object(struct fetch_negotiator *negotiator,
@@ -1163,7 +1165,8 @@
 
 	/* Send request */
 	packet_buf_flush(&req_buf);
-	write_or_die(fd_out, req_buf.buf, req_buf.len);
+	if (write_in_full(fd_out, req_buf.buf, req_buf.len) < 0)
+		die_errno(_("unable to write request to remote"));
 
 	strbuf_release(&req_buf);
 	return ret;
diff --git a/git-legacy-rebase.sh b/git-legacy-rebase.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 5c2c4e5..0000000
--- a/git-legacy-rebase.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,770 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/sh
-#
-# Copyright (c) 2005 Junio C Hamano.
-#
-
-SUBDIRECTORY_OK=Yes
-OPTIONS_KEEPDASHDASH=
-OPTIONS_STUCKLONG=t
-OPTIONS_SPEC="\
-git rebase [-i] [options] [--exec <cmd>] [--onto <newbase>] [<upstream>] [<branch>]
-git rebase [-i] [options] [--exec <cmd>] [--onto <newbase>] --root [<branch>]
-git rebase --continue | --abort | --skip | --edit-todo
---
- Available options are
-v,verbose!         display a diffstat of what changed upstream
-q,quiet!           be quiet. implies --no-stat
-autostash          automatically stash/stash pop before and after
-fork-point         use 'merge-base --fork-point' to refine upstream
-onto=!             rebase onto given branch instead of upstream
-r,rebase-merges?   try to rebase merges instead of skipping them
-p,preserve-merges! try to recreate merges instead of ignoring them
-s,strategy=!       use the given merge strategy
-X,strategy-option=! pass the argument through to the merge strategy
-no-ff!             cherry-pick all commits, even if unchanged
-f,force-rebase!    cherry-pick all commits, even if unchanged
-m,merge!           use merging strategies to rebase
-i,interactive!     let the user edit the list of commits to rebase
-x,exec=!           add exec lines after each commit of the editable list
-k,keep-empty	   preserve empty commits during rebase
-allow-empty-message allow rebasing commits with empty messages
-stat!              display a diffstat of what changed upstream
-n,no-stat!         do not show diffstat of what changed upstream
-verify             allow pre-rebase hook to run
-rerere-autoupdate  allow rerere to update index with resolved conflicts
-root!              rebase all reachable commits up to the root(s)
-autosquash         move commits that begin with squash!/fixup! under -i
-signoff            add a Signed-off-by: line to each commit
-committer-date-is-author-date! passed to 'git am'
-ignore-date!       passed to 'git am'
-whitespace=!       passed to 'git apply'
-ignore-whitespace! passed to 'git apply'
-C=!                passed to 'git apply'
-S,gpg-sign?        GPG-sign commits
- Actions:
-continue!          continue
-abort!             abort and check out the original branch
-skip!              skip current patch and continue
-edit-todo!         edit the todo list during an interactive rebase
-quit!              abort but keep HEAD where it is
-show-current-patch! show the patch file being applied or merged
-reschedule-failed-exec automatically reschedule failed exec commands
-"
-. git-sh-setup
-set_reflog_action rebase
-require_work_tree_exists
-cd_to_toplevel
-
-LF='
-'
-ok_to_skip_pre_rebase=
-
-squash_onto=
-unset onto
-unset restrict_revision
-cmd=
-strategy=
-strategy_opts=
-do_merge=
-merge_dir="$GIT_DIR"/rebase-merge
-apply_dir="$GIT_DIR"/rebase-apply
-verbose=
-diffstat=
-test "$(git config --bool rebase.stat)" = true && diffstat=t
-autostash="$(git config --bool rebase.autostash || echo false)"
-fork_point=auto
-git_am_opt=
-git_format_patch_opt=
-rebase_root=
-force_rebase=
-allow_rerere_autoupdate=
-# Non-empty if a rebase was in progress when 'git rebase' was invoked
-in_progress=
-# One of {am, merge, interactive}
-type=
-# One of {"$GIT_DIR"/rebase-apply, "$GIT_DIR"/rebase-merge}
-state_dir=
-# One of {'', continue, skip, abort}, as parsed from command line
-action=
-rebase_merges=
-rebase_cousins=
-preserve_merges=
-autosquash=
-keep_empty=
-allow_empty_message=--allow-empty-message
-signoff=
-reschedule_failed_exec=
-test "$(git config --bool rebase.autosquash)" = "true" && autosquash=t
-case "$(git config --bool commit.gpgsign)" in
-true)	gpg_sign_opt=-S ;;
-*)	gpg_sign_opt= ;;
-esac
-test "$(git config --bool rebase.reschedulefailedexec)" = "true" &&
-reschedule_failed_exec=--reschedule-failed-exec
-. git-rebase--common
-
-read_basic_state () {
-	test -f "$state_dir/head-name" &&
-	test -f "$state_dir/onto" &&
-	head_name=$(cat "$state_dir"/head-name) &&
-	onto=$(cat "$state_dir"/onto) &&
-	# We always write to orig-head, but interactive rebase used to write to
-	# head. Fall back to reading from head to cover for the case that the
-	# user upgraded git with an ongoing interactive rebase.
-	if test -f "$state_dir"/orig-head
-	then
-		orig_head=$(cat "$state_dir"/orig-head)
-	else
-		orig_head=$(cat "$state_dir"/head)
-	fi &&
-	test -f "$state_dir"/quiet && GIT_QUIET=t
-	test -f "$state_dir"/verbose && verbose=t
-	test -f "$state_dir"/strategy && strategy="$(cat "$state_dir"/strategy)"
-	test -f "$state_dir"/strategy_opts &&
-		strategy_opts="$(cat "$state_dir"/strategy_opts)"
-	test -f "$state_dir"/allow_rerere_autoupdate &&
-		allow_rerere_autoupdate="$(cat "$state_dir"/allow_rerere_autoupdate)"
-	test -f "$state_dir"/gpg_sign_opt &&
-		gpg_sign_opt="$(cat "$state_dir"/gpg_sign_opt)"
-	test -f "$state_dir"/signoff && {
-		signoff="$(cat "$state_dir"/signoff)"
-		force_rebase=t
-	}
-	test -f "$state_dir"/reschedule-failed-exec &&
-		reschedule_failed_exec=t
-}
-
-finish_rebase () {
-	rm -f "$(git rev-parse --git-path REBASE_HEAD)"
-	apply_autostash &&
-	{ git gc --auto || true; } &&
-	rm -rf "$state_dir"
-}
-
-run_interactive () {
-	GIT_CHERRY_PICK_HELP="$resolvemsg"
-	export GIT_CHERRY_PICK_HELP
-
-	test -n "$keep_empty" && keep_empty="--keep-empty"
-	test -n "$rebase_merges" && rebase_merges="--rebase-merges"
-	test -n "$rebase_cousins" && rebase_cousins="--rebase-cousins"
-	test -n "$autosquash" && autosquash="--autosquash"
-	test -n "$verbose" && verbose="--verbose"
-	test -n "$force_rebase" && force_rebase="--no-ff"
-	test -n "$restrict_revision" && \
-		restrict_revision="--restrict-revision=^$restrict_revision"
-	test -n "$upstream" && upstream="--upstream=$upstream"
-	test -n "$onto" && onto="--onto=$onto"
-	test -n "$squash_onto" && squash_onto="--squash-onto=$squash_onto"
-	test -n "$onto_name" && onto_name="--onto-name=$onto_name"
-	test -n "$head_name" && head_name="--head-name=$head_name"
-	test -n "$strategy" && strategy="--strategy=$strategy"
-	test -n "$strategy_opts" && strategy_opts="--strategy-opts=$strategy_opts"
-	test -n "$switch_to" && switch_to="--switch-to=$switch_to"
-	test -n "$cmd" && cmd="--cmd=$cmd"
-	test -n "$action" && action="--$action"
-
-	exec git rebase--interactive "$action" "$keep_empty" "$rebase_merges" "$rebase_cousins" \
-		"$upstream" "$onto" "$squash_onto" "$restrict_revision" \
-		"$allow_empty_message" "$autosquash" "$verbose" \
-		"$force_rebase" "$onto_name" "$head_name" "$strategy" \
-		"$strategy_opts" "$cmd" "$switch_to" \
-		"$allow_rerere_autoupdate" "$gpg_sign_opt" "$signoff" \
-		"$reschedule_failed_exec"
-}
-
-run_specific_rebase () {
-	if [ "$interactive_rebase" = implied ]; then
-		GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR=:
-		export GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR
-		autosquash=
-	fi
-
-	if test -n "$interactive_rebase" -a -z "$preserve_merges"
-	then
-		run_interactive
-	else
-		. git-rebase--$type
-
-		if test -z "$preserve_merges"
-		then
-			git_rebase__$type
-		else
-			git_rebase__preserve_merges
-		fi
-	fi
-
-	ret=$?
-	if test $ret -eq 0
-	then
-		finish_rebase
-	elif test $ret -eq 2 # special exit status for rebase -p
-	then
-		apply_autostash &&
-		rm -rf "$state_dir" &&
-		die "Nothing to do"
-	fi
-	exit $ret
-}
-
-run_pre_rebase_hook () {
-	if test -z "$ok_to_skip_pre_rebase" &&
-	   test -x "$(git rev-parse --git-path hooks/pre-rebase)"
-	then
-		"$(git rev-parse --git-path hooks/pre-rebase)" ${1+"$@"} ||
-		die "$(gettext "The pre-rebase hook refused to rebase.")"
-	fi
-}
-
-test -f "$apply_dir"/applying &&
-	die "$(gettext "It looks like 'git am' is in progress. Cannot rebase.")"
-
-if test -d "$apply_dir"
-then
-	type=am
-	state_dir="$apply_dir"
-elif test -d "$merge_dir"
-then
-	type=interactive
-	if test -d "$merge_dir"/rewritten
-	then
-		type=preserve-merges
-		interactive_rebase=explicit
-		preserve_merges=t
-	elif test -f "$merge_dir"/interactive
-	then
-		interactive_rebase=explicit
-	fi
-	state_dir="$merge_dir"
-fi
-test -n "$type" && in_progress=t
-
-total_argc=$#
-while test $# != 0
-do
-	case "$1" in
-	--no-verify)
-		ok_to_skip_pre_rebase=yes
-		;;
-	--verify)
-		ok_to_skip_pre_rebase=
-		;;
-	--continue|--skip|--abort|--quit|--edit-todo|--show-current-patch)
-		test $total_argc -eq 2 || usage
-		action=${1##--}
-		;;
-	--onto=*)
-		onto="${1#--onto=}"
-		;;
-	--exec=*)
-		cmd="${cmd}exec ${1#--exec=}${LF}"
-		test -z "$interactive_rebase" && interactive_rebase=implied
-		;;
-	--interactive)
-		interactive_rebase=explicit
-		;;
-	--keep-empty)
-		keep_empty=yes
-		;;
-	--allow-empty-message)
-		allow_empty_message=--allow-empty-message
-		;;
-	--no-keep-empty)
-		keep_empty=
-		;;
-	--rebase-merges)
-		rebase_merges=t
-		test -z "$interactive_rebase" && interactive_rebase=implied
-		;;
-	--rebase-merges=*)
-		rebase_merges=t
-		case "${1#*=}" in
-		rebase-cousins) rebase_cousins=t;;
-		no-rebase-cousins) rebase_cousins=;;
-		*) die "Unknown mode: $1";;
-		esac
-		test -z "$interactive_rebase" && interactive_rebase=implied
-		;;
-	--preserve-merges)
-		preserve_merges=t
-		test -z "$interactive_rebase" && interactive_rebase=implied
-		;;
-	--autosquash)
-		autosquash=t
-		;;
-	--no-autosquash)
-		autosquash=
-		;;
-	--fork-point)
-		fork_point=t
-		;;
-	--no-fork-point)
-		fork_point=
-		;;
-	--merge)
-		do_merge=t
-		;;
-	--strategy-option=*)
-		strategy_opts="$strategy_opts $(git rev-parse --sq-quote "--${1#--strategy-option=}" | sed -e s/^.//)"
-		do_merge=t
-		test -z "$strategy" && strategy=recursive
-		;;
-	--strategy=*)
-		strategy="${1#--strategy=}"
-		do_merge=t
-		;;
-	--no-stat)
-		diffstat=
-		;;
-	--stat)
-		diffstat=t
-		;;
-	--autostash)
-		autostash=true
-		;;
-	--no-autostash)
-		autostash=false
-		;;
-	--verbose)
-		verbose=t
-		diffstat=t
-		GIT_QUIET=
-		;;
-	--quiet)
-		GIT_QUIET=t
-		git_am_opt="$git_am_opt -q"
-		verbose=
-		diffstat=
-		;;
-	--whitespace=*)
-		git_am_opt="$git_am_opt --whitespace=${1#--whitespace=}"
-		case "${1#--whitespace=}" in
-		fix|strip)
-			force_rebase=t
-			;;
-		warn|nowarn|error|error-all)
-			;; # okay, known whitespace option
-		*)
-			die "fatal: Invalid whitespace option: '${1#*=}'"
-			;;
-		esac
-		;;
-	--ignore-whitespace)
-		git_am_opt="$git_am_opt $1"
-		;;
-	--signoff)
-		signoff=--signoff
-		;;
-	--no-signoff)
-		signoff=
-		;;
-	--committer-date-is-author-date|--ignore-date)
-		git_am_opt="$git_am_opt $1"
-		force_rebase=t
-		;;
-	-C*[!0-9]*)
-		die "fatal: switch \`C' expects a numerical value"
-		;;
-	-C*)
-		git_am_opt="$git_am_opt $1"
-		;;
-	--root)
-		rebase_root=t
-		;;
-	--force-rebase|--no-ff)
