Merge branch 'hn/reftable-tables-doc-update'

Documentation update.

* hn/reftable-tables-doc-update:
  doc/reftable: document how to handle windows
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.31.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.31.0.txt
index 1d2dba2..ef8b0d1 100644
--- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.31.0.txt
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.31.0.txt
@@ -89,6 +89,22 @@
    two object names (one in SHA-1, the other in SHA-256) are both
    signed.
 
+ * "git rev-list" command learned "--disk-usage" option.
+
+ * "git {diff,log} --{skip,rotate}-to=<path>" allows the user to
+   discard diff output for early paths or move them to the end of the
+   output.
+
+ * "git difftool" learned "--skip-to=<path>" option to restart an
+   interrupted session from an arbitrary path.
+
+ * "git grep" has been tweaked to be limited to the sparse checkout
+   paths.
+
+ * "git rebase --[no-]fork-point" gained a configuration variable
+   rebase.forkPoint so that users do not have to keep specifying a
+   non-default setting.
+
 
 Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc.
 
@@ -176,6 +192,11 @@
  * When a pager spawned by us exited, the trace log did not record its
    exit status correctly, which has been corrected.
 
+ * Removal of GIT_TEST_GETTEXT_POISON continues.
+
+ * The code to implement "git merge-base --independent" was poorly
+   done and was kept from the very beginning of the feature.
+
 
 Fixes since v2.30
 -----------------
@@ -274,5 +295,33 @@
    turned commit-graph off; we now tell the user what we are doing.
    (merge c85eec7fc3 js/commit-graph-warning later to maint).
 
+ * Objects that lost references can be pruned away, even when they
+   have notes attached to it (and these notes will become dangling,
+   which in turn can be pruned with "git notes prune").  This has been
+   clarified in the documentation.
+   (merge fa9ab027ba mz/doc-notes-are-not-anchors later to maint).
+
+ * The error codepath around the "--temp/--prefix" feature of "git
+   checkout-index" has been improved.
+   (merge 3f7ba60350 mt/checkout-index-corner-cases later to maint).
+
+ * The "git maintenance register" command had trouble registering bare
+   repositories, which had been corrected.
+
+ * A handful of multi-word configuration variable names in
+   documentation that are spelled in all lowercase have been corrected
+   to use the more canonical camelCase.
+   (merge 7dd0eaa39c dl/doc-config-camelcase later to maint).
+
+ * "git push $there --delete ''" should have been diagnosed as an
+   error, but instead turned into a matching push, which has been
+   corrected.
+   (merge 20e416409f jc/push-delete-nothing later to maint).
+
  * Other code cleanup, docfix, build fix, etc.
    (merge e3f5da7e60 sg/t7800-difftool-robustify later to maint).
+   (merge 9d336655ba js/doc-proto-v2-response-end later to maint).
+   (merge 1b5b8cf072 jc/maint-column-doc-typofix later to maint).
+   (merge 3a837b58e3 cw/pack-config-doc later to maint).
+   (merge 01168a9d89 ug/doc-commit-approxidate later to maint).
+   (merge b865734760 js/params-vs-args later to maint).
diff --git a/Documentation/blame-options.txt b/Documentation/blame-options.txt
index dc3bceb..117f4cf 100644
--- a/Documentation/blame-options.txt
+++ b/Documentation/blame-options.txt
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 -b::
 	Show blank SHA-1 for boundary commits.  This can also
-	be controlled via the `blame.blankboundary` config option.
+	be controlled via the `blame.blankBoundary` config option.
 
 --root::
 	Do not treat root commits as boundaries.  This can also be
diff --git a/Documentation/config/rebase.txt b/Documentation/config/rebase.txt
index 7f7a07d..214f31b 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/rebase.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/rebase.txt
@@ -68,3 +68,6 @@
 	Automatically reschedule `exec` commands that failed. This only makes
 	sense in interactive mode (or when an `--exec` option was provided).
 	This is the same as specifying the `--reschedule-failed-exec` option.
+
+rebase.forkPoint::
+	If set to false set `--no-fork-point` option by default.
diff --git a/Documentation/date-formats.txt b/Documentation/date-formats.txt
index f1097fa..99c455f 100644
--- a/Documentation/date-formats.txt
+++ b/Documentation/date-formats.txt
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 DATE FORMATS
 ------------
 
-The `GIT_AUTHOR_DATE`, `GIT_COMMITTER_DATE` environment variables
-ifdef::git-commit[]
-and the `--date` option
-endif::git-commit[]
+The `GIT_AUTHOR_DATE` and `GIT_COMMITTER_DATE` environment variables
 support the following date formats:
 
 Git internal format::
@@ -26,3 +23,9 @@
 +
 NOTE: In addition, the date part is accepted in the following formats:
 `YYYY.MM.DD`, `MM/DD/YYYY` and `DD.MM.YYYY`.
+
+ifdef::git-commit[]
+In addition to recognizing all date formats above, the `--date` option
+will also try to make sense of other, more human-centric date formats,
+such as relative dates like "yesterday" or "last Friday at noon".
+endif::git-commit[]
diff --git a/Documentation/diff-options.txt b/Documentation/diff-options.txt
index e5733cc..aa2b5c1 100644
--- a/Documentation/diff-options.txt
+++ b/Documentation/diff-options.txt
@@ -700,6 +700,14 @@
 components matches the pattern.  For example, the pattern "`foo*bar`"
 matches "`fooasdfbar`" and "`foo/bar/baz/asdf`" but not "`foobarx`".
 
+--skip-to=<file>::
+--rotate-to=<file>::
+	Discard the files before the named <file> from the output
+	(i.e. 'skip to'), or move them to the end of the output
+	(i.e. 'rotate to').  These were invented primarily for use
+	of the `git difftool` command, and may not be very useful
+	otherwise.
+
 ifndef::git-format-patch[]
 -R::
 	Swap two inputs; that is, show differences from index or
diff --git a/Documentation/git-am.txt b/Documentation/git-am.txt
index 06bc063..decd8ae 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-am.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-am.txt
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
 	Pass `-u` flag to 'git mailinfo' (see linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]).
 	The proposed commit log message taken from the e-mail
 	is re-coded into UTF-8 encoding (configuration variable
-	`i18n.commitencoding` can be used to specify project's
+	`i18n.commitEncoding` can be used to specify project's
 	preferred encoding if it is not UTF-8).
 +
 This was optional in prior versions of git, but now it is the
diff --git a/Documentation/git-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-branch.txt
index eb815c2..94dc9a5 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-branch.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-branch.txt
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@
 --column[=<options>]::
 --no-column::
 	Display branch listing in columns. See configuration variable
-	column.branch for option syntax.`--column` and `--no-column`
+	`column.branch` for option syntax. `--column` and `--no-column`
 	without options are equivalent to 'always' and 'never' respectively.
 +
 This option is only applicable in non-verbose mode.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-difftool.txt b/Documentation/git-difftool.txt
index 484c485..143b0c4 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-difftool.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-difftool.txt
@@ -34,6 +34,14 @@
 	This is the default behaviour; the option is provided to
 	override any configuration settings.
 
+--rotate-to=<file>::
+	Start showing the diff for the given path,
+	the paths before it will move to end and output.
+
+--skip-to=<file>::
+	Start showing the diff for the given path, skipping all
+	the paths before it.
+
 -t <tool>::
 --tool=<tool>::
 	Use the diff tool specified by <tool>.  Valid values include
diff --git a/Documentation/git-gc.txt b/Documentation/git-gc.txt
index 0c114ad..853967d 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-gc.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-gc.txt
@@ -117,12 +117,14 @@
 'git gc' tries very hard not to delete objects that are referenced
 anywhere in your repository. In particular, it will keep not only
 objects referenced by your current set of branches and tags, but also
-objects referenced by the index, remote-tracking branches, notes saved
-by 'git notes' under refs/notes/, reflogs (which may reference commits
-in branches that were later amended or rewound), and anything else in
-the refs/* namespace.  If you are expecting some objects to be deleted
-and they aren't, check all of those locations and decide whether it
-makes sense in your case to remove those references.
+objects referenced by the index, remote-tracking branches, reflogs
+(which may reference commits in branches that were later amended or
+rewound), and anything else in the refs/* namespace. Note that a note
+(of the kind created by 'git notes') attached to an object does not
+contribute in keeping the object alive. If you are expecting some
+objects to be deleted and they aren't, check all of those locations
+and decide whether it makes sense in your case to remove those
+references.
 
 On the other hand, when 'git gc' runs concurrently with another process,
 there is a risk of it deleting an object that the other process is using
diff --git a/Documentation/git-http-fetch.txt b/Documentation/git-http-fetch.txt
index 4deb489..9fa17b6 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-http-fetch.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-http-fetch.txt
@@ -41,11 +41,17 @@
 		<commit-id>['\t'<filename-as-in--w>]
 
 --packfile=<hash>::
-	Instead of a commit id on the command line (which is not expected in
+	For internal use only. Instead of a commit id on the command
+	line (which is not expected in
 	this case), 'git http-fetch' fetches the packfile directly at the given
 	URL and uses index-pack to generate corresponding .idx and .keep files.
 	The hash is used to determine the name of the temporary file and is
-	arbitrary. The output of index-pack is printed to stdout.
+	arbitrary. The output of index-pack is printed to stdout. Requires
+	--index-pack-args.
+
+--index-pack-args=<args>::
+	For internal use only. The command to run on the contents of the
+	downloaded pack. Arguments are URL-encoded separated by spaces.
 
 --recover::
 	Verify that everything reachable from target is fetched.  Used after
diff --git a/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt
index 69ba904..7fa74b9 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt
@@ -86,7 +86,12 @@
 	Die if the pack contains broken links. For internal use only.
 
 --fsck-objects::
-	Die if the pack contains broken objects. For internal use only.
+	For internal use only.
++
+Die if the pack contains broken objects. If the pack contains a tree
+pointing to a .gitmodules blob that does not exist, prints the hash of
+that blob (for the caller to check) after the hash that goes into the
+name of the pack/idx file (see "Notes").
 
 --threads=<n>::
 	Specifies the number of threads to spawn when resolving
diff --git a/Documentation/git-mailinfo.txt b/Documentation/git-mailinfo.txt
index 7a6aed0..d343f04 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-mailinfo.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-mailinfo.txt
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
 	The commit log message, author name and author email are
 	taken from the e-mail, and after minimally decoding MIME
 	transfer encoding, re-coded in the charset specified by
-	i18n.commitencoding (defaulting to UTF-8) by transliterating
+	`i18n.commitEncoding` (defaulting to UTF-8) by transliterating
 	them.  This used to be optional but now it is the default.
 +
 Note that the patch is always used as-is without charset
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
 
 --encoding=<encoding>::
 	Similar to -u.  But when re-coding, the charset specified here is
-	used instead of the one specified by i18n.commitencoding or UTF-8.
+	used instead of the one specified by `i18n.commitEncoding` or UTF-8.
 
 -n::
 	Disable all charset re-coding of the metadata.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt b/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt
index 54d715e..f85cb7e 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt
@@ -400,6 +400,17 @@
 one wins" ordering (which allows repo-specific config to take precedence
 over user-wide config, and so forth).
 
+
+CONFIGURATION
+-------------
+
+Various configuration variables affect packing, see
+linkgit:git-config[1] (search for "pack" and "delta").
+
+Notably, delta compression is not used on objects larger than the
+`core.bigFileThreshold` configuration variable and on files with the
+attribute `delta` set to false.
+
 SEE ALSO
 --------
 linkgit:git-rev-list[1]
diff --git a/Documentation/git-repack.txt b/Documentation/git-repack.txt
index 92f146d..fbd4b4a 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-repack.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-repack.txt
@@ -165,9 +165,12 @@
 	Pass the `--delta-islands` option to `git-pack-objects`, see
 	linkgit:git-pack-objects[1].
 
-Configuration
+CONFIGURATION
 -------------
 
+Various configuration variables affect packing, see
+linkgit:git-config[1] (search for "pack" and "delta").
+
 By default, the command passes `--delta-base-offset` option to
 'git pack-objects'; this typically results in slightly smaller packs,
 but the generated packs are incompatible with versions of Git older than
@@ -178,6 +181,10 @@
 is unaffected by this option as the conversion is performed on the fly
 as needed in that case.
 
+Delta compression is not used on objects larger than the
+`core.bigFileThreshold` configuration variable and on files with the
+attribute `delta` set to false.
+
 SEE ALSO
 --------
 linkgit:git-pack-objects[1]
diff --git a/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt b/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt
index 5da6623..20bb8e8 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt
@@ -31,6 +31,99 @@
 
 include::pretty-formats.txt[]
 
+EXAMPLES
+--------
+
+* Print the list of commits reachable from the current branch.
++
+----------
+git rev-list HEAD
+----------
+
+* Print the list of commits on this branch, but not present in the
+  upstream branch.
++
+----------
+git rev-list @{upstream}..HEAD
+----------
+
+* Format commits with their author and commit message (see also the
+  porcelain linkgit:git-log[1]).
++
+----------
+git rev-list --format=medium HEAD
+----------
+
+* Format commits along with their diffs (see also the porcelain
+  linkgit:git-log[1], which can do this in a single process).
++
+----------
+git rev-list HEAD |
+git diff-tree --stdin --format=medium -p
+----------
+
+* Print the list of commits on the current branch that touched any
+  file in the `Documentation` directory.
++
+----------
+git rev-list HEAD -- Documentation/
+----------
+
+* Print the list of commits authored by you in the past year, on
+  any branch, tag, or other ref.
++
+----------
+git rev-list --author=you@example.com --since=1.year.ago --all
+----------
+
+* Print the list of objects reachable from the current branch (i.e., all
+  commits and the blobs and trees they contain).
++
+----------
+git rev-list --objects HEAD
+----------
+
+* Compare the disk size of all reachable objects, versus those
+  reachable from reflogs, versus the total packed size. This can tell
+  you whether running `git repack -ad` might reduce the repository size
+  (by dropping unreachable objects), and whether expiring reflogs might
+  help.
++
+----------
+# reachable objects
+git rev-list --disk-usage --objects --all
+# plus reflogs
+git rev-list --disk-usage --objects --all --reflog
+# total disk size used
+du -c .git/objects/pack/*.pack .git/objects/??/*
+# alternative to du: add up "size" and "size-pack" fields
+git count-objects -v
+----------
+
+* Report the disk size of each branch, not including objects used by the
+  current branch. This can find outliers that are contributing to a
+  bloated repository size (e.g., because somebody accidentally committed
+  large build artifacts).
++
+----------
+git for-each-ref --format='%(refname)' |
+while read branch
+do
+	size=$(git rev-list --disk-usage --objects HEAD..$branch)
+	echo "$size $branch"
+done |
+sort -n
+----------
+
+* Compare the on-disk size of branches in one group of refs, excluding
+  another. If you co-mingle objects from multiple remotes in a single
+  repository, this can show which remotes are contributing to the
+  repository size (taking the size of `origin` as a baseline).
++
+----------
+git rev-list --disk-usage --objects --remotes=$suspect --not --remotes=origin
+----------
+
 GIT
 ---
 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite
diff --git a/Documentation/git-status.txt b/Documentation/git-status.txt
index c0764e8..83f38e3 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-status.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-status.txt
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@
 --column[=<options>]::
 --no-column::
 	Display untracked files in columns. See configuration variable
-	column.status for option syntax.`--column` and `--no-column`
+	`column.status` for option syntax. `--column` and `--no-column`
 	without options are equivalent to 'always' and 'never'
 	respectively.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-tag.txt b/Documentation/git-tag.txt
index 56656d1..31a97a1 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-tag.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-tag.txt
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@
 --column[=<options>]::
 --no-column::
 	Display tag listing in columns. See configuration variable
-	column.tag for option syntax.`--column` and `--no-column`
+	`column.tag` for option syntax. `--column` and `--no-column`
 	without options are equivalent to 'always' and 'never' respectively.
 +
 This option is only applicable when listing tags without annotation lines.
diff --git a/Documentation/git.txt b/Documentation/git.txt
index d36e6fd..3a9c449 100644
--- a/Documentation/git.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git.txt
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
 	empty string, instead the environment variable itself must be
 	set to the empty string.  It is an error if the `<envvar>` does not exist
 	in the environment. `<envvar>` may not contain an equals sign
-	to avoid ambiguity with `<name>`s which contain one.
+	to avoid ambiguity with `<name>` containing one.
 +
 This is useful for cases where you want to pass transitory
 configuration options to git, but are doing so on OS's where
diff --git a/Documentation/gitdiffcore.txt b/Documentation/gitdiffcore.txt
index c970d9f..1c72696 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitdiffcore.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitdiffcore.txt
@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@
 - diffcore-merge-broken
 - diffcore-pickaxe
 - diffcore-order
+- diffcore-rotate
 
 These are applied in sequence.  The set of filepairs 'git diff-{asterisk}'
 commands find are used as the input to diffcore-break, and
@@ -168,6 +169,26 @@
 number after the "-M" or "-C" option (e.g. "-M8" to tell it to use
 8/10 = 80%).
 
+Note that when rename detection is on but both copy and break
+detection are off, rename detection adds a preliminary step that first
+checks if files are moved across directories while keeping their
+filename the same.  If there is a file added to a directory whose
+contents is sufficiently similar to a file with the same name that got
+deleted from a different directory, it will mark them as renames and
+exclude them from the later quadratic step (the one that pairwise
+compares all unmatched files to find the "best" matches, determined by
+the highest content similarity).  So, for example, if a deleted
+docs/ext.txt and an added docs/config/ext.txt are similar enough, they
+will be marked as a rename and prevent an added docs/ext.md that may
+be even more similar to the deleted docs/ext.txt from being considered
+as the rename destination in the later step.  For this reason, the
+preliminary "match same filename" step uses a bit higher threshold to
+mark a file pair as a rename and stop considering other candidates for
+better matches.  At most, one comparison is done per file in this
+preliminary pass; so if there are several remaining ext.txt files
+throughout the directory hierarchy after exact rename detection, this
+preliminary step will be skipped for those files.
+
 Note.  When the "-C" option is used with `--find-copies-harder`
 option, 'git diff-{asterisk}' commands feed unmodified filepairs to
 diffcore mechanism as well as modified ones.  This lets the copy
@@ -276,6 +297,26 @@
 t
 ------------------------------------------------
 
+diffcore-rotate: For Changing At Which Path Output Starts
+---------------------------------------------------------
+
+This transformation takes one pathname, and rotates the set of
+filepairs so that the filepair for the given pathname comes first,
+optionally discarding the paths that come before it.  This is used
+to implement the `--skip-to` and the `--rotate-to` options.  It is
+an error when the specified pathname is not in the set of filepairs,
+but it is not useful to error out when used with "git log" family of
+commands, because it is unreasonable to expect that a given path
+would be modified by each and every commit shown by the "git log"
+command.  For this reason, when used with "git log", the filepair
+that sorts the same as, or the first one that sorts after, the given
+pathname is where the output starts.
+
+Use of this transformation combined with diffcore-order will produce
+unexpected results, as the input to this transformation is likely
+not sorted when diffcore-order is in effect.
+
+
 SEE ALSO
 --------
 linkgit:git-diff[1],
diff --git a/Documentation/gitmailmap.txt b/Documentation/gitmailmap.txt
index 052209b..3fb39f8 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitmailmap.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitmailmap.txt
@@ -50,9 +50,9 @@
 commit matching both the specified commit name and email address.
 
 Both E-Mails and names are matched case-insensitively. For example
-this would also match the 'Commit Name <commit@email.xx>' above:
+this would also match the 'Commit Name <commit&#64;email.xx>' above:
 --
-Proper Name <proper@email.xx> CoMmIt NaMe <CoMmIt@EmAiL.xX>
+	Proper Name <proper@email.xx> CoMmIt NaMe <CoMmIt@EmAiL.xX>
 --
 
 EXAMPLES
@@ -79,9 +79,9 @@
 Jane Doe <jane@desktop.(none)>
 ------------
 
-Note that there's no need to map the name for 'jane@laptop.(none)' to
+Note that there's no need to map the name for '<jane&#64;laptop.(none)>' to
 only correct the names. However, leaving the obviously broken
-`<jane@laptop.(none)>' and '<jane@desktop.(none)>' E-Mails as-is is
+'<jane&#64;laptop.(none)>' and '<jane&#64;desktop.(none)>' E-Mails as-is is
 usually not what you want. A `.mailmap` file which also corrects those
 is:
 
diff --git a/Documentation/i18n.txt b/Documentation/i18n.txt
index 7e36e5b..6c6baee 100644
--- a/Documentation/i18n.txt
+++ b/Documentation/i18n.txt
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
   a warning if the commit log message given to it does not look
   like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your
   project uses a legacy encoding.  The way to say this is to
-  have i18n.commitencoding in `.git/config` file, like this:
+  have `i18n.commitEncoding` in `.git/config` file, like this:
 +
 ------------
 [i18n]
diff --git a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt
index 96cc89d..b1c8f86 100644
--- a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt
+++ b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt
@@ -129,10 +129,10 @@
 	adjusting to updated upstream from time to time, and
 	this option allows you to ignore the individual commits
 	brought in to your history by such a merge.
-
 ifdef::git-log[]
-	This option also changes default diff format for merge commits
-	to `first-parent`, see `--diff-merges=first-parent` for details.
++
+This option also changes default diff format for merge commits
+to `first-parent`, see `--diff-merges=first-parent` for details.
 endif::git-log[]
 
 --not::
@@ -227,6 +227,15 @@
 	test the exit status to see if a range of objects is fully
 	connected (or not).  It is faster than redirecting stdout
 	to `/dev/null` as the output does not have to be formatted.
+
+--disk-usage::
+	Suppress normal output; instead, print the sum of the bytes used
+	for on-disk storage by the selected commits or objects. This is
+	equivalent to piping the output into `git cat-file
+	--batch-check='%(objectsize:disk)'`, except that it runs much
+	faster (especially with `--use-bitmap-index`). See the `CAVEATS`
+	section in linkgit:git-cat-file[1] for the limitations of what
+	"on-disk storage" means.
 endif::git-rev-list[]
 
 --cherry-mark::
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/chunk-format.txt b/Documentation/technical/chunk-format.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..593614f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/technical/chunk-format.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+Chunk-based file formats
+========================
+
+Some file formats in Git use a common concept of "chunks" to describe
+sections of the file. This allows structured access to a large file by
+scanning a small "table of contents" for the remaining data. This common
+format is used by the `commit-graph` and `multi-pack-index` files. See
+link:technical/pack-format.html[the `multi-pack-index` format] and
+link:technical/commit-graph-format.html[the `commit-graph` format] for
+how they use the chunks to describe structured data.
+
+A chunk-based file format begins with some header information custom to
+that format. That header should include enough information to identify
+the file type, format version, and number of chunks in the file. From this
+information, that file can determine the start of the chunk-based region.
+
+The chunk-based region starts with a table of contents describing where
+each chunk starts and ends. This consists of (C+1) rows of 12 bytes each,
+where C is the number of chunks. Consider the following table:
+
+  | Chunk ID (4 bytes) | Chunk Offset (8 bytes) |
+  |--------------------|------------------------|
+  | ID[0]              | OFFSET[0]              |
+  | ...                | ...                    |
+  | ID[C]              | OFFSET[C]              |
+  | 0x0000             | OFFSET[C+1]            |
+
+Each row consists of a 4-byte chunk identifier (ID) and an 8-byte offset.
+Each integer is stored in network-byte order.
+
+The chunk identifier `ID[i]` is a label for the data stored within this
+fill from `OFFSET[i]` (inclusive) to `OFFSET[i+1]` (exclusive). Thus, the
+size of the `i`th chunk is equal to the difference between `OFFSET[i+1]`
+and `OFFSET[i]`. This requires that the chunk data appears contiguously
+in the same order as the table of contents.
+
+The final entry in the table of contents must be four zero bytes. This
+confirms that the table of contents is ending and provides the offset for
+the end of the chunk-based data.
+
+Note: The chunk-based format expects that the file contains _at least_ a
+trailing hash after `OFFSET[C+1]`.
+
+Functions for working with chunk-based file formats are declared in
+`chunk-format.h`. Using these methods provide extra checks that assist
+developers when creating new file formats.
+
+Writing chunk-based file formats
+--------------------------------
+
+To write a chunk-based file format, create a `struct chunkfile` by
+calling `init_chunkfile()` and pass a `struct hashfile` pointer. The
+caller is responsible for opening the `hashfile` and writing header
+information so the file format is identifiable before the chunk-based
+format begins.
+
+Then, call `add_chunk()` for each chunk that is intended for write. This
+populates the `chunkfile` with information about the order and size of
+each chunk to write. Provide a `chunk_write_fn` function pointer to
+perform the write of the chunk data upon request.
+
+Call `write_chunkfile()` to write the table of contents to the `hashfile`
+followed by each of the chunks. This will verify that each chunk wrote
+the expected amount of data so the table of contents is correct.
+
+Finally, call `free_chunkfile()` to clear the `struct chunkfile` data. The
+caller is responsible for finalizing the `hashfile` by writing the trailing
+hash and closing the file.
+
+Reading chunk-based file formats
+--------------------------------
+
+To read a chunk-based file format, the file must be opened as a
+memory-mapped region. The chunk-format API expects that the entire file
+is mapped as a contiguous memory region.
+
+Initialize a `struct chunkfile` pointer with `init_chunkfile(NULL)`.
+
+After reading the header information from the beginning of the file,
+including the chunk count, call `read_table_of_contents()` to populate
+the `struct chunkfile` with the list of chunks, their offsets, and their
+sizes.
+
+Extract the data information for each chunk using `pair_chunk()` or
+`read_chunk()`:
+
+* `pair_chunk()` assigns a given pointer with the location inside the
+  memory-mapped file corresponding to that chunk's offset. If the chunk
+  does not exist, then the pointer is not modified.
+
+* `read_chunk()` takes a `chunk_read_fn` function pointer and calls it
+  with the appropriate initial pointer and size information. The function
+  is not called if the chunk does not exist. Use this method to read chunks
+  if you need to perform immediate parsing or if you need to execute logic
+  based on the size of the chunk.
+
+After calling these methods, call `free_chunkfile()` to clear the
+`struct chunkfile` data. This will not close the memory-mapped region.
+Callers are expected to own that data for the timeframe the pointers into
+the region are needed.
+
+Examples
+--------
+
+These file formats use the chunk-format API, and can be used as examples
+for future formats:
+
+* *commit-graph:* see `write_commit_graph_file()` and `parse_commit_graph()`
+  in `commit-graph.c` for how the chunk-format API is used to write and
+  parse the commit-graph file format documented in
+  link:technical/commit-graph-format.html[the commit-graph file format].
+
+* *multi-pack-index:* see `write_midx_internal()` and `load_multi_pack_index()`
+  in `midx.c` for how the chunk-format API is used to write and
+  parse the multi-pack-index file format documented in
+  link:technical/pack-format.html[the multi-pack-index file format].
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/commit-graph-format.txt b/Documentation/technical/commit-graph-format.txt
index b6658ef..87971c2 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/commit-graph-format.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/commit-graph-format.txt
@@ -61,6 +61,9 @@
       the length using the next chunk position if necessary.) Each chunk
       ID appears at most once.
 
+  The CHUNK LOOKUP matches the table of contents from
+  link:technical/chunk-format.html[the chunk-based file format].
+
   The remaining data in the body is described one chunk at a time, and
   these chunks may be given in any order. Chunks are required unless
   otherwise specified.
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/index-format.txt b/Documentation/technical/index-format.txt
index b633482..d363a71 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/index-format.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/index-format.txt
@@ -273,14 +273,14 @@
   - Stat data of $GIT_DIR/info/exclude. See "Index entry" section from
     ctime field until "file size".
 
-  - Stat data of core.excludesfile
+  - Stat data of core.excludesFile
 
   - 32-bit dir_flags (see struct dir_struct)
 
   - Hash of $GIT_DIR/info/exclude. A null hash means the file
     does not exist.
 
-  - Hash of core.excludesfile. A null hash means the file does
+  - Hash of core.excludesFile. A null hash means the file does
     not exist.
 
   - NUL-terminated string of per-dir exclude file name. This usually
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt b/Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt
index 8833b71..1faa949 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/pack-format.txt
@@ -336,6 +336,9 @@
 	    (Chunks are provided in file-order, so you can infer the length
 	    using the next chunk position if necessary.)
 