-		force_rebase=t
-		;;
-	--rerere-autoupdate|--no-rerere-autoupdate)
-		allow_rerere_autoupdate="$1"
-		;;
-	--gpg-sign)
-		gpg_sign_opt=-S
-		;;
-	--gpg-sign=*)
-		gpg_sign_opt="-S${1#--gpg-sign=}"
-		;;
-	--reschedule-failed-exec)
-		reschedule_failed_exec=--reschedule-failed-exec
-		;;
-	--no-reschedule-failed-exec)
-		reschedule_failed_exec=
-		;;
-	--)
-		shift
-		break
-		;;
-	*)
-		usage
-		;;
-	esac
-	shift
-done
-test $# -gt 2 && usage
-
-if test -n "$action"
-then
-	test -z "$in_progress" && die "$(gettext "No rebase in progress?")"
-	# Only interactive rebase uses detailed reflog messages
-	if test -n "$interactive_rebase" && test "$GIT_REFLOG_ACTION" = rebase
-	then
-		GIT_REFLOG_ACTION="rebase -i ($action)"
-		export GIT_REFLOG_ACTION
-	fi
-fi
-
-if test "$action" = "edit-todo" && test -z "$interactive_rebase"
-then
-	die "$(gettext "The --edit-todo action can only be used during interactive rebase.")"
-fi
-
-case "$action" in
-continue)
-	# Sanity check
-	git rev-parse --verify HEAD >/dev/null ||
-		die "$(gettext "Cannot read HEAD")"
-	git update-index --ignore-submodules --refresh &&
-	git diff-files --quiet --ignore-submodules || {
-		echo "$(gettext "You must edit all merge conflicts and then
-mark them as resolved using git add")"
-		exit 1
-	}
-	read_basic_state
-	run_specific_rebase
-	;;
-skip)
-	output git reset --hard HEAD || exit $?
-	read_basic_state
-	run_specific_rebase
-	;;
-abort)
-	git rerere clear
-	read_basic_state
-	case "$head_name" in
-	refs/*)
-		git symbolic-ref -m "rebase: aborting" HEAD $head_name ||
-		die "$(eval_gettext "Could not move back to \$head_name")"
-		;;
-	esac
-	output git reset --hard $orig_head
-	finish_rebase
-	exit
-	;;
-quit)
-	exec rm -rf "$state_dir"
-	;;
-edit-todo)
-	run_specific_rebase
-	;;
-show-current-patch)
-	run_specific_rebase
-	die "BUG: run_specific_rebase is not supposed to return here"
-	;;
-esac
-
-# Make sure no rebase is in progress
-if test -n "$in_progress"
-then
-	state_dir_base=${state_dir##*/}
-	cmd_live_rebase="git rebase (--continue | --abort | --skip)"
-	cmd_clear_stale_rebase="rm -fr \"$state_dir\""
-	die "
-$(eval_gettext 'It seems that there is already a $state_dir_base directory, and
-I wonder if you are in the middle of another rebase.  If that is the
-case, please try
-	$cmd_live_rebase
-If that is not the case, please
-	$cmd_clear_stale_rebase
-and run me again.  I am stopping in case you still have something
-valuable there.')"
-fi
-
-if test -n "$rebase_root" && test -z "$onto"
-then
-	test -z "$interactive_rebase" && interactive_rebase=implied
-fi
-
-if test -n "$keep_empty"
-then
-	test -z "$interactive_rebase" && interactive_rebase=implied
-fi
-
-actually_interactive=
-if test -n "$interactive_rebase"
-then
-	if test -z "$preserve_merges"
-	then
-		type=interactive
-	else
-		type=preserve-merges
-	fi
-	actually_interactive=t
-	state_dir="$merge_dir"
-elif test -n "$do_merge"
-then
-	interactive_rebase=implied
-	type=interactive
-	state_dir="$merge_dir"
-else
-	type=am
-	state_dir="$apply_dir"
-fi
-
-if test -t 2 && test -z "$GIT_QUIET"
-then
-	git_format_patch_opt="$git_format_patch_opt --progress"
-fi
-
-incompatible_opts=$(echo " $git_am_opt " | \
-		    sed -e 's/ -q / /g' -e 's/^ \(.*\) $/\1/')
-if test -n "$incompatible_opts"
-then
-	if test -n "$actually_interactive" || test "$do_merge"
-	then
-		die "$(gettext "fatal: cannot combine am options with either interactive or merge options")"
-	fi
-fi
-
-if test -n "$signoff"
-then
-	test -n "$preserve_merges" &&
-		die "$(gettext "fatal: cannot combine '--signoff' with '--preserve-merges'")"
-	git_am_opt="$git_am_opt $signoff"
-	force_rebase=t
-fi
-
-if test -n "$preserve_merges"
-then
-	# Note: incompatibility with --signoff handled in signoff block above
-	# Note: incompatibility with --interactive is just a strong warning;
-	#       git-rebase.txt caveats with "unless you know what you are doing"
-	test -n "$rebase_merges" &&
-		die "$(gettext "fatal: cannot combine '--preserve-merges' with '--rebase-merges'")"
-
-	test -n "$reschedule_failed_exec" &&
-		die "$(gettext "error: cannot combine '--preserve-merges' with '--reschedule-failed-exec'")"
-fi
-
-if test -n "$rebase_merges"
-then
-	test -n "$strategy_opts" &&
-		die "$(gettext "fatal: cannot combine '--rebase-merges' with '--strategy-option'")"
-	test -n "$strategy" &&
-		die "$(gettext "fatal: cannot combine '--rebase-merges' with '--strategy'")"
-fi
-
-if test -z "$rebase_root"
-then
-	case "$#" in
-	0)
-		if ! upstream_name=$(git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name \
-			--verify -q @{upstream} 2>/dev/null)
-		then
-			. git-parse-remote
-			error_on_missing_default_upstream "rebase" "rebase" \
-				"against" "git rebase $(gettext '<branch>')"
-		fi
-
-		test "$fork_point" = auto && fork_point=t
-		;;
-	*)	upstream_name="$1"
-		if test "$upstream_name" = "-"
-		then
-			upstream_name="@{-1}"
-		fi
-		shift
-		;;
-	esac
-	upstream=$(peel_committish "${upstream_name}") ||
-	die "$(eval_gettext "invalid upstream '\$upstream_name'")"
-	upstream_arg="$upstream_name"
-else
-	if test -z "$onto"
-	then
-		empty_tree=$(git hash-object -t tree /dev/null)
-		onto=$(git commit-tree $empty_tree </dev/null)
-		squash_onto="$onto"
-	fi
-	unset upstream_name
-	unset upstream
-	test $# -gt 1 && usage
-	upstream_arg=--root
-fi
-
-# Make sure the branch to rebase onto is valid.
-onto_name=${onto-"$upstream_name"}
-case "$onto_name" in
-*...*)
-	if	left=${onto_name%...*} right=${onto_name#*...} &&
-		onto=$(git merge-base --all ${left:-HEAD} ${right:-HEAD})
-	then
-		case "$onto" in
-		?*"$LF"?*)
-			die "$(eval_gettext "\$onto_name: there are more than one merge bases")"
-			;;
-		'')
-			die "$(eval_gettext "\$onto_name: there is no merge base")"
-			;;
-		esac
-	else
-		die "$(eval_gettext "\$onto_name: there is no merge base")"
-	fi
-	;;
-*)
-	onto=$(peel_committish "$onto_name") ||
-	die "$(eval_gettext "Does not point to a valid commit: \$onto_name")"
-	;;
-esac
-
-# If the branch to rebase is given, that is the branch we will rebase
-# $branch_name -- branch/commit being rebased, or HEAD (already detached)
-# $orig_head -- commit object name of tip of the branch before rebasing
-# $head_name -- refs/heads/<that-branch> or "detached HEAD"
-switch_to=
-case "$#" in
-1)
-	# Is it "rebase other $branchname" or "rebase other $commit"?
-	branch_name="$1"
-	switch_to="$1"
-
-	# Is it a local branch?
-	if git show-ref --verify --quiet -- "refs/heads/$branch_name" &&
-	   orig_head=$(git rev-parse -q --verify "refs/heads/$branch_name")
-	then
-		head_name="refs/heads/$branch_name"
-	# If not is it a valid ref (branch or commit)?
-	elif orig_head=$(git rev-parse -q --verify "$branch_name")
-	then
-		head_name="detached HEAD"
-
-	else
-		die "$(eval_gettext "fatal: no such branch/commit '\$branch_name'")"
-	fi
-	;;
-0)
-	# Do not need to switch branches, we are already on it.
-	if branch_name=$(git symbolic-ref -q HEAD)
-	then
-		head_name=$branch_name
-		branch_name=$(expr "z$branch_name" : 'zrefs/heads/\(.*\)')
-	else
-		head_name="detached HEAD"
-		branch_name=HEAD
-	fi
-	orig_head=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD) || exit
-	;;
-*)
-	die "BUG: unexpected number of arguments left to parse"
-	;;
-esac
-
-if test "$fork_point" = t
-then
-	new_upstream=$(git merge-base --fork-point "$upstream_name" \
-			"${switch_to:-HEAD}")
-	if test -n "$new_upstream"
-	then
-		restrict_revision=$new_upstream
-	fi
-fi
-
-if test "$autostash" = true && ! (require_clean_work_tree) 2>/dev/null
-then
-	stash_sha1=$(git stash create "autostash") ||
-	die "$(gettext 'Cannot autostash')"
-
-	mkdir -p "$state_dir" &&
-	echo $stash_sha1 >"$state_dir/autostash" &&
-	stash_abbrev=$(git rev-parse --short $stash_sha1) &&
-	echo "$(eval_gettext 'Created autostash: $stash_abbrev')" &&
-	git reset --hard
-fi
-
-require_clean_work_tree "rebase" "$(gettext "Please commit or stash them.")"
-
-# Now we are rebasing commits $upstream..$orig_head (or with --root,
-# everything leading up to $orig_head) on top of $onto
-
-# Check if we are already based on $onto with linear history,
-# but this should be done only when upstream and onto are the same
-# and if this is not an interactive rebase.
-mb=$(git merge-base "$onto" "$orig_head")
-if test -z "$actually_interactive" && test "$upstream" = "$onto" &&
-	test "$mb" = "$onto" && test -z "$restrict_revision" &&
-	# linear history?
-	! (git rev-list --parents "$onto".."$orig_head" | sane_grep " .* ") > /dev/null
-then
-	if test -z "$force_rebase"
-	then
-		# Lazily switch to the target branch if needed...
-		test -z "$switch_to" ||
-		GIT_REFLOG_ACTION="$GIT_REFLOG_ACTION: checkout $switch_to" \
-			git checkout -q "$switch_to" --
-		if test "$branch_name" = "HEAD" &&
-			 ! git symbolic-ref -q HEAD
-		then
-			say "$(eval_gettext "HEAD is up to date.")"
-		else
-			say "$(eval_gettext "Current branch \$branch_name is up to date.")"
-		fi
-		finish_rebase
-		exit 0
-	else
-		if test "$branch_name" = "HEAD" &&
-			 ! git symbolic-ref -q HEAD
-		then
-			say "$(eval_gettext "HEAD is up to date, rebase forced.")"
-		else
-			say "$(eval_gettext "Current branch \$branch_name is up to date, rebase forced.")"
-		fi
-	fi
-fi
-
-# If a hook exists, give it a chance to interrupt
-run_pre_rebase_hook "$upstream_arg" "$@"
-
-if test -n "$diffstat"
-then
-	if test -n "$verbose"
-	then
-		if test -z "$mb"
-		then
-			echo "$(eval_gettext "Changes to \$onto:")"
-		else
-			echo "$(eval_gettext "Changes from \$mb to \$onto:")"
-		fi
-	fi
-	mb_tree="${mb:-$(git hash-object -t tree /dev/null)}"
-	# We want color (if set), but no pager
-	GIT_PAGER='' git diff --stat --summary "$mb_tree" "$onto"
-fi
-
-if test -z "$actually_interactive" && test "$mb" = "$orig_head"
-then
-	say "$(eval_gettext "Fast-forwarded \$branch_name to \$onto_name.")"
-	GIT_REFLOG_ACTION="$GIT_REFLOG_ACTION: checkout $onto_name" \
-		git checkout -q "$onto^0" || die "could not detach HEAD"
-	# If the $onto is a proper descendant of the tip of the branch, then
-	# we just fast-forwarded.
-	git update-ref ORIG_HEAD $orig_head
-	move_to_original_branch
-	finish_rebase
-	exit 0
-fi
-
-test -n "$interactive_rebase" && run_specific_rebase
-
-# Detach HEAD and reset the tree
-say "$(gettext "First, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it...")"
-
-GIT_REFLOG_ACTION="$GIT_REFLOG_ACTION: checkout $onto_name" \
-	git checkout -q "$onto^0" || die "could not detach HEAD"
-git update-ref ORIG_HEAD $orig_head
-
-if test -n "$rebase_root"
-then
-	revisions="$onto..$orig_head"
-else
-	revisions="${restrict_revision-$upstream}..$orig_head"
-fi
-
-run_specific_rebase
diff --git a/git-submodule.sh b/git-submodule.sh
index 514ede2..2c0fb6d 100755
--- a/git-submodule.sh
+++ b/git-submodule.sh
@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@
 				# is not reachable from a ref.
 				is_tip_reachable "$sm_path" "$sha1" ||
 				fetch_in_submodule "$sm_path" $depth ||
-				say "$(eval_gettext "Unable to fetch in submodule path '\$displaypath'")"
+				say "$(eval_gettext "Unable to fetch in submodule path '\$displaypath'; trying to directly fetch \$sha1:")"
 