+	The CHUNK LOOKUP matches the table of contents from
+	link:technical/chunk-format.html[the chunk-based file format].
+
 	The remaining data in the body is described one chunk at a time, and
 	these chunks may be given in any order. Chunks are required unless
 	otherwise specified.
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/protocol-v2.txt b/Documentation/technical/protocol-v2.txt
index f772d90..a7c806a 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/protocol-v2.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/protocol-v2.txt
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@
 
   * '0000' Flush Packet (flush-pkt) - indicates the end of a message
   * '0001' Delimiter Packet (delim-pkt) - separates sections of a message
-  * '0002' Message Packet (response-end-pkt) - indicates the end of a response
-    for stateless connections
+  * '0002' Response End Packet (response-end-pkt) - indicates the end of a
+    response for stateless connections
 
 Initial Client Request
 ----------------------
diff --git a/GIT-VERSION-GEN b/GIT-VERSION-GEN
index 0327733..6fb66d3 100755
--- a/GIT-VERSION-GEN
+++ b/GIT-VERSION-GEN
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
 GVF=GIT-VERSION-FILE
-DEF_VER=v2.30.GIT
+DEF_VER=v2.31.0-rc0
 
 LF='
 '
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 5a239ca..dd08b4c 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -834,6 +834,7 @@
 LIB_OBJS += cache-tree.o
 LIB_OBJS += chdir-notify.o
 LIB_OBJS += checkout.o
+LIB_OBJS += chunk-format.o
 LIB_OBJS += color.o
 LIB_OBJS += column.o
 LIB_OBJS += combine-diff.o
@@ -863,6 +864,7 @@
 LIB_OBJS += diffcore-order.o
 LIB_OBJS += diffcore-pickaxe.o
 LIB_OBJS += diffcore-rename.o
+LIB_OBJS += diffcore-rotate.o
 LIB_OBJS += dir-iterator.o
 LIB_OBJS += dir.o
 LIB_OBJS += editor.o
diff --git a/bisect.c b/bisect.c
index 75ea0eb..ae48d19 100644
--- a/bisect.c
+++ b/bisect.c
@@ -1064,7 +1064,7 @@
 
 	if (!all) {
 		fprintf(stderr, _("No testable commit found.\n"
-			"Maybe you started with bad path parameters?\n"));
+			"Maybe you started with bad path arguments?\n"));
 
 		return BISECT_NO_TESTABLE_COMMIT;
 	}
diff --git a/builtin/add.c b/builtin/add.c
index a825887..ea762a4 100644
--- a/builtin/add.c
+++ b/builtin/add.c
@@ -38,19 +38,27 @@
 	int add_errors;
 };
 
-static void chmod_pathspec(struct pathspec *pathspec, char flip)
+static int chmod_pathspec(struct pathspec *pathspec, char flip, int show_only)
 {
-	int i;
+	int i, ret = 0;
 
 	for (i = 0; i < active_nr; i++) {
 		struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[i];
+		int err;
 
 		if (pathspec && !ce_path_match(&the_index, ce, pathspec, NULL))
 			continue;
 
-		if (chmod_cache_entry(ce, flip) < 0)
-			fprintf(stderr, "cannot chmod %cx '%s'\n", flip, ce->name);
+		if (!show_only)
+			err = chmod_cache_entry(ce, flip);
+		else
+			err = S_ISREG(ce->ce_mode) ? 0 : -1;
+
+		if (err < 0)
+			ret = error(_("cannot chmod %cx '%s'"), flip, ce->name);
 	}
+
+	return ret;
 }
 
 static int fix_unmerged_status(struct diff_filepair *p,
@@ -609,7 +617,7 @@
 		exit_status |= add_files(&dir, flags);
 
 	if (chmod_arg && pathspec.nr)
-		chmod_pathspec(&pathspec, chmod_arg[0]);
+		exit_status |= chmod_pathspec(&pathspec, chmod_arg[0], show_only);
 	unplug_bulk_checkin();
 
 finish:
diff --git a/builtin/blame.c b/builtin/blame.c
index b66e938..641523f 100644
--- a/builtin/blame.c
+++ b/builtin/blame.c
@@ -425,13 +425,11 @@
 	parse_color_fields("blue,12 month ago,white,1 month ago,red");
 }
 
-static void determine_line_heat(struct blame_entry *ent, const char **dest_color)
+static void determine_line_heat(struct commit_info *ci, const char **dest_color)
 {
 	int i = 0;
-	struct commit_info ci;
-	get_commit_info(ent->suspect->commit, &ci, 1);
 
-	while (i < colorfield_nr && ci.author_time > colorfield[i].hop)
+	while (i < colorfield_nr && ci->author_time > colorfield[i].hop)
 		i++;
 
 	*dest_color = colorfield[i].col;
@@ -453,7 +451,7 @@
 	cp = blame_nth_line(sb, ent->lno);
 
 	if (opt & OUTPUT_SHOW_AGE_WITH_COLOR) {
-		determine_line_heat(ent, &default_color);
+		determine_line_heat(&ci, &default_color);
 		color = default_color;
 		reset = GIT_COLOR_RESET;
 	}
diff --git a/builtin/checkout-index.c b/builtin/checkout-index.c
index 4bbfc92..023e49e 100644
--- a/builtin/checkout-index.c
+++ b/builtin/checkout-index.c
@@ -23,22 +23,35 @@
 static void write_tempfile_record(const char *name, const char *prefix)
 {
 	int i;
+	int have_tempname = 0;
 
 	if (CHECKOUT_ALL == checkout_stage) {
-		for (i = 1; i < 4; i++) {
-			if (i > 1)
-				putchar(' ');
-			if (topath[i][0])
-				fputs(topath[i], stdout);
-			else
-				putchar('.');
-		}
-	} else
-		fputs(topath[checkout_stage], stdout);
+		for (i = 1; i < 4; i++)
+			if (topath[i][0]) {
+				have_tempname = 1;
+				break;
+			}
 
-	putchar('\t');
-	write_name_quoted_relative(name, prefix, stdout,
-				   nul_term_line ? '\0' : '\n');
+		if (have_tempname) {
+			for (i = 1; i < 4; i++) {
+				if (i > 1)
+					putchar(' ');
+				if (topath[i][0])
+					fputs(topath[i], stdout);
+				else
+					putchar('.');
+			}
+		}
+	} else if (topath[checkout_stage][0]) {
+		have_tempname = 1;
+		fputs(topath[checkout_stage], stdout);
+	}
+
+	if (have_tempname) {
+		putchar('\t');
+		write_name_quoted_relative(name, prefix, stdout,
+					   nul_term_line ? '\0' : '\n');
+	}
 
 	for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
 		topath[i][0] = 0;
diff --git a/builtin/diff-files.c b/builtin/diff-files.c
index bb85266..70103c4 100644
--- a/builtin/diff-files.c
+++ b/builtin/diff-files.c
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@
 	}
 	if (!rev.diffopt.output_format)
 		rev.diffopt.output_format = DIFF_FORMAT_RAW;
+	rev.diffopt.rotate_to_strict = 1;
 
 	/*
 	 * Make sure there are NO revision (i.e. pending object) parameter,
diff --git a/builtin/diff-index.c b/builtin/diff-index.c
index c33d7af..176fe7f 100644
--- a/builtin/diff-index.c
+++ b/builtin/diff-index.c
@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@
 	if (!rev.diffopt.output_format)
 		rev.diffopt.output_format = DIFF_FORMAT_RAW;
 
+	rev.diffopt.rotate_to_strict = 1;
+
 	/*
 	 * Make sure there is one revision (i.e. pending object),
 	 * and there is no revision filtering parameters.
diff --git a/builtin/diff-tree.c b/builtin/diff-tree.c
index 178d12f..f33d30d 100644
--- a/builtin/diff-tree.c
+++ b/builtin/diff-tree.c
@@ -156,6 +156,8 @@
 	if (merge_base && opt->pending.nr != 2)
 		die(_("--merge-base only works with two commits"));
 
+	opt->diffopt.rotate_to_strict = 1;
+
 	/*
 	 * NOTE!  We expect "a..b" to expand to "^a b" but it is
 	 * perfectly valid for revision range parser to yield "b ^a",
@@ -192,6 +194,7 @@
 		int saved_nrl = 0;
 		int saved_dcctc = 0;
 
+		opt->diffopt.rotate_to_strict = 0;
 		if (opt->diffopt.detect_rename) {
 			if (!the_index.cache)
 				repo_read_index(the_repository);
diff --git a/builtin/diff.c b/builtin/diff.c
index 0f4859a..617b9a4 100644
--- a/builtin/diff.c
+++ b/builtin/diff.c
@@ -491,6 +491,7 @@
 	}
 
 	rev.diffopt.flags.recursive = 1;
+	rev.diffopt.rotate_to_strict = 1;
 
 	setup_diff_pager(&rev.diffopt);
 
diff --git a/builtin/gc.c b/builtin/gc.c
index 6db9cb3..ef7226d 100644
--- a/builtin/gc.c
+++ b/builtin/gc.c
@@ -1461,11 +1461,23 @@
 	return maintenance_run_tasks(&opts);
 }
 
+static char *get_maintpath(void)
+{
+	struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
+	const char *p = the_repository->worktree ?
+		the_repository->worktree : the_repository->gitdir;
+
+	strbuf_realpath(&sb, p, 1);
+	return strbuf_detach(&sb, NULL);
+}
+
 static int maintenance_register(void)
 {
+	int rc;
 	char *config_value;
 	struct child_process config_set = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 	struct child_process config_get = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+	char *maintpath = get_maintpath();
 
 	/* Disable foreground maintenance */
 	git_config_set("maintenance.auto", "false");
@@ -1478,40 +1490,44 @@
 
 	config_get.git_cmd = 1;
 	strvec_pushl(&config_get.args, "config", "--global", "--get",
-		     "--fixed-value", "maintenance.repo",
-		     the_repository->worktree ? the_repository->worktree
-					      : the_repository->gitdir,
-			 NULL);
+		     "--fixed-value", "maintenance.repo", maintpath, NULL);
 	config_get.out = -1;
 
-	if (start_command(&config_get))
-		return error(_("failed to run 'git config'"));
+	if (start_command(&config_get)) {
+		rc = error(_("failed to run 'git config'"));
+		goto done;
+	}
 
 	/* We already have this value in our config! */
-	if (!finish_command(&config_get))
-		return 0;
+	if (!finish_command(&config_get)) {
+		rc = 0;
+		goto done;
+	}
 
 	config_set.git_cmd = 1;
 	strvec_pushl(&config_set.args, "config", "--add", "--global", "maintenance.repo",
-		     the_repository->worktree ? the_repository->worktree
-					      : the_repository->gitdir,
-		     NULL);
+		     maintpath, NULL);
 
-	return run_command(&config_set);
+	rc = run_command(&config_set);
+
+done:
+	free(maintpath);
+	return rc;
 }
 
 static int maintenance_unregister(void)
 {
+	int rc;
 	struct child_process config_unset = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+	char *maintpath = get_maintpath();
 
 	config_unset.git_cmd = 1;
 	strvec_pushl(&config_unset.args, "config", "--global", "--unset",
-		     "--fixed-value", "maintenance.repo",
-		     the_repository->worktree ? the_repository->worktree
-					      : the_repository->gitdir,
-		     NULL);
+		     "--fixed-value", "maintenance.repo", maintpath, NULL);
 
-	return run_command(&config_unset);
+	rc = run_command(&config_unset);
+	free(maintpath);
+	return rc;
 }
 
 static const char *get_frequency(enum schedule_priority schedule)
diff --git a/builtin/grep.c b/builtin/grep.c
index e348e6b..4e91a25 100644
--- a/builtin/grep.c
+++ b/builtin/grep.c
@@ -506,6 +506,10 @@
 
 	for (nr = 0; nr < repo->index->cache_nr; nr++) {
 		const struct cache_entry *ce = repo->index->cache[nr];
+
+		if (!cached && ce_skip_worktree(ce))
+			continue;
+
 		strbuf_setlen(&name, name_base_len);
 		strbuf_addstr(&name, ce->name);
 
@@ -518,8 +522,7 @@
 			 * cache entry are identical, even if worktree file has
 			 * been modified, so use cache version instead
 			 */
-			if (cached || (ce->ce_flags & CE_VALID) ||
-			    ce_skip_worktree(ce)) {
+			if (cached || (ce->ce_flags & CE_VALID)) {
 				if (ce_stage(ce) || ce_intent_to_add(ce))
 					continue;
 				hit |= grep_oid(opt, &ce->oid, name.buf,
diff --git a/builtin/index-pack.c b/builtin/index-pack.c
index 54f74c4..bad5748 100644
--- a/builtin/index-pack.c
+++ b/builtin/index-pack.c
@@ -1712,6 +1712,22 @@
 	}
 }
 
+static int print_dangling_gitmodules(struct fsck_options *o,
+				     const struct object_id *oid,
+				     enum object_type object_type,
+				     int msg_type, const char *message)
+{
+	/*
+	 * NEEDSWORK: Plumb the MSG_ID (from fsck.c) here and use it
+	 * instead of relying on this string check.
+	 */
+	if (starts_with(message, "gitmodulesMissing")) {
+		printf("%s\n", oid_to_hex(oid));
+		return 0;
+	}
+	return fsck_error_function(o, oid, object_type, msg_type, message);
+}
+
 int cmd_index_pack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
 	int i, fix_thin_pack = 0, verify = 0, stat_only = 0, rev_index;
@@ -1932,8 +1948,13 @@
 	else
 		close(input_fd);
 
-	if (do_fsck_object && fsck_finish(&fsck_options))
-		die(_("fsck error in pack objects"));
+	if (do_fsck_object) {
+		struct fsck_options fo = fsck_options;
+
+		fo.error_func = print_dangling_gitmodules;
+		if (fsck_finish(&fo))
+			die(_("fsck error in pack objects"));
+	}
 
 	free(objects);
 	strbuf_release(&index_name_buf);
diff --git a/builtin/notes.c b/builtin/notes.c
index 2987c08..08b8914 100644
--- a/builtin/notes.c
+++ b/builtin/notes.c
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@
 				     git_notes_list_usage, 0);
 
 	if (1 < argc) {
-		error(_("too many parameters"));
+		error(_("too many arguments"));
 		usage_with_options(git_notes_list_usage, options);
 	}
 
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@
 			     PARSE_OPT_KEEP_ARGV0);
 
 	if (2 < argc) {
-		error(_("too many parameters"));
+		error(_("too many arguments"));
 		usage_with_options(git_notes_add_usage, options);
 	}
 
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@
 
 	if (from_stdin || rewrite_cmd) {
 		if (argc) {
-			error(_("too many parameters"));
+			error(_("too many arguments"));
 			usage_with_options(git_notes_copy_usage, options);
 		} else {
 			return notes_copy_from_stdin(force, rewrite_cmd);
@@ -514,11 +514,11 @@
 	}
 
 	if (argc < 1) {
-		error(_("too few parameters"));
+		error(_("too few arguments"));
 		usage_with_options(git_notes_copy_usage, options);
 	}
 	if (2 < argc) {
-		error(_("too many parameters"));
+		error(_("too many arguments"));
 		usage_with_options(git_notes_copy_usage, options);
 	}
 
@@ -595,7 +595,7 @@
 			     PARSE_OPT_KEEP_ARGV0);
 
 	if (2 < argc) {
-		error(_("too many parameters"));
+		error(_("too many arguments"));
 		usage_with_options(usage, options);
 	}
 
@@ -662,7 +662,7 @@
 			     0);
 
 	if (1 < argc) {
-		error(_("too many parameters"));
+		error(_("too many arguments"));
 		usage_with_options(git_notes_show_usage, options);
 	}
 
@@ -812,7 +812,7 @@
 		error(_("must specify a notes ref to merge"));
 		usage_with_options(git_notes_merge_usage, options);
 	} else if (!do_merge && argc) {
-		error(_("too many parameters"));
+		error(_("too many arguments"));
 		usage_with_options(git_notes_merge_usage, options);
 	}
 
@@ -960,7 +960,7 @@
 			     0);
 
 	if (argc) {
-		error(_("too many parameters"));
+		error(_("too many arguments"));
 		usage_with_options(git_notes_prune_usage, options);
 	}
 
@@ -982,7 +982,7 @@
 			     git_notes_get_ref_usage, 0);
 
 	if (argc) {
-		error(_("too many parameters"));
+		error(_("too many arguments"));
 		usage_with_options(git_notes_get_ref_usage, options);
 	}
 
diff --git a/builtin/push.c b/builtin/push.c
index 03adb58..194967e 100644
--- a/builtin/push.c
+++ b/builtin/push.c
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@
 			else
 				refspec_appendf(&rs, "refs/tags/%s", ref);
 		} else if (deleterefs) {
-			if (strchr(ref, ':'))
+			if (strchr(ref, ':') || !*ref)
 				die(_("--delete only accepts plain target ref names"));
 			refspec_appendf(&rs, ":%s", ref);
 		} else if (!strchr(ref, ':')) {
diff --git a/builtin/rebase.c b/builtin/rebase.c
index 840dbd7..de400f9 100644
--- a/builtin/rebase.c
+++ b/builtin/rebase.c
@@ -102,6 +102,7 @@
 	int reschedule_failed_exec;
 	int use_legacy_rebase;
 	int reapply_cherry_picks;
+	int fork_point;
 };
 
 #define REBASE_OPTIONS_INIT {			  	\
@@ -111,7 +112,8 @@
 		.default_backend = "merge",	  	\
 		.flags = REBASE_NO_QUIET, 		\
 		.git_am_opts = STRVEC_INIT,		\
-		.git_format_patch_opt = STRBUF_INIT	\
+		.git_format_patch_opt = STRBUF_INIT,	\
+		.fork_point = -1,			\
 	}
 
 static struct replay_opts get_replay_opts(const struct rebase_options *opts)
@@ -1095,6 +1097,11 @@
 		return 0;
 	}
 
+	if (!strcmp(var, "rebase.forkpoint")) {
+		opts->fork_point = git_config_bool(var, value) ? -1 : 0;
+		return 0;
+	}
+
 	if (!strcmp(var, "rebase.usebuiltin")) {
 		opts->use_legacy_rebase = !git_config_bool(var, value);
 		return 0;
@@ -1306,7 +1313,6 @@
 	const char *gpg_sign = NULL;
 	struct string_list exec = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
 	const char *rebase_merges = NULL;
-	int fork_point = -1;
 	struct string_list strategy_options = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
 	struct object_id squash_onto;
 	char *squash_onto_name = NULL;
@@ -1406,7 +1412,7 @@
 			N_("mode"),
 			N_("try to rebase merges instead of skipping them"),
 			PARSE_OPT_OPTARG, NULL, (intptr_t)""},
-		OPT_BOOL(0, "fork-point", &fork_point,
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "fork-point", &options.fork_point,
 			 N_("use 'merge-base --fork-point' to refine upstream")),
 		OPT_STRING('s', "strategy", &options.strategy,
 			   N_("strategy"), N_("use the given merge strategy")),
@@ -1494,7 +1500,7 @@
 			die(_("cannot combine '--keep-base' with '--root'"));
 	}
 
-	if (options.root && fork_point > 0)
+	if (options.root && options.fork_point > 0)
 		die(_("cannot combine '--root' with '--fork-point'"));
 
 	if (action != ACTION_NONE && !in_progress)
@@ -1840,8 +1846,8 @@
 								    NULL);
 			if (!options.upstream_name)
 				error_on_missing_default_upstream();
-			if (fork_point < 0)
-				fork_point = 1;
+			if (options.fork_point < 0)
+				options.fork_point = 1;
 		} else {
 			options.upstream_name = argv[0];
 			argc--;
@@ -1945,7 +1951,7 @@
 	} else
 		BUG("unexpected number of arguments left to parse");
 
-	if (fork_point > 0) {
+	if (options.fork_point > 0) {
 		struct commit *head =
 			lookup_commit_reference(the_repository,
 						&options.orig_head);
diff --git a/builtin/receive-pack.c b/builtin/receive-pack.c
index b89ce31..d26040c 100644
--- a/builtin/receive-pack.c
+++ b/builtin/receive-pack.c
@@ -2275,7 +2275,7 @@
 		status = start_command(&child);
 		if (status)
 			return "index-pack fork failed";
-		pack_lockfile = index_pack_lockfile(child.out);
+		pack_lockfile = index_pack_lockfile(child.out, NULL);
 		close(child.out);
 		status = finish_command(&child);
 		if (status)
diff --git a/builtin/rev-list.c b/builtin/rev-list.c
index 25c6c3b..b4d8ea0 100644
--- a/builtin/rev-list.c
+++ b/builtin/rev-list.c
@@ -80,6 +80,19 @@
 
 #define DEFAULT_OIDSET_SIZE     (16*1024)
 
+static int show_disk_usage;
+static off_t total_disk_usage;
+
+static off_t get_object_disk_usage(struct object *obj)
+{
+	off_t size;
+	struct object_info oi = OBJECT_INFO_INIT;
+	oi.disk_sizep = &size;
+	if (oid_object_info_extended(the_repository, &obj->oid, &oi, 0) < 0)
+		die(_("unable to get disk usage of %s"), oid_to_hex(&obj->oid));
+	return size;
+}
+
 static void finish_commit(struct commit *commit);
 static void show_commit(struct commit *commit, void *data)
 {
@@ -88,6 +101,9 @@
 
 	display_progress(progress, ++progress_counter);
 
+	if (show_disk_usage)
+		total_disk_usage += get_object_disk_usage(&commit->object);
+
 	if (info->flags & REV_LIST_QUIET) {
 		finish_commit(commit);
 		return;
@@ -258,6 +274,8 @@
 	if (finish_object(obj, name, cb_data))
 		return;
 	display_progress(progress, ++progress_counter);
+	if (show_disk_usage)
+		total_disk_usage += get_object_disk_usage(obj);
 	if (info->flags & REV_LIST_QUIET)
 		return;
 
@@ -452,6 +470,23 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static int try_bitmap_disk_usage(struct rev_info *revs,
+				 struct list_objects_filter_options *filter)
+{
+	struct bitmap_index *bitmap_git;
+
+	if (!show_disk_usage)
+		return -1;
+
+	bitmap_git = prepare_bitmap_walk(revs, filter);
+	if (!bitmap_git)
+		return -1;
+
+	printf("%"PRIuMAX"\n",
+	       (uintmax_t)get_disk_usage_from_bitmap(bitmap_git, revs));
+	return 0;
+}
+
 int cmd_rev_list(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
 	struct rev_info revs;
@@ -584,6 +619,12 @@
 			continue;
 		}
 
+		if (!strcmp(arg, "--disk-usage")) {
+			show_disk_usage = 1;
+			info.flags |= REV_LIST_QUIET;
+			continue;
+		}
+
 		usage(rev_list_usage);
 
 	}
@@ -626,6 +667,8 @@
 	if (use_bitmap_index) {
 		if (!try_bitmap_count(&revs, &filter_options))
 			return 0;
+		if (!try_bitmap_disk_usage(&revs, &filter_options))
+			return 0;
 		if (!try_bitmap_traversal(&revs, &filter_options))
 			return 0;
 	}
@@ -690,5 +733,8 @@
 			printf("%d\n", revs.count_left + revs.count_right);
 	}
 
+	if (show_disk_usage)
+		printf("%"PRIuMAX"\n", (uintmax_t)total_disk_usage);
+
 	return 0;
 }
diff --git a/builtin/stash.c b/builtin/stash.c
index 6f2b58f..ba774cc 100644
--- a/builtin/stash.c
+++ b/builtin/stash.c
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@
 			     PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION);
 
 	if (argc)
-		return error(_("git stash clear with parameters is "
+		return error(_("git stash clear with arguments is "
 			       "unimplemented"));
 
 	return do_clear_stash();
diff --git a/builtin/tag.c b/builtin/tag.c
index 4237dc7..d403417 100644
--- a/builtin/tag.c
+++ b/builtin/tag.c
@@ -572,7 +572,7 @@
 
 	object_ref = argc == 2 ? argv[1] : "HEAD";
 	if (argc > 2)
-		die(_("too many params"));
+		die(_("too many arguments"));
 
 	if (get_oid(object_ref, &object))
 		die(_("Failed to resolve '%s' as a valid ref."), object_ref);
diff --git a/chunk-format.c b/chunk-format.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..da191e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/chunk-format.c
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+#include "cache.h"
+#include "chunk-format.h"
+#include "csum-file.h"
+
+/*
+ * When writing a chunk-based file format, collect the chunks in
+ * an array of chunk_info structs. The size stores the _expected_
+ * amount of data that will be written by write_fn.
+ */
+struct chunk_info {
+	uint32_t id;
+	uint64_t size;
+	chunk_write_fn write_fn;
+
+	const void *start;
+};
+
+struct chunkfile {
+	struct hashfile *f;
+
+	struct chunk_info *chunks;
+	size_t chunks_nr;
+	size_t chunks_alloc;
+};
+
+struct chunkfile *init_chunkfile(struct hashfile *f)
+{
+	struct chunkfile *cf = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*cf));
+	cf->f = f;
+	return cf;
+}
+
+void free_chunkfile(struct chunkfile *cf)
+{
+	if (!cf)
+		return;
+	free(cf->chunks);
+	free(cf);
+}
+
+int get_num_chunks(struct chunkfile *cf)
+{
+	return cf->chunks_nr;
+}
+
+void add_chunk(struct chunkfile *cf,
+	       uint32_t id,
+	       size_t size,
+	       chunk_write_fn fn)
+{
+	ALLOC_GROW(cf->chunks, cf->chunks_nr + 1, cf->chunks_alloc);
+
+	cf->chunks[cf->chunks_nr].id = id;
+	cf->chunks[cf->chunks_nr].write_fn = fn;
+	cf->chunks[cf->chunks_nr].size = size;
+	cf->chunks_nr++;
+}
+
+int write_chunkfile(struct chunkfile *cf, void *data)
+{
+	int i;
+	uint64_t cur_offset = hashfile_total(cf->f);
+
+	/* Add the table of contents to the current offset */
+	cur_offset += (cf->chunks_nr + 1) * CHUNK_TOC_ENTRY_SIZE;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < cf->chunks_nr; i++) {
+		hashwrite_be32(cf->f, cf->chunks[i].id);
+		hashwrite_be64(cf->f, cur_offset);
+
+		cur_offset += cf->chunks[i].size;
+	}
+
+	/* Trailing entry marks the end of the chunks */
+	hashwrite_be32(cf->f, 0);
+	hashwrite_be64(cf->f, cur_offset);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < cf->chunks_nr; i++) {
+		off_t start_offset = hashfile_total(cf->f);
+		int result = cf->chunks[i].write_fn(cf->f, data);
+
+		if (result)
+			return result;
+
+		if (hashfile_total(cf->f) - start_offset != cf->chunks[i].size)
+			BUG("expected to write %"PRId64" bytes to chunk %"PRIx32", but wrote %"PRId64" instead",
+			    cf->chunks[i].size, cf->chunks[i].id,
+			    hashfile_total(cf->f) - start_offset);
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int read_table_of_contents(struct chunkfile *cf,
+			   const unsigned char *mfile,
+			   size_t mfile_size,
+			   uint64_t toc_offset,
+			   int toc_length)
+{
+	int i;
+	uint32_t chunk_id;
+	const unsigned char *table_of_contents = mfile + toc_offset;
+
+	ALLOC_GROW(cf->chunks, toc_length, cf->chunks_alloc);
+
+	while (toc_length--) {
+		uint64_t chunk_offset, next_chunk_offset;
+
+		chunk_id = get_be32(table_of_contents);
+		chunk_offset = get_be64(table_of_contents + 4);
+
+		if (!chunk_id) {
+			error(_("terminating chunk id appears earlier than expected"));
+			return 1;
+		}
+
+		table_of_contents += CHUNK_TOC_ENTRY_SIZE;
+		next_chunk_offset = get_be64(table_of_contents + 4);
+
+		if (next_chunk_offset < chunk_offset ||
+		    next_chunk_offset > mfile_size - the_hash_algo->rawsz) {
+			error(_("improper chunk offset(s) %"PRIx64" and %"PRIx64""),
+			      chunk_offset, next_chunk_offset);
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		for (i = 0; i < cf->chunks_nr; i++) {
+			if (cf->chunks[i].id == chunk_id) {
+				error(_("duplicate chunk ID %"PRIx32" found"),
+					chunk_id);
+				return -1;
+			}
+		}
+
+		cf->chunks[cf->chunks_nr].id = chunk_id;
+		cf->chunks[cf->chunks_nr].start = mfile + chunk_offset;
+		cf->chunks[cf->chunks_nr].size = next_chunk_offset - chunk_offset;
+		cf->chunks_nr++;
+	}
+
+	chunk_id = get_be32(table_of_contents);
+	if (chunk_id) {
+		error(_("final chunk has non-zero id %"PRIx32""), chunk_id);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int pair_chunk_fn(const unsigned char *chunk_start,
+			 size_t chunk_size,
+			 void *data)
+{
+	const unsigned char **p = data;
+	*p = chunk_start;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int pair_chunk(struct chunkfile *cf,
+	       uint32_t chunk_id,
+	       const unsigned char **p)
+{
+	return read_chunk(cf, chunk_id, pair_chunk_fn, p);
+}
+
+int read_chunk(struct chunkfile *cf,
+	       uint32_t chunk_id,
+	       chunk_read_fn fn,
+	       void *data)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < cf->chunks_nr; i++) {
+		if (cf->chunks[i].id == chunk_id)
+			return fn(cf->chunks[i].start, cf->chunks[i].size, data);
+	}
+
+	return CHUNK_NOT_FOUND;
+}
diff --git a/chunk-format.h b/chunk-format.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ccbe00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/chunk-format.h
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+#ifndef CHUNK_FORMAT_H
+#define CHUNK_FORMAT_H
+
+#include "git-compat-util.h"
+
+struct hashfile;
+struct chunkfile;
+
+#define CHUNK_TOC_ENTRY_SIZE (sizeof(uint32_t) + sizeof(uint64_t))
+
+/*
+ * Initialize a 'struct chunkfile' for writing _or_ reading a file
+ * with the chunk format.
+ *
+ * If writing a file, supply a non-NULL 'struct hashfile *' that will
+ * be used to write.
+ *
+ * If reading a file, use a NULL 'struct hashfile *' and then call
+ * read_table_of_contents(). Supply the memory-mapped data to the
+ * pair_chunk() or read_chunk() methods, as appropriate.
+ *
+ * DO NOT MIX THESE MODES. Use different 'struct chunkfile' instances
+ * for reading and writing.
+ */
+struct chunkfile *init_chunkfile(struct hashfile *f);
+void free_chunkfile(struct chunkfile *cf);
+int get_num_chunks(struct chunkfile *cf);
+typedef int (*chunk_write_fn)(struct hashfile *f, void *data);
+void add_chunk(struct chunkfile *cf,
+	       uint32_t id,
+	       size_t size,
+	       chunk_write_fn fn);
+int write_chunkfile(struct chunkfile *cf, void *data);
+
+int read_table_of_contents(struct chunkfile *cf,
+			   const unsigned char *mfile,
+			   size_t mfile_size,
+			   uint64_t toc_offset,
+			   int toc_length);
+
+#define CHUNK_NOT_FOUND (-2)
+
+/*
+ * Find 'chunk_id' in the given chunkfile and assign the
+ * given pointer to the position in the mmap'd file where
+ * that chunk begins.
+ *
+ * Returns CHUNK_NOT_FOUND if the chunk does not exist.
+ */
+int pair_chunk(struct chunkfile *cf,
+	       uint32_t chunk_id,
+	       const unsigned char **p);
+
+typedef int (*chunk_read_fn)(const unsigned char *chunk_start,
+			     size_t chunk_size, void *data);
+/*
+ * Find 'chunk_id' in the given chunkfile and call the
+ * given chunk_read_fn method with the information for
+ * that chunk.
+ *
+ * Returns CHUNK_NOT_FOUND if the chunk does not exist.
+ */
+int read_chunk(struct chunkfile *cf,
+	       uint32_t chunk_id,
+	       chunk_read_fn fn,
+	       void *data);
+
+#endif
diff --git a/commit-graph.c b/commit-graph.c
index ed31843..ca025ce 100644
--- a/commit-graph.c
+++ b/commit-graph.c
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include "shallow.h"
 #include "json-writer.h"
 #include "trace2.h"
+#include "chunk-format.h"
 
 void git_test_write_commit_graph_or_die(void)
 {
@@ -44,7 +45,6 @@
 #define GRAPH_CHUNKID_BLOOMINDEXES 0x42494458 /* "BIDX" */
 #define GRAPH_CHUNKID_BLOOMDATA 0x42444154 /* "BDAT" */
 #define GRAPH_CHUNKID_BASE 0x42415345 /* "BASE" */
-#define MAX_NUM_CHUNKS 9
 
 #define GRAPH_DATA_WIDTH (the_hash_algo->rawsz + 16)
 
@@ -59,8 +59,7 @@
 
 #define GRAPH_HEADER_SIZE 8
 #define GRAPH_FANOUT_SIZE (4 * 256)
-#define GRAPH_CHUNKLOOKUP_WIDTH 12
-#define GRAPH_MIN_SIZE (GRAPH_HEADER_SIZE + 4 * GRAPH_CHUNKLOOKUP_WIDTH \
+#define GRAPH_MIN_SIZE (GRAPH_HEADER_SIZE + 4 * CHUNK_TOC_ENTRY_SIZE \
 			+ GRAPH_FANOUT_SIZE + the_hash_algo->rawsz)
 
 #define CORRECTED_COMMIT_DATE_OFFSET_OVERFLOW (1ULL << 31)
@@ -215,24 +214,16 @@
 
 	if (read_replace_refs) {
 		prepare_replace_object(r);
-		if (hashmap_get_size(&r->objects->replace_map->map)) {
-			warning(_("repository contains replace objects; "
-			       "skipping commit-graph"));
+		if (hashmap_get_size(&r->objects->replace_map->map))
 			return 0;
-		}
 	}
 
 	prepare_commit_graft(r);
 	if (r->parsed_objects &&
-	    (r->parsed_objects->grafts_nr || r->parsed_objects->substituted_parent)) {
-		warning(_("repository contains (deprecated) grafts; "
-		       "skipping commit-graph"));
+	    (r->parsed_objects->grafts_nr || r->parsed_objects->substituted_parent))
 		return 0;
-	}
-	if (is_repository_shallow(r)) {
-		warning(_("repository is shallow; skipping commit-graph"));
+	if (is_repository_shallow(r))
 		return 0;
-	}
 
 	return 1;
 }
@@ -306,15 +297,43 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static int graph_read_oid_lookup(const unsigned char *chunk_start,
+				 size_t chunk_size, void *data)
+{
+	struct commit_graph *g = data;
+	g->chunk_oid_lookup = chunk_start;
+	g->num_commits = chunk_size / g->hash_len;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int graph_read_bloom_data(const unsigned char *chunk_start,
+				  size_t chunk_size, void *data)
+{
+	struct commit_graph *g = data;
+	uint32_t hash_version;
+	g->chunk_bloom_data = chunk_start;
+	hash_version = get_be32(chunk_start);
+
+	if (hash_version != 1)
+		return 0;
+
+	g->bloom_filter_settings = xmalloc(sizeof(struct bloom_filter_settings));
+	g->bloom_filter_settings->hash_version = hash_version;
+	g->bloom_filter_settings->num_hashes = get_be32(chunk_start + 4);
+	g->bloom_filter_settings->bits_per_entry = get_be32(chunk_start + 8);
+	g->bloom_filter_settings->max_changed_paths = DEFAULT_BLOOM_MAX_CHANGES;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
 struct commit_graph *parse_commit_graph(struct repository *r,
 					void *graph_map, size_t graph_size)
 {
-	const unsigned char *data, *chunk_lookup;
-	uint32_t i;
+	const unsigned char *data;
 	struct commit_graph *graph;
-	uint64_t next_chunk_offset;
 	uint32_t graph_signature;
 	unsigned char graph_version, hash_version;
+	struct chunkfile *cf = NULL;
 
 	if (!graph_map)
 		return NULL;
@@ -355,7 +374,7 @@
 	graph->data_len = graph_size;
 
 	if (graph_size < GRAPH_HEADER_SIZE +
-			 (graph->num_chunks + 1) * GRAPH_CHUNKLOOKUP_WIDTH +
+			 (graph->num_chunks + 1) * CHUNK_TOC_ENTRY_SIZE +
 			 GRAPH_FANOUT_SIZE + the_hash_algo->rawsz) {
 		error(_("commit-graph file is too small to hold %u chunks"),
 		      graph->num_chunks);
@@ -363,108 +382,28 @@
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
-	chunk_lookup = data + 8;
-	next_chunk_offset = get_be64(chunk_lookup + 4);
-	for (i = 0; i < graph->num_chunks; i++) {
-		uint32_t chunk_id;
-		uint64_t chunk_offset = next_chunk_offset;
-		int chunk_repeated = 0;
+	cf = init_chunkfile(NULL);
 
-		chunk_id = get_be32(chunk_lookup + 0);
+	if (read_table_of_contents(cf, graph->data, graph_size,
+				   GRAPH_HEADER_SIZE, graph->num_chunks))
+		goto free_and_return;
 