 				# Now we tried the usual fetch, but $sha1 may
 				# not be reachable from any of the refs
diff --git a/line-log.c b/line-log.c
index 24e2173..59248e3 100644
--- a/line-log.c
+++ b/line-log.c
@@ -1103,10 +1103,12 @@
 
 int line_log_print(struct rev_info *rev, struct commit *commit)
 {
-	struct line_log_data *range = lookup_line_range(rev, commit);
 
 	show_log(rev);
-	dump_diff_hacky(rev, range);
+	if (!(rev->diffopt.output_format & DIFF_FORMAT_NO_OUTPUT)) {
+		struct line_log_data *range = lookup_line_range(rev, commit);
+		dump_diff_hacky(rev, range);
+	}
 	return 1;
 }
 
diff --git a/parse-options.h b/parse-options.h
index 7d83e29..74cce4e 100644
--- a/parse-options.h
+++ b/parse-options.h
@@ -222,6 +222,17 @@
 		BUG("option callback does not expect an argument"); \
 } while (0)
 
+/*
+ * Similar to the assertions above, but checks that "arg" is always non-NULL.
+ * This assertion also implies BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(), letting you declare both
+ * assertions in a single line.
+ */
+#define BUG_ON_OPT_NEG_NOARG(unset, arg) do { \
+	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset); \
+	if(!(arg)) \
+		BUG("option callback expects an argument"); \
+} while(0)
+
 /*----- incremental advanced APIs -----*/
 
 enum parse_opt_result {
diff --git a/path.c b/path.c
index 03ab712..25e97b8 100644
--- a/path.c
+++ b/path.c
@@ -115,10 +115,13 @@
 	{ 1, 1, 0, "logs" },
 	{ 1, 1, 1, "logs/HEAD" },
 	{ 0, 1, 1, "logs/refs/bisect" },
+	{ 0, 1, 1, "logs/refs/rewritten" },
+	{ 0, 1, 1, "logs/refs/worktree" },
 	{ 0, 1, 0, "lost-found" },
 	{ 0, 1, 0, "objects" },
 	{ 0, 1, 0, "refs" },
 	{ 0, 1, 1, "refs/bisect" },
+	{ 0, 1, 1, "refs/rewritten" },
 	{ 0, 1, 1, "refs/worktree" },
 	{ 0, 1, 0, "remotes" },
 	{ 0, 1, 0, "worktrees" },
diff --git a/pkt-line.c b/pkt-line.c
index 60329b3..ffd7220 100644
--- a/pkt-line.c
+++ b/pkt-line.c
@@ -88,13 +88,15 @@
 void packet_flush(int fd)
 {
 	packet_trace("0000", 4, 1);
-	write_or_die(fd, "0000", 4);
+	if (write_in_full(fd, "0000", 4) < 0)
+		die_errno(_("unable to write flush packet"));
 }
 
 void packet_delim(int fd)
 {
 	packet_trace("0001", 4, 1);
-	write_or_die(fd, "0001", 4);
+	if (write_in_full(fd, "0001", 4) < 0)
+		die_errno(_("unable to write delim packet"));
 }
 
 int packet_flush_gently(int fd)
diff --git a/protocol.c b/protocol.c
index 5e63678..9741f05 100644
--- a/protocol.c
+++ b/protocol.c
@@ -17,6 +17,10 @@
 enum protocol_version get_protocol_version_config(void)
 {
 	const char *value;
+	enum protocol_version retval = protocol_v0;
+	const char *git_test_k = "GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION";
+	const char *git_test_v = getenv(git_test_k);
+
 	if (!git_config_get_string_const("protocol.version", &value)) {
 		enum protocol_version version = parse_protocol_version(value);
 
@@ -24,10 +28,19 @@
 			die("unknown value for config 'protocol.version': %s",
 			    value);
 
-		return version;
+		retval = version;
 	}
 
-	return protocol_v0;
+	if (git_test_v && *git_test_v) {
+		enum protocol_version env = parse_protocol_version(git_test_v);
+
+		if (env == protocol_unknown_version)
+			die("unknown value for %s: %s", git_test_k, git_test_v);
+		if (retval < env)
+			retval = env;
+	}
+
+	return retval;
 }
 
 enum protocol_version determine_protocol_version_server(void)
diff --git a/refs/files-backend.c b/refs/files-backend.c
index ef053f7..5848f32 100644
--- a/refs/files-backend.c
+++ b/refs/files-backend.c
@@ -215,6 +215,33 @@
 }
 
 /*
+ * Manually add refs/bisect, refs/rewritten and refs/worktree, which, being
+ * per-worktree, might not appear in the directory listing for
+ * refs/ in the main repo.
+ */
+static void add_per_worktree_entries_to_dir(struct ref_dir *dir, const char *dirname)
+{
+	const char *prefixes[] = { "refs/bisect/", "refs/worktree/", "refs/rewritten/" };
+	int ip;
+
+	if (strcmp(dirname, "refs/"))
+		return;
+
+	for (ip = 0; ip < ARRAY_SIZE(prefixes); ip++) {
+		const char *prefix = prefixes[ip];
+		int prefix_len = strlen(prefix);
+		struct ref_entry *child_entry;
+		int pos;
+
+		pos = search_ref_dir(dir, prefix, prefix_len);
+		if (pos >= 0)
+			continue;
+		child_entry = create_dir_entry(dir->cache, prefix, prefix_len, 1);
+		add_entry_to_dir(dir, child_entry);
+	}
+}
+
+/*
  * Read the loose references from the namespace dirname into dir
  * (without recursing).  dirname must end with '/'.  dir must be the
  * directory entry corresponding to dirname.
@@ -297,28 +324,7 @@
 	strbuf_release(&path);
 	closedir(d);
 
-	/*
-	 * Manually add refs/bisect and refs/worktree, which, being
-	 * per-worktree, might not appear in the directory listing for
-	 * refs/ in the main repo.
-	 */
-	if (!strcmp(dirname, "refs/")) {
-		int pos = search_ref_dir(dir, "refs/bisect/", 12);
-
-		if (pos < 0) {
-			struct ref_entry *child_entry = create_dir_entry(
-					dir->cache, "refs/bisect/", 12, 1);
-			add_entry_to_dir(dir, child_entry);
-		}
-
-		pos = search_ref_dir(dir, "refs/worktree/", 11);
-
-		if (pos < 0) {
-			struct ref_entry *child_entry = create_dir_entry(
-					dir->cache, "refs/worktree/", 11, 1);
-			add_entry_to_dir(dir, child_entry);
-		}
-	}
+	add_per_worktree_entries_to_dir(dir, dirname);
 }
 
 static struct ref_cache *get_loose_ref_cache(struct files_ref_store *refs)
diff --git a/remote-curl.c b/remote-curl.c
index 5b44794..8bba572 100644
--- a/remote-curl.c
+++ b/remote-curl.c
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include "send-pack.h"
 #include "protocol.h"
 #include "quote.h"
+#include "transport.h"
 
 static struct remote *remote;
 /* always ends with a trailing slash */
@@ -153,7 +154,7 @@
 		else {
 			struct strbuf unquoted = STRBUF_INIT;
 			if (unquote_c_style(&unquoted, value, NULL) < 0)
-				die("invalid quoting in push-option value");
+				die(_("invalid quoting in push-option value: '%s'"), value);
 			string_list_append_nodup(&options.push_options,
 						 strbuf_detach(&unquoted, NULL));
 		}
@@ -250,8 +251,8 @@
 			mid = &data[i];
 		if (data[i] == '\n') {
 			if (mid - start != 40)
-				die("%sinfo/refs not valid: is this a git repository?",
-				    url.buf);
+				die(_("%sinfo/refs not valid: is this a git repository?"),
+				    transport_anonymize_url(url.buf));
 			data[i] = 0;
 			ref_name = mid + 1;
 			ref = alloc_ref(ref_name);
@@ -351,7 +352,7 @@
 			   PACKET_READ_CHOMP_NEWLINE |
 			   PACKET_READ_DIE_ON_ERR_PACKET);
 	if (packet_reader_read(&reader) != PACKET_READ_NORMAL)
-		die("invalid server response; expected service, got flush packet");
+		die(_("invalid server response; expected service, got flush packet"));
 
 	if (skip_prefix(reader.line, "# service=", &p) && !strcmp(p, service)) {
 		/*
@@ -382,7 +383,7 @@
 		d->proto_git = 1;
 
 	} else {
-		die("invalid server response; got '%s'", reader.line);
+		die(_("invalid server response; got '%s'"), reader.line);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -442,17 +443,23 @@
 		break;
 	case HTTP_MISSING_TARGET:
 		show_http_message(&type, &charset, &buffer);
-		die("repository '%s' not found", url.buf);
+		die(_("repository '%s' not found"),
+		    transport_anonymize_url(url.buf));
 	case HTTP_NOAUTH:
 		show_http_message(&type, &charset, &buffer);
-		die("Authentication failed for '%s'", url.buf);
+		die(_("Authentication failed for '%s'"),
+		    transport_anonymize_url(url.buf));
 	default:
 		show_http_message(&type, &charset, &buffer);
-		die("unable to access '%s': %s", url.buf, curl_errorstr);
+		die(_("unable to access '%s': %s"),
+		    transport_anonymize_url(url.buf), curl_errorstr);
 	}
 
-	if (options.verbosity && !starts_with(refs_url.buf, url.buf))
-		warning(_("redirecting to %s"), url.buf);
+	if (options.verbosity && !starts_with(refs_url.buf, url.buf)) {
+		char *u = transport_anonymize_url(url.buf);
+		warning(_("redirecting to %s"), u);
+		free(u);
+	}
 
 	last= xcalloc(1, sizeof(*last_discovery));
 	last->service = xstrdup(service);
@@ -574,7 +581,7 @@
 		switch (*status) {
 		case PACKET_READ_EOF:
 			if (!(options & PACKET_READ_GENTLE_ON_EOF))
-				die("shouldn't have EOF when not gentle on EOF");
+				die(_("shouldn't have EOF when not gentle on EOF"));
 			break;
 		case PACKET_READ_NORMAL:
 			set_packet_header(buf - 4, *appended);
@@ -654,7 +661,7 @@
 			rpc->pos = 0;
 			return CURLIOE_OK;
 		}
-		error("unable to rewind rpc post data - try increasing http.postBuffer");
+		error(_("unable to rewind rpc post data - try increasing http.postBuffer"));
 		return CURLIOE_FAILRESTART;
 
 	default:
@@ -714,7 +721,7 @@
 				strbuf_addstr(&msg, curl_errorstr);
 			}
 		}
-		error("RPC failed; %s", msg.buf);
+		error(_("RPC failed; %s"), msg.buf);
 		strbuf_release(&msg);
 	}
 
@@ -754,7 +761,7 @@
 {
 	uintmax_t size = len;
 	if (size > maximum_signed_value_of_type(curl_off_t))
-		die("cannot handle pushes this big");
+		die(_("cannot handle pushes this big"));
 	return (curl_off_t)size;
 }
 
@@ -869,11 +876,11 @@
 
 		ret = git_deflate(&stream, Z_FINISH);
 		if (ret != Z_STREAM_END)
-			die("cannot deflate request; zlib deflate error %d", ret);
+			die(_("cannot deflate request; zlib deflate error %d"), ret);
 
 		ret = git_deflate_end_gently(&stream);
 		if (ret != Z_OK)
-			die("cannot deflate request; zlib end error %d", ret);
+			die(_("cannot deflate request; zlib end error %d"), ret);
 
 		gzip_size = stream.total_out;
 
@@ -1004,7 +1011,7 @@
 
 	ALLOC_ARRAY(targets, nr_heads);
 	if (options.depth || options.deepen_since)
-		die("dumb http transport does not support shallow capabilities");
+		die(_("dumb http transport does not support shallow capabilities"));
 	for (i = 0; i < nr_heads; i++)
 		targets[i] = xstrdup(oid_to_hex(&to_fetch[i]->old_oid));
 
@@ -1018,7 +1025,7 @@
 		free(targets[i]);
 	free(targets);
 
-	return ret ? error("fetch failed.") : 0;
+	return ret ? error(_("fetch failed.")) : 0;
 }
 
 static int fetch_git(struct discovery *heads,
@@ -1066,7 +1073,7 @@
 	for (i = 0; i < nr_heads; i++) {
 		struct ref *ref = to_fetch[i];
 		if (!*ref->name)
-			die("cannot fetch by sha1 over smart http");
+			die(_("cannot fetch by sha1 over smart http"));
 		packet_buf_write(&preamble, "%s %s\n",
 				 oid_to_hex(&ref->old_oid), ref->name);
 	}
@@ -1109,13 +1116,13 @@
 			struct object_id old_oid;
 
 			if (get_oid_hex(p, &old_oid))
-				die("protocol error: expected sha/ref, got %s'", p);
+				die(_("protocol error: expected sha/ref, got %s'"), p);
 			if (p[GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ] == ' ')
 				name = p + GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ + 1;
 			else if (!p[GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ])
 				name = "";
 			else
-				die("protocol error: expected sha/ref, got %s'", p);
+				die(_("protocol error: expected sha/ref, got %s'"), p);
 
 			ref = alloc_ref(name);
 			oidcpy(&ref->old_oid, &old_oid);
@@ -1127,7 +1134,7 @@
 			to_fetch[nr_heads++] = ref;
 		}
 		else
-			die("http transport does not support %s", buf->buf);
+			die(_("http transport does not support %s"), buf->buf);
 
 		strbuf_reset(buf);
 		if (strbuf_getline_lf(buf, stdin) == EOF)
@@ -1163,7 +1170,7 @@
 		argv_array_push(&child.args, specs[i]);
 
 	if (run_command(&child))
-		die("git-http-push failed");
+		die(_("git-http-push failed"));
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -1241,7 +1248,7 @@
 			specs[nr_spec++] = xstrdup(buf->buf + 5);
 		}
 		else
-			die("http transport does not support %s", buf->buf);
+			die(_("http transport does not support %s"), buf->buf);
 
 		strbuf_reset(buf);
 		if (strbuf_getline_lf(buf, stdin) == EOF)
@@ -1349,7 +1356,7 @@
 
 	setup_git_directory_gently(&nongit);
 	if (argc < 2) {
-		error("remote-curl: usage: git remote-curl <remote> [<url>]");
+		error(_("remote-curl: usage: git remote-curl <remote> [<url>]"));
 		return 1;
 	}
 
@@ -1381,14 +1388,14 @@
 
 		if (strbuf_getline_lf(&buf, stdin) == EOF) {
 			if (ferror(stdin))
-				error("remote-curl: error reading command stream from git");
+				error(_("remote-curl: error reading command stream from git"));
 			return 1;
 		}
 		if (buf.len == 0)
 			break;
 		if (starts_with(buf.buf, "fetch ")) {
 			if (nongit)
-				die("remote-curl: fetch attempted without a local repo");
+				die(_("remote-curl: fetch attempted without a local repo"));
 			parse_fetch(&buf);
 
 		} else if (!strcmp(buf.buf, "list") || starts_with(buf.buf, "list ")) {
@@ -1428,7 +1435,7 @@
 			if (!stateless_connect(arg))
 				break;
 		} else {
-			error("remote-curl: unknown command '%s' from git", buf.buf);
+			error(_("remote-curl: unknown command '%s' from git"), buf.buf);
 			return 1;
 		}
 		strbuf_reset(&buf);
diff --git a/repository.c b/repository.c
index 5cad2dc..682c239 100644
--- a/repository.c
+++ b/repository.c
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@
 	      const char *gitdir,
 	      const char *worktree)
 {
-	struct repository_format format;
+	struct repository_format format = REPOSITORY_FORMAT_INIT;
 	memset(repo, 0, sizeof(*repo));
 
 	repo->objects = raw_object_store_new();
@@ -174,6 +174,7 @@
 	if (worktree)
 		repo_set_worktree(repo, worktree);
 
+	clear_repository_format(&format);
 	return 0;
 
 error:
diff --git a/revision.c b/revision.c
index eb8e51b..cb69a22 100644
--- a/revision.c
+++ b/revision.c
@@ -2689,6 +2689,10 @@
 	if (revs->first_parent_only && revs->bisect)
 		die(_("--first-parent is incompatible with --bisect"));
 
+	if (revs->line_level_traverse &&
+	    (revs->diffopt.output_format & ~(DIFF_FORMAT_PATCH | DIFF_FORMAT_NO_OUTPUT)))
+		die(_("-L does not yet support diff formats besides -p and -s"));
+
 	if (revs->expand_tabs_in_log < 0)
 		revs->expand_tabs_in_log = revs->expand_tabs_in_log_default;
 
diff --git a/sequencer.c b/sequencer.c
index 95dda23..79a046d 100644
--- a/sequencer.c
+++ b/sequencer.c
@@ -2137,7 +2137,8 @@
 	item->arg_len = (int)(eol - item->arg);
 
 	if (status < 0)
-		return -1;
+		return error(_("could not parse '%.*s'"),
+			     (int)(end_of_object_name - bol), bol);
 
 	item->commit = lookup_commit_reference(r, &commit_oid);
 	return !item->commit;
@@ -3640,7 +3641,6 @@
 			res = do_exec(r, item->arg);
 			*end_of_arg = saved;
 
-			/* Reread the todo file if it has changed. */
 			if (res) {
 				if (opts->reschedule_failed_exec)
 					reschedule = 1;
@@ -3648,6 +3648,7 @@
 				res = error_errno(_("could not stat '%s'"),
 						  get_todo_path(opts));
 			else if (match_stat_data(&todo_list->stat, &st)) {
+				/* Reread the todo file if it has changed. */
 				todo_list_release(todo_list);
 				if (read_populate_todo(r, todo_list, opts))
 					res = -1; /* message was printed */
diff --git a/setup.c b/setup.c
index ca9e8a9..d0c958c 100644
--- a/setup.c
+++ b/setup.c
@@ -411,6 +411,7 @@
 	} else if (strcmp(var, "core.worktree") == 0) {
 		if (!value)
 			return config_error_nonbool(var);
+		free(data->work_tree);
 		data->work_tree = xstrdup(value);
 	}
 	return 0;
@@ -476,7 +477,7 @@
 	}
 
 	repository_format_precious_objects = candidate->precious_objects;
-	repository_format_partial_clone = candidate->partial_clone;
+	repository_format_partial_clone = xstrdup_or_null(candidate->partial_clone);
 	repository_format_worktree_config = candidate->worktree_config;
 	string_list_clear(&candidate->unknown_extensions, 0);
 
@@ -499,27 +500,38 @@
 		}
 		if (candidate->work_tree) {
 			free(git_work_tree_cfg);
-			git_work_tree_cfg = candidate->work_tree;
+			git_work_tree_cfg = xstrdup(candidate->work_tree);
 			inside_work_tree = -1;
 		}
-	} else {
-		free(candidate->work_tree);
 	}
 
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static void init_repository_format(struct repository_format *format)
+{
+	const struct repository_format fresh = REPOSITORY_FORMAT_INIT;
+
+	memcpy(format, &fresh, sizeof(fresh));
+}
+
 int read_repository_format(struct repository_format *format, const char *path)
 {
-	memset(format, 0, sizeof(*format));
-	format->version = -1;
-	format->is_bare = -1;
-	format->hash_algo = GIT_HASH_SHA1;
-	string_list_init(&format->unknown_extensions, 1);
+	clear_repository_format(format);
 	git_config_from_file(check_repo_format, path, format);
+	if (format->version == -1)
+		clear_repository_format(format);
 	return format->version;
 }
 
+void clear_repository_format(struct repository_format *format)
+{
+	string_list_clear(&format->unknown_extensions, 0);
+	free(format->work_tree);
+	free(format->partial_clone);
+	init_repository_format(format);
+}
+
 int verify_repository_format(const struct repository_format *format,
 			     struct strbuf *err)
 {
@@ -997,7 +1009,7 @@
 	struct strbuf dir = STRBUF_INIT, err = STRBUF_INIT;
 	size_t gitdir_offset = gitdir->len, cwd_len;
 	size_t commondir_offset = commondir->len;
-	struct repository_format candidate;
+	struct repository_format candidate = REPOSITORY_FORMAT_INIT;
 
 	if (strbuf_getcwd(&dir))
 		return -1;
@@ -1034,9 +1046,11 @@
 		strbuf_release(&err);
 		strbuf_setlen(commondir, commondir_offset);
 		strbuf_setlen(gitdir, gitdir_offset);
+		clear_repository_format(&candidate);
 		return -1;
 	}
 
+	clear_repository_format(&candidate);
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -1045,7 +1059,7 @@
 	static struct strbuf cwd = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct strbuf dir = STRBUF_INIT, gitdir = STRBUF_INIT;
 	const char *prefix = NULL;
-	struct repository_format repo_fmt;
+	struct repository_format repo_fmt = REPOSITORY_FORMAT_INIT;
 
 	/*
 	 * We may have read an incomplete configuration before
@@ -1157,6 +1171,7 @@
 
 	strbuf_release(&dir);
 	strbuf_release(&gitdir);
+	clear_repository_format(&repo_fmt);
 
 	return prefix;
 }
@@ -1214,9 +1229,10 @@
 
 void check_repository_format(void)
 {
-	struct repository_format repo_fmt;
+	struct repository_format repo_fmt = REPOSITORY_FORMAT_INIT;
 	check_repository_format_gently(get_git_dir(), &repo_fmt, NULL);
 	startup_info->have_repository = 1;
+	clear_repository_format(&repo_fmt);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/sha1-name.c b/sha1-name.c
index 6dda2c1..cfe5c87 100644
--- a/sha1-name.c
+++ b/sha1-name.c
@@ -442,6 +442,18 @@
 	find_short_packed_object(&ds);
 	status = finish_object_disambiguation(&ds, oid);
 
+	/*
+	 * If we didn't find it, do the usual reprepare() slow-path,
+	 * since the object may have recently been added to the repository
+	 * or migrated from loose to packed.
+	 */
+	if (status == MISSING_OBJECT) {
+		reprepare_packed_git(the_repository);
+		find_short_object_filename(&ds);
+		find_short_packed_object(&ds);
+		status = finish_object_disambiguation(&ds, oid);
+	}
+
 	if (!quietly && (status == SHORT_NAME_AMBIGUOUS)) {
 		struct oid_array collect = OID_ARRAY_INIT;
 
diff --git a/sha1collisiondetection b/sha1collisiondetection
index 232357e..1603399 160000
--- a/sha1collisiondetection
+++ b/sha1collisiondetection
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 232357eb2ea0397388254a4b188333a227bf5b10
+Subproject commit 16033998da4b273aebd92c84b1e1b12e4aaf7009
diff --git a/sha1dc/sha1.c b/sha1dc/sha1.c
index df0630b..5931cf2 100644
--- a/sha1dc/sha1.c
+++ b/sha1dc/sha1.c
@@ -124,10 +124,11 @@
 #endif
 /*ENDIANNESS SELECTION*/
 
+#ifndef SHA1DC_FORCE_ALIGNED_ACCESS
 #if defined(SHA1DC_FORCE_UNALIGNED_ACCESS) || defined(SHA1DC_ON_INTEL_LIKE_PROCESSOR)
 #define SHA1DC_ALLOW_UNALIGNED_ACCESS
-#endif /*UNALIGNMENT DETECTION*/
-
+#endif /*UNALIGNED ACCESS DETECTION*/
+#endif /*FORCE ALIGNED ACCESS*/
 
 #define rotate_right(x,n) (((x)>>(n))|((x)<<(32-(n))))
 #define rotate_left(x,n)  (((x)<<(n))|((x)>>(32-(n))))
diff --git a/submodule.c b/submodule.c
index 21cf50c..b16c0ec 100644
--- a/submodule.c
+++ b/submodule.c
@@ -1548,6 +1548,13 @@
 	struct oid_array *commits;
 
 	if (retvalue)
+		/*
+		 * NEEDSWORK: This indicates that the overall fetch
+		 * failed, even though there may be a subsequent fetch
+		 * by commit hash that might work. It may be a good
+		 * idea to not indicate failure in this case, and only
+		 * indicate failure if the subsequent fetch fails.
+		 */
 		spf->result = 1;
 
 	if (!task || !task->sub)
diff --git a/t/README b/t/README
index 7a3d582..da721d3 100644
--- a/t/README
+++ b/t/README
@@ -196,11 +196,10 @@
 	variable to "1" or "0", respectively.
 
 --stress::
---stress=<N>::
 	Run the test script repeatedly in multiple parallel jobs until
 	one of them fails.  Useful for reproducing rare failures in
 	flaky tests.  The number of parallel jobs is, in order of
-	precedence: <N>, or the value of the GIT_TEST_STRESS_LOAD
+	precedence: the value of the GIT_TEST_STRESS_LOAD
 	environment variable, or twice the number of available
 	processors (as shown by the 'getconf' utility),	or 8.
 	Implies `--verbose -x --immediate` to get the most information
@@ -211,10 +210,13 @@
 	'.stress-<nr>' suffix, and the trash directory of the failed
 	test job is renamed to end with a '.stress-failed' suffix.
 
+--stress-jobs=<N>::
+	Override the number of parallel jobs. Implies `--stress`.
+
 --stress-limit=<N>::
 	When combined with --stress run the test script repeatedly
 	this many times in each of the parallel jobs or until one of
-	them fails, whichever comes first.
+	them fails, whichever comes first. Implies `--stress`.
 
 You can also set the GIT_TEST_INSTALLED environment variable to
 the bindir of an existing git installation to test that installation.
@@ -341,6 +343,9 @@
 GIT_TEST_SPLIT_INDEX=<boolean> forces split-index mode on the whole
 test suite. Accept any boolean values that are accepted by git-config.
 
+GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION=<n>, when set, overrides the
+'protocol.version' setting to n if it is less than n.
+
 GIT_TEST_FULL_IN_PACK_ARRAY=<boolean> exercises the uncommon
 pack-objects code path where there are more than 1024 packs even if
 the actual number of packs in repository is below this limit. Accept
@@ -379,10 +384,6 @@
 GIT_TEST_PRELOAD_INDEX=<boolean> exercises the preload-index code path
 by overriding the minimum number of cache entries required per thread.
 
-GIT_TEST_REBASE_USE_BUILTIN=<boolean>, when false, disables the
-builtin version of git-rebase. See 'rebase.useBuiltin' in
-git-config(1).
-
 GIT_TEST_INDEX_THREADS=<n> enables exercising the multi-threaded loading
 of the index for the whole test suite by bypassing the default number of
 cache entries and thread minimums. Setting this to 1 will make the
diff --git a/t/perf/perf-lib.sh b/t/perf/perf-lib.sh
index 2e33ab3..169f92e 100644
--- a/t/perf/perf-lib.sh
+++ b/t/perf/perf-lib.sh
@@ -17,37 +17,25 @@
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program.  If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/ .
 