-		chunk_lookup += GRAPH_CHUNKLOOKUP_WIDTH;
-		next_chunk_offset = get_be64(chunk_lookup + 4);
+	pair_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_OIDFANOUT,
+		   (const unsigned char **)&graph->chunk_oid_fanout);
+	read_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_OIDLOOKUP, graph_read_oid_lookup, graph);
+	pair_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_DATA, &graph->chunk_commit_data);
+	pair_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_EXTRAEDGES, &graph->chunk_extra_edges);
+	pair_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_BASE, &graph->chunk_base_graphs);
+	pair_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_GENERATION_DATA,
+		   &graph->chunk_generation_data);
+	pair_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_GENERATION_DATA_OVERFLOW,
+		   &graph->chunk_generation_data_overflow);
 
-		if (chunk_offset > graph_size - the_hash_algo->rawsz) {
-			error(_("commit-graph improper chunk offset %08x%08x"), (uint32_t)(chunk_offset >> 32),
-			      (uint32_t)chunk_offset);
-			goto free_and_return;
-		}
-
-		switch (chunk_id) {
-		case GRAPH_CHUNKID_OIDFANOUT:
-			if (graph->chunk_oid_fanout)
-				chunk_repeated = 1;
-			else
-				graph->chunk_oid_fanout = (uint32_t*)(data + chunk_offset);
-			break;
-
-		case GRAPH_CHUNKID_OIDLOOKUP:
-			if (graph->chunk_oid_lookup)
-				chunk_repeated = 1;
-			else {
-				graph->chunk_oid_lookup = data + chunk_offset;
-				graph->num_commits = (next_chunk_offset - chunk_offset)
-						     / graph->hash_len;
-			}
-			break;
-
-		case GRAPH_CHUNKID_DATA:
-			if (graph->chunk_commit_data)
-				chunk_repeated = 1;
-			else
-				graph->chunk_commit_data = data + chunk_offset;
-			break;
-
-		case GRAPH_CHUNKID_GENERATION_DATA:
-			if (graph->chunk_generation_data)
-				chunk_repeated = 1;
-			else
-				graph->chunk_generation_data = data + chunk_offset;
-			break;
-
-		case GRAPH_CHUNKID_GENERATION_DATA_OVERFLOW:
-			if (graph->chunk_generation_data_overflow)
-				chunk_repeated = 1;
-			else
-				graph->chunk_generation_data_overflow = data + chunk_offset;
-			break;
-
-		case GRAPH_CHUNKID_EXTRAEDGES:
-			if (graph->chunk_extra_edges)
-				chunk_repeated = 1;
-			else
-				graph->chunk_extra_edges = data + chunk_offset;
-			break;
-
-		case GRAPH_CHUNKID_BASE:
-			if (graph->chunk_base_graphs)
-				chunk_repeated = 1;
-			else
-				graph->chunk_base_graphs = data + chunk_offset;
-			break;
-
-		case GRAPH_CHUNKID_BLOOMINDEXES:
-			if (graph->chunk_bloom_indexes)
-				chunk_repeated = 1;
-			else if (r->settings.commit_graph_read_changed_paths)
-				graph->chunk_bloom_indexes = data + chunk_offset;
-			break;
-
-		case GRAPH_CHUNKID_BLOOMDATA:
-			if (graph->chunk_bloom_data)
-				chunk_repeated = 1;
-			else if (r->settings.commit_graph_read_changed_paths) {
-				uint32_t hash_version;
-				graph->chunk_bloom_data = data + chunk_offset;
-				hash_version = get_be32(data + chunk_offset);
-
-				if (hash_version != 1)
-					break;
-
-				graph->bloom_filter_settings = xmalloc(sizeof(struct bloom_filter_settings));
-				graph->bloom_filter_settings->hash_version = hash_version;
-				graph->bloom_filter_settings->num_hashes = get_be32(data + chunk_offset + 4);
-				graph->bloom_filter_settings->bits_per_entry = get_be32(data + chunk_offset + 8);
-				graph->bloom_filter_settings->max_changed_paths = DEFAULT_BLOOM_MAX_CHANGES;
-			}
-			break;
-		}
-
-		if (chunk_repeated) {
-			error(_("commit-graph chunk id %08x appears multiple times"), chunk_id);
-			goto free_and_return;
-		}
+	if (r->settings.commit_graph_read_changed_paths) {
+		pair_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_BLOOMINDEXES,
+			   &graph->chunk_bloom_indexes);
+		read_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_BLOOMDATA,
+			   graph_read_bloom_data, graph);
 	}
 
 	if (graph->chunk_bloom_indexes && graph->chunk_bloom_data) {
@@ -481,9 +420,11 @@
 	if (verify_commit_graph_lite(graph))
 		goto free_and_return;
 
+	free_chunkfile(cf);
 	return graph;
 
 free_and_return:
+	free_chunkfile(cf);
 	free(graph->bloom_filter_settings);
 	free(graph);
 	return NULL;
@@ -1059,8 +1000,9 @@
 };
 
 static int write_graph_chunk_fanout(struct hashfile *f,
-				    struct write_commit_graph_context *ctx)
+				    void *data)
 {
+	struct write_commit_graph_context *ctx = data;
 	int i, count = 0;
 	struct commit **list = ctx->commits.list;
 
@@ -1085,8 +1027,9 @@
 }
 
 static int write_graph_chunk_oids(struct hashfile *f,
-				  struct write_commit_graph_context *ctx)
+				  void *data)
 {
+	struct write_commit_graph_context *ctx = data;
 	struct commit **list = ctx->commits.list;
 	int count;
 	for (count = 0; count < ctx->commits.nr; count++, list++) {
@@ -1104,8 +1047,9 @@
 }
 
 static int write_graph_chunk_data(struct hashfile *f,
-				  struct write_commit_graph_context *ctx)
+				  void *data)
 {
+	struct write_commit_graph_context *ctx = data;
 	struct commit **list = ctx->commits.list;
 	struct commit **last = ctx->commits.list + ctx->commits.nr;
 	uint32_t num_extra_edges = 0;
@@ -1206,8 +1150,9 @@
 }
 
 static int write_graph_chunk_generation_data(struct hashfile *f,
-					      struct write_commit_graph_context *ctx)
+					     void *data)
 {
+	struct write_commit_graph_context *ctx = data;
 	int i, num_generation_data_overflows = 0;
 
 	for (i = 0; i < ctx->commits.nr; i++) {
@@ -1229,8 +1174,9 @@
 }
 
 static int write_graph_chunk_generation_data_overflow(struct hashfile *f,
-						       struct write_commit_graph_context *ctx)
+						      void *data)
 {
+	struct write_commit_graph_context *ctx = data;
 	int i;
 	for (i = 0; i < ctx->commits.nr; i++) {
 		struct commit *c = ctx->commits.list[i];
@@ -1247,8 +1193,9 @@
 }
 
 static int write_graph_chunk_extra_edges(struct hashfile *f,
-					 struct write_commit_graph_context *ctx)
+					 void *data)
 {
+	struct write_commit_graph_context *ctx = data;
 	struct commit **list = ctx->commits.list;
 	struct commit **last = ctx->commits.list + ctx->commits.nr;
 	struct commit_list *parent;
@@ -1301,8 +1248,9 @@
 }
 
 static int write_graph_chunk_bloom_indexes(struct hashfile *f,
-					   struct write_commit_graph_context *ctx)
+					   void *data)
 {
+	struct write_commit_graph_context *ctx = data;
 	struct commit **list = ctx->commits.list;
 	struct commit **last = ctx->commits.list + ctx->commits.nr;
 	uint32_t cur_pos = 0;
@@ -1336,8 +1284,9 @@
 }
 
 static int write_graph_chunk_bloom_data(struct hashfile *f,
-					struct write_commit_graph_context *ctx)
+					void *data)
 {
+	struct write_commit_graph_context *ctx = data;
 	struct commit **list = ctx->commits.list;
 	struct commit **last = ctx->commits.list + ctx->commits.nr;
 
@@ -1813,8 +1762,9 @@
 }
 
 static int write_graph_chunk_base(struct hashfile *f,
-				  struct write_commit_graph_context *ctx)
+				    void *data)
 {
+	struct write_commit_graph_context *ctx = data;
 	int num = write_graph_chunk_base_1(f, ctx->new_base_graph);
 
 	if (num != ctx->num_commit_graphs_after - 1) {
@@ -1825,27 +1775,16 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
-typedef int (*chunk_write_fn)(struct hashfile *f,
-			      struct write_commit_graph_context *ctx);
-
-struct chunk_info {
-	uint32_t id;
-	uint64_t size;
-	chunk_write_fn write_fn;
-};
-
 static int write_commit_graph_file(struct write_commit_graph_context *ctx)
 {
 	uint32_t i;
 	int fd;
 	struct hashfile *f;
 	struct lock_file lk = LOCK_INIT;
-	struct chunk_info chunks[MAX_NUM_CHUNKS + 1];
 	const unsigned hashsz = the_hash_algo->rawsz;
 	struct strbuf progress_title = STRBUF_INIT;
-	int num_chunks = 3;
-	uint64_t chunk_offset;
 	struct object_id file_hash;
+	struct chunkfile *cf;
 
 	if (ctx->split) {
 		struct strbuf tmp_file = STRBUF_INIT;
@@ -1891,98 +1830,62 @@
 		f = hashfd(fd, get_lock_file_path(&lk));
 	}
 
-	chunks[0].id = GRAPH_CHUNKID_OIDFANOUT;
-	chunks[0].size = GRAPH_FANOUT_SIZE;
-	chunks[0].write_fn = write_graph_chunk_fanout;
-	chunks[1].id = GRAPH_CHUNKID_OIDLOOKUP;
-	chunks[1].size = hashsz * ctx->commits.nr;
-	chunks[1].write_fn = write_graph_chunk_oids;
-	chunks[2].id = GRAPH_CHUNKID_DATA;
-	chunks[2].size = (hashsz + 16) * ctx->commits.nr;
-	chunks[2].write_fn = write_graph_chunk_data;
+	cf = init_chunkfile(f);
+
+	add_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_OIDFANOUT, GRAPH_FANOUT_SIZE,
+		  write_graph_chunk_fanout);
+	add_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_OIDLOOKUP, hashsz * ctx->commits.nr,
+		  write_graph_chunk_oids);
+	add_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_DATA, (hashsz + 16) * ctx->commits.nr,
+		  write_graph_chunk_data);
 
 	if (git_env_bool(GIT_TEST_COMMIT_GRAPH_NO_GDAT, 0))
 		ctx->write_generation_data = 0;
-	if (ctx->write_generation_data) {
-		chunks[num_chunks].id = GRAPH_CHUNKID_GENERATION_DATA;
-		chunks[num_chunks].size = sizeof(uint32_t) * ctx->commits.nr;
-		chunks[num_chunks].write_fn = write_graph_chunk_generation_data;
-		num_chunks++;
-	}
-	if (ctx->num_generation_data_overflows) {
-		chunks[num_chunks].id = GRAPH_CHUNKID_GENERATION_DATA_OVERFLOW;
-		chunks[num_chunks].size = sizeof(timestamp_t) * ctx->num_generation_data_overflows;
-		chunks[num_chunks].write_fn = write_graph_chunk_generation_data_overflow;
-		num_chunks++;
-	}
-	if (ctx->num_extra_edges) {
-		chunks[num_chunks].id = GRAPH_CHUNKID_EXTRAEDGES;
-		chunks[num_chunks].size = 4 * ctx->num_extra_edges;
-		chunks[num_chunks].write_fn = write_graph_chunk_extra_edges;
-		num_chunks++;
-	}
+	if (ctx->write_generation_data)
+		add_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_GENERATION_DATA,
+			  sizeof(uint32_t) * ctx->commits.nr,
+			  write_graph_chunk_generation_data);
+	if (ctx->num_generation_data_overflows)
+		add_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_GENERATION_DATA_OVERFLOW,
+			  sizeof(timestamp_t) * ctx->num_generation_data_overflows,
+			  write_graph_chunk_generation_data_overflow);
+	if (ctx->num_extra_edges)
+		add_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_EXTRAEDGES,
+			  4 * ctx->num_extra_edges,
+			  write_graph_chunk_extra_edges);
 	if (ctx->changed_paths) {
-		chunks[num_chunks].id = GRAPH_CHUNKID_BLOOMINDEXES;
-		chunks[num_chunks].size = sizeof(uint32_t) * ctx->commits.nr;
-		chunks[num_chunks].write_fn = write_graph_chunk_bloom_indexes;
-		num_chunks++;
-		chunks[num_chunks].id = GRAPH_CHUNKID_BLOOMDATA;
-		chunks[num_chunks].size = sizeof(uint32_t) * 3
-					  + ctx->total_bloom_filter_data_size;
-		chunks[num_chunks].write_fn = write_graph_chunk_bloom_data;
-		num_chunks++;
+		add_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_BLOOMINDEXES,
+			  sizeof(uint32_t) * ctx->commits.nr,
+			  write_graph_chunk_bloom_indexes);
+		add_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_BLOOMDATA,
+			  sizeof(uint32_t) * 3
+				+ ctx->total_bloom_filter_data_size,
+			  write_graph_chunk_bloom_data);
 	}
-	if (ctx->num_commit_graphs_after > 1) {
-		chunks[num_chunks].id = GRAPH_CHUNKID_BASE;
-		chunks[num_chunks].size = hashsz * (ctx->num_commit_graphs_after - 1);
-		chunks[num_chunks].write_fn = write_graph_chunk_base;
-		num_chunks++;
-	}
-
-	chunks[num_chunks].id = 0;
-	chunks[num_chunks].size = 0;
+	if (ctx->num_commit_graphs_after > 1)
+		add_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_BASE,
+			  hashsz * (ctx->num_commit_graphs_after - 1),
+			  write_graph_chunk_base);
 
 	hashwrite_be32(f, GRAPH_SIGNATURE);
 
 	hashwrite_u8(f, GRAPH_VERSION);
 	hashwrite_u8(f, oid_version());
-	hashwrite_u8(f, num_chunks);
+	hashwrite_u8(f, get_num_chunks(cf));
 	hashwrite_u8(f, ctx->num_commit_graphs_after - 1);
 
-	chunk_offset = 8 + (num_chunks + 1) * GRAPH_CHUNKLOOKUP_WIDTH;
-	for (i = 0; i <= num_chunks; i++) {
-		uint32_t chunk_write[3];
-
-		chunk_write[0] = htonl(chunks[i].id);
-		chunk_write[1] = htonl(chunk_offset >> 32);
-		chunk_write[2] = htonl(chunk_offset & 0xffffffff);
-		hashwrite(f, chunk_write, 12);
-
-		chunk_offset += chunks[i].size;
-	}
-
 	if (ctx->report_progress) {
 		strbuf_addf(&progress_title,
 			    Q_("Writing out commit graph in %d pass",
 			       "Writing out commit graph in %d passes",
-			       num_chunks),
-			    num_chunks);
+			       get_num_chunks(cf)),
+			    get_num_chunks(cf));
 		ctx->progress = start_delayed_progress(
 			progress_title.buf,
-			num_chunks * ctx->commits.nr);
+			get_num_chunks(cf) * ctx->commits.nr);
 	}
 
-	for (i = 0; i < num_chunks; i++) {
-		uint64_t start_offset = f->total + f->offset;
-
-		if (chunks[i].write_fn(f, ctx))
-			return -1;
-
-		if (f->total + f->offset != start_offset + chunks[i].size)
-			BUG("expected to write %"PRId64" bytes to chunk %"PRIx32", but wrote %"PRId64" instead",
-			    chunks[i].size, chunks[i].id,
-			    f->total + f->offset - start_offset);
-	}
+	write_chunkfile(cf, ctx);
 
 	stop_progress(&ctx->progress);
 	strbuf_release(&progress_title);
@@ -1999,6 +1902,7 @@
 
 	close_commit_graph(ctx->r->objects);
 	finalize_hashfile(f, file_hash.hash, CSUM_HASH_IN_STREAM | CSUM_FSYNC);
+	free_chunkfile(cf);
 
 	if (ctx->split) {
 		FILE *chainf = fdopen_lock_file(&lk, "w");
@@ -2471,6 +2375,7 @@
 	free(ctx->graph_name);
 	free(ctx->commits.list);
 	oid_array_clear(&ctx->oids);
+	clear_topo_level_slab(&topo_levels);
 
 	if (ctx->commit_graph_filenames_after) {
 		for (i = 0; i < ctx->num_commit_graphs_after; i++) {
diff --git a/commit-reach.c b/commit-reach.c
index e38771c..2ea84d3 100644
--- a/commit-reach.c
+++ b/commit-reach.c
@@ -17,6 +17,25 @@
 
 static const unsigned all_flags = (PARENT1 | PARENT2 | STALE | RESULT);
 
+static int compare_commits_by_gen(const void *_a, const void *_b)
+{
+	const struct commit *a = *(const struct commit * const *)_a;
+	const struct commit *b = *(const struct commit * const *)_b;
+
+	timestamp_t generation_a = commit_graph_generation(a);
+	timestamp_t generation_b = commit_graph_generation(b);
+
+	if (generation_a < generation_b)
+		return -1;
+	if (generation_a > generation_b)
+		return 1;
+	if (a->date < b->date)
+		return -1;
+	if (a->date > b->date)
+		return 1;
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static int queue_has_nonstale(struct prio_queue *queue)
 {
 	int i;
@@ -156,14 +175,9 @@
 	return ret;
 }
 
-static int remove_redundant(struct repository *r, struct commit **array, int cnt)
+static int remove_redundant_no_gen(struct repository *r,
+				   struct commit **array, int cnt)
 {
-	/*
-	 * Some commit in the array may be an ancestor of
-	 * another commit.  Move such commit to the end of
-	 * the array, and return the number of commits that
-	 * are independent from each other.
-	 */
 	struct commit **work;
 	unsigned char *redundant;
 	int *filled_index;
@@ -209,15 +223,156 @@
 	for (i = filled = 0; i < cnt; i++)
 		if (!redundant[i])
 			array[filled++] = work[i];
-	for (j = filled, i = 0; i < cnt; i++)
-		if (redundant[i])
-			array[j++] = work[i];
 	free(work);
 	free(redundant);
 	free(filled_index);
 	return filled;
 }
 
+static int remove_redundant_with_gen(struct repository *r,
+				     struct commit **array, int cnt)
+{
+	int i, count_non_stale = 0, count_still_independent = cnt;
+	timestamp_t min_generation = GENERATION_NUMBER_INFINITY;
+	struct commit **walk_start, **sorted;
+	size_t walk_start_nr = 0, walk_start_alloc = cnt;
+	int min_gen_pos = 0;
+
+	/*
+	 * Sort the input by generation number, ascending. This allows
+	 * us to increase the "min_generation" limit when we discover
+	 * the commit with lowest generation is STALE. The index
+	 * min_gen_pos points to the current position within 'array'
+	 * that is not yet known to be STALE.
+	 */
+	ALLOC_ARRAY(sorted, cnt);
+	COPY_ARRAY(sorted, array, cnt);
+	QSORT(sorted, cnt, compare_commits_by_gen);
+	min_generation = commit_graph_generation(sorted[0]);
+
+	ALLOC_ARRAY(walk_start, walk_start_alloc);
+
+	/* Mark all parents of the input as STALE */
+	for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
+		struct commit_list *parents;
+
+		repo_parse_commit(r, array[i]);
+		array[i]->object.flags |= RESULT;
+		parents = array[i]->parents;
+
+		while (parents) {
+			repo_parse_commit(r, parents->item);
+			if (!(parents->item->object.flags & STALE)) {
+				parents->item->object.flags |= STALE;
+				ALLOC_GROW(walk_start, walk_start_nr + 1, walk_start_alloc);
+				walk_start[walk_start_nr++] = parents->item;
+			}
+			parents = parents->next;
+		}
+	}
+
+	QSORT(walk_start, walk_start_nr, compare_commits_by_gen);
+
+	/* remove STALE bit for now to allow walking through parents */
+	for (i = 0; i < walk_start_nr; i++)
+		walk_start[i]->object.flags &= ~STALE;
+
+	/*
+	 * Start walking from the highest generation. Hopefully, it will
+	 * find all other items during the first-parent walk, and we can
+	 * terminate early. Otherwise, we will do the same amount of work
+	 * as before.
+	 */
+	for (i = walk_start_nr - 1; i >= 0 && count_still_independent > 1; i--) {
+		/* push the STALE bits up to min generation */
+		struct commit_list *stack = NULL;
+
+		commit_list_insert(walk_start[i], &stack);
+		walk_start[i]->object.flags |= STALE;
+
+		while (stack) {
+			struct commit_list *parents;
+			struct commit *c = stack->item;
+
+			repo_parse_commit(r, c);
+
+			if (c->object.flags & RESULT) {
+				c->object.flags &= ~RESULT;
+				if (--count_still_independent <= 1)
+					break;
+				if (oideq(&c->object.oid, &sorted[min_gen_pos]->object.oid)) {
+					while (min_gen_pos < cnt - 1 &&
+					       (sorted[min_gen_pos]->object.flags & STALE))
+						min_gen_pos++;
+					min_generation = commit_graph_generation(sorted[min_gen_pos]);
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (commit_graph_generation(c) < min_generation) {
+				pop_commit(&stack);
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			parents = c->parents;
+			while (parents) {
+				if (!(parents->item->object.flags & STALE)) {
+					parents->item->object.flags |= STALE;
+					commit_list_insert(parents->item, &stack);
+					break;
+				}
+				parents = parents->next;
+			}
+
+			/* pop if all parents have been visited already */
+			if (!parents)
+				pop_commit(&stack);
+		}
+		free_commit_list(stack);
+	}
+	free(sorted);
+
+	/* clear result */
+	for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++)
+		array[i]->object.flags &= ~RESULT;
+
+	/* rearrange array */
+	for (i = count_non_stale = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
+		if (!(array[i]->object.flags & STALE))
+			array[count_non_stale++] = array[i];
+	}
+
+	/* clear marks */
+	clear_commit_marks_many(walk_start_nr, walk_start, STALE);
+	free(walk_start);
+
+	return count_non_stale;
+}
+
+static int remove_redundant(struct repository *r, struct commit **array, int cnt)
+{
+	/*
+	 * Some commit in the array may be an ancestor of
+	 * another commit.  Move the independent commits to the
+	 * beginning of 'array' and return their number. Callers
+	 * should not rely upon the contents of 'array' after
+	 * that number.
+	 */
+	if (generation_numbers_enabled(r)) {
+		int i;
+
+		/*
+		 * If we have a single commit with finite generation
+		 * number, then the _with_gen algorithm is preferred.
+		 */
+		for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
+			if (commit_graph_generation(array[i]) < GENERATION_NUMBER_INFINITY)
+				return remove_redundant_with_gen(r, array, cnt);
+		}
+	}
+
+	return remove_redundant_no_gen(r, array, cnt);
+}
+
 static struct commit_list *get_merge_bases_many_0(struct repository *r,
 						  struct commit *one,
 						  int n,
@@ -561,21 +716,6 @@
 	return repo_is_descendant_of(the_repository, commit, list);
 }
 
-static int compare_commits_by_gen(const void *_a, const void *_b)
-{
-	const struct commit *a = *(const struct commit * const *)_a;
-	const struct commit *b = *(const struct commit * const *)_b;
-
-	timestamp_t generation_a = commit_graph_generation(a);
-	timestamp_t generation_b = commit_graph_generation(b);
-
-	if (generation_a < generation_b)
-		return -1;
-	if (generation_a > generation_b)
-		return 1;
-	return 0;
-}
-
 int can_all_from_reach_with_flag(struct object_array *from,
 				 unsigned int with_flag,
 				 unsigned int assign_flag,
diff --git a/diff.c b/diff.c
index bf2cbf1..6956f5e 100644
--- a/diff.c
+++ b/diff.c
@@ -5348,6 +5348,19 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static int diff_opt_rotate_to(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	struct diff_options *options = opt->value;
+
+	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
+	if (!strcmp(opt->long_name, "skip-to"))
+		options->skip_instead_of_rotate = 1;
+	else
+		options->skip_instead_of_rotate = 0;
+	options->rotate_to = arg;
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static void prep_parse_options(struct diff_options *options)
 {
 	struct option parseopts[] = {
@@ -5599,6 +5612,12 @@
 			  DIFF_PICKAXE_REGEX, PARSE_OPT_NONEG),
 		OPT_FILENAME('O', NULL, &options->orderfile,
 			     N_("control the order in which files appear in the output")),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "rotate-to", options, N_("<path>"),
+			       N_("show the change in the specified path first"),
+			       PARSE_OPT_NONEG, diff_opt_rotate_to),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "skip-to", options, N_("<path>"),
+			       N_("skip the output to the specified path"),
+			       PARSE_OPT_NONEG, diff_opt_rotate_to),
 		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "find-object", options, N_("<object-id>"),
 			       N_("look for differences that change the number of occurrences of the specified object"),
 			       PARSE_OPT_NONEG, diff_opt_find_object),
@@ -6693,6 +6712,8 @@
 		diffcore_pickaxe(options);
 	if (options->orderfile)
 		diffcore_order(options->orderfile);
+	if (options->rotate_to)
+		diffcore_rotate(options);
 	if (!options->found_follow)
 		/* See try_to_follow_renames() in tree-diff.c */
 		diff_resolve_rename_copy();
diff --git a/diff.h b/diff.h
index 527fb56..c8f3fae 100644
--- a/diff.h
+++ b/diff.h
@@ -237,6 +237,27 @@
 struct diff_options {
 	const char *orderfile;
 
+	/*
+	 * "--rotate-to=<file>" would start showing at <file> and when
+	 * the output reaches the end, wrap around by default.
+	 * Setting skip_instead_of_rotate to true stops the output at the
+	 * end, effectively discarding the earlier part of the output
+	 * before <file>'s diff (this is used to implement the
+	 * "--skip-to=<file>" option).
+	 *
+	 * When rotate_to_strict is set, it is an error if there is no
+	 * <file> in the diff.  Otherwise, the output starts at the
+	 * path that is the same as, or first path that sorts after,
+	 * <file>.  Because it is unreasonable to require the exact
+	 * match for "git log -p --rotate-to=<file>" (i.e. not all
+	 * commit would touch that single <file>), "git log" sets it
+	 * to false.  "git diff" sets it to true to detect an error
+	 * in the command line option.
+	 */
+	const char *rotate_to;
+	int skip_instead_of_rotate;
+	int rotate_to_strict;
+
 	/**
 	 * A constant string (can and typically does contain newlines to look for
 	 * a block of text, not just a single line) to filter out the filepairs
diff --git a/diffcore-rename.c b/diffcore-rename.c
index 8fe6c93..4155818 100644
--- a/diffcore-rename.c
+++ b/diffcore-rename.c
@@ -367,6 +367,144 @@
 	return renames;
 }
 
+static const char *get_basename(const char *filename)
+{
+	/*
+	 * gitbasename() has to worry about special drives, multiple
+	 * directory separator characters, trailing slashes, NULL or
+	 * empty strings, etc.  We only work on filenames as stored in
+	 * git, and thus get to ignore all those complications.
+	 */
+	const char *base = strrchr(filename, '/');
+	return base ? base + 1 : filename;
+}
+
+static int find_basename_matches(struct diff_options *options,
+				 int minimum_score)
+{
+	/*
+	 * When I checked in early 2020, over 76% of file renames in linux
+	 * just moved files to a different directory but kept the same
+	 * basename.  gcc did that with over 64% of renames, gecko did it
+	 * with over 79%, and WebKit did it with over 89%.
+	 *
+	 * Therefore we can bypass the normal exhaustive NxM matrix
+	 * comparison of similarities between all potential rename sources
+	 * and destinations by instead using file basename as a hint (i.e.
+	 * the portion of the filename after the last '/'), checking for
+	 * similarity between files with the same basename, and if we find
+	 * a pair that are sufficiently similar, record the rename pair and
+	 * exclude those two from the NxM matrix.
+	 *
+	 * This *might* cause us to find a less than optimal pairing (if
+	 * there is another file that we are even more similar to but has a
+	 * different basename).  Given the huge performance advantage
+	 * basename matching provides, and given the frequency with which
+	 * people use the same basename in real world projects, that's a
+	 * trade-off we are willing to accept when doing just rename
+	 * detection.
+	 *
+	 * If someone wants copy detection that implies they are willing to
+	 * spend more cycles to find similarities between files, so it may
+	 * be less likely that this heuristic is wanted.  If someone is
+	 * doing break detection, that means they do not want filename
+	 * similarity to imply any form of content similiarity, and thus
+	 * this heuristic would definitely be incompatible.
+	 */
+
+	int i, renames = 0;
+	struct strintmap sources;
+	struct strintmap dests;
+	struct hashmap_iter iter;
+	struct strmap_entry *entry;
+
+	/*
+	 * The prefeteching stuff wants to know if it can skip prefetching
+	 * blobs that are unmodified...and will then do a little extra work
+	 * to verify that the oids are indeed different before prefetching.
+	 * Unmodified blobs are only relevant when doing copy detection;
+	 * when limiting to rename detection, diffcore_rename[_extended]()
+	 * will never be called with unmodified source paths fed to us, so
+	 * the extra work necessary to check if rename_src entries are
+	 * unmodified would be a small waste.
+	 */
+	int skip_unmodified = 0;
+
+	/*
+	 * Create maps of basename -> fullname(s) for remaining sources and
+	 * dests.
+	 */
+	strintmap_init_with_options(&sources, -1, NULL, 0);
+	strintmap_init_with_options(&dests, -1, NULL, 0);
+	for (i = 0; i < rename_src_nr; ++i) {
+		char *filename = rename_src[i].p->one->path;
+		const char *base;
+
+		/* exact renames removed in remove_unneeded_paths_from_src() */
+		assert(!rename_src[i].p->one->rename_used);
+
+		/* Record index within rename_src (i) if basename is unique */
+		base = get_basename(filename);
+		if (strintmap_contains(&sources, base))
+			strintmap_set(&sources, base, -1);
+		else
+			strintmap_set(&sources, base, i);
+	}
+	for (i = 0; i < rename_dst_nr; ++i) {
+		char *filename = rename_dst[i].p->two->path;
+		const char *base;
+
+		if (rename_dst[i].is_rename)
+			continue; /* involved in exact match already. */
+
+		/* Record index within rename_dst (i) if basename is unique */
+		base = get_basename(filename);
+		if (strintmap_contains(&dests, base))
+			strintmap_set(&dests, base, -1);
+		else
+			strintmap_set(&dests, base, i);
+	}
+
+	/* Now look for basename matchups and do similarity estimation */
+	strintmap_for_each_entry(&sources, &iter, entry) {
+		const char *base = entry->key;
+		intptr_t src_index = (intptr_t)entry->value;
+		intptr_t dst_index;
+		if (src_index == -1)
+			continue;
+
+		if (0 <= (dst_index = strintmap_get(&dests, base))) {
+			struct diff_filespec *one, *two;
+			int score;
+
+			/* Estimate the similarity */
+			one = rename_src[src_index].p->one;
+			two = rename_dst[dst_index].p->two;
+			score = estimate_similarity(options->repo, one, two,
+						    minimum_score, skip_unmodified);
+
+			/* If sufficiently similar, record as rename pair */
+			if (score < minimum_score)
+				continue;
+			record_rename_pair(dst_index, src_index, score);
+			renames++;
+
+			/*
+			 * Found a rename so don't need text anymore; if we
+			 * didn't find a rename, the filespec_blob would get
+			 * re-used when doing the matrix of comparisons.
+			 */
+			diff_free_filespec_blob(one);
+			diff_free_filespec_blob(two);
+		}
+	}
+
+	strintmap_clear(&sources);
+	strintmap_clear(&dests);
+
+	return renames;
+}
+
 #define NUM_CANDIDATE_PER_DST 4
 static void record_if_better(struct diff_score m[], struct diff_score *o)
 {
@@ -454,6 +592,54 @@
 	return count;
 }
 
+static void remove_unneeded_paths_from_src(int detecting_copies)
+{
+	int i, new_num_src;
+
+	if (detecting_copies)
+		return; /* nothing to remove */
+	if (break_idx)
+		return; /* culling incompatible with break detection */
+
+	/*
+	 * Note on reasons why we cull unneeded sources but not destinations:
+	 *   1) Pairings are stored in rename_dst (not rename_src), which we
+	 *      need to keep around.  So, we just can't cull rename_dst even
+	 *      if we wanted to.  But doing so wouldn't help because...
+	 *
+	 *   2) There is a matrix pairwise comparison that follows the
+	 *      "Performing inexact rename detection" progress message.
+	 *      Iterating over the destinations is done in the outer loop,
+	 *      hence we only iterate over each of those once and we can
+	 *      easily skip the outer loop early if the destination isn't
+	 *      relevant.  That's only one check per destination path to
+	 *      skip.
+	 *
+	 *      By contrast, the sources are iterated in the inner loop; if
+	 *      we check whether a source can be skipped, then we'll be
+	 *      checking it N separate times, once for each destination.
+	 *      We don't want to have to iterate over known-not-needed
+	 *      sources N times each, so avoid that by removing the sources
+	 *      from rename_src here.
+	 */
+	for (i = 0, new_num_src = 0; i < rename_src_nr; i++) {
+		/*
+		 * renames are stored in rename_dst, so if a rename has
+		 * already been detected using this source, we can just
+		 * remove the source knowing rename_dst has its info.
+		 */
+		if (rename_src[i].p->one->rename_used)
+			continue;
+
+		if (new_num_src < i)
+			memcpy(&rename_src[new_num_src], &rename_src[i],
+			       sizeof(struct diff_rename_src));
+		new_num_src++;
+	}
+
+	rename_src_nr = new_num_src;
+}
+
 void diffcore_rename(struct diff_options *options)
 {
 	int detect_rename = options->detect_rename;
@@ -463,9 +649,11 @@
 	struct diff_score *mx;
 	int i, j, rename_count, skip_unmodified = 0;
 	int num_destinations, dst_cnt;
+	int num_sources, want_copies;
 	struct progress *progress = NULL;
 
 	trace2_region_enter("diff", "setup", options->repo);
+	want_copies = (detect_rename == DIFF_DETECT_COPY);
 	if (!minimum_score)
 		minimum_score = DEFAULT_RENAME_SCORE;
 
@@ -502,7 +690,7 @@
 				p->one->rename_used++;
 			register_rename_src(p);
 		}
-		else if (detect_rename == DIFF_DETECT_COPY) {
+		else if (want_copies) {
 			/*
 			 * Increment the "rename_used" score by
 			 * one, to indicate ourselves as a user.
@@ -527,17 +715,60 @@
 	if (minimum_score == MAX_SCORE)
 		goto cleanup;
 
-	/*
-	 * Calculate how many renames are left (but all the source
-	 * files still remain as options for rename/copies!)
-	 */
+	num_sources = rename_src_nr;
+
+	if (want_copies || break_idx) {
+		/*
+		 * Cull sources:
+		 *   - remove ones corresponding to exact renames
+		 */
+		trace2_region_enter("diff", "cull after exact", options->repo);
+		remove_unneeded_paths_from_src(want_copies);
+		trace2_region_leave("diff", "cull after exact", options->repo);
+	} else {
+		/* Determine minimum score to match basenames */
+		double factor = 0.5;
+		char *basename_factor = getenv("GIT_BASENAME_FACTOR");
+		int min_basename_score;
+
+		if (basename_factor)
+			factor = strtol(basename_factor, NULL, 10)/100.0;
+		assert(factor >= 0.0 && factor <= 1.0);
+		min_basename_score = minimum_score +
+			(int)(factor * (MAX_SCORE - minimum_score));
+
+		/*
+		 * Cull sources:
+		 *   - remove ones involved in renames (found via exact match)
+		 */
+		trace2_region_enter("diff", "cull after exact", options->repo);
+		remove_unneeded_paths_from_src(want_copies);
+		trace2_region_leave("diff", "cull after exact", options->repo);
+
+		/* Utilize file basenames to quickly find renames. */
+		trace2_region_enter("diff", "basename matches", options->repo);
+		rename_count += find_basename_matches(options,
+						      min_basename_score);
+		trace2_region_leave("diff", "basename matches", options->repo);
+
+		/*
+		 * Cull sources, again:
+		 *   - remove ones involved in renames (found via basenames)
+		 */
+		trace2_region_enter("diff", "cull basename", options->repo);
+		remove_unneeded_paths_from_src(want_copies);
+		trace2_region_leave("diff", "cull basename", options->repo);
+	}
+
+	/* Calculate how many rename destinations are left */
 	num_destinations = (rename_dst_nr - rename_count);
+	num_sources = rename_src_nr; /* rename_src_nr reflects lower number */
 
 	/* All done? */
-	if (!num_destinations)
+	if (!num_destinations || !num_sources)
 		goto cleanup;
 
-	switch (too_many_rename_candidates(num_destinations, rename_src_nr,
+	switch (too_many_rename_candidates(num_destinations, num_sources,
 					   options)) {
 	case 1:
 		goto cleanup;
@@ -553,7 +784,7 @@
 	if (options->show_rename_progress) {
 		progress = start_delayed_progress(
 				_("Performing inexact rename detection"),
-				(uint64_t)num_destinations * (uint64_t)rename_src_nr);
+				(uint64_t)num_destinations * (uint64_t)num_sources);
 	}
 
 	mx = xcalloc(st_mult(NUM_CANDIDATE_PER_DST, num_destinations),
@@ -563,7 +794,7 @@
 		struct diff_score *m;
 
 		if (rename_dst[i].is_rename)
-			continue; /* dealt with exact match already. */
+			continue; /* exact or basename match already handled */
 
 		m = &mx[dst_cnt * NUM_CANDIDATE_PER_DST];
 		for (j = 0; j < NUM_CANDIDATE_PER_DST; j++)
@@ -573,6 +804,8 @@
 			struct diff_filespec *one = rename_src[j].p->one;
 			struct diff_score this_src;
 
+			assert(!one->rename_used || want_copies || break_idx);
+
 			if (skip_unmodified &&
 			    diff_unmodified_pair(rename_src[j].p))
 				continue;
@@ -594,7 +827,7 @@
 		}
 		dst_cnt++;
 		display_progress(progress,
-				 (uint64_t)dst_cnt * (uint64_t)rename_src_nr);
+				 (uint64_t)dst_cnt * (uint64_t)num_sources);
 	}
 	stop_progress(&progress);
 
@@ -602,7 +835,7 @@
 	STABLE_QSORT(mx, dst_cnt * NUM_CANDIDATE_PER_DST, score_compare);
 
 	rename_count += find_renames(mx, dst_cnt, minimum_score, 0);
-	if (detect_rename == DIFF_DETECT_COPY)
+	if (want_copies)
 		rename_count += find_renames(mx, dst_cnt, minimum_score, 1);
 	free(mx);
 	trace2_region_leave("diff", "inexact renames", options->repo);
diff --git a/diffcore-rotate.c b/diffcore-rotate.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..445f060
--- /dev/null
+++ b/diffcore-rotate.c
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021, Google LLC.
+ * Based on diffcore-order.c, which is Copyright (C) 2005, Junio C Hamano
+ */
+#include "cache.h"
+#include "diff.h"
+#include "diffcore.h"
+
+void diffcore_rotate(struct diff_options *opt)
+{
+	struct diff_queue_struct *q = &diff_queued_diff;
+	struct diff_queue_struct outq;
+	int rotate_to, i;
+
+	if (!q->nr)
+		return;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < q->nr; i++) {
+		int cmp = strcmp(opt->rotate_to, q->queue[i]->two->path);
+		if (!cmp)
+			break; /* exact match */
+		if (!opt->rotate_to_strict && cmp < 0)
+			break; /* q->queue[i] is now past the target pathname */
+	}
+
+	if (q->nr <= i) {
+		/* we did not find the specified path */
+		if (opt->rotate_to_strict)
+			die(_("No such path '%s' in the diff"), opt->rotate_to);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	DIFF_QUEUE_CLEAR(&outq);
+	rotate_to = i;
+
+	for (i = rotate_to; i < q->nr; i++)
+		diff_q(&outq, q->queue[i]);
+	for (i = 0; i < rotate_to; i++) {
+		if (opt->skip_instead_of_rotate)
+			diff_free_filepair(q->queue[i]);
+		else
+			diff_q(&outq, q->queue[i]);
+	}
+	free(q->queue);
+	*q = outq;
+}
diff --git a/diffcore.h b/diffcore.h
index d2a63c5..c1592bc 100644
--- a/diffcore.h
+++ b/diffcore.h
@@ -164,6 +164,7 @@
 void diffcore_merge_broken(void);
 void diffcore_pickaxe(struct diff_options *);
 void diffcore_order(const char *orderfile);
+void diffcore_rotate(struct diff_options *);
 
 /* low-level interface to diffcore_order */
 struct obj_order {
diff --git a/entry.c b/entry.c
index a0532f1..7b9f437 100644
--- a/entry.c
+++ b/entry.c
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@
 		new_blob = read_blob_entry(ce, &size);
 		if (!new_blob)
 			return error("unable to read sha1 file of %s (%s)",
-				     path, oid_to_hex(&ce->oid));
+				     ce->name, oid_to_hex(&ce->oid));
 
 		/*
 		 * We can't make a real symlink; write out a regular file entry
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@
 			new_blob = read_blob_entry(ce, &size);
 			if (!new_blob)
 				return error("unable to read sha1 file of %s (%s)",
-					     path, oid_to_hex(&ce->oid));
+					     ce->name, oid_to_hex(&ce->oid));
 		}
 
 		/*
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@
 
 	case S_IFGITLINK:
 		if (to_tempfile)
-			return error("cannot create temporary submodule %s", path);
+			return error("cannot create temporary submodule %s", ce->name);
 		if (mkdir(path, 0777) < 0)
 			return error("cannot create submodule directory %s", path);
 		sub = submodule_from_ce(ce);
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@
 		break;
 
 	default:
-		return error("unknown file mode for %s in index", path);
+		return error("unknown file mode for %s in index", ce->name);
 	}
 
 finish:
diff --git a/fetch-pack.c b/fetch-pack.c
index 1eaedcb..0cb59ac 100644
--- a/fetch-pack.c
+++ b/fetch-pack.c
@@ -790,14 +790,36 @@
 	strbuf_release(&promisor_name);
 }
 
+static void parse_gitmodules_oids(int fd, struct oidset *gitmodules_oids)
+{
+	int len = the_hash_algo->hexsz + 1; /* hash + NL */
+
+	do {
+		char hex_hash[GIT_MAX_HEXSZ + 1];
+		int read_len = read_in_full(fd, hex_hash, len);
+		struct object_id oid;
+		const char *end;
+
+		if (!read_len)
+			return;
+		if (read_len != len)
+			die("invalid length read %d", read_len);
+		if (parse_oid_hex(hex_hash, &oid, &end) || *end != '\n')
+			die("invalid hash");
+		oidset_insert(gitmodules_oids, &oid);
+	} while (1);
+}
+
 /*
- * Pass 1 as "only_packfile" if the pack received is the only pack in this
- * fetch request (that is, if there were no packfile URIs provided).
+ * If packfile URIs were provided, pass a non-NULL pointer to index_pack_args.
+ * The strings to pass as the --index-pack-arg arguments to http-fetch will be
+ * stored there. (It must be freed by the caller.)
  */
 static int get_pack(struct fetch_pack_args *args,
 		    int xd[2], struct string_list *pack_lockfiles,
-		    int only_packfile,
-		    struct ref **sought, int nr_sought)
+		    struct strvec *index_pack_args,
+		    struct ref **sought, int nr_sought,
+		    struct oidset *gitmodules_oids)
 {
 	struct async demux;
 	int do_keep = args->keep_pack;
@@ -805,6 +827,7 @@
 	struct pack_header header;
 	int pass_header = 0;
 	struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+	int fsck_objects = 0;
 	int ret;
 
 	memset(&demux, 0, sizeof(demux));
@@ -839,8 +862,15 @@
 		strvec_push(&cmd.args, alternate_shallow_file);
 	}
 
-	if (do_keep || args->from_promisor) {
-		if (pack_lockfiles)
+	if (fetch_fsck_objects >= 0
+	    ? fetch_fsck_objects
+	    : transfer_fsck_objects >= 0
+	    ? transfer_fsck_objects
+	    : 0)
+		fsck_objects = 1;
+
+	if (do_keep || args->from_promisor || index_pack_args || fsck_objects) {
+		if (pack_lockfiles || fsck_objects)
 			cmd.out = -1;
 		cmd_name = "index-pack";
 		strvec_push(&cmd.args, cmd_name);
@@ -857,7 +887,7 @@
 				     "--keep=fetch-pack %"PRIuMAX " on %s",
 				     (uintmax_t)getpid(), hostname);
 		}
-		if (only_packfile && args->check_self_contained_and_connected)
+		if (!index_pack_args && args->check_self_contained_and_connected)
 			strvec_push(&cmd.args, "--check-self-contained-and-connected");
 		else
 			/*
@@ -890,12 +920,8 @@
 		strvec_pushf(&cmd.args, "--pack_header=%"PRIu32",%"PRIu32,
 			     ntohl(header.hdr_version),
 				 ntohl(header.hdr_entries));
-	if (fetch_fsck_objects >= 0
-	    ? fetch_fsck_objects
-	    : transfer_fsck_objects >= 0
-	    ? transfer_fsck_objects
-	    : 0) {
-		if (args->from_promisor || !only_packfile)
+	if (fsck_objects) {
+		if (args->from_promisor || index_pack_args)
 			/*
 			 * We cannot use --strict in index-pack because it
 			 * checks both broken objects and links, but we only
@@ -907,14 +933,26 @@
 				     fsck_msg_types.buf);
 	}
 
+	if (index_pack_args) {
+		int i;
+
+		for (i = 0; i < cmd.args.nr; i++)
+			strvec_push(index_pack_args, cmd.args.v[i]);
+	}
+
 	cmd.in = demux.out;
 	cmd.git_cmd = 1;
 	if (start_command(&cmd))
 		die(_("fetch-pack: unable to fork off %s"), cmd_name);
-	if (do_keep && pack_lockfiles) {
-		char *pack_lockfile = index_pack_lockfile(cmd.out);
+	if (do_keep && (pack_lockfiles || fsck_objects)) {
+		int is_well_formed;
+		char *pack_lockfile = index_pack_lockfile(cmd.out, &is_well_formed);
+
+		if (!is_well_formed)
+			die(_("fetch-pack: invalid index-pack output"));
 		if (pack_lockfile)
 			string_list_append_nodup(pack_lockfiles, pack_lockfile);
+		parse_gitmodules_oids(cmd.out, gitmodules_oids);
 		close(cmd.out);
 	}
 
@@ -949,6 +987,22 @@
 	return strcmp(a->name, b->name);
 }
 
+static void fsck_gitmodules_oids(struct oidset *gitmodules_oids)
+{
+	struct oidset_iter iter;
+	const struct object_id *oid;
+	struct fsck_options fo = FSCK_OPTIONS_STRICT;
+
+	if (!oidset_size(gitmodules_oids))
+		return;
+
+	oidset_iter_init(gitmodules_oids, &iter);
+	while ((oid = oidset_iter_next(&iter)))
+		register_found_gitmodules(oid);
+	if (fsck_finish(&fo))
+		die("fsck failed");
+}
+
 static struct ref *do_fetch_pack(struct fetch_pack_args *args,
 				 int fd[2],
 				 const struct ref *orig_ref,
@@ -963,6 +1017,7 @@
 	int agent_len;
 	struct fetch_negotiator negotiator_alloc;
 	struct fetch_negotiator *negotiator;
+	struct oidset gitmodules_oids = OIDSET_INIT;
 
 	negotiator = &negotiator_alloc;
 	fetch_negotiator_init(r, negotiator);
@@ -1078,8 +1133,10 @@
 		alternate_shallow_file = setup_temporary_shallow(si->shallow);
 	else
 		alternate_shallow_file = NULL;
-	if (get_pack(args, fd, pack_lockfiles, 1, sought, nr_sought))
+	if (get_pack(args, fd, pack_lockfiles, NULL, sought, nr_sought,
+		     &gitmodules_oids))
 		die(_("git fetch-pack: fetch failed."));
+	fsck_gitmodules_oids(&gitmodules_oids);
 
  all_done:
 	if (negotiator)
@@ -1529,6 +1586,8 @@
 	int seen_ack = 0;
 	struct string_list packfile_uris = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
 	int i;
+	struct strvec index_pack_args = STRVEC_INIT;
+	struct oidset gitmodules_oids = OIDSET_INIT;
 
 	negotiator = &negotiator_alloc;
 	fetch_negotiator_init(r, negotiator);
@@ -1618,7 +1677,8 @@
 				receive_packfile_uris(&reader, &packfile_uris);
 			process_section_header(&reader, "packfile", 0);
 			if (get_pack(args, fd, pack_lockfiles,
-				     !packfile_uris.nr, sought, nr_sought))
+				     packfile_uris.nr ? &index_pack_args : NULL,
+				     sought, nr_sought, &gitmodules_oids))
 				die(_("git fetch-pack: fetch failed."));
 			do_check_stateless_delimiter(args, &reader);
 
@@ -1630,6 +1690,7 @@
 	}
 
 	for (i = 0; i < packfile_uris.nr; i++) {
+		int j;
 		struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 		char packname[GIT_MAX_HEXSZ + 1];
 		const char *uri = packfile_uris.items[i].string +
@@ -1639,6 +1700,9 @@
 		strvec_pushf(&cmd.args, "--packfile=%.*s",
 			     (int) the_hash_algo->hexsz,
 			     packfile_uris.items[i].string);
+		for (j = 0; j < index_pack_args.nr; j++)
+			strvec_pushf(&cmd.args, "--index-pack-arg=%s",
+				     index_pack_args.v[j]);
 		strvec_push(&cmd.args, uri);
 		cmd.git_cmd = 1;
 		cmd.no_stdin = 1;
@@ -1657,6 +1721,8 @@
 
 		packname[the_hash_algo->hexsz] = '\0';
 
+		parse_gitmodules_oids(cmd.out, &gitmodules_oids);
+
 		close(cmd.out);
 
 		if (finish_command(&cmd))
@@ -1674,6 +1740,9 @@
 						 packname));
 	}
 	string_list_clear(&packfile_uris, 0);
+	strvec_clear(&index_pack_args);
+
+	fsck_gitmodules_oids(&gitmodules_oids);
 
 	if (negotiator)
 		negotiator->release(negotiator);
diff --git a/fsck.c b/fsck.c
index 71134fd..e3030f3 100644
--- a/fsck.c
+++ b/fsck.c
@@ -1276,6 +1276,11 @@
 	return 1;
 }
 
+void register_found_gitmodules(const struct object_id *oid)
+{
+	oidset_insert(&gitmodules_found, oid);
+}
+
 int fsck_finish(struct fsck_options *options)
 {
 	int ret = 0;
diff --git a/fsck.h b/fsck.h
index 423c467..733378f 100644
--- a/fsck.h
+++ b/fsck.h
@@ -62,6 +62,8 @@
 int fsck_object(struct object *obj, void *data, unsigned long size,
 	struct fsck_options *options);
 
+void register_found_gitmodules(const struct object_id *oid);
+
 /*
  * fsck a tag, and pass info about it back to the caller. This is
  * exposed fsck_object() internals for git-mktag(1).
diff --git a/fsmonitor.c b/fsmonitor.c
index fe9e9d7..23f8a0c 100644
--- a/fsmonitor.c
+++ b/fsmonitor.c
@@ -90,7 +90,11 @@
 	if (!istate->split_index)
 		assert_index_minimum(istate, istate->fsmonitor_dirty->bit_size);
 
-	trace_printf_key(&trace_fsmonitor, "read fsmonitor extension successful");
+	trace2_data_string("index", NULL, "extension/fsmn/read/token",
+			   istate->fsmonitor_last_update);
+	trace_printf_key(&trace_fsmonitor,
+			 "read fsmonitor extension successful '%s'",
+			 istate->fsmonitor_last_update);
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -134,7 +138,11 @@
 	put_be32(&ewah_size, sb->len - ewah_start);
 	memcpy(sb->buf + fixup, &ewah_size, sizeof(uint32_t));
 
-	trace_printf_key(&trace_fsmonitor, "write fsmonitor extension successful");
+	trace2_data_string("index", NULL, "extension/fsmn/write/token",
+			   istate->fsmonitor_last_update);
+	trace_printf_key(&trace_fsmonitor,
+			 "write fsmonitor extension successful '%s'",
+			 istate->fsmonitor_last_update);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -143,6 +151,7 @@
 static int query_fsmonitor(int version, const char *last_update, struct strbuf *query_result)
 {
 	struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+	int result;
 
 	if (!core_fsmonitor)
 		return -1;
@@ -153,16 +162,63 @@
 	cp.use_shell = 1;
 	cp.dir = get_git_work_tree();
 
-	return capture_command(&cp, query_result, 1024);
+	trace2_region_enter("fsm_hook", "query", NULL);
+
+	result = capture_command(&cp, query_result, 1024);
+
+	if (result)
+		trace2_data_intmax("fsm_hook", NULL, "query/failed", result);
+	else {
+		trace2_data_intmax("fsm_hook", NULL, "query/response-length",
+				   query_result->len);
+
+		if (fsmonitor_is_trivial_response(query_result))
+			trace2_data_intmax("fsm_hook", NULL,
+					   "query/trivial-response", 1);
+	}
+
+	trace2_region_leave("fsm_hook", "query", NULL);
+
+	return result;
 }
 
-static void fsmonitor_refresh_callback(struct index_state *istate, const char *name)
+int fsmonitor_is_trivial_response(const struct strbuf *query_result)
 {
-	int pos = index_name_pos(istate, name, strlen(name));
+	static char trivial_response[3] = { '\0', '/', '\0' };
+	int is_trivial = !memcmp(trivial_response,
+				 &query_result->buf[query_result->len - 3], 3);
 
-	if (pos >= 0) {
-		struct cache_entry *ce = istate->cache[pos];
-		ce->ce_flags &= ~CE_FSMONITOR_VALID;
+	return is_trivial;
+}
+
+static void fsmonitor_refresh_callback(struct index_state *istate, char *name)
+{
+	int i, len = strlen(name);
+	if (name[len - 1] == '/') {
+
+		/*
+		 * TODO We should binary search to find the first path with
+		 * TODO this directory prefix.  Then linearly update entries
+		 * TODO while the prefix matches.  Taking care to search without
+		 * TODO the trailing slash -- because '/' sorts after a few
+		 * TODO interesting special chars, like '.' and ' '.
+		 */
+
+		/* Mark all entries for the folder invalid */
+		for (i = 0; i < istate->cache_nr; i++) {
+			if (istate->cache[i]->ce_flags & CE_FSMONITOR_VALID &&
+			    starts_with(istate->cache[i]->name, name))
+				istate->cache[i]->ce_flags &= ~CE_FSMONITOR_VALID;
+		}
+		/* Need to remove the / from the path for the untracked cache */
+		name[len - 1] = '\0';
+	} else {
+		int pos = index_name_pos(istate, name, strlen(name));
+
+		if (pos >= 0) {
+			struct cache_entry *ce = istate->cache[pos];
+			ce->ce_flags &= ~CE_FSMONITOR_VALID;
+		}
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -288,16 +344,45 @@
 	istate->fsmonitor_last_update = strbuf_detach(&last_update_token, NULL);
 }
 
+/*
+ * The caller wants to turn on FSMonitor.  And when the caller writes
+ * the index to disk, a FSMonitor extension should be included.  This
+ * requires that `istate->fsmonitor_last_update` not be NULL.  But we
+ * have not actually talked to a FSMonitor process yet, so we don't
+ * have an initial value for this field.
+ *
+ * For a protocol V1 FSMonitor process, this field is a formatted
+ * "nanoseconds since epoch" field.  However, for a protocol V2
+ * FSMonitor process, this field is an opaque token.
+ *
+ * Historically, `add_fsmonitor()` has initialized this field to the
+ * current time for protocol V1 processes.  There are lots of race
+ * conditions here, but that code has shipped...
+ *
+ * The only true solution is to use a V2 FSMonitor and get a current
+ * or default token value (that it understands), but we cannot do that
+ * until we have actually talked to an instance of the FSMonitor process
+ * (but the protocol requires that we send a token first...).
+ *
+ * For simplicity, just initialize like we have a V1 process and require
+ * that V2 processes adapt.
+ */
+static void initialize_fsmonitor_last_update(struct index_state *istate)
+{
+	struct strbuf last_update = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+	strbuf_addf(&last_update, "%"PRIu64"", getnanotime());
+	istate->fsmonitor_last_update = strbuf_detach(&last_update, NULL);
+}
+
 void add_fsmonitor(struct index_state *istate)
 {
 	unsigned int i;
-	struct strbuf last_update = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	if (!istate->fsmonitor_last_update) {
 		trace_printf_key(&trace_fsmonitor, "add fsmonitor");
 		istate->cache_changed |= FSMONITOR_CHANGED;
-		strbuf_addf(&last_update, "%"PRIu64"", getnanotime());
-		istate->fsmonitor_last_update = strbuf_detach(&last_update, NULL);
+		initialize_fsmonitor_last_update(istate);
 
 		/* reset the fsmonitor state */
 		for (i = 0; i < istate->cache_nr; i++)
diff --git a/fsmonitor.h b/fsmonitor.h
index 739318a..7f1794b 100644
--- a/fsmonitor.h
+++ b/fsmonitor.h
@@ -45,6 +45,11 @@
 void refresh_fsmonitor(struct index_state *istate);
 
 /*
+ * Does the received result contain the "trivial" response?
+ */
+int fsmonitor_is_trivial_response(const struct strbuf *query_result);
+
+/*
  * Set the given cache entries CE_FSMONITOR_VALID bit. This should be
  * called any time the cache entry has been updated to reflect the
  * current state of the file on disk.
diff --git a/git-gui/git-gui.sh b/git-gui/git-gui.sh
index 201524c..236bc4e 100755
--- a/git-gui/git-gui.sh
+++ b/git-gui/git-gui.sh
@@ -875,6 +875,7 @@
 set default_config(merge.verbosity) 2
 set default_config(user.name) {}
 set default_config(user.email) {}
+set default_config(core.commentchar) "#"
 
 set default_config(gui.encoding) [encoding system]
 set default_config(gui.matchtrackingbranch) false
@@ -3436,6 +3437,10 @@
 	merge         {set txt [mc "Merge Commit Message:"]}
 	*             {set txt [mc "Commit Message:"]}
 	}
+
+	set comment_char [get_config core.commentchar]
+	set txt [string cat $txt \
+				 [mc " (Lines starting with '$comment_char' will be ignored)"]]
 	$ui_coml conf -text $txt
 }
 trace add variable commit_type write trace_commit_type
diff --git a/git-gui/lib/commit.tcl b/git-gui/lib/commit.tcl
index 11379f8..23d67d4 100644
--- a/git-gui/lib/commit.tcl
+++ b/git-gui/lib/commit.tcl
@@ -141,6 +141,20 @@
 	}
 }
 
+proc strip_msg {msg} {
+	set cmd [concat [list | ] [_git_cmd stripspace] --strip-comments]
+	_trace_exec $cmd
+	set fd [open $cmd r+]
+	fconfigure $fd -translation binary -encoding utf-8
+
+	puts -nonewline $fd $msg
+	close $fd w
+	set result [read $fd]
+	close $fd
+
+	return $result
+}
+
 proc commit_tree {} {
 	global HEAD commit_type file_states ui_comm repo_config
 	global pch_error
@@ -207,8 +221,8 @@
 
 	# -- A message is required.
 	#
-	set msg [string trim [$ui_comm get 1.0 end]]
-	regsub -all -line {[ \t\r]+$} $msg {} msg
+	set msg [strip_msg [$ui_comm get 1.0 end]]
+
 	if {$msg eq {}} {
 		error_popup [mc "Please supply a commit message.
 
diff --git a/git-gui/po/ru.po b/git-gui/po/ru.po
index 161ee1a..7aebaf8 100644
--- a/git-gui/po/ru.po
+++ b/git-gui/po/ru.po
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@
 
 #: git-gui.sh:2936
 msgid "Unstage From Commit"
-msgstr "Убрать из издекса"
+msgstr "Убрать из индекса"
 
 #: git-gui.sh:2942 lib/index.tcl:521
 msgid "Revert Changes"
diff --git a/http-fetch.c b/http-fetch.c
index c4ccc5f..fa64246 100644
--- a/http-fetch.c
+++ b/http-fetch.c
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include "exec-cmd.h"
 #include "http.h"
 #include "walker.h"
+#include "strvec.h"
 
 static const char http_fetch_usage[] = "git http-fetch "
 "[-c] [-t] [-a] [-v] [--recover] [-w ref] [--stdin | --packfile=hash | commit-id] url";
@@ -44,7 +45,8 @@
 }
 
 static void fetch_single_packfile(struct object_id *packfile_hash,
-				  const char *url) {
+				  const char *url,
+				  const char **index_pack_args) {
 	struct http_pack_request *preq;
 	struct slot_results results;
 	int ret;
@@ -55,7 +57,8 @@
 	if (preq == NULL)
 		die("couldn't create http pack request");
 	preq->slot->results = &results;
-	preq->generate_keep = 1;
+	preq->index_pack_args = index_pack_args;
+	preq->preserve_index_pack_stdout = 1;
 
 	if (start_active_slot(preq->slot)) {
 		run_active_slot(preq->slot);
@@ -86,6 +89,7 @@
 	int packfile = 0;
 	int nongit;
 	struct object_id packfile_hash;
+	struct strvec index_pack_args = STRVEC_INIT;
 
 	setup_git_directory_gently(&nongit);
 
@@ -112,6 +116,8 @@
 			packfile = 1;
 			if (parse_oid_hex(p, &packfile_hash, &end) || *end)
 				die(_("argument to --packfile must be a valid hash (got '%s')"), p);
+		} else if (skip_prefix(argv[arg], "--index-pack-arg=", &p)) {
+			strvec_push(&index_pack_args, p);
 		}
 		arg++;
 	}
@@ -124,10 +130,18 @@
 	git_config(git_default_config, NULL);
 
 	if (packfile) {
-		fetch_single_packfile(&packfile_hash, argv[arg]);
+		if (!index_pack_args.nr)
+			die(_("--packfile requires --index-pack-args"));
+
+		fetch_single_packfile(&packfile_hash, argv[arg],
+				      index_pack_args.v);
+
 		return 0;
 	}
 
+	if (index_pack_args.nr)
+		die(_("--index-pack-args can only be used with --packfile"));
+
 	if (commits_on_stdin) {
 		commits = walker_targets_stdin(&commit_id, &write_ref);
 	} else {
diff --git a/http.c b/http.c
index 8b23a54..f8ea28b 100644
--- a/http.c
+++ b/http.c
@@ -2259,6 +2259,9 @@
 	free(preq);
 }
 
+static const char *default_index_pack_args[] =
+	{"index-pack", "--stdin", NULL};
+
 int finish_http_pack_request(struct http_pack_request *preq)
 {
 	struct child_process ip = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
@@ -2270,17 +2273,15 @@
 
 	tmpfile_fd = xopen(preq->tmpfile.buf, O_RDONLY);
 
-	strvec_push(&ip.args, "index-pack");
-	strvec_push(&ip.args, "--stdin");
 	ip.git_cmd = 1;
 	ip.in = tmpfile_fd;
-	if (preq->generate_keep) {
-		strvec_pushf(&ip.args, "--keep=git %"PRIuMAX,
-			     (uintmax_t)getpid());
+	ip.argv = preq->index_pack_args ? preq->index_pack_args
+					: default_index_pack_args;
+
+	if (preq->preserve_index_pack_stdout)
 		ip.out = 0;
-	} else {
+	else
 		ip.no_stdout = 1;
-	}
 
 	if (run_command(&ip)) {
 		ret = -1;
diff --git a/http.h b/http.h
index 5de792e..bf3d127 100644
--- a/http.h
+++ b/http.h
@@ -218,12 +218,12 @@
 	char *url;
 
 	/*
-	 * If this is true, finish_http_pack_request() will pass "--keep" to
-	 * index-pack, resulting in the creation of a keep file, and will not
-	 * suppress its stdout (that is, the "keep\t<hash>\n" line will be
-	 * printed to stdout).
+	 * index-pack command to run. Must be terminated by NULL.
+	 *
+	 * If NULL, defaults to	{"index-pack", "--stdin", NULL}.
 	 */
-	unsigned generate_keep : 1;
+	const char **index_pack_args;
+	unsigned preserve_index_pack_stdout : 1;
 
 	FILE *packfile;
 	struct strbuf tmpfile;
diff --git a/merge-ort.c b/merge-ort.c
index 931b914..603d30c 100644
--- a/merge-ort.c
+++ b/merge-ort.c
@@ -535,6 +535,23 @@
 	result->util = mi;
 }
 
+static void add_pair(struct merge_options *opt,
+		     struct name_entry *names,
+		     const char *pathname,
+		     unsigned side,
+		     unsigned is_add /* if false, is_delete */)
+{
+	struct diff_filespec *one, *two;
+	struct rename_info *renames = &opt->priv->renames;
+	int names_idx = is_add ? side : 0;
+
+	one = alloc_filespec(pathname);
+	two = alloc_filespec(pathname);
+	fill_filespec(is_add ? two : one,
+		      &names[names_idx].oid, 1, names[names_idx].mode);
+	diff_queue(&renames->pairs[side], one, two);
+}
+
 static void collect_rename_info(struct merge_options *opt,
 				struct name_entry *names,
 				const char *dirname,
@@ -544,6 +561,7 @@
 				unsigned match_mask)
 {
 	struct rename_info *renames = &opt->priv->renames;
+	unsigned side;
 