-# do the --tee work early; it otherwise confuses our careful
-# GIT_BUILD_DIR mangling
-case "$GIT_TEST_TEE_STARTED, $* " in
-done,*)
-	# do not redirect again
-	;;
-*' --tee '*|*' --va'*)
-	mkdir -p test-results
-	BASE=test-results/$(basename "$0" .sh)
-	(GIT_TEST_TEE_STARTED=done ${SHELL-sh} "$0" "$@" 2>&1;
-	 echo $? > $BASE.exit) | tee $BASE.out
-	test "$(cat $BASE.exit)" = 0
-	exit
-	;;
-esac
-
+# These variables must be set before the inclusion of test-lib.sh below,
+# because it will change our working directory.
 TEST_DIRECTORY=$(pwd)/..
 TEST_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY=$(pwd)
-if test -z "$GIT_TEST_INSTALLED"; then
-	perf_results_prefix=
-else
-	perf_results_prefix=$(printf "%s" "${GIT_TEST_INSTALLED%/bin-wrappers}" | tr -c "[a-zA-Z0-9]" "[_*]")"."
-	# make the tested dir absolute
-	GIT_TEST_INSTALLED=$(cd "$GIT_TEST_INSTALLED" && pwd)
-fi
+ABSOLUTE_GIT_TEST_INSTALLED=$(
+	test -n "$GIT_TEST_INSTALLED" && cd "$GIT_TEST_INSTALLED" && pwd)
 
 TEST_NO_CREATE_REPO=t
 TEST_NO_MALLOC_CHECK=t
 
 . ../test-lib.sh
 
+if test -z "$GIT_TEST_INSTALLED"; then
+	perf_results_prefix=
+else
+	perf_results_prefix=$(printf "%s" "${GIT_TEST_INSTALLED%/bin-wrappers}" | tr -c "[a-zA-Z0-9]" "[_*]")"."
+	GIT_TEST_INSTALLED=$ABSOLUTE_GIT_TEST_INSTALLED
+fi
+
 # Variables from test-lib that are normally internal to the tests; we
 # need to export them for test_perf subshells
 export TEST_DIRECTORY TRASH_DIRECTORY GIT_BUILD_DIR GIT_TEST_CMP
diff --git a/t/t0001-init.sh b/t/t0001-init.sh
index 5e27604..1f46220 100755
--- a/t/t0001-init.sh
+++ b/t/t0001-init.sh
@@ -454,6 +454,17 @@
 	)
 '
 
+test_expect_success MINGW 'core.hidedotfiles = false' '
+	git config --global core.hidedotfiles false &&
+	rm -rf newdir &&
+	mkdir newdir &&
+	(
+		sane_unset GIT_DIR GIT_WORK_TREE GIT_CONFIG &&
+		git -C newdir init
+	) &&
+	! is_hidden newdir/.git
+'
+
 test_expect_success MINGW 'redirect std handles' '
 	GIT_REDIRECT_STDOUT=output.txt git rev-parse --git-dir &&
 	test .git = "$(cat output.txt)" &&
diff --git a/t/t1060-object-corruption.sh b/t/t1060-object-corruption.sh
index 4feb651..bc89371 100755
--- a/t/t1060-object-corruption.sh
+++ b/t/t1060-object-corruption.sh
@@ -127,4 +127,14 @@
 	)
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'internal tree objects are not "missing"' '
+	git init missing-empty &&
+	(
+		cd missing-empty &&
+		empty_tree=$(git hash-object -t tree /dev/null) &&
+		commit=$(echo foo | git commit-tree $empty_tree) &&
+		git rev-list --objects $commit
+	)
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t1415-worktree-refs.sh b/t/t1415-worktree-refs.sh
index b664e51..bb2c757 100755
--- a/t/t1415-worktree-refs.sh
+++ b/t/t1415-worktree-refs.sh
@@ -76,4 +76,39 @@
 	test_cmp expected actual.wt2
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'for-each-ref from main repo' '
+	mkdir fer1 &&
+	git -C fer1 init repo &&
+	test_commit -C fer1/repo initial &&
+	git -C fer1/repo worktree add ../second &&
+	git -C fer1/repo update-ref refs/bisect/main HEAD &&
+	git -C fer1/repo update-ref refs/rewritten/main HEAD &&
+	git -C fer1/repo update-ref refs/worktree/main HEAD &&
+	git -C fer1/repo for-each-ref --format="%(refname)" | grep main >actual &&
+	cat >expected <<-\EOF &&
+	refs/bisect/main
+	refs/rewritten/main
+	refs/worktree/main
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'for-each-ref from linked repo' '
+	mkdir fer2 &&
+	git -C fer2 init repo &&
+	test_commit -C fer2/repo initial &&
+	git -C fer2/repo worktree add ../second &&
+	git -C fer2/second update-ref refs/bisect/second HEAD &&
+	git -C fer2/second update-ref refs/rewritten/second HEAD &&
+	git -C fer2/second update-ref refs/worktree/second HEAD &&
+	git -C fer2/second for-each-ref --format="%(refname)" | grep second >actual &&
+	cat >expected <<-\EOF &&
+	refs/bisect/second
+	refs/heads/second
+	refs/rewritten/second
+	refs/worktree/second
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t1450-fsck.sh b/t/t1450-fsck.sh
index c61f972..49f08d5 100755
--- a/t/t1450-fsck.sh
+++ b/t/t1450-fsck.sh
@@ -740,7 +740,7 @@
 # for each of type, we have one version which is referenced by another object
 # (and so while unreachable, not dangling), and another variant which really is
 # dangling.
-test_expect_success 'fsck notices dangling objects' '
+test_expect_success 'create dangling-object repository' '
 	git init dangling &&
 	(
 		cd dangling &&
@@ -751,12 +751,17 @@
 		commit=$(git commit-tree $tree) &&
 		dcommit=$(git commit-tree -p $commit $tree) &&
 
-		cat >expect <<-EOF &&
+		cat >expect <<-EOF
 		dangling blob $dblob
 		dangling commit $dcommit
 		dangling tree $dtree
 		EOF
+	)
+'
 
+test_expect_success 'fsck notices dangling objects' '
+	(
+		cd dangling &&
 		git fsck >actual &&
 		# the output order is non-deterministic, as it comes from a hash
 		sort <actual >actual.sorted &&
@@ -764,6 +769,16 @@
 	)
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'fsck --connectivity-only notices dangling objects' '
+	(
+		cd dangling &&
+		git fsck --connectivity-only >actual &&
+		# the output order is non-deterministic, as it comes from a hash
+		sort <actual >actual.sorted &&
+		test_i18ncmp expect actual.sorted
+	)
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'fsck $name notices bogus $name' '
 	test_must_fail git fsck bogus &&
 	test_must_fail git fsck $ZERO_OID
diff --git a/t/t2023-checkout-m.sh b/t/t2023-checkout-m.sh
index 7e18985..fca3f85 100755
--- a/t/t2023-checkout-m.sh
+++ b/t/t2023-checkout-m.sh
@@ -46,4 +46,28 @@
 	test_cmp both.txt.conflicted.cleaned both.txt.cleaned
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'force checkout a conflict file creates stage zero entry' '
+	git init co-force &&
+	(
+		cd co-force &&
+		echo a >a &&
+		git add a &&
+		git commit -ama &&
+		A_OBJ=$(git rev-parse :a) &&
+		git branch topic &&
+		echo b >a &&
+		git commit -amb &&
+		B_OBJ=$(git rev-parse :a) &&
+		git checkout topic &&
+		echo c >a &&
+		C_OBJ=$(git hash-object a) &&
+		git checkout -m master &&
+		test_cmp_rev :1:a $A_OBJ &&
+		test_cmp_rev :2:a $B_OBJ &&
+		test_cmp_rev :3:a $C_OBJ &&
+		git checkout -f topic &&
+		test_cmp_rev :0:a $A_OBJ
+	)
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3400-rebase.sh b/t/t3400-rebase.sh
index 3e73f75..42f1478 100755
--- a/t/t3400-rebase.sh
+++ b/t/t3400-rebase.sh
@@ -59,6 +59,14 @@
 	git rebase master
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'rebase sets ORIG_HEAD to pre-rebase state' '
+	git checkout -b orig-head topic &&
+	pre="$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD)" &&
+	git rebase master &&
+	test_cmp_rev "$pre" ORIG_HEAD &&
+	! test_cmp_rev "$pre" HEAD
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'rebase, with <onto> and <upstream> specified as :/quuxery' '
 	test_when_finished "git branch -D torebase" &&
 	git checkout -b torebase my-topic-branch^ &&
@@ -311,4 +319,20 @@
 	)
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'rebase -c rebase.useBuiltin=false warning' '
+	expected="rebase.useBuiltin support has been removed" &&
+
+	# Only warn when the legacy rebase is requested...
+	test_must_fail git -c rebase.useBuiltin=false rebase 2>err &&
+	test_i18ngrep "$expected" err &&
+	test_must_fail env GIT_TEST_REBASE_USE_BUILTIN=false git rebase 2>err &&
+	test_i18ngrep "$expected" err &&
+
+	# ...not when we would have used the built-in anyway
+	test_must_fail git -c rebase.useBuiltin=true rebase 2>err &&
+	test_must_be_empty err &&
+	test_must_fail env GIT_TEST_REBASE_USE_BUILTIN=true git rebase 2>err &&
+	test_must_be_empty err
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh b/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh
index b60b11f..1723e1a 100755
--- a/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh
+++ b/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh
@@ -149,12 +149,10 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'rebase -x with empty command fails' '
 	test_when_finished "git rebase --abort ||:" &&
-	test_must_fail env GIT_TEST_REBASE_USE_BUILTIN=true \
-		git rebase -x "" @ 2>actual &&
+	test_must_fail env git rebase -x "" @ 2>actual &&
 	test_write_lines "error: empty exec command" >expected &&
 	test_i18ncmp expected actual &&
-	test_must_fail env GIT_TEST_REBASE_USE_BUILTIN=true \
-		git rebase -x " " @ 2>actual &&
+	test_must_fail env git rebase -x " " @ 2>actual &&
 	test_i18ncmp expected actual
 '
 
@@ -162,8 +160,7 @@
 '
 test_expect_success 'rebase -x with newline in command fails' '
 	test_when_finished "git rebase --abort ||:" &&
-	test_must_fail env GIT_TEST_REBASE_USE_BUILTIN=true \
-		git rebase -x "a${LF}b" @ 2>actual &&
+	test_must_fail env git rebase -x "a${LF}b" @ 2>actual &&
 	test_write_lines "error: exec commands cannot contain newlines" \
 			 >expected &&
 	test_i18ncmp expected actual
diff --git a/t/t3429-rebase-edit-todo.sh b/t/t3429-rebase-edit-todo.sh
index b9292df..76f6d30 100755
--- a/t/t3429-rebase-edit-todo.sh
+++ b/t/t3429-rebase-edit-todo.sh
@@ -11,4 +11,26 @@
 	test -e F
 '
 
+test_expect_success SHA1 'loose object cache vs re-reading todo list' '
+	GIT_REBASE_TODO=.git/rebase-merge/git-rebase-todo &&
+	export GIT_REBASE_TODO &&
+	write_script append-todo.sh <<-\EOS &&
+	# For values 5 and 6, this yields SHA-1s with the same first two digits
+	echo "pick $(git rev-parse --short \
+		$(printf "%s\\n" \
+			"tree $EMPTY_TREE" \
+			"author A U Thor <author@example.org> $1 +0000" \
+			"committer A U Thor <author@example.org> $1 +0000" \
+			"" \
+			"$1" |
+		  git hash-object -t commit -w --stdin))" >>$GIT_REBASE_TODO
+
+	shift
+	test -z "$*" ||
+	echo "exec $0 $*" >>$GIT_REBASE_TODO
+	EOS
+
+	git rebase HEAD -x "./append-todo.sh 5 6"
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3600-rm.sh b/t/t3600-rm.sh
index 04e5d42..85ae7dc 100755
--- a/t/t3600-rm.sh
+++ b/t/t3600-rm.sh
@@ -8,91 +8,92 @@
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
 # Setup some files to be removed, some with funny characters
-test_expect_success \
-    'Initialize test directory' \
-    "touch -- foo bar baz 'space embedded' -q &&
-     git add -- foo bar baz 'space embedded' -q &&
-     git commit -m 'add normal files'"
+test_expect_success 'Initialize test directory' '
+	touch -- foo bar baz "space embedded" -q &&
+	git add -- foo bar baz "space embedded" -q &&
+	git commit -m "add normal files"
+'
 
-if test_have_prereq !FUNNYNAMES; then
+if test_have_prereq !FUNNYNAMES
+then
 	say 'Your filesystem does not allow tabs in filenames.'
 fi
 
-test_expect_success FUNNYNAMES 'add files with funny names' "
-     touch -- 'tab	embedded' 'newline
-embedded' &&
-     git add -- 'tab	embedded' 'newline
-embedded' &&
-     git commit -m 'add files with tabs and newlines'
-"
-
-test_expect_success \
-    'Pre-check that foo exists and is in index before git rm foo' \
-    '[ -f foo ] && git ls-files --error-unmatch foo'
-
-test_expect_success \
-    'Test that git rm foo succeeds' \
-    'git rm --cached foo'
-
-test_expect_success \
-    'Test that git rm --cached foo succeeds if the index matches the file' \
-    'echo content >foo &&
-     git add foo &&
-     git rm --cached foo'
-
-test_expect_success \
-    'Test that git rm --cached foo succeeds if the index matches the file' \
-    'echo content >foo &&
-     git add foo &&
-     git commit -m foo &&
-     echo "other content" >foo &&
-     git rm --cached foo'
-
-test_expect_success \
-    'Test that git rm --cached foo fails if the index matches neither the file nor HEAD' '
-     echo content >foo &&
-     git add foo &&
-     git commit -m foo --allow-empty &&
-     echo "other content" >foo &&
-     git add foo &&
-     echo "yet another content" >foo &&
-     test_must_fail git rm --cached foo
+test_expect_success FUNNYNAMES 'add files with funny names' '
+	touch -- "tab	embedded" "newline${LF}embedded" &&
+	git add -- "tab	embedded" "newline${LF}embedded" &&
+	git commit -m "add files with tabs and newlines"
 '
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'Test that git rm --cached -f foo works in case where --cached only did not' \
-    'echo content >foo &&
-     git add foo &&
-     git commit -m foo --allow-empty &&
-     echo "other content" >foo &&
-     git add foo &&
-     echo "yet another content" >foo &&
-     git rm --cached -f foo'
+test_expect_success 'Pre-check that foo exists and is in index before git rm foo' '
+	test_path_is_file foo &&
+	git ls-files --error-unmatch foo
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'Post-check that foo exists but is not in index after git rm foo' \
-    '[ -f foo ] && test_must_fail git ls-files --error-unmatch foo'
+test_expect_success 'Test that git rm foo succeeds' '
+	git rm --cached foo
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'Pre-check that bar exists and is in index before "git rm bar"' \
-    '[ -f bar ] && git ls-files --error-unmatch bar'
+test_expect_success 'Test that git rm --cached foo succeeds if the index matches the file' '
+	echo content >foo &&
+	git add foo &&
+	git rm --cached foo
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'Test that "git rm bar" succeeds' \
-    'git rm bar'
+test_expect_success 'Test that git rm --cached foo succeeds if the index matches the file' '
+	echo content >foo &&
+	git add foo &&
+	git commit -m foo &&
+	echo "other content" >foo &&
+	git rm --cached foo
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'Post-check that bar does not exist and is not in index after "git rm -f bar"' \
-    '! [ -f bar ] && test_must_fail git ls-files --error-unmatch bar'
+test_expect_success 'Test that git rm --cached foo fails if the index matches neither the file nor HEAD' '
+	echo content >foo &&
+	git add foo &&
+	git commit -m foo --allow-empty &&
+	echo "other content" >foo &&
+	git add foo &&
+	echo "yet another content" >foo &&
+	test_must_fail git rm --cached foo
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'Test that "git rm -- -q" succeeds (remove a file that looks like an option)' \
-    'git rm -- -q'
+test_expect_success 'Test that git rm --cached -f foo works in case where --cached only did not' '
+	echo content >foo &&
+	git add foo &&
+	git commit -m foo --allow-empty &&
+	echo "other content" >foo &&
+	git add foo &&
+	echo "yet another content" >foo &&
+	git rm --cached -f foo
+'
 
-test_expect_success FUNNYNAMES \
-    "Test that \"git rm -f\" succeeds with embedded space, tab, or newline characters." \
-    "git rm -f 'space embedded' 'tab	embedded' 'newline
-embedded'"
+test_expect_success 'Post-check that foo exists but is not in index after git rm foo' '
+	test_path_is_file foo &&
+	test_must_fail git ls-files --error-unmatch foo
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'Pre-check that bar exists and is in index before "git rm bar"' '
+	test_path_is_file bar &&
+	git ls-files --error-unmatch bar
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'Test that "git rm bar" succeeds' '
+	git rm bar
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'Post-check that bar does not exist and is not in index after "git rm -f bar"' '
+	test_path_is_missing bar &&
+	test_must_fail git ls-files --error-unmatch bar
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'Test that "git rm -- -q" succeeds (remove a file that looks like an option)' '
+	git rm -- -q
+'
+
+test_expect_success FUNNYNAMES 'Test that "git rm -f" succeeds with embedded space, tab, or newline characters.' '
+	git rm -f "space embedded" "tab	embedded" "newline${LF}embedded"
+'
 
 test_expect_success SANITY 'Test that "git rm -f" fails if its rm fails' '
 	test_when_finished "chmod 775 ." &&
@@ -100,9 +101,9 @@
 	test_must_fail git rm -f baz
 '
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'When the rm in "git rm -f" fails, it should not remove the file from the index' \
-    'git ls-files --error-unmatch baz'
+test_expect_success 'When the rm in "git rm -f" fails, it should not remove the file from the index' '
+	git ls-files --error-unmatch baz
+'
 
 test_expect_success 'Remove nonexistent file with --ignore-unmatch' '
 	git rm --ignore-unmatch nonexistent
@@ -137,15 +138,15 @@
 test_expect_success 'Modify foo -- rm should refuse' '
 	echo >>foo &&
 	test_must_fail git rm foo baz &&
-	test -f foo &&
-	test -f baz &&
+	test_path_is_file foo &&
+	test_path_is_file baz &&
 	git ls-files --error-unmatch foo baz
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'Modified foo -- rm -f should work' '
 	git rm -f foo baz &&
-	test ! -f foo &&
-	test ! -f baz &&
+	test_path_is_missing foo &&
+	test_path_is_missing baz &&
 	test_must_fail git ls-files --error-unmatch foo &&
 	test_must_fail git ls-files --error-unmatch bar
 '
@@ -159,15 +160,15 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'foo is different in index from HEAD -- rm should refuse' '
 	test_must_fail git rm foo baz &&
-	test -f foo &&
-	test -f baz &&
+	test_path_is_file foo &&
+	test_path_is_file baz &&
 	git ls-files --error-unmatch foo baz
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'but with -f it should work.' '
 	git rm -f foo baz &&
-	test ! -f foo &&
-	test ! -f baz &&
+	test_path_is_missing foo &&
+	test_path_is_missing baz &&
 	test_must_fail git ls-files --error-unmatch foo &&
 	test_must_fail git ls-files --error-unmatch baz
 '
@@ -194,21 +195,21 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'Recursive without -r fails' '
 	test_must_fail git rm frotz &&
-	test -d frotz &&
-	test -f frotz/nitfol
+	test_path_is_dir frotz &&
+	test_path_is_file frotz/nitfol
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'Recursive with -r but dirty' '
 	echo qfwfq >>frotz/nitfol &&
 	test_must_fail git rm -r frotz &&
-	test -d frotz &&
-	test -f frotz/nitfol
+	test_path_is_dir frotz &&
+	test_path_is_file frotz/nitfol
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'Recursive with -r -f' '
 	git rm -f -r frotz &&
-	! test -f frotz/nitfol &&
-	! test -d frotz
+	test_path_is_missing frotz/nitfol &&
+	test_path_is_missing frotz
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'Remove nonexistent file returns nonzero exit status' '
@@ -217,23 +218,25 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'Call "rm" from outside the work tree' '
 	mkdir repo &&
-	(cd repo &&
-	 git init &&
-	 echo something >somefile &&
-	 git add somefile &&
-	 git commit -m "add a file" &&
-	 (cd .. &&
-	  git --git-dir=repo/.git --work-tree=repo rm somefile) &&
-	test_must_fail git ls-files --error-unmatch somefile)
+	(
+		cd repo &&
+		git init &&
+		echo something >somefile &&
+		git add somefile &&
+		git commit -m "add a file" &&
+		(
+			cd .. &&
+			git --git-dir=repo/.git --work-tree=repo rm somefile
+		) &&
+		test_must_fail git ls-files --error-unmatch somefile
+	)
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'refresh index before checking if it is up-to-date' '
-
 	git reset --hard &&
 	test-tool chmtime -86400 frotz/nitfol &&
 	git rm frotz/nitfol &&
-	test ! -f frotz/nitfol
-
+	test_path_is_missing frotz/nitfol
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'choking "git rm" should not let it die with cruft' '
@@ -242,8 +245,8 @@
 	i=0 &&
 	while test $i -lt 12000
 	do
-	    echo "100644 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890 0	some-file-$i"
-	    i=$(( $i + 1 ))
+		echo "100644 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890 0	some-file-$i"
+		i=$(( $i + 1 ))
 	done | git update-index --index-info &&
 	git rm -n "some-file-*" | : &&
 	test_path_is_missing .git/index.lock
@@ -254,7 +257,7 @@
 	echo content >dir/subdir/subsubdir/file &&
 	git add dir/subdir/subsubdir/file &&
 	git rm -f dir/subdir/subsubdir/file &&
-	! test -d dir
+	test_path_is_missing dir
 '
 
 cat >expect <<EOF
@@ -292,7 +295,7 @@
 	git add .gitmodules &&
 	git commit -m "add submodule" &&
 	git rm submod &&
-	test ! -e submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual &&
 	test_must_fail git config -f .gitmodules submodule.sub.url &&
@@ -314,7 +317,7 @@
 	git reset --hard &&
 	git submodule update &&
 	git rm submod &&
-	test ! -d submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual &&
 	test_must_fail git config -f .gitmodules submodule.sub.url &&
@@ -325,7 +328,7 @@
 	git reset --hard &&
 	git submodule update &&
 	git rm submod/ &&
-	test ! -d submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
@@ -343,12 +346,12 @@
 	git submodule update &&
 	git -C submod checkout HEAD^ &&
 	test_must_fail git rm submod &&
-	test -d submod &&
-	test -f submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_dir submod &&
+	test_path_is_file submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect.modified actual &&
 	git rm -f submod &&
-	test ! -d submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual &&
 	test_must_fail git config -f .gitmodules submodule.sub.url &&
@@ -359,8 +362,8 @@
 	git reset --hard &&
 	git submodule update &&
 	git rm --cached submod &&
-	test -d submod &&
-	test -f submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_dir submod &&
+	test_path_is_file submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect.cached actual &&
 	git config -f .gitmodules submodule.sub.url &&
@@ -371,7 +374,7 @@
 	git reset --hard &&
 	git submodule update &&
 	git rm -n submod &&
-	test -f submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_file submod/.git &&
 	git diff-index --exit-code HEAD
 '
 
@@ -381,8 +384,8 @@
 	git rm .gitmodules &&
 	git rm submod >actual 2>actual.err &&
 	test_must_be_empty actual.err &&
-	! test -d submod &&
-	! test -f submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect.both_deleted actual
 '
@@ -392,15 +395,15 @@
 	git submodule update &&
 	git config -f .gitmodules foo.bar true &&
 	test_must_fail git rm submod >actual 2>actual.err &&
-	test -s actual.err &&
-	test -d submod &&
-	test -f submod/.git &&
+	test_file_not_empty actual.err &&
+	test_path_is_dir submod &&
+	test_path_is_file submod/.git &&
 	git diff-files --quiet -- submod &&
 	git add .gitmodules &&
 	git rm submod >actual 2>actual.err &&
 	test_must_be_empty actual.err &&
-	! test -d submod &&
-	! test -f submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
@@ -413,8 +416,8 @@
 	echo "warning: Could not find section in .gitmodules where path=submod" >expect.err &&
 	git rm submod >actual 2>actual.err &&
 	test_i18ncmp expect.err actual.err &&
-	! test -d submod &&
-	! test -f submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
@@ -424,12 +427,12 @@
 	git submodule update &&
 	echo X >submod/empty &&
 	test_must_fail git rm submod &&
-	test -d submod &&
-	test -f submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_dir submod &&
+	test_path_is_file submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect.modified_inside actual &&
 	git rm -f submod &&
-	test ! -d submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
@@ -439,12 +442,12 @@
 	git submodule update &&
 	echo X >submod/untracked &&
 	test_must_fail git rm submod &&
-	test -d submod &&
-	test -f submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_dir submod &&
+	test_path_is_file submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect.modified_untracked actual &&
 	git rm -f submod &&
-	test ! -d submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
@@ -481,7 +484,7 @@
 	git submodule update &&
 	test_must_fail git merge conflict2 &&
 	git rm submod &&
-	test ! -d submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
@@ -493,12 +496,12 @@
 	git -C submod checkout HEAD^ &&
 	test_must_fail git merge conflict2 &&
 	test_must_fail git rm submod &&
-	test -d submod &&
-	test -f submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_dir submod &&
+	test_path_is_file submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect.conflict actual &&
 	git rm -f submod &&
-	test ! -d submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual &&
 	test_must_fail git config -f .gitmodules submodule.sub.url &&
@@ -512,12 +515,12 @@
 	echo X >submod/empty &&
 	test_must_fail git merge conflict2 &&
 	test_must_fail git rm submod &&
-	test -d submod &&
-	test -f submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_dir submod &&
+	test_path_is_file submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect.conflict actual &&
 	git rm -f submod &&
-	test ! -d submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual &&
 	test_must_fail git config -f .gitmodules submodule.sub.url &&
@@ -531,12 +534,12 @@
 	echo X >submod/untracked &&
 	test_must_fail git merge conflict2 &&
 	test_must_fail git rm submod &&
-	test -d submod &&
-	test -f submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_dir submod &&
+	test_path_is_file submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect.conflict actual &&
 	git rm -f submod &&
-	test ! -d submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
@@ -545,20 +548,21 @@
 	git checkout conflict1 &&
 	git reset --hard &&
 	git submodule update &&
-	(cd submod &&
+	(
+		cd submod &&
 		rm .git &&
 		cp -R ../.git/modules/sub .git &&
 		GIT_WORK_TREE=. git config --unset core.worktree
 	) &&
 	test_must_fail git merge conflict2 &&
 	test_must_fail git rm submod &&
-	test -d submod &&
-	test -d submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_dir submod &&
+	test_path_is_dir submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect.conflict actual &&
 	test_must_fail git rm -f submod &&
-	test -d submod &&
-	test -d submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_dir submod &&
+	test_path_is_dir submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect.conflict actual &&
 	git merge --abort &&
@@ -570,7 +574,7 @@
 	git reset --hard &&
 	test_must_fail git merge conflict2 &&
 	git rm submod &&
-	test ! -d submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
@@ -579,17 +583,18 @@
 	git checkout -f master &&
 	git reset --hard &&
 	git submodule update &&
-	(cd submod &&
+	(
+		cd submod &&
 		rm .git &&
 		cp -R ../.git/modules/sub .git &&
 		GIT_WORK_TREE=. git config --unset core.worktree &&
 		rm -r ../.git/modules/sub
 	) &&
 	git rm submod 2>output.err &&
-	! test -d submod &&
-	! test -d submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
-	test -s actual &&
+	test_file_not_empty actual &&
 	test_i18ngrep Migrating output.err
 '
 