 	/* Update dirs_removed, as needed */
 	if (dirmask == 1 || dirmask == 3 || dirmask == 5) {
@@ -554,6 +572,21 @@
 		if (sides & 2)
 			strset_add(&renames->dirs_removed[2], fullname);
 	}
+
+	if (filemask == 0 || filemask == 7)
+		return;
+
+	for (side = MERGE_SIDE1; side <= MERGE_SIDE2; ++side) {
+		unsigned side_mask = (1 << side);
+
+		/* Check for deletion on side */
+		if ((filemask & 1) && !(filemask & side_mask))
+			add_pair(opt, names, fullname, side, 0 /* delete */);
+
+		/* Check for addition on side */
+		if (!(filemask & 1) && (filemask & side_mask))
+			add_pair(opt, names, fullname, side, 1 /* add */);
+	}
 }
 
 static int collect_merge_info_callback(int n,
@@ -2079,6 +2112,27 @@
 	return clean_merge;
 }
 
+static void resolve_diffpair_statuses(struct diff_queue_struct *q)
+{
+	/*
+	 * A simplified version of diff_resolve_rename_copy(); would probably
+	 * just use that function but it's static...
+	 */
+	int i;
+	struct diff_filepair *p;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < q->nr; ++i) {
+		p = q->queue[i];
+		p->status = 0; /* undecided */
+		if (!DIFF_FILE_VALID(p->one))
+			p->status = DIFF_STATUS_ADDED;
+		else if (!DIFF_FILE_VALID(p->two))
+			p->status = DIFF_STATUS_DELETED;
+		else if (DIFF_PAIR_RENAME(p))
+			p->status = DIFF_STATUS_RENAMED;
+	}
+}
+
 static int compare_pairs(const void *a_, const void *b_)
 {
 	const struct diff_filepair *a = *((const struct diff_filepair **)a_);
@@ -2089,8 +2143,6 @@
 
 /* Call diffcore_rename() to compute which files have changed on given side */
 static void detect_regular_renames(struct merge_options *opt,
-				   struct tree *merge_base,
-				   struct tree *side,
 				   unsigned side_index)
 {
 	struct diff_options diff_opts;
@@ -2108,11 +2160,11 @@
 	diff_opts.output_format = DIFF_FORMAT_NO_OUTPUT;
 	diff_setup_done(&diff_opts);
 
+	diff_queued_diff = renames->pairs[side_index];
 	trace2_region_enter("diff", "diffcore_rename", opt->repo);
-	diff_tree_oid(&merge_base->object.oid, &side->object.oid, "",
-		      &diff_opts);
-	diffcore_std(&diff_opts);
+	diffcore_rename(&diff_opts);
 	trace2_region_leave("diff", "diffcore_rename", opt->repo);
+	resolve_diffpair_statuses(&diff_queued_diff);
 
 	if (diff_opts.needed_rename_limit > renames->needed_limit)
 		renames->needed_limit = diff_opts.needed_rename_limit;
@@ -2212,8 +2264,8 @@
 	memset(&combined, 0, sizeof(combined));
 
 	trace2_region_enter("merge", "regular renames", opt->repo);
-	detect_regular_renames(opt, merge_base, side1, MERGE_SIDE1);
-	detect_regular_renames(opt, merge_base, side2, MERGE_SIDE2);
+	detect_regular_renames(opt, MERGE_SIDE1);
+	detect_regular_renames(opt, MERGE_SIDE2);
 	trace2_region_leave("merge", "regular renames", opt->repo);
 
 	trace2_region_enter("merge", "directory renames", opt->repo);
diff --git a/mergetools/vimdiff b/mergetools/vimdiff
index abc8ce4..96f6209 100644
--- a/mergetools/vimdiff
+++ b/mergetools/vimdiff
@@ -15,6 +15,17 @@
 				"$LOCAL" "$MERGED" "$REMOTE"
 		fi
 		;;
+	*vimdiff1)
+		"$merge_tool_path" -f -d \
+			-c 'echon "Resolve conflicts leftward then save. Use :cq to abort."' \
+			"$LOCAL" "$REMOTE"
+		ret="$?"
+		if test "$ret" -eq 0
+		then
+			cp -- "$LOCAL" "$MERGED"
+		fi
+		return "$ret"
+		;;
 	*vimdiff2)
 		"$merge_tool_path" -f -d -c 'wincmd l' \
 			"$LOCAL" "$MERGED" "$REMOTE"
@@ -52,7 +63,7 @@
 
 list_tool_variants () {
 	for prefix in '' g n; do
-		for suffix in '' 2 3; do
+		for suffix in '' 1 2 3; do
 			echo "${prefix}vimdiff${suffix}"
 		done
 	done
diff --git a/midx.c b/midx.c
index 05c40a9..971faa8 100644
--- a/midx.c
+++ b/midx.c
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include "trace2.h"
 #include "run-command.h"
 #include "repository.h"
+#include "chunk-format.h"
 
 #define MIDX_SIGNATURE 0x4d494458 /* "MIDX" */
 #define MIDX_VERSION 1
@@ -21,14 +22,12 @@
 #define MIDX_HEADER_SIZE 12
 #define MIDX_MIN_SIZE (MIDX_HEADER_SIZE + the_hash_algo->rawsz)
 
-#define MIDX_MAX_CHUNKS 5
 #define MIDX_CHUNK_ALIGNMENT 4
 #define MIDX_CHUNKID_PACKNAMES 0x504e414d /* "PNAM" */
 #define MIDX_CHUNKID_OIDFANOUT 0x4f494446 /* "OIDF" */
 #define MIDX_CHUNKID_OIDLOOKUP 0x4f49444c /* "OIDL" */
 #define MIDX_CHUNKID_OBJECTOFFSETS 0x4f4f4646 /* "OOFF" */
 #define MIDX_CHUNKID_LARGEOFFSETS 0x4c4f4646 /* "LOFF" */
-#define MIDX_CHUNKLOOKUP_WIDTH (sizeof(uint32_t) + sizeof(uint64_t))
 #define MIDX_CHUNK_FANOUT_SIZE (sizeof(uint32_t) * 256)
 #define MIDX_CHUNK_OFFSET_WIDTH (2 * sizeof(uint32_t))
 #define MIDX_CHUNK_LARGE_OFFSET_WIDTH (sizeof(uint64_t))
@@ -53,6 +52,19 @@
 	return xstrfmt("%s/pack/multi-pack-index", object_dir);
 }
 
+static int midx_read_oid_fanout(const unsigned char *chunk_start,
+				size_t chunk_size, void *data)
+{
+	struct multi_pack_index *m = data;
+	m->chunk_oid_fanout = (uint32_t *)chunk_start;
+
+	if (chunk_size != 4 * 256) {
+		error(_("multi-pack-index OID fanout is of the wrong size"));
+		return 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
 struct multi_pack_index *load_multi_pack_index(const char *object_dir, int local)
 {
 	struct multi_pack_index *m = NULL;
@@ -64,6 +76,7 @@
 	char *midx_name = get_midx_filename(object_dir);
 	uint32_t i;
 	const char *cur_pack_name;
+	struct chunkfile *cf = NULL;
 
 	fd = git_open(midx_name);
 
@@ -113,58 +126,23 @@
 
 	m->num_packs = get_be32(m->data + MIDX_BYTE_NUM_PACKS);
 
-	for (i = 0; i < m->num_chunks; i++) {
-		uint32_t chunk_id = get_be32(m->data + MIDX_HEADER_SIZE +
-					     MIDX_CHUNKLOOKUP_WIDTH * i);
-		uint64_t chunk_offset = get_be64(m->data + MIDX_HEADER_SIZE + 4 +
-						 MIDX_CHUNKLOOKUP_WIDTH * i);
+	cf = init_chunkfile(NULL);
 
-		if (chunk_offset >= m->data_len)
-			die(_("invalid chunk offset (too large)"));
+	if (read_table_of_contents(cf, m->data, midx_size,
+				   MIDX_HEADER_SIZE, m->num_chunks))
+		goto cleanup_fail;
 
-		switch (chunk_id) {
-			case MIDX_CHUNKID_PACKNAMES:
-				m->chunk_pack_names = m->data + chunk_offset;
-				break;
-
-			case MIDX_CHUNKID_OIDFANOUT:
-				m->chunk_oid_fanout = (uint32_t *)(m->data + chunk_offset);
-				break;
-
-			case MIDX_CHUNKID_OIDLOOKUP:
-				m->chunk_oid_lookup = m->data + chunk_offset;
-				break;
-
-			case MIDX_CHUNKID_OBJECTOFFSETS:
-				m->chunk_object_offsets = m->data + chunk_offset;
-				break;
-
-			case MIDX_CHUNKID_LARGEOFFSETS:
-				m->chunk_large_offsets = m->data + chunk_offset;
-				break;
-
-			case 0:
-				die(_("terminating multi-pack-index chunk id appears earlier than expected"));
-				break;
-
-			default:
-				/*
-				 * Do nothing on unrecognized chunks, allowing future
-				 * extensions to add optional chunks.
-				 */
-				break;
-		}
-	}
-
-	if (!m->chunk_pack_names)
+	if (pair_chunk(cf, MIDX_CHUNKID_PACKNAMES, &m->chunk_pack_names) == CHUNK_NOT_FOUND)
 		die(_("multi-pack-index missing required pack-name chunk"));
-	if (!m->chunk_oid_fanout)
+	if (read_chunk(cf, MIDX_CHUNKID_OIDFANOUT, midx_read_oid_fanout, m) == CHUNK_NOT_FOUND)
 		die(_("multi-pack-index missing required OID fanout chunk"));
-	if (!m->chunk_oid_lookup)
+	if (pair_chunk(cf, MIDX_CHUNKID_OIDLOOKUP, &m->chunk_oid_lookup) == CHUNK_NOT_FOUND)
 		die(_("multi-pack-index missing required OID lookup chunk"));
-	if (!m->chunk_object_offsets)
+	if (pair_chunk(cf, MIDX_CHUNKID_OBJECTOFFSETS, &m->chunk_object_offsets) == CHUNK_NOT_FOUND)
 		die(_("multi-pack-index missing required object offsets chunk"));
 
+	pair_chunk(cf, MIDX_CHUNKID_LARGEOFFSETS, &m->chunk_large_offsets);
+
 	m->num_objects = ntohl(m->chunk_oid_fanout[255]);
 
 	m->pack_names = xcalloc(m->num_packs, sizeof(*m->pack_names));
@@ -190,6 +168,7 @@
 cleanup_fail:
 	free(m);
 	free(midx_name);
+	free(cf);
 	if (midx_map)
 		munmap(midx_map, midx_size);
 	if (0 <= fd)
@@ -265,7 +244,7 @@
 	const unsigned char *offset_data;
 	uint32_t offset32;
 
-	offset_data = m->chunk_object_offsets + pos * MIDX_CHUNK_OFFSET_WIDTH;
+	offset_data = m->chunk_object_offsets + (off_t)pos * MIDX_CHUNK_OFFSET_WIDTH;
 	offset32 = get_be32(offset_data + sizeof(uint32_t));
 
 	if (m->chunk_large_offsets && offset32 & MIDX_LARGE_OFFSET_NEEDED) {
@@ -281,7 +260,8 @@
 
 static uint32_t nth_midxed_pack_int_id(struct multi_pack_index *m, uint32_t pos)
 {
-	return get_be32(m->chunk_object_offsets + pos * MIDX_CHUNK_OFFSET_WIDTH);
+	return get_be32(m->chunk_object_offsets +
+			(off_t)pos * MIDX_CHUNK_OFFSET_WIDTH);
 }
 
 static int nth_midxed_pack_entry(struct repository *r,
@@ -451,49 +431,56 @@
 	return strcmp(a->pack_name, b->pack_name);
 }
 
-struct pack_list {
+struct write_midx_context {
 	struct pack_info *info;
 	uint32_t nr;
 	uint32_t alloc;
 	struct multi_pack_index *m;
 	struct progress *progress;
 	unsigned pack_paths_checked;
+
+	struct pack_midx_entry *entries;
+	uint32_t entries_nr;
+
+	uint32_t *pack_perm;
+	unsigned large_offsets_needed:1;
+	uint32_t num_large_offsets;
 };
 
 static void add_pack_to_midx(const char *full_path, size_t full_path_len,
 			     const char *file_name, void *data)
 {
-	struct pack_list *packs = (struct pack_list *)data;
+	struct write_midx_context *ctx = data;
 
 	if (ends_with(file_name, ".idx")) {
-		display_progress(packs->progress, ++packs->pack_paths_checked);
-		if (packs->m && midx_contains_pack(packs->m, file_name))
+		display_progress(ctx->progress, ++ctx->pack_paths_checked);
+		if (ctx->m && midx_contains_pack(ctx->m, file_name))
 			return;
 
-		ALLOC_GROW(packs->info, packs->nr + 1, packs->alloc);
+		ALLOC_GROW(ctx->info, ctx->nr + 1, ctx->alloc);
 
-		packs->info[packs->nr].p = add_packed_git(full_path,
-							  full_path_len,
-							  0);
+		ctx->info[ctx->nr].p = add_packed_git(full_path,
+						      full_path_len,
+						      0);
 
-		if (!packs->info[packs->nr].p) {
+		if (!ctx->info[ctx->nr].p) {
 			warning(_("failed to add packfile '%s'"),
 				full_path);
 			return;
 		}
 
-		if (open_pack_index(packs->info[packs->nr].p)) {
+		if (open_pack_index(ctx->info[ctx->nr].p)) {
 			warning(_("failed to open pack-index '%s'"),
 				full_path);
-			close_pack(packs->info[packs->nr].p);
-			FREE_AND_NULL(packs->info[packs->nr].p);
+			close_pack(ctx->info[ctx->nr].p);
+			FREE_AND_NULL(ctx->info[ctx->nr].p);
 			return;
 		}
 
-		packs->info[packs->nr].pack_name = xstrdup(file_name);
-		packs->info[packs->nr].orig_pack_int_id = packs->nr;
-		packs->info[packs->nr].expired = 0;
-		packs->nr++;
+		ctx->info[ctx->nr].pack_name = xstrdup(file_name);
+		ctx->info[ctx->nr].orig_pack_int_id = ctx->nr;
+		ctx->info[ctx->nr].expired = 0;
+		ctx->nr++;
 	}
 }
 
@@ -643,27 +630,26 @@
 	return deduplicated_entries;
 }
 
-static size_t write_midx_pack_names(struct hashfile *f,
-				    struct pack_info *info,
-				    uint32_t num_packs)
+static int write_midx_pack_names(struct hashfile *f, void *data)
 {
+	struct write_midx_context *ctx = data;
 	uint32_t i;
 	unsigned char padding[MIDX_CHUNK_ALIGNMENT];
 	size_t written = 0;
 
-	for (i = 0; i < num_packs; i++) {
+	for (i = 0; i < ctx->nr; i++) {
 		size_t writelen;
 
-		if (info[i].expired)
+		if (ctx->info[i].expired)
 			continue;
 
-		if (i && strcmp(info[i].pack_name, info[i - 1].pack_name) <= 0)
+		if (i && strcmp(ctx->info[i].pack_name, ctx->info[i - 1].pack_name) <= 0)
 			BUG("incorrect pack-file order: %s before %s",
-			    info[i - 1].pack_name,
-			    info[i].pack_name);
+			    ctx->info[i - 1].pack_name,
+			    ctx->info[i].pack_name);
 
-		writelen = strlen(info[i].pack_name) + 1;
-		hashwrite(f, info[i].pack_name, writelen);
+		writelen = strlen(ctx->info[i].pack_name) + 1;
+		hashwrite(f, ctx->info[i].pack_name, writelen);
 		written += writelen;
 	}
 
@@ -672,18 +658,17 @@
 	if (i < MIDX_CHUNK_ALIGNMENT) {
 		memset(padding, 0, sizeof(padding));
 		hashwrite(f, padding, i);
-		written += i;
 	}
 
-	return written;
+	return 0;
 }
 
-static size_t write_midx_oid_fanout(struct hashfile *f,
-				    struct pack_midx_entry *objects,
-				    uint32_t nr_objects)
+static int write_midx_oid_fanout(struct hashfile *f,
+				 void *data)
 {
-	struct pack_midx_entry *list = objects;
-	struct pack_midx_entry *last = objects + nr_objects;
+	struct write_midx_context *ctx = data;
+	struct pack_midx_entry *list = ctx->entries;
+	struct pack_midx_entry *last = ctx->entries + ctx->entries_nr;
 	uint32_t count = 0;
 	uint32_t i;
 
@@ -704,21 +689,21 @@
 		list = next;
 	}
 
-	return MIDX_CHUNK_FANOUT_SIZE;
+	return 0;
 }
 
-static size_t write_midx_oid_lookup(struct hashfile *f, unsigned char hash_len,
-				    struct pack_midx_entry *objects,
-				    uint32_t nr_objects)
+static int write_midx_oid_lookup(struct hashfile *f,
+				 void *data)
 {
-	struct pack_midx_entry *list = objects;
+	struct write_midx_context *ctx = data;
+	unsigned char hash_len = the_hash_algo->rawsz;
+	struct pack_midx_entry *list = ctx->entries;
 	uint32_t i;
-	size_t written = 0;
 
-	for (i = 0; i < nr_objects; i++) {
+	for (i = 0; i < ctx->entries_nr; i++) {
 		struct pack_midx_entry *obj = list++;
 
-		if (i < nr_objects - 1) {
+		if (i < ctx->entries_nr - 1) {
 			struct pack_midx_entry *next = list;
 			if (oidcmp(&obj->oid, &next->oid) >= 0)
 				BUG("OIDs not in order: %s >= %s",
@@ -727,50 +712,48 @@
 		}
 
 		hashwrite(f, obj->oid.hash, (int)hash_len);
-		written += hash_len;
 	}
 
-	return written;
+	return 0;
 }
 
-static size_t write_midx_object_offsets(struct hashfile *f, int large_offset_needed,
-					uint32_t *perm,
-					struct pack_midx_entry *objects, uint32_t nr_objects)
+static int write_midx_object_offsets(struct hashfile *f,
+				     void *data)
 {
-	struct pack_midx_entry *list = objects;
+	struct write_midx_context *ctx = data;
+	struct pack_midx_entry *list = ctx->entries;
 	uint32_t i, nr_large_offset = 0;
-	size_t written = 0;
 
-	for (i = 0; i < nr_objects; i++) {
+	for (i = 0; i < ctx->entries_nr; i++) {
 		struct pack_midx_entry *obj = list++;
 
-		if (perm[obj->pack_int_id] == PACK_EXPIRED)
+		if (ctx->pack_perm[obj->pack_int_id] == PACK_EXPIRED)
 			BUG("object %s is in an expired pack with int-id %d",
 			    oid_to_hex(&obj->oid),
 			    obj->pack_int_id);
 
-		hashwrite_be32(f, perm[obj->pack_int_id]);
+		hashwrite_be32(f, ctx->pack_perm[obj->pack_int_id]);
 
-		if (large_offset_needed && obj->offset >> 31)
+		if (ctx->large_offsets_needed && obj->offset >> 31)
 			hashwrite_be32(f, MIDX_LARGE_OFFSET_NEEDED | nr_large_offset++);
-		else if (!large_offset_needed && obj->offset >> 32)
+		else if (!ctx->large_offsets_needed && obj->offset >> 32)
 			BUG("object %s requires a large offset (%"PRIx64") but the MIDX is not writing large offsets!",
 			    oid_to_hex(&obj->oid),
 			    obj->offset);
 		else
 			hashwrite_be32(f, (uint32_t)obj->offset);
-
-		written += MIDX_CHUNK_OFFSET_WIDTH;
 	}
 
-	return written;
+	return 0;
 }
 
-static size_t write_midx_large_offsets(struct hashfile *f, uint32_t nr_large_offset,
-				       struct pack_midx_entry *objects, uint32_t nr_objects)
+static int write_midx_large_offsets(struct hashfile *f,
+				    void *data)
 {
-	struct pack_midx_entry *list = objects, *end = objects + nr_objects;
-	size_t written = 0;
+	struct write_midx_context *ctx = data;
+	struct pack_midx_entry *list = ctx->entries;
+	struct pack_midx_entry *end = ctx->entries + ctx->entries_nr;
+	uint32_t nr_large_offset = ctx->num_large_offsets;
 
 	while (nr_large_offset) {
 		struct pack_midx_entry *obj;
@@ -785,34 +768,26 @@
 		if (!(offset >> 31))
 			continue;
 
-		written += hashwrite_be64(f, offset);
+		hashwrite_be64(f, offset);
 
 		nr_large_offset--;
 	}
 
-	return written;
+	return 0;
 }
 
 static int write_midx_internal(const char *object_dir, struct multi_pack_index *m,
 			       struct string_list *packs_to_drop, unsigned flags)
 {
-	unsigned char cur_chunk, num_chunks = 0;
 	char *midx_name;
 	uint32_t i;
 	struct hashfile *f = NULL;
 	struct lock_file lk;
-	struct pack_list packs;
-	uint32_t *pack_perm = NULL;
-	uint64_t written = 0;
-	uint32_t chunk_ids[MIDX_MAX_CHUNKS + 1];
-	uint64_t chunk_offsets[MIDX_MAX_CHUNKS + 1];
-	uint32_t nr_entries, num_large_offsets = 0;
-	struct pack_midx_entry *entries = NULL;
-	struct progress *progress = NULL;
-	int large_offsets_needed = 0;
+	struct write_midx_context ctx = { 0 };
 	int pack_name_concat_len = 0;
 	int dropped_packs = 0;
 	int result = 0;
+	struct chunkfile *cf;
 
 	midx_name = get_midx_filename(object_dir);
 	if (safe_create_leading_directories(midx_name))
@@ -820,61 +795,62 @@
 			  midx_name);
 
 	if (m)
-		packs.m = m;
+		ctx.m = m;
 	else
-		packs.m = load_multi_pack_index(object_dir, 1);
+		ctx.m = load_multi_pack_index(object_dir, 1);
 
-	packs.nr = 0;
-	packs.alloc = packs.m ? packs.m->num_packs : 16;
-	packs.info = NULL;
-	ALLOC_ARRAY(packs.info, packs.alloc);
+	ctx.nr = 0;
+	ctx.alloc = ctx.m ? ctx.m->num_packs : 16;
+	ctx.info = NULL;
+	ALLOC_ARRAY(ctx.info, ctx.alloc);
 
-	if (packs.m) {
-		for (i = 0; i < packs.m->num_packs; i++) {
-			ALLOC_GROW(packs.info, packs.nr + 1, packs.alloc);
+	if (ctx.m) {
+		for (i = 0; i < ctx.m->num_packs; i++) {
+			ALLOC_GROW(ctx.info, ctx.nr + 1, ctx.alloc);
 
-			packs.info[packs.nr].orig_pack_int_id = i;
-			packs.info[packs.nr].pack_name = xstrdup(packs.m->pack_names[i]);
-			packs.info[packs.nr].p = NULL;
-			packs.info[packs.nr].expired = 0;
-			packs.nr++;
+			ctx.info[ctx.nr].orig_pack_int_id = i;
+			ctx.info[ctx.nr].pack_name = xstrdup(ctx.m->pack_names[i]);
+			ctx.info[ctx.nr].p = NULL;
+			ctx.info[ctx.nr].expired = 0;
+			ctx.nr++;
 		}
 	}
 
-	packs.pack_paths_checked = 0;
+	ctx.pack_paths_checked = 0;
 	if (flags & MIDX_PROGRESS)
-		packs.progress = start_delayed_progress(_("Adding packfiles to multi-pack-index"), 0);
+		ctx.progress = start_delayed_progress(_("Adding packfiles to multi-pack-index"), 0);
 	else
-		packs.progress = NULL;
+		ctx.progress = NULL;
 
-	for_each_file_in_pack_dir(object_dir, add_pack_to_midx, &packs);
-	stop_progress(&packs.progress);
+	for_each_file_in_pack_dir(object_dir, add_pack_to_midx, &ctx);
+	stop_progress(&ctx.progress);
 
-	if (packs.m && packs.nr == packs.m->num_packs && !packs_to_drop)
+	if (ctx.m && ctx.nr == ctx.m->num_packs && !packs_to_drop)
 		goto cleanup;
 
-	entries = get_sorted_entries(packs.m, packs.info, packs.nr, &nr_entries);
+	ctx.entries = get_sorted_entries(ctx.m, ctx.info, ctx.nr, &ctx.entries_nr);
 
-	for (i = 0; i < nr_entries; i++) {
-		if (entries[i].offset > 0x7fffffff)
-			num_large_offsets++;
-		if (entries[i].offset > 0xffffffff)
-			large_offsets_needed = 1;
+	ctx.large_offsets_needed = 0;
+	for (i = 0; i < ctx.entries_nr; i++) {
+		if (ctx.entries[i].offset > 0x7fffffff)
+			ctx.num_large_offsets++;
+		if (ctx.entries[i].offset > 0xffffffff)
+			ctx.large_offsets_needed = 1;
 	}
 
-	QSORT(packs.info, packs.nr, pack_info_compare);
+	QSORT(ctx.info, ctx.nr, pack_info_compare);
 
 	if (packs_to_drop && packs_to_drop->nr) {
 		int drop_index = 0;
 		int missing_drops = 0;
 
-		for (i = 0; i < packs.nr && drop_index < packs_to_drop->nr; i++) {
-			int cmp = strcmp(packs.info[i].pack_name,
+		for (i = 0; i < ctx.nr && drop_index < packs_to_drop->nr; i++) {
+			int cmp = strcmp(ctx.info[i].pack_name,
 					 packs_to_drop->items[drop_index].string);
 
 			if (!cmp) {
 				drop_index++;
-				packs.info[i].expired = 1;
+				ctx.info[i].expired = 1;
 			} else if (cmp > 0) {
 				error(_("did not see pack-file %s to drop"),
 				      packs_to_drop->items[drop_index].string);
@@ -882,7 +858,7 @@
 				missing_drops++;
 				i--;
 			} else {
-				packs.info[i].expired = 0;
+				ctx.info[i].expired = 0;
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -898,19 +874,19 @@
 	 *
 	 * pack_perm[old_id] = new_id
 	 */
-	ALLOC_ARRAY(pack_perm, packs.nr);
-	for (i = 0; i < packs.nr; i++) {
-		if (packs.info[i].expired) {
+	ALLOC_ARRAY(ctx.pack_perm, ctx.nr);
+	for (i = 0; i < ctx.nr; i++) {
+		if (ctx.info[i].expired) {
 			dropped_packs++;
-			pack_perm[packs.info[i].orig_pack_int_id] = PACK_EXPIRED;
+			ctx.pack_perm[ctx.info[i].orig_pack_int_id] = PACK_EXPIRED;
 		} else {
-			pack_perm[packs.info[i].orig_pack_int_id] = i - dropped_packs;
+			ctx.pack_perm[ctx.info[i].orig_pack_int_id] = i - dropped_packs;
 		}
 	}
 
-	for (i = 0; i < packs.nr; i++) {
-		if (!packs.info[i].expired)
-			pack_name_concat_len += strlen(packs.info[i].pack_name) + 1;
+	for (i = 0; i < ctx.nr; i++) {
+		if (!ctx.info[i].expired)
+			pack_name_concat_len += strlen(ctx.info[i].pack_name) + 1;
 	}
 
 	if (pack_name_concat_len % MIDX_CHUNK_ALIGNMENT)
@@ -921,123 +897,52 @@
 	f = hashfd(get_lock_file_fd(&lk), get_lock_file_path(&lk));
 	FREE_AND_NULL(midx_name);
 
-	if (packs.m)
-		close_midx(packs.m);
+	if (ctx.m)
+		close_midx(ctx.m);
 
-	cur_chunk = 0;
-	num_chunks = large_offsets_needed ? 5 : 4;
-
-	if (packs.nr - dropped_packs == 0) {
+	if (ctx.nr - dropped_packs == 0) {
 		error(_("no pack files to index."));
 		result = 1;
 		goto cleanup;
 	}
 
-	written = write_midx_header(f, num_chunks, packs.nr - dropped_packs);
+	cf = init_chunkfile(f);
 
-	chunk_ids[cur_chunk] = MIDX_CHUNKID_PACKNAMES;
-	chunk_offsets[cur_chunk] = written + (num_chunks + 1) * MIDX_CHUNKLOOKUP_WIDTH;
+	add_chunk(cf, MIDX_CHUNKID_PACKNAMES, pack_name_concat_len,
+		  write_midx_pack_names);
+	add_chunk(cf, MIDX_CHUNKID_OIDFANOUT, MIDX_CHUNK_FANOUT_SIZE,
+		  write_midx_oid_fanout);
+	add_chunk(cf, MIDX_CHUNKID_OIDLOOKUP,
+		  (size_t)ctx.entries_nr * the_hash_algo->rawsz,
+		  write_midx_oid_lookup);
+	add_chunk(cf, MIDX_CHUNKID_OBJECTOFFSETS,
+		  (size_t)ctx.entries_nr * MIDX_CHUNK_OFFSET_WIDTH,
+		  write_midx_object_offsets);
 
-	cur_chunk++;
-	chunk_ids[cur_chunk] = MIDX_CHUNKID_OIDFANOUT;
-	chunk_offsets[cur_chunk] = chunk_offsets[cur_chunk - 1] + pack_name_concat_len;
+	if (ctx.large_offsets_needed)
+		add_chunk(cf, MIDX_CHUNKID_LARGEOFFSETS,
+			(size_t)ctx.num_large_offsets * MIDX_CHUNK_LARGE_OFFSET_WIDTH,
+			write_midx_large_offsets);
 
-	cur_chunk++;
-	chunk_ids[cur_chunk] = MIDX_CHUNKID_OIDLOOKUP;
-	chunk_offsets[cur_chunk] = chunk_offsets[cur_chunk - 1] + MIDX_CHUNK_FANOUT_SIZE;
-
-	cur_chunk++;
-	chunk_ids[cur_chunk] = MIDX_CHUNKID_OBJECTOFFSETS;
-	chunk_offsets[cur_chunk] = chunk_offsets[cur_chunk - 1] + nr_entries * the_hash_algo->rawsz;
-
-	cur_chunk++;
-	chunk_offsets[cur_chunk] = chunk_offsets[cur_chunk - 1] + nr_entries * MIDX_CHUNK_OFFSET_WIDTH;
-	if (large_offsets_needed) {
-		chunk_ids[cur_chunk] = MIDX_CHUNKID_LARGEOFFSETS;
-
-		cur_chunk++;
-		chunk_offsets[cur_chunk] = chunk_offsets[cur_chunk - 1] +
-					   num_large_offsets * MIDX_CHUNK_LARGE_OFFSET_WIDTH;
-	}
-
-	chunk_ids[cur_chunk] = 0;
-
-	for (i = 0; i <= num_chunks; i++) {
-		if (i && chunk_offsets[i] < chunk_offsets[i - 1])
-			BUG("incorrect chunk offsets: %"PRIu64" before %"PRIu64,
-			    chunk_offsets[i - 1],
-			    chunk_offsets[i]);
-
-		if (chunk_offsets[i] % MIDX_CHUNK_ALIGNMENT)
-			BUG("chunk offset %"PRIu64" is not properly aligned",
-			    chunk_offsets[i]);
-
-		hashwrite_be32(f, chunk_ids[i]);
-		hashwrite_be64(f, chunk_offsets[i]);
-
-		written += MIDX_CHUNKLOOKUP_WIDTH;
-	}
-
-	if (flags & MIDX_PROGRESS)
-		progress = start_delayed_progress(_("Writing chunks to multi-pack-index"),
-					  num_chunks);
-	for (i = 0; i < num_chunks; i++) {
-		if (written != chunk_offsets[i])
-			BUG("incorrect chunk offset (%"PRIu64" != %"PRIu64") for chunk id %"PRIx32,
-			    chunk_offsets[i],
-			    written,
-			    chunk_ids[i]);
-
-		switch (chunk_ids[i]) {
-			case MIDX_CHUNKID_PACKNAMES:
-				written += write_midx_pack_names(f, packs.info, packs.nr);
-				break;
-
-			case MIDX_CHUNKID_OIDFANOUT:
-				written += write_midx_oid_fanout(f, entries, nr_entries);
-				break;
-
-			case MIDX_CHUNKID_OIDLOOKUP:
-				written += write_midx_oid_lookup(f, the_hash_algo->rawsz, entries, nr_entries);
-				break;
-
-			case MIDX_CHUNKID_OBJECTOFFSETS:
-				written += write_midx_object_offsets(f, large_offsets_needed, pack_perm, entries, nr_entries);
-				break;
-
-			case MIDX_CHUNKID_LARGEOFFSETS:
-				written += write_midx_large_offsets(f, num_large_offsets, entries, nr_entries);
-				break;
-
-			default:
-				BUG("trying to write unknown chunk id %"PRIx32,
-				    chunk_ids[i]);
-		}
-
-		display_progress(progress, i + 1);
-	}
-	stop_progress(&progress);
-
-	if (written != chunk_offsets[num_chunks])
-		BUG("incorrect final offset %"PRIu64" != %"PRIu64,
-		    written,
-		    chunk_offsets[num_chunks]);
+	write_midx_header(f, get_num_chunks(cf), ctx.nr - dropped_packs);
+	write_chunkfile(cf, &ctx);
 
 	finalize_hashfile(f, NULL, CSUM_FSYNC | CSUM_HASH_IN_STREAM);
+	free_chunkfile(cf);
 	commit_lock_file(&lk);
 
 cleanup:
-	for (i = 0; i < packs.nr; i++) {
-		if (packs.info[i].p) {
-			close_pack(packs.info[i].p);
-			free(packs.info[i].p);
+	for (i = 0; i < ctx.nr; i++) {
+		if (ctx.info[i].p) {
+			close_pack(ctx.info[i].p);
+			free(ctx.info[i].p);
 		}
-		free(packs.info[i].pack_name);
+		free(ctx.info[i].pack_name);
 	}
 