@@ -600,7 +605,8 @@
 test_expect_success 'setup subsubmodule' '
 	git reset --hard &&
 	git submodule update &&
-	(cd submod &&
+	(
+		cd submod &&
 		git update-index --add --cacheinfo 160000 $(git rev-parse HEAD) subsubmod &&
 		git config -f .gitmodules submodule.sub.url ../. &&
 		git config -f .gitmodules submodule.sub.path subsubmod &&
@@ -614,7 +620,7 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'rm recursively removes work tree of unmodified submodules' '
 	git rm submod &&
-	test ! -d submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
@@ -624,12 +630,12 @@
 	git submodule update --recursive &&
 	git -C submod/subsubmod checkout HEAD^ &&
 	test_must_fail git rm submod &&
-	test -d submod &&
-	test -f submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_dir submod &&
+	test_path_is_file submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect.modified_inside actual &&
 	git rm -f submod &&
-	test ! -d submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
@@ -639,12 +645,12 @@
 	git submodule update --recursive &&
 	echo X >submod/subsubmod/empty &&
 	test_must_fail git rm submod &&
-	test -d submod &&
-	test -f submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_dir submod &&
+	test_path_is_file submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect.modified_inside actual &&
 	git rm -f submod &&
-	test ! -d submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
@@ -654,12 +660,12 @@
 	git submodule update --recursive &&
 	echo X >submod/subsubmod/untracked &&
 	test_must_fail git rm submod &&
-	test -d submod &&
-	test -f submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_dir submod &&
+	test_path_is_file submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect.modified_untracked actual &&
 	git rm -f submod &&
-	test ! -d submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
@@ -667,16 +673,17 @@
 test_expect_success "rm absorbs submodule's nested .git directory" '
 	git reset --hard &&
 	git submodule update --recursive &&
-	(cd submod/subsubmod &&
+	(
+		cd submod/subsubmod &&
 		rm .git &&
 		mv ../../.git/modules/sub/modules/sub .git &&
 		GIT_WORK_TREE=. git config --unset core.worktree
 	) &&
 	git rm submod 2>output.err &&
-	! test -d submod &&
-	! test -d submod/subsubmod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod/subsubmod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
-	test -s actual &&
+	test_file_not_empty actual &&
 	test_i18ngrep Migrating output.err
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t4014-format-patch.sh b/t/t4014-format-patch.sh
index 909c743..b6e2fdb 100755
--- a/t/t4014-format-patch.sh
+++ b/t/t4014-format-patch.sh
@@ -589,6 +589,12 @@
 	ls patches/0004-This-is-an-excessively-long-subject-line-for-a-messa.patch
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'failure to write cover-letter aborts gracefully' '
+	test_when_finished "rmdir 0000-cover-letter.patch" &&
+	mkdir 0000-cover-letter.patch &&
+	test_must_fail git format-patch --no-renames --cover-letter -1
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'cover-letter inherits diff options' '
 	git mv file foo &&
 	git commit -m foo &&
diff --git a/t/t4038-diff-combined.sh b/t/t4038-diff-combined.sh
index 07b49f6..d4afe12 100755
--- a/t/t4038-diff-combined.sh
+++ b/t/t4038-diff-combined.sh
@@ -480,18 +480,18 @@
 	git branch side1d &&
 	git branch side2d &&
 	git checkout side1d &&
-	test_seq 1 10 >$(printf "file\twith\ttabs") &&
+	test_seq 1 10 >"$(printf "file\twith\ttabs")" &&
 	git add file* &&
 	git commit -m with &&
 	git checkout side2d &&
-	test_seq 1 9 >$(printf "i\tam\ttabbed") &&
-	echo ten >>$(printf "i\tam\ttabbed") &&
+	test_seq 1 9 >"$(printf "i\tam\ttabbed")" &&
+	echo ten >>"$(printf "i\tam\ttabbed")" &&
 	git add *tabbed &&
 	git commit -m iam &&
 	git checkout -b funny-names-mergery side1d &&
 	git merge --no-commit side2d &&
 	git rm *tabs &&
-	echo eleven >>$(printf "i\tam\ttabbed") &&
+	echo eleven >>"$(printf "i\tam\ttabbed")" &&
 	git mv "$(printf "i\tam\ttabbed")" "$(printf "fickle\tnaming")" &&
 	git add fickle* &&
 	git commit
diff --git a/t/t4150-am.sh b/t/t4150-am.sh
index 55b577d..3f7f750 100755
--- a/t/t4150-am.sh
+++ b/t/t4150-am.sh
@@ -77,14 +77,12 @@
 
 	printf "Subject: " >subject-prefix &&
 
-	cat - subject-prefix msg-without-scissors-line >msg-with-scissors-line <<-\EOF &&
+	cat - subject-prefix msg-without-scissors-line >msg-with-scissors-line <<-\EOF
 	This line should not be included in the commit message with --scissors enabled.
 
 	 - - >8 - - remove everything above this line - - >8 - -
 
 	EOF
-
-	signoff="Signed-off-by: $GIT_COMMITTER_NAME <$GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL>"
 '
 
 test_expect_success setup '
diff --git a/t/t4211-line-log.sh b/t/t4211-line-log.sh
index bd5fe4d..1db7bd0 100755
--- a/t/t4211-line-log.sh
+++ b/t/t4211-line-log.sh
@@ -115,4 +115,21 @@
 	git log $(for x in $(test_seq 200); do echo -L $((2*x)),+1:c.c; done)
 '
 
+test_expect_success '-s shows only line-log commits' '
+	git log --format="commit %s" -L1,24:b.c >expect.raw &&
+	grep ^commit expect.raw >expect &&
+	git log --format="commit %s" -L1,24:b.c -s >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success '-p shows the default patch output' '
+	git log -L1,24:b.c >expect &&
+	git log -L1,24:b.c -p >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--raw is forbidden' '
+	test_must_fail git log -L1,24:b.c --raw
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5400-send-pack.sh b/t/t5400-send-pack.sh
index f1932ea..571d620 100755
--- a/t/t5400-send-pack.sh
+++ b/t/t5400-send-pack.sh
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@
 	$shared .have
 	EOF
 
-	GIT_TRACE_PACKET=$(pwd)/trace \
+	GIT_TRACE_PACKET=$(pwd)/trace GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= \
 	    git push \
 		--receive-pack="unset GIT_TRACE_PACKET; git-receive-pack" \
 		fork HEAD:foo &&
diff --git a/t/t5500-fetch-pack.sh b/t/t5500-fetch-pack.sh
index 49c540b..0ef4d6f 100755
--- a/t/t5500-fetch-pack.sh
+++ b/t/t5500-fetch-pack.sh
@@ -636,7 +636,9 @@
 	test_commit -C server 6 &&
 
 	git init client &&
-	test_must_fail git -C client fetch-pack ../server \
+	# Some protocol versions (e.g. 2) support fetching
+	# unadvertised objects, so restrict this test to v0.
+	test_must_fail env GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= git -C client fetch-pack ../server \
 		$(git -C server rev-parse refs/heads/master^) 2>err &&
 	test_i18ngrep "Server does not allow request for unadvertised object" err
 '
diff --git a/t/t5503-tagfollow.sh b/t/t5503-tagfollow.sh
index 4ca48f0..6041a4d 100755
--- a/t/t5503-tagfollow.sh
+++ b/t/t5503-tagfollow.sh
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
 	test -s "$1" &&
 	perl -alne '
 		next unless $F[1] eq "upload-pack<";
-		last if $F[2] eq "0000";
+		next unless $F[2] eq "want";
 		print $F[2], " ", $F[3];
 	' "$1"
 }
diff --git a/t/t5512-ls-remote.sh b/t/t5512-ls-remote.sh
index ced15ae..e3c4a48 100755
--- a/t/t5512-ls-remote.sh
+++ b/t/t5512-ls-remote.sh
@@ -223,7 +223,9 @@
 	$(git rev-parse refs/tags/mark1.10)	refs/tags/mark1.10
 	$(git rev-parse refs/tags/mark1.2)	refs/tags/mark1.2
 	EOF
-	git ls-remote --symref >actual &&
+	# Protocol v2 supports sending symrefs for refs other than HEAD, so use
+	# protocol v0 here.
+	GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= git ls-remote --symref >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
@@ -232,7 +234,9 @@
 	ref: refs/heads/master	HEAD
 	1bd44cb9d13204b0fe1958db0082f5028a16eb3a	HEAD
 	EOF
-	git ls-remote --symref . HEAD >actual &&
+	# Protocol v2 supports sending symrefs for refs other than HEAD, so use
+	# protocol v0 here.
+	GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= git ls-remote --symref . HEAD >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
@@ -243,7 +247,9 @@
 	1bd44cb9d13204b0fe1958db0082f5028a16eb3a	refs/heads/foo
 	1bd44cb9d13204b0fe1958db0082f5028a16eb3a	refs/heads/master
 	EOF
-	git ls-remote --symref --heads . >actual &&
+	# Protocol v2 supports sending symrefs for refs other than HEAD, so use
+	# protocol v0 here.
+	GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= git ls-remote --symref --heads . >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
@@ -252,9 +258,11 @@
 	1bd44cb9d13204b0fe1958db0082f5028a16eb3a	refs/heads/foo
 	1bd44cb9d13204b0fe1958db0082f5028a16eb3a	refs/heads/master
 	EOF
-	git ls-remote --symref --heads . >actual &&
+	# Protocol v2 supports sending symrefs for refs other than HEAD, so use
+	# protocol v0 here.
+	GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= git ls-remote --symref --heads . >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual &&
-	git ls-remote --symref . "refs/heads/*" >actual &&
+	GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= git ls-remote --symref . "refs/heads/*" >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t5515-fetch-merge-logic.sh b/t/t5515-fetch-merge-logic.sh
index 36b0dbc..e55d847 100755
--- a/t/t5515-fetch-merge-logic.sh
+++ b/t/t5515-fetch-merge-logic.sh
@@ -6,6 +6,10 @@
 
 test_description='Merge logic in fetch'
 
+# NEEDSWORK: If the overspecification of the expected result is reduced, we
+# might be able to run this test in all protocol versions.
+GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION=
+
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
 LF='
diff --git a/t/t5516-fetch-push.sh b/t/t5516-fetch-push.sh
index 37e8e80..4bfbb79 100755
--- a/t/t5516-fetch-push.sh
+++ b/t/t5516-fetch-push.sh
@@ -1147,8 +1147,12 @@
 		git prune &&
 		test_must_fail git cat-file -t $the_commit &&
 
+		# Some protocol versions (e.g. 2) support fetching
+		# unadvertised objects, so restrict this test to v0.
+
 		# fetching the hidden object should fail by default
-		test_must_fail git fetch -v ../testrepo $the_commit:refs/heads/copy 2>err &&
+		test_must_fail env GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= \
+			git fetch -v ../testrepo $the_commit:refs/heads/copy 2>err &&
 		test_i18ngrep "Server does not allow request for unadvertised object" err &&
 		test_must_fail git rev-parse --verify refs/heads/copy &&
 
@@ -1204,7 +1208,10 @@
 		mk_empty shallow &&
 		(
 			cd shallow &&
-			test_must_fail git fetch --depth=1 ../testrepo/.git $SHA1 &&
+			# Some protocol versions (e.g. 2) support fetching
+			# unadvertised objects, so restrict this test to v0.
+			test_must_fail env GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= \
+				git fetch --depth=1 ../testrepo/.git $SHA1 &&
 			git --git-dir=../testrepo/.git config uploadpack.allowreachablesha1inwant true &&
 			git fetch --depth=1 ../testrepo/.git $SHA1 &&
 			git cat-file commit $SHA1
@@ -1232,15 +1239,20 @@
 		mk_empty shallow &&
 		(
 			cd shallow &&
-			test_must_fail ok=sigpipe git fetch ../testrepo/.git $SHA1_3 &&
-			test_must_fail ok=sigpipe git fetch ../testrepo/.git $SHA1_1 &&
+			# Some protocol versions (e.g. 2) support fetching
+			# unadvertised objects, so restrict this test to v0.
+			test_must_fail ok=sigpipe env GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= \
+				git fetch ../testrepo/.git $SHA1_3 &&
+			test_must_fail ok=sigpipe env GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= \
+				git fetch ../testrepo/.git $SHA1_1 &&
 			git --git-dir=../testrepo/.git config uploadpack.allowreachablesha1inwant true &&
 			git fetch ../testrepo/.git $SHA1_1 &&
 			git cat-file commit $SHA1_1 &&
 			test_must_fail git cat-file commit $SHA1_2 &&
 			git fetch ../testrepo/.git $SHA1_2 &&
 			git cat-file commit $SHA1_2 &&
-			test_must_fail ok=sigpipe git fetch ../testrepo/.git $SHA1_3
+			test_must_fail ok=sigpipe env GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= \
+				git fetch ../testrepo/.git $SHA1_3
 		)
 	'
 done
diff --git a/t/t5539-fetch-http-shallow.sh b/t/t5539-fetch-http-shallow.sh
index 5fbf67c..cdb687b 100755
--- a/t/t5539-fetch-http-shallow.sh
+++ b/t/t5539-fetch-http-shallow.sh
@@ -67,7 +67,10 @@
 		cd clone &&
 		git checkout --orphan newnew &&
 		test_commit new-too &&
-		GIT_TRACE_PACKET="$TRASH_DIRECTORY/trace" git fetch --depth=2 &&
+		# NEEDSWORK: If the overspecification of the expected result is reduced, we
+		# might be able to run this test in all protocol versions.
+		GIT_TRACE_PACKET="$TRASH_DIRECTORY/trace" GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= \
+			git fetch --depth=2 &&
 		grep "fetch-pack< ACK .* ready" ../trace &&
 		! grep "fetch-pack> done" ../trace
 	)
diff --git a/t/t5541-http-push-smart.sh b/t/t5541-http-push-smart.sh
index 5475afc..0e3055a 100755
--- a/t/t5541-http-push-smart.sh
+++ b/t/t5541-http-push-smart.sh
@@ -47,7 +47,12 @@
 	cd "$ROOT_PATH" &&
 	git clone $HTTPD_URL/smart/test_repo.git/ test_repo_clone &&
 
-	check_access_log exp
+	# NEEDSWORK: If the overspecification of the expected result is reduced, we
+	# might be able to run this test in all protocol versions.
+	if test -z "$GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION"
+	then
+		check_access_log exp
+	fi
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'clone remote repository' '
@@ -128,7 +133,12 @@
 POST /smart/test_repo.git/git-receive-pack HTTP/1.1 200
 EOF
 test_expect_success 'used receive-pack service' '
-	check_access_log exp
+	# NEEDSWORK: If the overspecification of the expected result is reduced, we
+	# might be able to run this test in all protocol versions.
+	if test -z "$GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION"
+	then
+		check_access_log exp
+	fi
 '
 
 test_http_push_nonff "$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH"/test_repo.git \
diff --git a/t/t5551-http-fetch-smart.sh b/t/t5551-http-fetch-smart.sh
index ba83e56..a685d3e 100755
--- a/t/t5551-http-fetch-smart.sh
+++ b/t/t5551-http-fetch-smart.sh
@@ -43,7 +43,8 @@
 	< Cache-Control: no-cache, max-age=0, must-revalidate
 	< Content-Type: application/x-git-upload-pack-result
 	EOF
-	GIT_TRACE_CURL=true git clone --quiet $HTTPD_URL/smart/repo.git clone 2>err &&
+	GIT_TRACE_CURL=true GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= \
+		git clone --quiet $HTTPD_URL/smart/repo.git clone 2>err &&
 	test_cmp file clone/file &&
 	tr '\''\015'\'' Q <err |
 	sed -e "
@@ -80,12 +81,18 @@
 		/^< Content-Length: /d
 		/^< Transfer-Encoding: /d
 	" >actual &&
-	sed -e "s/^> Accept-Encoding: .*/> Accept-Encoding: ENCODINGS/" \
-			actual >actual.smudged &&
-	test_cmp exp actual.smudged &&
 
-	grep "Accept-Encoding:.*gzip" actual >actual.gzip &&
-	test_line_count = 2 actual.gzip
+	# NEEDSWORK: If the overspecification of the expected result is reduced, we
+	# might be able to run this test in all protocol versions.
+	if test -z "$GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION"
+	then
+		sed -e "s/^> Accept-Encoding: .*/> Accept-Encoding: ENCODINGS/" \
+				actual >actual.smudged &&
+		test_cmp exp actual.smudged &&
+
+		grep "Accept-Encoding:.*gzip" actual >actual.gzip &&
+		test_line_count = 2 actual.gzip
+	fi
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'fetch changes via http' '
@@ -103,7 +110,13 @@
 	GET  /smart/repo.git/info/refs?service=git-upload-pack HTTP/1.1 200
 	POST /smart/repo.git/git-upload-pack HTTP/1.1 200
 	EOF
-	check_access_log exp
+
+	# NEEDSWORK: If the overspecification of the expected result is reduced, we
+	# might be able to run this test in all protocol versions.
+	if test -z "$GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION"
+	then
+		check_access_log exp
+	fi
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'follow redirects (301)' '
@@ -215,8 +228,14 @@
 	git config http.cookiefile cookies.txt &&
 	git config http.savecookies true &&
 	git ls-remote $HTTPD_URL/smart_cookies/repo.git master &&
-	tail -3 cookies.txt | sort >cookies_tail.txt &&
-	test_cmp expect_cookies.txt cookies_tail.txt
+
+	# NEEDSWORK: If the overspecification of the expected result is reduced, we
+	# might be able to run this test in all protocol versions.
+	if test -z "$GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION"
+	then
+		tail -3 cookies.txt | sort >cookies_tail.txt &&
+		test_cmp expect_cookies.txt cookies_tail.txt
+	fi
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'transfer.hiderefs works over smart-http' '
@@ -306,7 +325,10 @@
 
 	git init --bare test_reachable.git &&
 	git -C test_reachable.git remote add origin "$HTTPD_URL/smart/repo.git" &&
-	test_must_fail git -C test_reachable.git fetch origin "$(git rev-parse HEAD)"
+	# Some protocol versions (e.g. 2) support fetching
+	# unadvertised objects, so restrict this test to v0.
+	test_must_fail env GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= \
+		git -C test_reachable.git fetch origin "$(git rev-parse HEAD)"
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'test allowanysha1inwant with unreachable' '
@@ -325,7 +347,10 @@
 
 	git init --bare test_reachable.git &&
 	git -C test_reachable.git remote add origin "$HTTPD_URL/smart/repo.git" &&
-	test_must_fail git -C test_reachable.git fetch origin "$(git rev-parse HEAD)" &&
+	# Some protocol versions (e.g. 2) support fetching
+	# unadvertised objects, so restrict this test to v0.
+	test_must_fail env GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= \
+		git -C test_reachable.git fetch origin "$(git rev-parse HEAD)" &&
 
 	git -C "$server" config uploadpack.allowanysha1inwant 1 &&
 	git -C test_reachable.git fetch origin "$(git rev-parse HEAD)"
diff --git a/t/t5552-skipping-fetch-negotiator.sh b/t/t5552-skipping-fetch-negotiator.sh
index 30857b8..8a14be5 100755
--- a/t/t5552-skipping-fetch-negotiator.sh
+++ b/t/t5552-skipping-fetch-negotiator.sh
@@ -127,7 +127,10 @@
 	# not need to send any ancestors of "c3", but we still need to send "c3"
 	# itself.
 	test_config -C client fetch.negotiationalgorithm skipping &&
-	trace_fetch client origin to_fetch &&
+
+	# The ref advertisement itself is filtered when protocol v2 is used, so
+	# use v0.
+	GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= trace_fetch client origin to_fetch &&
 	have_sent c5 c4^ c2side &&
 	have_not_sent c4 c4^^ c4^^^
 '
diff --git a/t/t5601-clone.sh b/t/t5601-clone.sh
index d6948cb..a454b14 100755
--- a/t/t5601-clone.sh
+++ b/t/t5601-clone.sh
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@
 }
 
 test_expect_success 'clone myhost:src uses ssh' '
-	git clone myhost:src ssh-clone &&
+	GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION=0 git clone myhost:src ssh-clone &&
 	expect_ssh myhost src
 '
 
@@ -356,12 +356,12 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'bracketed hostnames are still ssh' '
-	git clone "[myhost:123]:src" ssh-bracket-clone &&
+	GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION=0 git clone "[myhost:123]:src" ssh-bracket-clone &&
 	expect_ssh "-p 123" myhost src
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'OpenSSH variant passes -4' '
-	git clone -4 "[myhost:123]:src" ssh-ipv4-clone &&
+	GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION=0 git clone -4 "[myhost:123]:src" ssh-ipv4-clone &&
 	expect_ssh "-4 -p 123" myhost src
 '
 
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@
 	test_when_finished "rm -f \"\$TRASH_DIRECTORY/uplink\"" &&
 	GIT_SSH="$TRASH_DIRECTORY/uplink" &&
 	test_when_finished "GIT_SSH=\"\$TRASH_DIRECTORY/ssh\$X\"" &&
-	git clone "[myhost:123]:src" ssh-bracket-clone-sshlike-uplink &&
+	GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION=0 git clone "[myhost:123]:src" ssh-bracket-clone-sshlike-uplink &&
 	expect_ssh "-p 123" myhost src
 '
 
@@ -444,14 +444,14 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'GIT_SSH_VARIANT overrides plink detection' '
 	copy_ssh_wrapper_as "$TRASH_DIRECTORY/plink" &&
-	GIT_SSH_VARIANT=ssh \
-	git clone "[myhost:123]:src" ssh-bracket-clone-variant-1 &&
+	GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION=0 GIT_SSH_VARIANT=ssh \
+		git clone "[myhost:123]:src" ssh-bracket-clone-variant-1 &&
 	expect_ssh "-p 123" myhost src
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'ssh.variant overrides plink detection' '
 	copy_ssh_wrapper_as "$TRASH_DIRECTORY/plink" &&
-	git -c ssh.variant=ssh \
+	GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION=0 git -c ssh.variant=ssh \
 		clone "[myhost:123]:src" ssh-bracket-clone-variant-2 &&
 	expect_ssh "-p 123" myhost src
 '
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@
 # $3 path
 test_clone_url () {
 	counter=$(($counter + 1))
-	test_might_fail git clone "$1" tmp$counter &&
+	test_might_fail env GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION=0 git clone "$1" tmp$counter &&
 	shift &&
 	expect_ssh "$@"
 }
diff --git a/t/t5700-protocol-v1.sh b/t/t5700-protocol-v1.sh
index ba86a44..d5ed196 100755
--- a/t/t5700-protocol-v1.sh
+++ b/t/t5700-protocol-v1.sh
@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@
 
 TEST_NO_CREATE_REPO=1
 
+# This is a protocol-specific test.
+GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION=
+
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
 # Test protocol v1 with 'git://' transport
diff --git a/t/t6030-bisect-porcelain.sh b/t/t6030-bisect-porcelain.sh
index 55835ee..49a394b 100755
--- a/t/t6030-bisect-porcelain.sh
+++ b/t/t6030-bisect-porcelain.sh
@@ -681,7 +681,7 @@
 	check_same BROKEN_HASH6 BISECT_HEAD &&
 	git bisect bad BISECT_HEAD &&
 	check_same BROKEN_HASH5 BISECT_HEAD &&
-	git bisect good BISECT_HEAD &&
+	test_must_fail git bisect good BISECT_HEAD &&
 	check_same BROKEN_HASH6 bisect/bad &&
 	git bisect reset
 '
@@ -692,7 +692,7 @@
 	check_same BROKEN_HASH6 BISECT_HEAD &&
 	git bisect good BISECT_HEAD &&
 	check_same BROKEN_HASH8 BISECT_HEAD &&
-	git bisect good BISECT_HEAD &&
+	test_must_fail git bisect good BISECT_HEAD &&
 	check_same BROKEN_HASH9 bisect/bad &&
 	git bisect reset
 '
@@ -701,7 +701,7 @@
 	git bisect reset &&
 	git checkout broken &&
 	git bisect start broken master --no-checkout &&
-	git bisect run \"\$SHELL_PATH\" -c '
+	test_must_fail git bisect run \"\$SHELL_PATH\" -c '
 		GOOD=\$(git for-each-ref \"--format=%(objectname)\" refs/bisect/good-*) &&
 		git rev-list --objects BISECT_HEAD --not \$GOOD >tmp.\$\$ &&
 		git pack-objects --stdout >/dev/null < tmp.\$\$
diff --git a/t/t7406-submodule-update.sh b/t/t7406-submodule-update.sh
index e87164a..c973278 100755
--- a/t/t7406-submodule-update.sh
+++ b/t/t7406-submodule-update.sh
@@ -943,7 +943,10 @@
 		cd super3 &&
 		sed -e "s#url = ../#url = file://$pwd/#" <.gitmodules >.gitmodules.tmp &&
 		mv -f .gitmodules.tmp .gitmodules &&
-		test_must_fail git submodule update --init --depth=1 2>actual &&
+		# Some protocol versions (e.g. 2) support fetching
+		# unadvertised objects, so restrict this test to v0.
+		test_must_fail env GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= \
+			git submodule update --init --depth=1 2>actual &&
 		test_i18ngrep "Direct fetching of that commit failed." actual &&
 		git -C ../submodule config uploadpack.allowReachableSHA1InWant true &&
 		git submodule update --init --depth=1 >actual &&
diff --git a/t/test-lib-functions.sh b/t/test-lib-functions.sh
index 80402a4..681c41b 100644
--- a/t/test-lib-functions.sh
+++ b/t/test-lib-functions.sh
@@ -593,6 +593,15 @@
 	fi
 }
 
+# Check if the file exists and has a size greater than zero
+test_file_not_empty () {
+	if ! test -s "$1"
+	then
+		echo "'$1' is not a non-empty file."
+		false
+	fi
+}
+
 test_path_is_missing () {
 	if test -e "$1"
 	then
diff --git a/t/test-lib.sh b/t/test-lib.sh
index 4e79e14..562c57e 100644
--- a/t/test-lib.sh
+++ b/t/test-lib.sh
@@ -147,10 +147,16 @@
 	--stress)
 		stress=t ;;
 	--stress=*)
+		echo "error: --stress does not accept an argument: '$opt'" >&2
+		echo "did you mean --stress-jobs=${opt#*=} or --stress-limit=${opt#*=}?" >&2
+		exit 1
+		;;
+	--stress-jobs=*)
+		stress=t;
 		stress=${opt#--*=}
 		case "$stress" in
 		*[!0-9]*|0*|"")
-			echo "error: --stress=<N> requires the number of jobs to run" >&2
+			echo "error: --stress-jobs=<N> requires the number of jobs to run" >&2
 			exit 1
 			;;
 		*)	# Good.
@@ -158,6 +164,7 @@
 		esac
 		;;
 	--stress-limit=*)
+		stress=t;
 		stress_limit=${opt#--*=}
 		case "$stress_limit" in
 		*[!0-9]*|0*|"")
diff --git a/unpack-trees.c b/unpack-trees.c
index 22c41a3..1ccd343 100644
--- a/unpack-trees.c
+++ b/unpack-trees.c
@@ -2386,7 +2386,7 @@
 		if (o->update && S_ISGITLINK(old->ce_mode) &&
 		    should_update_submodules() && !verify_uptodate(old, o))
 			update |= CE_UPDATE;
-		add_entry(o, old, update, 0);
+		add_entry(o, old, update, CE_STAGEMASK);
 		return 0;
 	}
 	return merged_entry(a, old, o);
diff --git a/worktree.c b/worktree.c
index d6a0ee7..b45bfeb9 100644
--- a/worktree.c
+++ b/worktree.c
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@
 	DIR *dir;
 	struct dirent *d;
 	int ret = 0;
-	struct repository_format format;
+	struct repository_format format = REPOSITORY_FORMAT_INIT;
 
 	submodule_gitdir = git_pathdup_submodule(path, "%s", "");
 	if (!submodule_gitdir)
@@ -462,8 +462,10 @@
 	read_repository_format(&format, sb.buf);
 	if (format.version != 0) {
 		strbuf_release(&sb);
+		clear_repository_format(&format);
 		return 1;
 	}
+	clear_repository_format(&format);
 
 	/* Replace config by worktrees. */
 	strbuf_setlen(&sb, sb.len - strlen("config"));