-	free(packs.info);
-	free(entries);
-	free(pack_perm);
+	free(ctx.info);
+	free(ctx.entries);
+	free(ctx.pack_perm);
 	free(midx_name);
 	return result;
 }
diff --git a/pack-bitmap.c b/pack-bitmap.c
index 60fe20f..1f69b5f 100644
--- a/pack-bitmap.c
+++ b/pack-bitmap.c
@@ -1430,3 +1430,84 @@
 	return bitmap_git &&
 		bitmap_walk_contains(bitmap_git, bitmap_git->haves, oid);
 }
+
+static off_t get_disk_usage_for_type(struct bitmap_index *bitmap_git,
+				     enum object_type object_type)
+{
+	struct bitmap *result = bitmap_git->result;
+	struct packed_git *pack = bitmap_git->pack;
+	off_t total = 0;
+	struct ewah_iterator it;
+	eword_t filter;
+	size_t i;
+
+	init_type_iterator(&it, bitmap_git, object_type);
+	for (i = 0; i < result->word_alloc &&
+			ewah_iterator_next(&filter, &it); i++) {
+		eword_t word = result->words[i] & filter;
+		size_t base = (i * BITS_IN_EWORD);
+		unsigned offset;
+
+		if (!word)
+			continue;
+
+		for (offset = 0; offset < BITS_IN_EWORD; offset++) {
+			size_t pos;
+
+			if ((word >> offset) == 0)
+				break;
+
+			offset += ewah_bit_ctz64(word >> offset);
+			pos = base + offset;
+			total += pack_pos_to_offset(pack, pos + 1) -
+				 pack_pos_to_offset(pack, pos);
+		}
+	}
+
+	return total;
+}
+
+static off_t get_disk_usage_for_extended(struct bitmap_index *bitmap_git)
+{
+	struct bitmap *result = bitmap_git->result;
+	struct packed_git *pack = bitmap_git->pack;
+	struct eindex *eindex = &bitmap_git->ext_index;
+	off_t total = 0;
+	struct object_info oi = OBJECT_INFO_INIT;
+	off_t object_size;
+	size_t i;
+
+	oi.disk_sizep = &object_size;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < eindex->count; i++) {
+		struct object *obj = eindex->objects[i];
+
+		if (!bitmap_get(result, pack->num_objects + i))
+			continue;
+
+		if (oid_object_info_extended(the_repository, &obj->oid, &oi, 0) < 0)
+			die(_("unable to get disk usage of %s"),
+			    oid_to_hex(&obj->oid));
+
+		total += object_size;
+	}
+	return total;
+}
+
+off_t get_disk_usage_from_bitmap(struct bitmap_index *bitmap_git,
+				 struct rev_info *revs)
+{
+	off_t total = 0;
+
+	total += get_disk_usage_for_type(bitmap_git, OBJ_COMMIT);
+	if (revs->tree_objects)
+		total += get_disk_usage_for_type(bitmap_git, OBJ_TREE);
+	if (revs->blob_objects)
+		total += get_disk_usage_for_type(bitmap_git, OBJ_BLOB);
+	if (revs->tag_objects)
+		total += get_disk_usage_for_type(bitmap_git, OBJ_TAG);
+
+	total += get_disk_usage_for_extended(bitmap_git);
+
+	return total;
+}
diff --git a/pack-bitmap.h b/pack-bitmap.h
index 25dfcf5..36d9993 100644
--- a/pack-bitmap.h
+++ b/pack-bitmap.h
@@ -68,6 +68,8 @@
  */
 int bitmap_has_oid_in_uninteresting(struct bitmap_index *, const struct object_id *oid);
 
+off_t get_disk_usage_from_bitmap(struct bitmap_index *, struct rev_info *);
+
 void bitmap_writer_show_progress(int show);
 void bitmap_writer_set_checksum(unsigned char *sha1);
 void bitmap_writer_build_type_index(struct packing_data *to_pack,
diff --git a/pack-write.c b/pack-write.c
index 680c367..2ca85a9 100644
--- a/pack-write.c
+++ b/pack-write.c
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@
 	fsync_or_die(pack_fd, pack_name);
 }
 
-char *index_pack_lockfile(int ip_out)
+char *index_pack_lockfile(int ip_out, int *is_well_formed)
 {
 	char packname[GIT_MAX_HEXSZ + 6];
 	const int len = the_hash_algo->hexsz + 6;
@@ -394,11 +394,17 @@
 	 */
 	if (read_in_full(ip_out, packname, len) == len && packname[len-1] == '\n') {
 		const char *name;
+
+		if (is_well_formed)
+			*is_well_formed = 1;
 		packname[len-1] = 0;
 		if (skip_prefix(packname, "keep\t", &name))
 			return xstrfmt("%s/pack/pack-%s.keep",
 				       get_object_directory(), name);
+		return NULL;
 	}
+	if (is_well_formed)
+		*is_well_formed = 0;
 	return NULL;
 }
 
diff --git a/pack.h b/pack.h
index afdcf8f..857cbd5 100644
--- a/pack.h
+++ b/pack.h
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@
 int verify_pack(struct repository *, struct packed_git *, verify_fn fn, struct progress *, uint32_t);
 off_t write_pack_header(struct hashfile *f, uint32_t);
 void fixup_pack_header_footer(int, unsigned char *, const char *, uint32_t, unsigned char *, off_t);
-char *index_pack_lockfile(int fd);
+char *index_pack_lockfile(int fd, int *is_well_formed);
 
 struct ref;
 
diff --git a/preload-index.c b/preload-index.c
index ed6eaa4..e5529a5 100644
--- a/preload-index.c
+++ b/preload-index.c
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 	struct pathspec pathspec;
 	struct progress_data *progress;
 	int offset, nr;
+	int t2_nr_lstat;
 };
 
 static void *preload_thread(void *_data)
@@ -73,6 +74,7 @@
 			continue;
 		if (threaded_has_symlink_leading_path(&cache, ce->name, ce_namelen(ce)))
 			continue;
+		p->t2_nr_lstat++;
 		if (lstat(ce->name, &st))
 			continue;
 		if (ie_match_stat(index, ce, &st, CE_MATCH_RACY_IS_DIRTY|CE_MATCH_IGNORE_FSMONITOR))
@@ -98,6 +100,7 @@
 	int threads, i, work, offset;
 	struct thread_data data[MAX_PARALLEL];
 	struct progress_data pd;
+	int t2_sum_lstat = 0;
 
 	if (!HAVE_THREADS || !core_preload_index)
 		return;
@@ -107,6 +110,9 @@
 		threads = 2;
 	if (threads < 2)
 		return;
+
+	trace2_region_enter("index", "preload", NULL);
+
 	trace_performance_enter();
 	if (threads > MAX_PARALLEL)
 		threads = MAX_PARALLEL;
@@ -141,10 +147,14 @@
 		struct thread_data *p = data+i;
 		if (pthread_join(p->pthread, NULL))
 			die("unable to join threaded lstat");
+		t2_sum_lstat += p->t2_nr_lstat;
 	}
 	stop_progress(&pd.progress);
 
 	trace_performance_leave("preload index");
+
+	trace2_data_intmax("index", NULL, "preload/sum_lstat", t2_sum_lstat);
+	trace2_region_leave("index", "preload", NULL);
 }
 
 int repo_read_index_preload(struct repository *repo,
diff --git a/read-cache.c b/read-cache.c
index 29144cf..8a4c6c7 100644
--- a/read-cache.c
+++ b/read-cache.c
@@ -1364,7 +1364,9 @@
 static struct cache_entry *refresh_cache_ent(struct index_state *istate,
 					     struct cache_entry *ce,
 					     unsigned int options, int *err,
-					     int *changed_ret)
+					     int *changed_ret,
+					     int *t2_did_lstat,
+					     int *t2_did_scan)
 {
 	struct stat st;
 	struct cache_entry *updated;
@@ -1406,6 +1408,8 @@
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
+	if (t2_did_lstat)
+		*t2_did_lstat = 1;
 	if (lstat(ce->name, &st) < 0) {
 		if (ignore_missing && errno == ENOENT)
 			return ce;
@@ -1442,6 +1446,8 @@
 		}
 	}
 
+	if (t2_did_scan)
+		*t2_did_scan = 1;
 	if (ie_modified(istate, ce, &st, options)) {
 		if (err)
 			*err = EINVAL;
@@ -1519,6 +1525,8 @@
 	const char *added_fmt;
 	const char *unmerged_fmt;
 	struct progress *progress = NULL;
+	int t2_sum_lstat = 0;
+	int t2_sum_scan = 0;
 
 	if (flags & REFRESH_PROGRESS && isatty(2))
 		progress = start_delayed_progress(_("Refresh index"),
@@ -1536,11 +1544,14 @@
 	 * we only have to do the special cases that are left.
 	 */
 	preload_index(istate, pathspec, 0);
+	trace2_region_enter("index", "refresh", NULL);
 	for (i = 0; i < istate->cache_nr; i++) {
 		struct cache_entry *ce, *new_entry;
 		int cache_errno = 0;
 		int changed = 0;
 		int filtered = 0;
+		int t2_did_lstat = 0;
+		int t2_did_scan = 0;
 
 		ce = istate->cache[i];
 		if (ignore_submodules && S_ISGITLINK(ce->ce_mode))
@@ -1566,7 +1577,11 @@
 		if (filtered)
 			continue;
 
-		new_entry = refresh_cache_ent(istate, ce, options, &cache_errno, &changed);
+		new_entry = refresh_cache_ent(istate, ce, options,
+					      &cache_errno, &changed,
+					      &t2_did_lstat, &t2_did_scan);
+		t2_sum_lstat += t2_did_lstat;
+		t2_sum_scan += t2_did_scan;
 		if (new_entry == ce)
 			continue;
 		if (progress)
@@ -1602,6 +1617,9 @@
 
 		replace_index_entry(istate, i, new_entry);
 	}
+	trace2_data_intmax("index", NULL, "refresh/sum_lstat", t2_sum_lstat);
+	trace2_data_intmax("index", NULL, "refresh/sum_scan", t2_sum_scan);
+	trace2_region_leave("index", "refresh", NULL);
 	if (progress) {
 		display_progress(progress, istate->cache_nr);
 		stop_progress(&progress);
@@ -1614,7 +1632,7 @@
 					struct cache_entry *ce,
 					unsigned int options)
 {
-	return refresh_cache_ent(istate, ce, options, NULL, NULL);
+	return refresh_cache_ent(istate, ce, options, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
 }
 
 
diff --git a/t/lib-credential.sh b/t/lib-credential.sh
index dea2cbe..5ea8bc9 100644
--- a/t/lib-credential.sh
+++ b/t/lib-credential.sh
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 		false
 	fi &&
 	test_cmp expect-stdout stdout &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect-stderr stderr
+	test_cmp expect-stderr stderr
 }
 
 read_chunk() {
diff --git a/t/lib-log-graph.sh b/t/lib-log-graph.sh
index 1184cce..bf952ef 100644
--- a/t/lib-log-graph.sh
+++ b/t/lib-log-graph.sh
@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@
 lib_test_cmp_graph () {
 	git log --graph "$@" >output &&
 	sed 's/ *$//' >output.sanitized <output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output.sanitized
+	test_cmp expect output.sanitized
 }
 
 lib_test_cmp_short_graph () {
 	git log --graph --pretty=short "$@" >output &&
 	sanitize_log_output >output.sanitized <output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output.sanitized
+	test_cmp expect output.sanitized
 }
 
 lib_test_cmp_colored_graph () {
diff --git a/t/perf/.gitignore b/t/perf/.gitignore
index 982eb8e..72f5d0d 100644
--- a/t/perf/.gitignore
+++ b/t/perf/.gitignore
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 /build/
 /test-results/
+/test-trace/
 /trash directory*/
diff --git a/t/perf/Makefile b/t/perf/Makefile
index fcb0e88..2465770 100644
--- a/t/perf/Makefile
+++ b/t/perf/Makefile
@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@
 	./run
 
 pre-clean:
-	rm -rf test-results
+	rm -rf test-results test-trace
 
 clean:
-	rm -rf build "trash directory".* test-results
+	rm -rf build "trash directory".* test-results test-trace
 
 test-lint:
 	$(MAKE) -C .. test-lint
diff --git a/t/perf/p7519-fsmonitor.sh b/t/perf/p7519-fsmonitor.sh
index 1e20a18..b657564 100755
--- a/t/perf/p7519-fsmonitor.sh
+++ b/t/perf/p7519-fsmonitor.sh
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@
 #
 # GIT_PERF_7519_DROP_CACHE: if set, the OS caches are dropped between tests
 #
+# GIT_PERF_7519_TRACE: if set, enable trace logging during the test.
+#   Trace logs will be grouped by fsmonitor provider.
 
 test_perf_large_repo
 test_checkout_worktree
@@ -70,6 +72,32 @@
 	fi
 fi
 
+trace_start() {
+	if test -n "$GIT_PERF_7519_TRACE"
+	then
+		name="$1"
+		TEST_TRACE_DIR="$TEST_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY/test-trace/p7519/"
+		echo "Writing trace logging to $TEST_TRACE_DIR"
+
+		mkdir -p "$TEST_TRACE_DIR"
+
+		# Start Trace2 logging and any other GIT_TRACE_* logs that you
+		# want for this named test case.
+
+		GIT_TRACE2_PERF="$TEST_TRACE_DIR/$name.trace2perf"
+		export GIT_TRACE2_PERF
+
+		>"$GIT_TRACE2_PERF"
+	fi
+}
+
+trace_stop() {
+	if test -n "$GIT_PERF_7519_TRACE"
+	then
+		unset GIT_TRACE2_PERF
+	fi
+}
+
 test_expect_success "one time repo setup" '
 	# set untrackedCache depending on the environment
 	if test -n "$GIT_PERF_7519_UNTRACKED_CACHE"
@@ -101,7 +129,7 @@
 	# If Watchman exists, watch the work tree and attempt a query.
 	if test_have_prereq WATCHMAN; then
 		watchman watch "$GIT_WORK_TREE" &&
-		watchman watch-list | grep -q -F "$GIT_WORK_TREE"
+		watchman watch-list | grep -q -F "p7519-fsmonitor"
 	fi
 '
 
@@ -169,8 +197,18 @@
 		git status -uall
 	'
 
+	# Update the mtimes on upto 100k files to make status think
+	# that they are dirty.  For simplicity, omit any files with
+	# LFs (i.e. anything that ls-files thinks it needs to dquote).
+	# Then fully backslash-quote the paths to capture any
+	# whitespace so that they pass thru xargs properly.
+	#
 	test_perf_w_drop_caches "status (dirty) ($DESC)" '
-		git ls-files | head -100000 | xargs -d "\n" touch -h &&
+		git ls-files | \
+			head -100000 | \
+			grep -v \" | \
+			sed '\''s/\(.\)/\\\1/g'\'' | \
+			xargs test-tool chmtime -300 &&
 		git status
 	'
 
@@ -203,6 +241,12 @@
 	'
 }
 
+#
+# Run a full set of perf tests using each Hook-based fsmonitor provider,
+# such as Watchman.
+#
+
+trace_start fsmonitor-watchman
 if test -n "$GIT_PERF_7519_FSMONITOR"; then
 	for INTEGRATION_PATH in $GIT_PERF_7519_FSMONITOR; do
 		test_expect_success "setup for fsmonitor $INTEGRATION_PATH" 'setup_for_fsmonitor'
@@ -213,14 +257,6 @@
 	test_fsmonitor_suite
 fi
 
-test_expect_success "setup without fsmonitor" '
-	unset INTEGRATION_SCRIPT &&
-	git config --unset core.fsmonitor &&
-	git update-index --no-fsmonitor
-'
-
-test_fsmonitor_suite
-
 if test_have_prereq WATCHMAN
 then
 	watchman watch-del "$GIT_WORK_TREE" >/dev/null 2>&1 &&
@@ -229,5 +265,20 @@
 	# preventing the removal of the trash directory
 	watchman shutdown-server >/dev/null 2>&1
 fi
+trace_stop
+
+#
+# Run a full set of perf tests with the fsmonitor feature disabled.
+#
+
+trace_start fsmonitor-disabled
+test_expect_success "setup without fsmonitor" '
+	unset INTEGRATION_SCRIPT &&
+	git config --unset core.fsmonitor &&
+	git update-index --no-fsmonitor
+'
+
+test_fsmonitor_suite
+trace_stop
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t0000-basic.sh b/t/t0000-basic.sh
index a6e570d..705d62c 100755
--- a/t/t0000-basic.sh
+++ b/t/t0000-basic.sh
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@
 	EOF
 '
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'test --verbose' '
+test_expect_success 'test --verbose' '
 	run_sub_test_lib_test_err \
 		t1234-verbose "test verbose" --verbose <<-\EOF &&
 	test_expect_success "passing test" true
diff --git a/t/t0006-date.sh b/t/t0006-date.sh
index 75ee9a9..6b757d7 100755
--- a/t/t0006-date.sh
+++ b/t/t0006-date.sh
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 	echo "$t -> $2" >expect
 	test_expect_${3:-success} "relative date ($2)" "
 	test-tool date relative $t >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 	"
 }
 
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@
 	echo "$t -> $2" >expect
 	test_expect_success "human date $t" '
 		test-tool date human $t >actual &&
-		test_i18ncmp expect actual
+		test_cmp expect actual
 '
 }
 
diff --git a/t/t0008-ignores.sh b/t/t0008-ignores.sh
index 370a389..f7abde6 100755
--- a/t/t0008-ignores.sh
+++ b/t/t0008-ignores.sh
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 test_stderr () {
 	expected="$1"
 	expect_in stderr "$1" &&
-	test_i18ncmp "$HOME/expected-stderr" "$HOME/stderr"
+	test_cmp "$HOME/expected-stderr" "$HOME/stderr"
 }
 
 broken_c_unquote () {
diff --git a/t/t0012-help.sh b/t/t0012-help.sh
index e8ef730..5679e29 100755
--- a/t/t0012-help.sh
+++ b/t/t0012-help.sh
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
 		git: 'revisions' is not a git command. See 'git --help'.
 	EOF
 	test_must_fail git revisions --help 2>actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 "
 
 test_expect_success 'git help' '
diff --git a/t/t0018-advice.sh b/t/t0018-advice.sh
index e03554d..39e5e4b 100755
--- a/t/t0018-advice.sh
+++ b/t/t0018-advice.sh
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 	hint: Disable this message with "git config advice.nestedTag false"
 	EOF
 	test-tool advise "This is a piece of advice" 2>actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'advice should be printed when config variable is set to true' '
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 	EOF
 	test_config advice.nestedTag true &&
 	test-tool advise "This is a piece of advice" 2>actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'advice should not be printed when config variable is set to false' '
diff --git a/t/t0020-crlf.sh b/t/t0020-crlf.sh
index 375cf94..f25ae8b 100755
--- a/t/t0020-crlf.sh
+++ b/t/t0020-crlf.sh
@@ -87,10 +87,8 @@
 	git commit -m "nowarn" &&
 	for w in Oh here is CRLFQ in text; do echo $w; done | q_to_cr >doublewarn &&
 	git add doublewarn 2>err &&
-	if test_have_prereq C_LOCALE_OUTPUT
-	then
-		test $(grep "CRLF will be replaced by LF" err | wc -l) = 1
-	fi
+	grep "CRLF will be replaced by LF" err >err.warnings &&
+	test_line_count = 1 err.warnings
 '
 
 
diff --git a/t/t0027-auto-crlf.sh b/t/t0027-auto-crlf.sh
index 51f74a3..d24d5ac 100755
--- a/t/t0027-auto-crlf.sh
+++ b/t/t0027-auto-crlf.sh
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@
 	*) echo >&2 "Illegal 1": "$1" ; return false ;;
 	esac
 	grep "will be replaced by" "$2" | sed -e "s/\(.*\) in [^ ]*$/\1/" | uniq  >"$2".actual
-	test_i18ncmp "$2".expect "$2".actual
+	test_cmp "$2".expect "$2".actual
 }
 
 commit_check_warn () {
diff --git a/t/t0040-parse-options.sh b/t/t0040-parse-options.sh
index 14cafc1..ad4746d 100755
--- a/t/t0040-parse-options.sh
+++ b/t/t0040-parse-options.sh
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
 test_expect_success 'test help' '
 	test_must_fail test-tool parse-options -h >output 2>output.err &&
 	test_must_be_empty output.err &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 mv expect expect.err
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@
 	cat expect.err >>expect &&
 	test_must_fail test-tool parse-options $* >output 2>output.err &&
 	test_must_be_empty output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output.err
+	test_cmp expect output.err
 }
 
 test_expect_success 'OPT_BOOL() #1' 'check boolean: 1 --yes'
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@
 test_expect_success 'detect possible typos' '
 	test_must_fail test-tool parse-options -boolean >output 2>output.err &&
 	test_must_be_empty output &&
-	test_i18ncmp typo.err output.err
+	test_cmp typo.err output.err
 '
 
 cat >typo.err <<\EOF
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@
 test_expect_success 'detect possible typos' '
 	test_must_fail test-tool parse-options -ambiguous >output 2>output.err &&
 	test_must_be_empty output &&
-	test_i18ncmp typo.err output.err
+	test_cmp typo.err output.err
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'keep some options as arguments' '
diff --git a/t/t0201-gettext-fallbacks.sh b/t/t0201-gettext-fallbacks.sh
index 90da1c7..6c74df0 100755
--- a/t/t0201-gettext-fallbacks.sh
+++ b/t/t0201-gettext-fallbacks.sh
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
     test -n "$GIT_INTERNAL_GETTEXT_TEST_FALLBACKS"
 '
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'sanity: $GIT_INTERNAL_GETTEXT_SH_SCHEME" is fallthrough' '
+test_expect_success 'sanity: $GIT_INTERNAL_GETTEXT_SH_SCHEME" is fallthrough' '
     echo fallthrough >expect &&
     echo $GIT_INTERNAL_GETTEXT_SH_SCHEME >actual &&
     test_cmp expect actual
@@ -27,25 +27,25 @@
 test_expect_success 'gettext: our gettext() fallback has pass-through semantics' '
     printf "test" >expect &&
     gettext "test" >actual &&
-    test_i18ncmp expect actual &&
+    test_cmp expect actual &&
     printf "test more words" >expect &&
     gettext "test more words" >actual &&
-    test_i18ncmp expect actual
+    test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'eval_gettext: our eval_gettext() fallback has pass-through semantics' '
     printf "test" >expect &&
     eval_gettext "test" >actual &&
-    test_i18ncmp expect actual &&
+    test_cmp expect actual &&
     printf "test more words" >expect &&
     eval_gettext "test more words" >actual &&
-    test_i18ncmp expect actual
+    test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'eval_gettext: our eval_gettext() fallback can interpolate variables' '
     printf "test YesPlease" >expect &&
     GIT_INTERNAL_GETTEXT_TEST_FALLBACKS=YesPlease eval_gettext "test \$GIT_INTERNAL_GETTEXT_TEST_FALLBACKS" >actual &&
-    test_i18ncmp expect actual
+    test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'eval_gettext: our eval_gettext() fallback can interpolate variables with spaces' '
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
     export cmdline &&
     printf "When you have resolved this problem, run git am --resolved." >expect &&
     eval_gettext "When you have resolved this problem, run \$cmdline --resolved." >actual &&
-    test_i18ncmp expect actual
+    test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'eval_gettext: our eval_gettext() fallback can interpolate variables with spaces and quotes' '
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
     export cmdline &&
     printf "When you have resolved this problem, run \"git am --resolved\"." >expect &&
     eval_gettext "When you have resolved this problem, run \"\$cmdline --resolved\"." >actual &&
-    test_i18ncmp expect actual
+    test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t0300-credentials.sh b/t/t0300-credentials.sh
index a18f8a4..3485c05 100755
--- a/t/t0300-credentials.sh
+++ b/t/t0300-credentials.sh
@@ -578,7 +578,7 @@
 	quit: host=example.com
 	fatal: credential helper '\''quit'\'' told us to quit
 	EOF
-	test_i18ncmp expect stderr
+	test_cmp expect stderr
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'empty helper spec resets helper list' '
@@ -606,7 +606,7 @@
 	warning: url contains a newline in its path component: https://one.example.com?%0ahost=two.example.com/
 	fatal: credential url cannot be parsed: https://one.example.com?%0ahost=two.example.com/
 	EOF
-	test_i18ncmp expect stderr
+	test_cmp expect stderr
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'host-less URLs are parsed as empty host' '
@@ -633,7 +633,7 @@
 	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
 	fatal: refusing to work with credential missing host field
 	EOF
-	test_i18ncmp expect stderr
+	test_cmp expect stderr
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'credential system refuses to work with missing protocol' '
@@ -643,7 +643,7 @@
 	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
 	fatal: refusing to work with credential missing protocol field
 	EOF
-	test_i18ncmp expect stderr
+	test_cmp expect stderr
 '
 
 # usage: check_host_and_path <url> <expected-host> <expected-path>
diff --git a/t/t0500-progress-display.sh b/t/t0500-progress-display.sh
index 84cce34..22058b5 100755
--- a/t/t0500-progress-display.sh
+++ b/t/t0500-progress-display.sh
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 	test-tool progress "Working hard" <in 2>stderr &&
 
 	show_cr <stderr >out &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect out
+	test_cmp expect out
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'progress display with total' '
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
 	test-tool progress --total=3 "Working hard" <in 2>stderr &&
 
 	show_cr <stderr >out &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect out
+	test_cmp expect out
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'progress display breaks long lines #1' '
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
 		<in 2>stderr &&
 
 	show_cr <stderr >out &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect out
+	test_cmp expect out
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'progress display breaks long lines #2' '
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
 		<in 2>stderr &&
 
 	show_cr <stderr >out &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect out
+	test_cmp expect out
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'progress display breaks long lines #3 - even the first is too long' '
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@
 		<in 2>stderr &&
 
 	show_cr <stderr >out &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect out
+	test_cmp expect out
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'progress display breaks long lines #4 - title line matches terminal width' '
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@
 		<in 2>stderr &&
 
 	show_cr <stderr >out &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect out
+	test_cmp expect out
 '
 
 # Progress counter goes backwards, this should not happen in practice.
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@
 	test-tool progress --total=1000 "Working hard" <in 2>stderr &&
 
 	show_cr <stderr >out &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect out
+	test_cmp expect out
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'progress display with throughput' '
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@
 	test-tool progress "Working hard" <in 2>stderr &&
 
 	show_cr <stderr >out &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect out
+	test_cmp expect out
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'progress display with throughput and total' '
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@
 	test-tool progress --total=40 "Working hard" <in 2>stderr &&
 
 	show_cr <stderr >out &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect out
+	test_cmp expect out
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'cover up after throughput shortens' '
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@
 	test-tool progress "Working hard" <in 2>stderr &&
 
 	show_cr <stderr >out &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect out
+	test_cmp expect out
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'cover up after throughput shortens a lot' '
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@
 	test-tool progress "Working hard" <in 2>stderr &&
 
 	show_cr <stderr >out &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect out
+	test_cmp expect out
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'progress generates traces' '
diff --git a/t/t1011-read-tree-sparse-checkout.sh b/t/t1011-read-tree-sparse-checkout.sh
index dfe9794..24092c0 100755
--- a/t/t1011-read-tree-sparse-checkout.sh
+++ b/t/t1011-read-tree-sparse-checkout.sh
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@
 
 After fixing the above paths, you may want to run `git sparse-checkout reapply`.
 EOF
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'checkout without --ignore-skip-worktree-bits' '
diff --git a/t/t1308-config-set.sh b/t/t1308-config-set.sh
index 3a527e3..88b119a 100755
--- a/t/t1308-config-set.sh
+++ b/t/t1308-config-set.sh
@@ -208,14 +208,14 @@
 	echo "[" >>.git/config &&
 	echo "fatal: bad config line 34 in file .git/config" >expect &&
 	test_expect_code 128 test-tool config get_value foo.bar 2>actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'proper error on error in custom config files' '
 	echo "[" >>syntax-error &&
 	echo "fatal: bad config line 1 in file syntax-error" >expect &&
 	test_expect_code 128 test-tool config configset_get_value foo.bar syntax-error 2>actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'check line errors for malformed values' '
diff --git a/t/t1400-update-ref.sh b/t/t1400-update-ref.sh
index 359d873..e31f65f 100755
--- a/t/t1400-update-ref.sh
+++ b/t/t1400-update-ref.sh
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@
 	echo "$C" >expect &&
 	test_cmp expect o &&
 	echo "warning: log for '\''main'\'' only goes back to $ed" >expect &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect e
+	test_cmp expect e
 '
 test_expect_success 'Query main@{2005-05-25} (before history)' '
 	test_when_finished "rm -f o e" &&
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@
 	echo "$C" >expect &&
 	test_cmp expect o &&
 	echo "warning: log for '\''main'\'' only goes back to $ed" >expect &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect e
+	test_cmp expect e
 '
 test_expect_success 'Query "main@{May 26 2005 23:31:59}" (1 second before history)' '
 	test_when_finished "rm -f o e" &&
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@
 	echo "$C" >expect &&
 	test_cmp expect o &&
 	echo "warning: log for '\''main'\'' only goes back to $ed" >expect &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect e
+	test_cmp expect e
 '
 test_expect_success 'Query "main@{May 26 2005 23:32:00}" (exactly history start)' '
 	test_when_finished "rm -f o e" &&
diff --git a/t/t1404-update-ref-errors.sh b/t/t1404-update-ref-errors.sh
index 2d142e5..8b51c4e 100755
--- a/t/t1404-update-ref-errors.sh
+++ b/t/t1404-update-ref-errors.sh
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@
 		printf "%s\n" "delete $delname" "create $addname $D"
 	fi >commands &&
 	test_must_fail git update-ref --stdin <commands 2>output.err &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected-err output.err &&
+	test_cmp expected-err output.err &&
 	printf "%s\n" "$C $delref" >expected-refs &&
 	git for-each-ref --format="%(objectname) %(refname)" $prefix/r >actual-refs &&
 	test_cmp expected-refs actual-refs
diff --git a/t/t1430-bad-ref-name.sh b/t/t1430-bad-ref-name.sh
index 354902e..b1839e0 100755
--- a/t/t1430-bad-ref-name.sh
+++ b/t/t1430-bad-ref-name.sh
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@
 	! grep -e "broken\.\.\.ref" output
 '
 
-test_expect_failure C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'push --mirror can delete badly named ref' '
+test_expect_failure 'push --mirror can delete badly named ref' '
 	top=$(pwd) &&
 	git init src &&
 	git init dest &&
diff --git a/t/t1450-fsck.sh b/t/t1450-fsck.sh
index 2312431..5071ac6 100755
--- a/t/t1450-fsck.sh
+++ b/t/t1450-fsck.sh
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@
 	warning in tag $tag: badTagName: invalid '\''tag'\'' name: wrong name format
 	warning in tag $tag: missingTaggerEntry: invalid format - expected '\''tagger'\'' line
 	EOF
-	test_i18ncmp expect out
+	test_cmp expect out
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'tag with bad tagger' '
@@ -804,7 +804,7 @@
 		git fsck >actual &&
 		# the output order is non-deterministic, as it comes from a hash
 		sort <actual >actual.sorted &&
-		test_i18ncmp expect actual.sorted
+		test_cmp expect actual.sorted
 	)
 '
 
@@ -814,7 +814,7 @@
 		git fsck --connectivity-only >actual &&
 		# the output order is non-deterministic, as it comes from a hash
 		sort <actual >actual.sorted &&
-		test_i18ncmp expect actual.sorted
+		test_cmp expect actual.sorted
 	)
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t1502-rev-parse-parseopt.sh b/t/t1502-rev-parse-parseopt.sh
index a859abe..b29563f 100755
--- a/t/t1502-rev-parse-parseopt.sh
+++ b/t/t1502-rev-parse-parseopt.sh
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@
 |EOF
 END_EXPECT
 	test_expect_code 129 git rev-parse --parseopt -- -h > output < optionspec &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'test --parseopt help output no switches' '
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@
 |EOF
 END_EXPECT
 	test_expect_code 129 git rev-parse --parseopt -- -h > output < optionspec_no_switches &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'test --parseopt help output hidden switches' '
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@
 |EOF
 END_EXPECT
 	test_expect_code 129 git rev-parse --parseopt -- -h > output < optionspec_only_hidden_switches &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'test --parseopt help-all output hidden switches' '
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@
 |EOF
 END_EXPECT
 	test_expect_code 129 git rev-parse --parseopt -- --help-all > output < optionspec_only_hidden_switches &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'test --parseopt invalid switch help output' '
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@
 |
 END_EXPECT
 	test_expect_code 129 git rev-parse --parseopt -- --does-not-exist 1>/dev/null 2>output < optionspec &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'setup expect.1' "
diff --git a/t/t1506-rev-parse-diagnosis.sh b/t/t1506-rev-parse-diagnosis.sh
index f6e6f23..65a154a 100755
--- a/t/t1506-rev-parse-diagnosis.sh
+++ b/t/t1506-rev-parse-diagnosis.sh
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 	fatal: path '$2$3' $4, but not ${5:-$SQ$3$SQ}
 	hint: Did you mean '$1:$2$3'${2:+ aka $SQ$1:./$3$SQ}?
 	EOF
-	test_i18ncmp expected error
+	test_cmp expected error
 }
 
 HASH_file=
diff --git a/t/t1507-rev-parse-upstream.sh b/t/t1507-rev-parse-upstream.sh
index 73b4f34..c34714f 100755
--- a/t/t1507-rev-parse-upstream.sh
+++ b/t/t1507-rev-parse-upstream.sh
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@
 	fatal: no upstream configured for branch ${SQ}non-tracking${SQ}
 	EOF
 	error_message non-tracking@{u} &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect error
+	test_cmp expect error
 '
 
 test_expect_success '@{u} error message when no upstream' '
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@
 	fatal: no upstream configured for branch ${SQ}main${SQ}
 	EOF
 	test_must_fail git rev-parse --verify @{u} 2>actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'branch@{u} error message with misspelt branch' '
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@
 	fatal: no such branch: ${SQ}no-such-branch${SQ}
 	EOF
 	error_message no-such-branch@{u} &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect error
+	test_cmp expect error
 '
 
 test_expect_success '@{u} error message when not on a branch' '
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@
 	EOF
 	git checkout HEAD^0 &&
 	test_must_fail git rev-parse --verify @{u} 2>actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'branch@{u} error message if upstream branch not fetched' '
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@
 	fatal: upstream branch ${SQ}refs/heads/side${SQ} not stored as a remote-tracking branch
 	EOF
 	error_message bad-upstream@{u} &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect error
+	test_cmp expect error
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'pull works when tracking a local branch' '
diff --git a/t/t1509-root-work-tree.sh b/t/t1509-root-work-tree.sh
index fd2f7ab..553a3f6 100755
--- a/t/t1509-root-work-tree.sh
+++ b/t/t1509-root-work-tree.sh
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@
 	rm -rf /.git &&
 	echo "Initialized empty Git repository in /.git/" > expected &&
 	git init > result &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected result
+	test_cmp expected result
 '
 
 test_vars 'auto gitdir, root' ".git" "/" ""
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@
 	cd / &&
 	echo "Initialized empty Git repository in /" > expected &&
 	git init --bare > result &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected result
+	test_cmp expected result
 '
 
 test_vars 'auto gitdir, root' "." "" ""
diff --git a/t/t1512-rev-parse-disambiguation.sh b/t/t1512-rev-parse-disambiguation.sh
index 242abbf..7891a6b 100755
--- a/t/t1512-rev-parse-disambiguation.sh
+++ b/t/t1512-rev-parse-disambiguation.sh
@@ -314,39 +314,39 @@
 	grep "refname.*${REF}.*ambiguous" err
 '
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'ambiguity errors are not repeated (raw)' '
+test_expect_success 'ambiguity errors are not repeated (raw)' '
 	test_must_fail git rev-parse 00000 2>stderr &&
 	grep "is ambiguous" stderr >errors &&
 	test_line_count = 1 errors
 '
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'ambiguity errors are not repeated (treeish)' '
+test_expect_success 'ambiguity errors are not repeated (treeish)' '
 	test_must_fail git rev-parse 00000:foo 2>stderr &&
 	grep "is ambiguous" stderr >errors &&
 	test_line_count = 1 errors
 '
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'ambiguity errors are not repeated (peel)' '
+test_expect_success 'ambiguity errors are not repeated (peel)' '
 	test_must_fail git rev-parse 00000^{commit} 2>stderr &&
 	grep "is ambiguous" stderr >errors &&
 	test_line_count = 1 errors
 '
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'ambiguity hints' '
+test_expect_success 'ambiguity hints' '
 	test_must_fail git rev-parse 000000000 2>stderr &&
 	grep ^hint: stderr >hints &&
 	# 16 candidates, plus one intro line
 	test_line_count = 17 hints
 '
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'ambiguity hints respect type' '
+test_expect_success 'ambiguity hints respect type' '
 	test_must_fail git rev-parse 000000000^{commit} 2>stderr &&
 	grep ^hint: stderr >hints &&
 	# 5 commits, 1 tag (which is a committish), plus intro line
 	test_line_count = 7 hints
 '
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'failed type-selector still shows hint' '
+test_expect_success 'failed type-selector still shows hint' '
 	# these two blobs share the same prefix "ee3d", but neither
 	# will pass for a commit
 	echo 851 | git hash-object --stdin -w &&
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@
 		git -c core.disambiguate=committish rev-parse $sha1^{tree}
 '
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'ambiguous commits are printed by type first, then hash order' '
+test_expect_success 'ambiguous commits are printed by type first, then hash order' '
 	test_must_fail git rev-parse 0000 2>stderr &&
 	grep ^hint: stderr >hints &&
 	grep 0000 hints >objects &&
diff --git a/t/t1600-index.sh b/t/t1600-index.sh
index b7c31aa..c9b9e71 100755
--- a/t/t1600-index.sh
+++ b/t/t1600-index.sh
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 			warning: GIT_INDEX_VERSION set, but the value is invalid.
 			Using version Z
 		EOF
-		test_i18ncmp expect.err actual.err
+		test_cmp expect.err actual.err
 	)
 '
 
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
 			warning: GIT_INDEX_VERSION set, but the value is invalid.
 			Using version Z
 		EOF
-		test_i18ncmp expect.err actual.err
+		test_cmp expect.err actual.err
 	)
 '
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
 			warning: index.version set, but the value is invalid.
 			Using version Z
 		EOF
-		test_i18ncmp expect.err actual.err
+		test_cmp expect.err actual.err
 	)
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t2006-checkout-index-basic.sh b/t/t2006-checkout-index-basic.sh
index 8e181db..7ff3eda 100755
--- a/t/t2006-checkout-index-basic.sh
+++ b/t/t2006-checkout-index-basic.sh
@@ -32,4 +32,27 @@
 	test_i18ngrep not.in.the.cache stderr
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'checkout-index --temp correctly reports error on missing blobs' '
+	test_when_finished git reset --hard &&
+	missing_blob=$(echo "no such blob here" | git hash-object --stdin) &&
+	cat >objs <<-EOF &&
+	100644 $missing_blob	file
+	120000 $missing_blob	symlink
+	EOF
+	git update-index --index-info <objs &&
+
+	test_must_fail git checkout-index --temp symlink file 2>stderr &&
+	test_i18ngrep "unable to read sha1 file of file ($missing_blob)" stderr &&
+	test_i18ngrep "unable to read sha1 file of symlink ($missing_blob)" stderr
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'checkout-index --temp correctly reports error for submodules' '
+	git init sub &&
+	test_commit -C sub file &&
+	git submodule add ./sub &&
+	git commit -m sub &&
+	test_must_fail git checkout-index --temp sub 2>stderr &&
+	test_i18ngrep "cannot create temporary submodule sub" stderr
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t2018-checkout-branch.sh b/t/t2018-checkout-branch.sh
index 5f761bc..93be1c0 100755
--- a/t/t2018-checkout-branch.sh
+++ b/t/t2018-checkout-branch.sh
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@
 	git checkout branch2 &&
 	echo  >expect "fatal: A branch named '\''branch1'\'' already exists." &&
 	test_must_fail git checkout -b @{-1} 2>actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'checkout -B to an existing branch resets branch to HEAD' '
diff --git a/t/t2020-checkout-detach.sh b/t/t2020-checkout-detach.sh
index b432b64..bc46713 100755
--- a/t/t2020-checkout-detach.sh
+++ b/t/t2020-checkout-detach.sh
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@
 	git config branch.child.merge refs/heads/main &&
 	git checkout child^ &&
 	git checkout child >stdout &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect stdout
+	test_cmp expect stdout
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'no advice given for explicit detached head state' '
@@ -237,15 +237,15 @@
 	sane_unset GIT_PRINT_SHA1_ELLIPSIS &&
 	git -c 'core.abbrev=12' checkout HEAD^ >actual 2>&1 &&
 	check_detached &&
-	test_i18ncmp 1st_detach actual &&
+	test_cmp 1st_detach actual &&
 
 	GIT_PRINT_SHA1_ELLIPSIS="no" git -c 'core.abbrev=12' checkout HEAD^ >actual 2>&1 &&
 	check_detached &&
-	test_i18ncmp 2nd_detach actual &&
+	test_cmp 2nd_detach actual &&
 
 	GIT_PRINT_SHA1_ELLIPSIS= git -c 'core.abbrev=12' checkout HEAD^ >actual 2>&1 &&
 	check_detached &&
-	test_i18ncmp 3rd_detach actual &&
+	test_cmp 3rd_detach actual &&
 
 	sane_unset GIT_PRINT_SHA1_ELLIPSIS &&
 
@@ -256,17 +256,17 @@
 	# Make no mention of the env var at all
 	git -c 'core.abbrev=12' checkout HEAD^ >actual 2>&1 &&
 	check_detached &&
-	test_i18ncmp 1st_detach actual &&
+	test_cmp 1st_detach actual &&
 
 	GIT_PRINT_SHA1_ELLIPSIS='nope' &&
 	git -c 'core.abbrev=12' checkout HEAD^ >actual 2>&1 &&
 	check_detached &&
-	test_i18ncmp 2nd_detach actual &&
+	test_cmp 2nd_detach actual &&
 
 	GIT_PRINT_SHA1_ELLIPSIS=nein &&
 	git -c 'core.abbrev=12' checkout HEAD^ >actual 2>&1 &&
 	check_detached &&
-	test_i18ncmp 3rd_detach actual &&
+	test_cmp 3rd_detach actual &&
 
 	true
 "
@@ -319,15 +319,15 @@
 
 	GIT_PRINT_SHA1_ELLIPSIS=yes git -c 'core.abbrev=12' checkout HEAD^ >actual 2>&1 &&
 	check_detached &&
-	test_i18ncmp 1st_detach actual &&
+	test_cmp 1st_detach actual &&
 
 	GIT_PRINT_SHA1_ELLIPSIS=Yes git -c 'core.abbrev=12' checkout HEAD^ >actual 2>&1 &&
 	check_detached &&
-	test_i18ncmp 2nd_detach actual &&
+	test_cmp 2nd_detach actual &&
 
 	GIT_PRINT_SHA1_ELLIPSIS=YES git -c 'core.abbrev=12' checkout HEAD^ >actual 2>&1 &&
 	check_detached &&
-	test_i18ncmp 3rd_detach actual &&
+	test_cmp 3rd_detach actual &&
 
 	true
 "
diff --git a/t/t2200-add-update.sh b/t/t2200-add-update.sh
index 7cb7a70..45ca35d 100755
--- a/t/t2200-add-update.sh
+++ b/t/t2200-add-update.sh
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@
 	after=$(git ls-files -s check top) &&
 
 	test "$before" = "$after" &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t2401-worktree-prune.sh b/t/t2401-worktree-prune.sh
index aff8775..a615d3b 100755
--- a/t/t2401-worktree-prune.sh
+++ b/t/t2401-worktree-prune.sh
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 	cat >expect <<EOF &&
 Removing worktrees/abc: not a valid directory
 EOF
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
 	! test -f .git/worktrees/abc &&
 	! test -d .git/worktrees
 '
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 Removing worktrees/def: gitdir file does not exist
 EOF
 	git worktree prune --verbose >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
 	! test -d .git/worktrees/def &&
 	! test -d .git/worktrees
 '
diff --git a/t/t2402-worktree-list.sh b/t/t2402-worktree-list.sh
index 42d35d9..fedcefe 100755
--- a/t/t2402-worktree-list.sh
+++ b/t/t2402-worktree-list.sh
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@
 	rm -rf prunable &&
 	git worktree list --verbose >out &&
 	sed -n "s/  */ /g;/\/prunable  *[0-9a-f].*$/,/prunable: .*$/p" <out >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp actual expect
+	test_cmp actual expect
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'bare repo setup' '
diff --git a/t/t3005-ls-files-relative.sh b/t/t3005-ls-files-relative.sh
index 2ec69a8..727e9ae 100755
--- a/t/t3005-ls-files-relative.sh
+++ b/t/t3005-ls-files-relative.sh
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
 		ls ../x* >expect.out &&
 		test_must_fail git ls-files -c --error-unmatch ../[xy]* >actual.out 2>actual.err &&
 		test_cmp expect.out actual.out &&
-		test_i18ncmp expect.err actual.err
+		test_cmp expect.err actual.err
 	)
 '
 
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
 		ls ../y* >expect.out &&
 		test_must_fail git ls-files -o --error-unmatch ../[xy]* >actual.out 2>actual.err &&
 		test_cmp expect.out actual.out &&
-		test_i18ncmp expect.err actual.err
+		test_cmp expect.err actual.err
 	)
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t3200-branch.sh b/t/t3200-branch.sh
index 00761e4..cc4b102 100755
--- a/t/t3200-branch.sh
+++ b/t/t3200-branch.sh
@@ -695,7 +695,7 @@
 	git branch -d symref >actual &&
 	test_path_is_file .git/refs/heads/target &&
 	test_path_is_missing .git/refs/heads/symref &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'deleting a dangling symref' '
@@ -704,7 +704,7 @@
 	echo "Deleted branch dangling-symref (was nowhere)." >expect &&
 	git branch -d dangling-symref >actual &&
 	test_path_is_missing .git/refs/heads/dangling-symref &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'deleting a self-referential symref' '
@@ -713,7 +713,7 @@
 	echo "Deleted branch self-reference (was refs/heads/self-reference)." >expect &&
 	git branch -d self-reference >actual &&
 	test_path_is_missing .git/refs/heads/self-reference &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'renaming a symref is not allowed' '
@@ -808,7 +808,7 @@
 	sha1=$(git rev-parse my7 | cut -c 1-7) &&
 	echo "Deleted branch my7 (was $sha1)." >expect &&
 	git branch -d my7 >actual 2>&1 &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'deleting currently checked out branch fails' '
@@ -843,7 +843,7 @@
 test_expect_success '--set-upstream-to fails on multiple branches' '
 	echo "fatal: too many arguments to set new upstream" >expect &&
 	test_must_fail git branch --set-upstream-to main a b c 2>err &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect err
+	test_cmp expect err
 '
 
 test_expect_success '--set-upstream-to fails on detached HEAD' '
@@ -851,13 +851,13 @@
 	test_when_finished git checkout - &&
 	echo "fatal: could not set upstream of HEAD to main when it does not point to any branch." >expect &&
 	test_must_fail git branch --set-upstream-to main 2>err &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect err
+	test_cmp expect err
 '
 
 test_expect_success '--set-upstream-to fails on a missing dst branch' '
 	echo "fatal: branch '"'"'does-not-exist'"'"' does not exist" >expect &&
 	test_must_fail git branch --set-upstream-to main does-not-exist 2>err &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect err
+	test_cmp expect err
 '
 
 test_expect_success '--set-upstream-to fails on a missing src branch' '
@@ -868,7 +868,7 @@
 test_expect_success '--set-upstream-to fails on a non-ref' '
 	echo "fatal: Cannot setup tracking information; starting point '"'"'HEAD^{}'"'"' is not a branch." >expect &&
 	test_must_fail git branch --set-upstream-to HEAD^{} 2>err &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect err
+	test_cmp expect err
 '
 
 test_expect_success '--set-upstream-to fails on locked config' '
@@ -899,7 +899,7 @@
 test_expect_success '--unset-upstream should fail if given a non-existent branch' '
 	echo "fatal: Branch '"'"'i-dont-exist'"'"' has no upstream information" >expect &&
 	test_must_fail git branch --unset-upstream i-dont-exist 2>err &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect err
+	test_cmp expect err
 '
 
 test_expect_success '--unset-upstream should fail if config is locked' '
@@ -921,13 +921,13 @@
 	# fail for a branch without upstream set
 	echo "fatal: Branch '"'"'main'"'"' has no upstream information" >expect &&
 	test_must_fail git branch --unset-upstream 2>err &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect err
+	test_cmp expect err
 '
 
 test_expect_success '--unset-upstream should fail on multiple branches' '
 	echo "fatal: too many arguments to unset upstream" >expect &&
 	test_must_fail git branch --unset-upstream a b c 2>err &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect err
+	test_cmp expect err
 '
 
 test_expect_success '--unset-upstream should fail on detached HEAD' '
@@ -935,7 +935,7 @@
 	test_when_finished git checkout - &&
 	echo "fatal: could not unset upstream of HEAD when it does not point to any branch." >expect &&
 	test_must_fail git branch --unset-upstream 2>err &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect err
+	test_cmp expect err
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'test --unset-upstream on a particular branch' '
@@ -957,7 +957,7 @@
 	EOF
 	test_expect_code 1 git config branch.my13.remote &&
 	test_expect_code 1 git config branch.my13.merge &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 # Keep this test last, as it changes the current branch
diff --git a/t/t3201-branch-contains.sh b/t/t3201-branch-contains.sh
index 578b5f4..349a810 100755
--- a/t/t3201-branch-contains.sh
+++ b/t/t3201-branch-contains.sh
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@
 	* topic $(git rev-parse --short topic ) [ahead 1] foo
 	  zzz   $(git rev-parse --short zzz   ) second on main
 	EOF
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3203-branch-output.sh b/t/t3203-branch-output.sh
index b6fcd01..5325b9f 100755
--- a/t/t3203-branch-output.sh
+++ b/t/t3203-branch-output.sh
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@
 EOF
 	git checkout HEAD^0 &&
 	git branch >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'git branch shows detached HEAD properly after checkout --detach' '
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@
 EOF
 	git checkout --detach &&
 	git branch >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'git branch shows detached HEAD properly after moving' '
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
 EOF
 	git reset --hard HEAD^1 &&
 	git branch >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'git branch shows detached HEAD properly from tag' '
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@
 	git tag fromtag main &&
 	git checkout fromtag &&
 	git branch >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'git branch shows detached HEAD properly after moving from tag' '
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@
 EOF
 	git reset --hard HEAD^1 &&
 	git branch >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'git branch `--sort=[-]objectsize` option' '
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@
 	  main
 	EOF
 	git branch --sort=objectsize >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
 
 	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
 	* (HEAD detached from fromtag)
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@
 	  branch-two
 	EOF
 	git branch --sort=-objectsize >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'git branch `--sort=[-]type` option' '
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@
 	  main
 	EOF
 	git branch --sort=type >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
 
 	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
 	* (HEAD detached from fromtag)
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@
 	  main
 	EOF
 	git branch --sort=-type >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'git branch `--sort=[-]version:refname` option' '
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@
 	  main
 	EOF
 	git branch --sort=version:refname >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
 
 	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
 	* (HEAD detached from fromtag)
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@
 	  branch-one
 	EOF
 	git branch --sort=-version:refname >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'git branch --points-at option' '
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@
 	Refname is refs/heads/ref-to-remote
 	EOF
 	git branch --format="Refname is %(refname)" >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'worktree colors correct' '
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@
 	rm -r worktree_dir &&
 	git worktree prune &&
 	test_decode_color <actual.raw >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success "set up color tests" '
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@
 	git branch -vv >actual &&
 	rm -r worktree_dir &&
 	git worktree prune &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3300-funny-names.sh b/t/t3300-funny-names.sh
index 04de03c..f5bf16a 100755
--- a/t/t3300-funny-names.sh
+++ b/t/t3300-funny-names.sh
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@
 	git diff-index -M -p $t0 >diff &&
 	git apply --stat <diff >diffstat &&
 	sed -e "s/|.*//" -e "s/ *\$//" <diffstat >current &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected current
+	test_cmp expected current
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'numstat for rename quotes funny filename' '
diff --git a/t/t3301-notes.sh b/t/t3301-notes.sh
index 4af881f..d742be8 100755
--- a/t/t3301-notes.sh
+++ b/t/t3301-notes.sh
@@ -1293,11 +1293,11 @@
 	grep "replacement note 3" actual
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'git notes copy diagnoses too many or too few parameters' '
+test_expect_success 'git notes copy diagnoses too many or too few arguments' '
 	test_must_fail git notes copy 2>error &&
-	test_i18ngrep "too few parameters" error &&
+	test_i18ngrep "too few arguments" error &&
 	test_must_fail git notes copy one two three 2>error &&
-	test_i18ngrep "too many parameters" error
+	test_i18ngrep "too many arguments" error
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'git notes get-ref expands refs/heads/main to refs/notes/refs/heads/main' '
diff --git a/t/t3400-rebase.sh b/t/t3400-rebase.sh
index 5e88a10..587b408 100755
--- a/t/t3400-rebase.sh
+++ b/t/t3400-rebase.sh
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@
 	test_cmp expect.forkpoint actual.forkpoint &&
 	# the next one is dubious---we may want to say "-",
 	# instead of @{-1}, in the message
-	test_i18ncmp expect.messages actual.messages
+	test_cmp expect.messages actual.messages
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'rebase a single mode change' '
diff --git a/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh b/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh
index 28c2d15..66bcbbf 100755
--- a/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh
+++ b/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@
 			git rebase -i HEAD^ >output 2>&1
 	) &&
 	tail -n 1 output >actual &&  # Ignore output about changing todo list
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'rebase -i with the exec command' '
@@ -159,9 +159,9 @@
 	test_when_finished "git rebase --abort ||:" &&
 	test_must_fail env git rebase -x "" @ 2>actual &&
 	test_write_lines "error: empty exec command" >expected &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual &&
 	test_must_fail env git rebase -x " " @ 2>actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'rebase -x with newline in command fails' '
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@
 	test_must_fail env git rebase -x "a${LF}b" @ 2>actual &&
 	test_write_lines "error: exec commands cannot contain newlines" \
 			 >expected &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'rebase -i with exec of inexistent command' '
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@
 	grep "^ file1 | 2 +-$" output
 '
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'multi-squash only fires up editor once' '
+test_expect_success 'multi-squash only fires up editor once' '
 	base=$(git rev-parse HEAD~4) &&
 	(
 		set_fake_editor &&
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@
 	test 1 = $(git show | grep ONCE | wc -l)
 '
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'multi-fixup does not fire up editor' '
+test_expect_success 'multi-fixup does not fire up editor' '
 	git checkout -b multi-fixup E &&
 	base=$(git rev-parse HEAD~4) &&
 	(
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@
 	git branch -D conflict-squash
 '
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'squash and fixup generate correct log messages' '
+test_expect_success 'squash and fixup generate correct log messages' '
 	cat >expect-squash-fixup <<-\EOF &&
 	B
 
@@ -542,7 +542,7 @@
 	git branch -D squash-fixup
 '
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'squash ignores comments' '
+test_expect_success 'squash ignores comments' '
 	git checkout -b skip-comments E &&
 	base=$(git rev-parse HEAD~4) &&
 	(
@@ -558,7 +558,7 @@
 	git branch -D skip-comments
 '
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'squash ignores blank lines' '
+test_expect_success 'squash ignores blank lines' '
 	git checkout -b skip-blank-lines E &&
 	base=$(git rev-parse HEAD~4) &&
 	(
@@ -996,7 +996,7 @@
 	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'rebase -ix with --autosquash' '
+test_expect_success 'rebase -ix with --autosquash' '
 	git reset --hard execute &&
 	git checkout -b autosquash &&
 	echo second >second.txt &&
@@ -1137,7 +1137,7 @@
 	test "$(git rev-list --count HEAD)" = 2
 '
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'rebase --edit-todo does not work on non-interactive rebase' '
+test_expect_success 'rebase --edit-todo does not work on non-interactive rebase' '
 	git checkout reword-original-root-branch &&
 	git reset --hard &&
 	git checkout conflict-branch &&
@@ -1466,7 +1466,7 @@
 		FAKE_LINES="1 2 3 4" git rebase -i --root 2>actual.2
 	) &&
 	head -n4 actual.2 >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
 	test D = $(git cat-file commit HEAD | sed -ne \$p)
 '
 
@@ -1490,7 +1490,7 @@
 		set_fake_editor &&
 		test_must_fail env FAKE_LINES="1 2 4" \
 			git rebase -i --root 2>actual &&
-		test_i18ncmp expect actual &&
+		test_cmp expect actual &&
 		cp .git/rebase-merge/git-rebase-todo.backup \
 			.git/rebase-merge/git-rebase-todo &&
 		FAKE_LINES="1 2 drop 3 4 drop 5" git rebase --edit-todo
@@ -1536,11 +1536,11 @@
 		cp .git/rebase-merge/git-rebase-todo.backup orig &&
 		FAKE_LINES="2 3 4" git rebase --edit-todo 2>actual.2 &&
 		head -n6 actual.2 >actual &&
-		test_i18ncmp expect actual &&
+		test_cmp expect actual &&
 		cp orig .git/rebase-merge/git-rebase-todo &&
 		FAKE_LINES="1 2 3 4" git rebase --edit-todo 2>actual.2 &&
 		head -n4 actual.2 >actual &&
-		test_i18ncmp expect.3 actual &&
+		test_cmp expect.3 actual &&
 		git rebase --continue 2>actual
 	) &&
 	test D = $(git cat-file commit HEAD | sed -ne \$p) &&
@@ -1576,16 +1576,16 @@
 		cp .git/rebase-merge/git-rebase-todo.backup orig &&
 		test_must_fail env FAKE_LINES="2 3 4" \
 			git rebase --edit-todo 2>actual &&
-		test_i18ncmp expect actual &&
+		test_cmp expect actual &&
 		test_must_fail git rebase --continue 2>actual &&
-		test_i18ncmp expect.2 actual &&
+		test_cmp expect.2 actual &&
 		test_must_fail git rebase --edit-todo &&
 		cp orig .git/rebase-merge/git-rebase-todo &&
 		test_must_fail env FAKE_LINES="1 2 3 4" \
 			git rebase --edit-todo 2>actual &&
-		test_i18ncmp expect.3 actual &&
+		test_cmp expect.3 actual &&
 		test_must_fail git rebase --continue 2>actual &&
-		test_i18ncmp expect.3 actual &&
+		test_cmp expect.3 actual &&
 		cp orig .git/rebase-merge/git-rebase-todo &&
 		FAKE_LINES="1 2 3 4 drop 5" git rebase --edit-todo &&
 		git rebase --continue 2>actual
diff --git a/t/t3415-rebase-autosquash.sh b/t/t3415-rebase-autosquash.sh
index 36f169d..908016c 100755
--- a/t/t3415-rebase-autosquash.sh
+++ b/t/t3415-rebase-autosquash.sh
@@ -306,23 +306,23 @@
 	fi
 }
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'fixup! fixup!' '
+test_expect_success 'fixup! fixup!' '
 	test_auto_fixup_fixup fixup fixup
 '
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'fixup! squash!' '
+test_expect_success 'fixup! squash!' '
 	test_auto_fixup_fixup fixup squash
 '
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'squash! squash!' '
+test_expect_success 'squash! squash!' '
 	test_auto_fixup_fixup squash squash
 '
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'squash! fixup!' '
+test_expect_success 'squash! fixup!' '
 	test_auto_fixup_fixup squash fixup
 '
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'autosquash with custom inst format' '
+test_expect_success 'autosquash with custom inst format' '
 	git reset --hard base &&
 	git config --add rebase.instructionFormat "[%an @ %ar] %s"  &&
 	echo 2 >file1 &&
diff --git a/t/t3420-rebase-autostash.sh b/t/t3420-rebase-autostash.sh
index 4caa014..43fcb68 100755
--- a/t/t3420-rebase-autostash.sh
+++ b/t/t3420-rebase-autostash.sh
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@
 		fi &&
 		create_expected_success_$suffix &&
 		sed "$remove_progress_re" <actual >actual2 &&
-		test_i18ncmp expected actual2
+		test_cmp expected actual2
 	'
 
 	test_expect_success "rebase$type: dirty index, non-conflicting rebase" '
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@
 		fi &&
 		create_expected_failure_$suffix &&
 		sed "$remove_progress_re" <actual >actual2 &&
-		test_i18ncmp expected actual2
+		test_cmp expected actual2
 	'
 }
 
diff --git a/t/t3431-rebase-fork-point.sh b/t/t3431-rebase-fork-point.sh
index 2dab893..4c98d99 100755
--- a/t/t3431-rebase-fork-point.sh
+++ b/t/t3431-rebase-fork-point.sh
@@ -29,19 +29,23 @@
 	test_commit G
 '
 
+do_test_rebase () {
+	expected="$1" &&
+	shift &&
+	git checkout main &&
+	git reset --hard E &&
+	git checkout side &&
+	git reset --hard G &&
+	git rebase $* &&
+	test_write_lines $expected >expect &&
+	git log --pretty=%s >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+}
+
 test_rebase () {
 	expected="$1" &&
 	shift &&
-	test_expect_success "git rebase $*" "
-		git checkout main &&
-		git reset --hard E &&
-		git checkout side &&
-		git reset --hard G &&
-		git rebase $* &&
-		test_write_lines $expected >expect &&
-		git log --pretty=%s >actual &&
-		test_cmp expect actual
-	"
+	test_expect_success "git rebase $*" "do_test_rebase '$expected' $*"
 }
 
 test_rebase 'G F E D B A'
@@ -77,4 +81,35 @@
 	test_must_fail git rebase --fork-point --onto D one
 '
 
+test_expect_success '--fork-point and --root both given' '
+	test_must_fail git rebase --fork-point --root 2>err &&
+	test_i18ngrep "cannot combine" err
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'rebase.forkPoint set to false' '
+	test_config rebase.forkPoint false &&
+	do_test_rebase "G F C E D B A"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'rebase.forkPoint set to false and then to true' '
+	test_config_global rebase.forkPoint false &&
+	test_config rebase.forkPoint true &&
+	do_test_rebase "G F E D B A"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'rebase.forkPoint set to false and command line says --fork-point' '
+	test_config rebase.forkPoint false &&
+	do_test_rebase "G F E D B A" --fork-point
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'rebase.forkPoint set to true and command line says --no-fork-point' '
+	test_config rebase.forkPoint true &&
+	do_test_rebase "G F C E D B A" --no-fork-point
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'rebase.forkPoint set to true and --root given' '
+	test_config rebase.forkPoint true &&
+	git rebase --root
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3504-cherry-pick-rerere.sh b/t/t3504-cherry-pick-rerere.sh
index 9198535..4581ae9 100755
--- a/t/t3504-cherry-pick-rerere.sh
+++ b/t/t3504-cherry-pick-rerere.sh
@@ -74,10 +74,10 @@
 	git diff-files --quiet &&
 	test_must_fail git cherry-pick --continue --rerere-autoupdate >actual 2>&1 &&
 	echo "fatal: cherry-pick: --rerere-autoupdate cannot be used with --continue" >expect &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
 	test_must_fail git cherry-pick --continue --no-rerere-autoupdate >actual 2>&1 &&
 	echo "fatal: cherry-pick: --no-rerere-autoupdate cannot be used with --continue" >expect &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
 	git cherry-pick --abort
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t3507-cherry-pick-conflict.sh b/t/t3507-cherry-pick-conflict.sh
index 5f4564c..014001b 100755
--- a/t/t3507-cherry-pick-conflict.sh
+++ b/t/t3507-cherry-pick-conflict.sh
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
 	EOF
 	test_must_fail git cherry-pick picked 2>actual &&
 
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 test_expect_success 'advice from failed cherry-pick --no-commit' "
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@
 	EOF
 	test_must_fail git cherry-pick --no-commit picked 2>actual &&
 
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 test_expect_success 'failed cherry-pick sets CHERRY_PICK_HEAD' '
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@
 
 	test_must_fail git cherry-pick picked &&
 
-	test_i18ncmp expected .git/MERGE_MSG
+	test_cmp expected .git/MERGE_MSG
 '
 
 test_expect_success \
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@
 
 	test_must_fail git cherry-pick --cleanup=scissors picked &&
 
-	test_i18ncmp expected .git/MERGE_MSG
+	test_cmp expected .git/MERGE_MSG
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'failed cherry-pick describes conflict in work tree' '
@@ -465,7 +465,7 @@
 	test_must_fail git revert picked &&
 
 	sed "s/$OID_REGEX/OBJID/" .git/MERGE_MSG >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success \
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@
 	test_must_fail git revert --cleanup=scissors picked &&
 
 	sed "s/$OID_REGEX/OBJID/" .git/MERGE_MSG >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'failed cherry-pick does not forget -s' '
diff --git a/t/t3508-cherry-pick-many-commits.sh b/t/t3508-cherry-pick-many-commits.sh
index ec7a2c9..e8375d1 100755
--- a/t/t3508-cherry-pick-many-commits.sh
+++ b/t/t3508-cherry-pick-many-commits.sh
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@
 	git cherry-pick first..fourth >actual &&
 	sed -e "s/$_x05[0-9a-f][0-9a-f]/OBJID/" <actual >actual.fuzzy &&
 	test_line_count -ge 3 actual.fuzzy &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual.fuzzy
+	test_cmp expected actual.fuzzy
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'cherry-pick --strategy resolve first..fourth works' '
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@
 	test_tick &&
 	git cherry-pick --strategy resolve first..fourth >actual &&
 	sed -e "s/$_x05[0-9a-f][0-9a-f]/OBJID/" <actual >actual.fuzzy &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual.fuzzy
+	test_cmp expected actual.fuzzy
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'cherry-pick --ff first..fourth works' '
diff --git a/t/t3510-cherry-pick-sequence.sh b/t/t3510-cherry-pick-sequence.sh
index 5b94fda..b76cb6d 100755
--- a/t/t3510-cherry-pick-sequence.sh
+++ b/t/t3510-cherry-pick-sequence.sh
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@
 	git commit -a &&
 	test_path_is_missing .git/CHERRY_PICK_HEAD &&
 	test_must_fail git cherry-pick --skip 2>advice &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect advice
+	test_cmp expect advice
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'selectively advise --skip while launching another sequence' '
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@
 	EOF
 	test_must_fail git cherry-pick picked..yetanotherpick &&
 	test_must_fail git cherry-pick picked..yetanotherpick 2>advice &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect advice &&
+	test_cmp expect advice &&
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
 	error: cherry-pick is already in progress
 	hint: try "git cherry-pick (--continue | --abort | --quit)"
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@
 	EOF
 	git reset --merge &&
 	test_must_fail git cherry-pick picked..yetanotherpick 2>advice &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect advice
+	test_cmp expect advice
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'allow skipping commit but not abort for a new history' '
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@
 	test_must_fail git cherry-pick anotherpick &&
 	test_must_fail git cherry-pick --abort 2>advice &&
 	git cherry-pick --skip &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect advice
+	test_cmp expect advice
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'allow skipping stopped cherry-pick because of untracked file modifications' '
diff --git a/t/t3600-rm.sh b/t/t3600-rm.sh
index 7547f11..bb9ef35 100755
--- a/t/t3600-rm.sh
+++ b/t/t3600-rm.sh
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@
 	git add .gitmodules &&
 	echo "warning: Could not find section in .gitmodules where path=submod" >expect.err &&
 	git rm submod >actual 2>actual.err &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect.err actual.err &&
+	test_cmp expect.err actual.err &&
 	test_path_is_missing submod &&
 	test_path_is_missing submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno >actual &&
@@ -824,7 +824,7 @@
 	echo content1 >foo.txt &&
 	echo content1 >bar.txt &&
 	test_must_fail git rm foo.txt bar.txt 2>actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'rm files with different staged content without hints' '
@@ -837,7 +837,7 @@
 	echo content2 >foo.txt &&
 	echo content2 >bar.txt &&
 	test_must_fail git -c advice.rmhints=false rm foo.txt bar.txt 2>actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'rm file with local modification' '
@@ -849,7 +849,7 @@
 	git commit -m "testing rm 3" &&
 	echo content3 >foo.txt &&
 	test_must_fail git rm foo.txt 2>actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'rm file with local modification without hints' '
@@ -859,7 +859,7 @@
 	EOF
 	echo content4 >bar.txt &&
 	test_must_fail git -c advice.rmhints=false rm bar.txt 2>actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'rm file with changes in the index' '
@@ -872,7 +872,7 @@
 	echo content5 >foo.txt &&
 	git add foo.txt &&
 	test_must_fail git rm foo.txt 2>actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'rm file with changes in the index without hints' '
@@ -881,7 +881,7 @@
 	    foo.txt
 	EOF
 	test_must_fail git -c advice.rmhints=false rm foo.txt 2>actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'rm files with two different errors' '
@@ -900,7 +900,7 @@
 	echo content6 >bar1.txt &&
 	git add bar1.txt &&
 	test_must_fail git rm bar1.txt foo1.txt 2>actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'rm empty string should fail' '
diff --git a/t/t3700-add.sh b/t/t3700-add.sh
index b7d4ba6..b3b122f 100755
--- a/t/t3700-add.sh
+++ b/t/t3700-add.sh
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@
 	error: '"'empty/'"' does not have a commit checked out
 	fatal: adding files failed
 	EOF
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'git add --dry-run of existing changed file' "
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'git add --dry-run of an existing file output' "
 	echo \"fatal: pathspec 'ignored-file' did not match any files\" >expect &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 "
 
 cat >expect.err <<\EOF
@@ -339,8 +339,8 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'git add --dry-run --ignore-missing of non-existing file output' '
-	test_i18ncmp expect.out actual.out &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect.err actual.err
+	test_cmp expect.out actual.out &&
+	test_cmp expect.err actual.err
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'git add empty string should fail' '
@@ -386,6 +386,36 @@
 	! test -x foo4
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'git add --chmod fails with non regular files (but updates the other paths)' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+	test_ln_s_add foo foo3 &&
+	touch foo4 &&
+	test_must_fail git add --chmod=+x foo3 foo4 2>stderr &&
+	test_i18ngrep "cannot chmod +x .foo3." stderr &&
+	test_mode_in_index 120000 foo3 &&
+	test_mode_in_index 100755 foo4
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'git add --chmod honors --dry-run' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+	echo foo >foo4 &&
+	git add foo4 &&
+	git add --chmod=+x --dry-run foo4 &&
+	test_mode_in_index 100644 foo4
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'git add --chmod --dry-run reports error for non regular files' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+	test_ln_s_add foo foo4 &&
+	test_must_fail git add --chmod=+x --dry-run foo4 2>stderr &&
+	test_i18ngrep "cannot chmod +x .foo4." stderr
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'git add --chmod --dry-run reports error for unmatched pathspec' '
+	test_must_fail git add --chmod=+x --dry-run nonexistent 2>stderr &&
+	test_i18ngrep "pathspec .nonexistent. did not match any files" stderr
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'no file status change if no pathspec is given' '
 	>foo5 &&
 	>foo6 &&
@@ -409,11 +439,17 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'all statuses changed in folder if . is given' '
-	rm -fr empty &&
-	git add --chmod=+x . &&
-	test $(git ls-files --stage | grep ^100644 | wc -l) -eq 0 &&
-	git add --chmod=-x . &&
-	test $(git ls-files --stage | grep ^100755 | wc -l) -eq 0
+	git init repo &&
+	(
+		cd repo &&
+		mkdir -p sub/dir &&
+		touch x y z sub/a sub/dir/b &&
+		git add -A &&
+		git add --chmod=+x . &&
+		test $(git ls-files --stage | grep ^100644 | wc -l) -eq 0 &&
+		git add --chmod=-x . &&
+		test $(git ls-files --stage | grep ^100755 | wc -l) -eq 0
+	)
 '
 
 test_expect_success CASE_INSENSITIVE_FS 'path is case-insensitive' '
diff --git a/t/t3701-add-interactive.sh b/t/t3701-add-interactive.sh
index b2f9099..2077146 100755
--- a/t/t3701-add-interactive.sh
+++ b/t/t3701-add-interactive.sh
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@
 '
 
 # Test splitting the first patch, then adding both
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'add first line works' '
+test_expect_success 'add first line works' '
 	git commit -am "clear local changes" &&
 	git apply patch &&
 	printf "%s\n" s y y | git add -p file 2>error |
@@ -974,7 +974,7 @@
 	EOF
 	test_write_lines h | force_color git add -i >actual.colored &&
 	test_decode_color <actual.colored >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3800-mktag.sh b/t/t3800-mktag.sh
index 86bfeb2..60a666d 100755
--- a/t/t3800-mktag.sh
+++ b/t/t3800-mktag.sh
@@ -13,13 +13,11 @@
 
 check_verify_failure () {
 	test_expect_success "$1" "
-		test_must_fail env GIT_TEST_GETTEXT_POISON=false \
-			git mktag <tag.sig 2>message &&
+		test_must_fail git mktag <tag.sig 2>message &&
 		grep '$2' message &&
 		if test '$3' != '--no-strict'
 		then
-			test_must_fail env GIT_TEST_GETTEXT_POISON=false \
-				git mktag --no-strict <tag.sig 2>message.no-strict &&
+			test_must_fail git mktag --no-strict <tag.sig 2>message.no-strict &&xb
 			grep '$2' message.no-strict
 		fi
 	"
@@ -443,11 +441,9 @@
 	git -c fsck.extraHeaderEntry=ignore mktag --no-strict <tag.sig &&
 
 	git fsck &&
-	env GIT_TEST_GETTEXT_POISON=false \
-		git -c fsck.extraHeaderEntry=warn fsck 2>err &&
+	git -c fsck.extraHeaderEntry=warn fsck 2>err &&
 	grep "warning .*extraHeaderEntry:" err &&
-	test_must_fail env GIT_TEST_GETTEXT_POISON=false \
-		git -c fsck.extraHeaderEntry=error 2>err fsck &&
+	test_must_fail git -c fsck.extraHeaderEntry=error 2>err fsck &&
 	grep "error .* extraHeaderEntry:" err
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t3903-stash.sh b/t/t3903-stash.sh
index 84b039e..5f282ec 100755
--- a/t/t3903-stash.sh
+++ b/t/t3903-stash.sh
@@ -564,7 +564,7 @@
 	 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
 	EOF
 	git stash show ${STASH_ID} >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'stash show - stashes on stack, stash-like argument' '
@@ -792,7 +792,7 @@
 		git stash apply
 	) |
 	sed -e 1d >actual && # drop "Saved..."
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 cat >expect <<EOF
@@ -1114,7 +1114,7 @@
 	git stash push -p foo >actual &&
 	echo "No local changes to save" >expect &&
 	git reset --hard HEAD~ &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'push <pathspec>: show no changes when there are none' '
@@ -1124,7 +1124,7 @@
 	git stash push foo >actual &&
 	echo "No local changes to save" >expect &&
 	git reset --hard HEAD~ &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'push: <pathspec> not in the repository errors out' '
diff --git a/t/t3905-stash-include-untracked.sh b/t/t3905-stash-include-untracked.sh
index b26a97a..598b17f 100755
--- a/t/t3905-stash-include-untracked.sh
+++ b/t/t3905-stash-include-untracked.sh
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@
 test_expect_success 'stash -u -- <non-existent> shows no changes when there are none' '
 	git stash push -u -- non-existent >actual &&
 	echo "No local changes to save" >expect &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'stash -u with globs' '
diff --git a/t/t4001-diff-rename.sh b/t/t4001-diff-rename.sh
index 2f97007..68f2ebc 100755
--- a/t/t4001-diff-rename.sh
+++ b/t/t4001-diff-rename.sh
@@ -262,4 +262,28 @@
 	grep "myotherfile.*myfile" actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'basename similarity vs best similarity' '
+	mkdir subdir &&
+	test_write_lines line1 line2 line3 line4 line5 \
+			 line6 line7 line8 line9 line10 >subdir/file.txt &&
+	git add subdir/file.txt &&
+	git commit -m "base txt" &&
+
+	git rm subdir/file.txt &&
+	test_write_lines line1 line2 line3 line4 line5 \
+			  line6 line7 line8 >file.txt &&
+	test_write_lines line1 line2 line3 line4 line5 \
+			  line6 line7 line8 line9 >file.md &&
+	git add file.txt file.md &&
+	git commit -a -m "rename" &&
+	git diff-tree -r -M --name-status HEAD^ HEAD >actual &&
+	# subdir/file.txt is 88% similar to file.md, 78% similar to file.txt,
+	# but since same basenames are checked first...
+	cat >expected <<-\EOF &&
+	A	file.md
+	R078	subdir/file.txt	file.txt
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t4006-diff-mode.sh b/t/t4006-diff-mode.sh
index 03489af..275ce5f 100755
--- a/t/t4006-diff-mode.sh
+++ b/t/t4006-diff-mode.sh
@@ -39,13 +39,13 @@
 	 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 	EOF
 	git diff HEAD --stat >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success '--shortstat output after text chmod' '
 	tail -n 1 <expect >expect.short &&
 	git diff HEAD --shortstat >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect.short actual
+	test_cmp expect.short actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success '--stat output after binary chmod' '
@@ -56,13 +56,13 @@
 	 2 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 	EOF
 	git diff HEAD --stat >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success '--shortstat output after binary chmod' '
 	tail -n 1 <expect >expect.short &&
 	git diff HEAD --shortstat >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect.short actual
+	test_cmp expect.short actual
 '
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t4012-diff-binary.sh b/t/t4012-diff-binary.sh
index 6579c81..33ff588 100755
--- a/t/t4012-diff-binary.sh
+++ b/t/t4012-diff-binary.sh
@@ -34,19 +34,19 @@
 test_expect_success 'apply --stat output for binary file change' '
 	git diff >diff &&
 	git apply --stat --summary <diff >current &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected current
+	test_cmp expected current
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'diff --shortstat output for binary file change' '
 	tail -n 1 expected >expect &&
 	git diff --shortstat >current &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect current
+	test_cmp expect current
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'diff --shortstat output for binary file change only' '
 	echo " 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)" >expected &&
 	git diff --shortstat -- b >current &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected current
+	test_cmp expected current
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'apply --numstat notices binary file change' '
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
 
 # apply needs to be able to skip the binary material correctly
 # in order to report the line number of a corrupt patch.
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'apply detecting corrupt patch correctly' '
+test_expect_success 'apply detecting corrupt patch correctly' '
 	git diff >output &&
 	sed -e "s/-CIT/xCIT/" <output >broken &&
 	test_must_fail git apply --stat --summary broken 2>detected &&
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@
 	test "$detected" = xCIT
 '
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'apply detecting corrupt patch correctly' '
+test_expect_success 'apply detecting corrupt patch correctly' '
 	git diff --binary | sed -e "s/-CIT/xCIT/" >broken &&
 	test_must_fail git apply --stat --summary broken 2>detected &&
 	detected=$(cat detected) &&
diff --git a/t/t4013-diff-various.sh b/t/t4013-diff-various.sh
index fcc30d8..6cca8b8 100755
--- a/t/t4013-diff-various.sh
+++ b/t/t4013-diff-various.sh
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@
 			process_diffs "$expect" >expect &&
 			case $cmd in
 			*format-patch* | *-stat*)
-				test_i18ncmp expect actual;;
+				test_cmp expect actual;;
 			*)
 				test_cmp expect actual;;
 			esac &&
diff --git a/t/t4014-format-patch.sh b/t/t4014-format-patch.sh
index 66630c8..cdd3154 100755
--- a/t/t4014-format-patch.sh
+++ b/t/t4014-format-patch.sh
@@ -888,11 +888,11 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'options no longer allowed for format-patch' '
 	test_must_fail git format-patch --name-only 2>output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect.name-only output &&
+	test_cmp expect.name-only output &&
 	test_must_fail git format-patch --name-status 2>output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect.name-status output &&
+	test_cmp expect.name-status output &&
 	test_must_fail git format-patch --check 2>output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect.check output
+	test_cmp expect.check output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'format-patch --numstat should produce a patch' '
diff --git a/t/t4016-diff-quote.sh b/t/t4016-diff-quote.sh
index 9c48e5c..876271d 100755
--- a/t/t4016-diff-quote.sh
+++ b/t/t4016-diff-quote.sh
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@
 	 7 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 	EOF
 	git diff --stat -M HEAD >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t4030-diff-textconv.sh b/t/t4030-diff-textconv.sh
index 4cb9f0e..c906320 100755
--- a/t/t4030-diff-textconv.sh
+++ b/t/t4030-diff-textconv.sh
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@
 test_expect_success 'diffstat does not run textconv' '
 	echo file diff=fail >.gitattributes &&
 	git diff --stat HEAD^ HEAD >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect.stat actual &&
+	test_cmp expect.stat actual &&
 
 	head -n1 <expect.stat >expect.line1 &&
 	head -n1 <actual >actual.line1 &&
diff --git a/t/t4045-diff-relative.sh b/t/t4045-diff-relative.sh
index 7be1de7..61ba5f7 100755
--- a/t/t4045-diff-relative.sh
+++ b/t/t4045-diff-relative.sh
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
 	EOF
 	test_expect_success "--stat $*" "
 		git -C '$dir' diff --stat $* HEAD^ >actual &&
-		test_i18ncmp expected actual
+		test_cmp expected actual
 	"
 }
 
diff --git a/t/t4049-diff-stat-count.sh b/t/t4049-diff-stat-count.sh
index a341217..53061b1 100755
--- a/t/t4049-diff-stat-count.sh
+++ b/t/t4049-diff-stat-count.sh
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 	 4 files changed, 2 insertions(+)
 	EOF
 	git diff --stat --stat-count=2 HEAD >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'binary changes do not count in lines' '
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
 	 3 files changed, 2 insertions(+)
 	EOF
 	git diff --stat --stat-count=2 >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'exclude unmerged entries from total file count' '
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
 	 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+)
 	EOF
 	git diff --stat --stat-count=2 >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t4056-diff-order.sh b/t/t4056-diff-order.sh
index 63ea714..aec1d9d 100755
--- a/t/t4056-diff-order.sh
+++ b/t/t4056-diff-order.sh
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
-test_description='diff order'
+test_description='diff order & rotate'
 
 GIT_TEST_DEFAULT_INITIAL_BRANCH_NAME=main
 export GIT_TEST_DEFAULT_INITIAL_BRANCH_NAME
@@ -127,4 +127,74 @@
 	'
 done
 
+### rotate and skip
+
+test_expect_success 'rotate and skip setup' '
+	>sample1.t &&
+	>sample2.t &&
+	>sample3.t &&
+	>sample4.t &&
+	git add sample[1234].t &&
+	git commit -m "added" sample[1234].t &&
+	echo modified >>sample1.t &&
+	echo modified >>sample2.t &&
+	echo modified >>sample4.t &&
+	git commit -m "updated" sample[1234].t
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'diff --rotate-to' '
+	git diff --rotate-to=sample2.t --name-only HEAD^ >actual &&
+	test_write_lines sample2.t sample4.t sample1.t >expect &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'diff --skip-to' '
+	git diff --skip-to=sample2.t --name-only HEAD^ >actual &&
+	test_write_lines sample2.t sample4.t >expect &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'diff --rotate/skip-to error condition' '
+	test_must_fail git diff --rotate-to=sample3.t HEAD^ &&
+	test_must_fail git diff --skip-to=sample3.t HEAD^
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'log --rotate-to' '
+	git log --rotate-to=sample3.t --raw HEAD~2.. >raw &&
+	# just distill the commit header and paths
+	sed -n -e "s/^commit.*/commit/p" \
+	       -e "/^:/s/^.*	//p" raw >actual &&
+
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	commit
+	sample4.t
+	sample1.t
+	sample2.t
+	commit
+	sample3.t
+	sample4.t
+	sample1.t
+	sample2.t
+	EOF
+
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'log --skip-to' '
+	git log --skip-to=sample3.t --raw HEAD~2.. >raw &&
+	# just distill the commit header and paths
+	sed -n -e "s/^commit.*/commit/p" \
+	       -e "/^:/s/^.*	//p" raw >actual &&
+
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	commit
+	sample4.t
+	commit
+	sample3.t
+	sample4.t
+	EOF
+
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t4100-apply-stat.sh b/t/t4100-apply-stat.sh
index 744b8e5..9b433de 100755
--- a/t/t4100-apply-stat.sh
+++ b/t/t4100-apply-stat.sh
@@ -17,13 +17,13 @@
 	test_expect_success "$title" '
 		git apply --stat --summary \
 			<"$TEST_DIRECTORY/t4100/t-apply-$num.patch" >current &&
-		test_i18ncmp "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/t4100/t-apply-$num.expect current
+		test_cmp "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/t4100/t-apply-$num.expect current
 	'
 
 	test_expect_success "$title with recount" '
 		sed -e "$UNC" <"$TEST_DIRECTORY/t4100/t-apply-$num.patch" |
 		git apply --recount --stat --summary >current &&
-		test_i18ncmp "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/t4100/t-apply-$num.expect current
+		test_cmp "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/t4100/t-apply-$num.expect current
 	'
 done <<\EOF
 rename
diff --git a/t/t4150-am.sh b/t/t4150-am.sh
index 9998751..2aaaa0d 100755
--- a/t/t4150-am.sh
+++ b/t/t4150-am.sh
@@ -906,7 +906,7 @@
 	test_tick &&
 	test_must_fail git am empty-file 2>actual &&
 	echo Patch format detection failed. >expected &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'am --message-id really adds the message id' '
diff --git a/t/t4153-am-resume-override-opts.sh b/t/t4153-am-resume-override-opts.sh
index 8ea22d1..b7c3861 100755
--- a/t/t4153-am-resume-override-opts.sh
+++ b/t/t4153-am-resume-override-opts.sh
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
 	# Applying side2 will be quiet.
 	git am --no-quiet --continue >out &&
 	echo "Applying: side1" >expected &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected out
+	test_cmp expected out
 '
 
 test_expect_success '--signoff overrides --no-signoff' '
diff --git a/t/t4205-log-pretty-formats.sh b/t/t4205-log-pretty-formats.sh
index 749bc14..85432b8 100755
--- a/t/t4205-log-pretty-formats.sh
+++ b/t/t4205-log-pretty-formats.sh
@@ -123,10 +123,10 @@
 	stat1_part=$(git diff-tree --no-commit-id --stat --root HEAD^) &&
 	printf "add bar\n$stat0_part\n\0$(commit_msg)\n$stat1_part\n" >expected &&
 	git log -z --stat --pretty="format:%s" >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
-test_expect_failure C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'NUL termination with --stat' '
+test_expect_failure 'NUL termination with --stat' '
 	stat0_part=$(git diff --stat HEAD^ HEAD) &&
 	stat1_part=$(git diff-tree --no-commit-id --stat --root HEAD^) &&
 	printf "add bar\n$stat0_part\n\0$(commit_msg)\n$stat1_part\n0" >expected &&
diff --git a/t/t4208-log-magic-pathspec.sh b/t/t4208-log-magic-pathspec.sh
index 5e10136..7f0c1dc 100755
--- a/t/t4208-log-magic-pathspec.sh
+++ b/t/t4208-log-magic-pathspec.sh
@@ -31,13 +31,8 @@
 test_expect_success '"git log :/detached -- " should find a commit only in HEAD' '
 	test_when_finished "git checkout main" &&
 	git checkout --detach &&
-	# Must manually call `test_tick` instead of using `test_commit`,
-	# because the latter additionally creates a tag, which would make
-	# the commit reachable not only via HEAD.
-	test_tick &&
-	git commit --allow-empty -m detached &&
-	test_tick &&
-	git commit --allow-empty -m something-else &&
+	test_commit --no-tag detached &&
+	test_commit --no-tag something-else &&
 	git log :/detached --
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t4254-am-corrupt.sh b/t/t4254-am-corrupt.sh
index daf01c3..54be7da 100755
--- a/t/t4254-am-corrupt.sh
+++ b/t/t4254-am-corrupt.sh
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
 	test_must_fail git -c advice.amWorkDir=false am bad-patch.diff 2>actual &&
 	echo "error: git diff header lacks filename information (line 4)" >expected &&
 	test_path_is_file f &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success "NUL in commit message's body" '
diff --git a/t/t5150-request-pull.sh b/t/t5150-request-pull.sh
index db4e15f..cb67bac 100755
--- a/t/t5150-request-pull.sh
+++ b/t/t5150-request-pull.sh
@@ -223,14 +223,14 @@
 		git request-pull initial "$downstream_url" tags/full >../request
 	) &&
 	<request sed -nf fuzz.sed >request.fuzzy &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect request.fuzzy &&
+	test_cmp expect request.fuzzy &&
 
 	(
 		cd local &&
 		git request-pull initial "$downstream_url" tags/full:refs/tags/full
 	) >request &&
 	sed -nf fuzz.sed <request >request.fuzzy &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect request.fuzzy &&
+	test_cmp expect request.fuzzy &&
 
 	(
 		cd local &&
diff --git a/t/t5300-pack-object.sh b/t/t5300-pack-object.sh
index 392201c..d586fdc 100755
--- a/t/t5300-pack-object.sh
+++ b/t/t5300-pack-object.sh
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@
 	test_path_is_file foo.idx
 '
 
-test_expect_success !PTHREADS,C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'index-pack --threads=N or pack.threads=N warns when no pthreads' '
+test_expect_success !PTHREADS 'index-pack --threads=N or pack.threads=N warns when no pthreads' '
 	test_must_fail git index-pack --threads=2 2>err &&
 	grep ^warning: err >warnings &&
 	test_line_count = 1 warnings &&
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@
 	grep -F "no threads support, ignoring pack.threads" err
 '
 
-test_expect_success !PTHREADS,C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'pack-objects --threads=N or pack.threads=N warns when no pthreads' '
+test_expect_success !PTHREADS 'pack-objects --threads=N or pack.threads=N warns when no pthreads' '
 	git pack-objects --threads=2 --stdout --all </dev/null >/dev/null 2>err &&
 	grep ^warning: err >warnings &&
 	test_line_count = 1 warnings &&
diff --git a/t/t5316-pack-delta-depth.sh b/t/t5316-pack-delta-depth.sh
index 0f06c40..a8c1bc0 100755
--- a/t/t5316-pack-delta-depth.sh
+++ b/t/t5316-pack-delta-depth.sh
@@ -84,14 +84,14 @@
 	pack=$(git pack-objects --all --window=0 </dev/null pack) &&
 	echo 9 >expect &&
 	max_chain pack-$pack.pack >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success '--depth limits depth' '
 	pack=$(git pack-objects --all --depth=5 </dev/null pack) &&
 	echo 5 >expect &&
 	max_chain pack-$pack.pack >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5318-commit-graph.sh b/t/t5318-commit-graph.sh
index fa2ba93..edeb6d6 100755
--- a/t/t5318-commit-graph.sh
+++ b/t/t5318-commit-graph.sh
@@ -585,7 +585,7 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'detect low chunk count' '
 	corrupt_graph_and_verify $GRAPH_BYTE_CHUNK_COUNT "\01" \
-		"missing the .* chunk"
+		"final chunk has non-zero id"
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'detect missing OID fanout chunk' '
diff --git a/t/t5319-multi-pack-index.sh b/t/t5319-multi-pack-index.sh
index 2fc3aad..b4afab1 100755
--- a/t/t5319-multi-pack-index.sh
+++ b/t/t5319-multi-pack-index.sh
@@ -314,12 +314,12 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'verify truncated chunk count' '
 	corrupt_midx_and_verify $MIDX_BYTE_CHUNK_COUNT "\01" $objdir \
-		"missing required"
+		"final chunk has non-zero id"
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'verify extended chunk count' '
 	corrupt_midx_and_verify $MIDX_BYTE_CHUNK_COUNT "\07" $objdir \
-		"terminating multi-pack-index chunk id appears earlier than expected"
+		"terminating chunk id appears earlier than expected"
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'verify missing required chunk' '
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'verify invalid chunk offset' '
 	corrupt_midx_and_verify $MIDX_BYTE_CHUNK_OFFSET "\01" $objdir \
-		"invalid chunk offset (too large)"
+		"improper chunk offset(s)"
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'verify packnames out of order' '
diff --git a/t/t5500-fetch-pack.sh b/t/t5500-fetch-pack.sh
index 1f4cc87..8a5d349 100755
--- a/t/t5500-fetch-pack.sh
+++ b/t/t5500-fetch-pack.sh
@@ -547,7 +547,7 @@
 		cd client &&
 		test_must_fail git fetch-pack --no-progress .. refs/heads/xyzzy 2>../error-m
 	) &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect-error error-m
+	test_cmp expect-error error-m
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'test missing ref after existing' '
@@ -555,7 +555,7 @@
 		cd client &&
 		test_must_fail git fetch-pack --no-progress .. refs/heads/A refs/heads/xyzzy 2>../error-em
 	) &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect-error error-em
+	test_cmp expect-error error-em
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'test missing ref before existing' '
@@ -563,7 +563,7 @@
 		cd client &&
 		test_must_fail git fetch-pack --no-progress .. refs/heads/xyzzy refs/heads/A 2>../error-me
 	) &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect-error error-me
+	test_cmp expect-error error-me
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'test --all, --depth, and explicit head' '
diff --git a/t/t5505-remote.sh b/t/t5505-remote.sh
index 045398b..8c462f2 100755
--- a/t/t5505-remote.sh
+++ b/t/t5505-remote.sh
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
 	git remote add myremote git@host.com:team/repo.git
 '
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'remote information for the origin' '
+test_expect_success 'remote information for the origin' '
 	(
 		cd test &&
 		tokens_match origin "$(git remote)" &&
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'check remote-tracking' '
+test_expect_success 'check remote-tracking' '
 	(
 		cd test &&
 		check_remote_track origin main side &&
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'remove remote' '
+test_expect_success 'remove remote' '
 	(
 		cd test &&
 		tokens_match origin "$(git remote)" &&
@@ -140,8 +140,8 @@
 		git remote rm oops 2>actual2 &&
 		git branch -d foobranch &&
 		git tag -d footag &&
-		test_i18ncmp expect1 actual1 &&
-		test_i18ncmp expect2 actual2
+		test_cmp expect1 actual1 &&
+		test_cmp expect2 actual2
 	)
 '
 
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@
 		cd test &&
 		echo "error: No such remote: '\''foo'\''" >expect &&
 		test_expect_code 2 git remote rm foo 2>actual &&
-		test_i18ncmp expect actual
+		test_cmp expect actual
 	)
 '
 
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@
 		cd test &&
 		echo "error: No such remote: '\''foo'\''" >expect &&
 		test_expect_code 2 git remote rename foo bar 2>actual &&
-		test_i18ncmp expect actual
+		test_cmp expect actual
 	)
 '
 
@@ -186,14 +186,14 @@
 	test_config remote.foo.vcs bar &&
 	echo "fatal: '\''invalid...name'\'' is not a valid remote name" >expect &&
 	test_must_fail git remote rename foo invalid...name 2>actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'add existing foreign_vcs remote' '
 	test_config remote.foo.vcs bar &&
 	echo "error: remote foo already exists." >expect &&
 	test_expect_code 3 git remote add foo bar 2>actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'add existing foreign_vcs remote' '
@@ -201,13 +201,13 @@
 	test_config remote.bar.vcs bar &&
 	echo "error: remote bar already exists." >expect &&
 	test_expect_code 3 git remote rename foo bar 2>actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'add invalid foreign_vcs remote' '
 	echo "fatal: '\''invalid...name'\'' is not a valid remote name" >expect &&
 	test_must_fail git remote add invalid...name bar 2>actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 cat >test/expect <<EOF
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@
 		git config --add remote.two.push refs/heads/main:refs/heads/another &&
 		git remote show origin two >output &&
 		git branch -d rebase octopus &&
-		test_i18ncmp expect output
+		test_cmp expect output
 	)
 '
 
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@
 		cd test &&
 		git remote show -n origin >output &&
 		mv ../one.unreachable ../one &&
-		test_i18ncmp expect output
+		test_cmp expect output
 	)
 '
 
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@
 		git fetch two "refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/two/*" &&
 		git remote set-head --auto two >output 2>&1 &&
 		echo "two/HEAD set to main" >expect &&
-		test_i18ncmp expect output
+		test_cmp expect output
 	)
 '
 
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@
 		git remote prune --dry-run origin >output &&
 		git rev-parse refs/remotes/origin/side2 &&
 		test_must_fail git rev-parse refs/remotes/origin/side &&
-		test_i18ncmp expect output
+		test_cmp expect output
 	)
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t5510-fetch.sh b/t/t5510-fetch.sh
index c1e0eb3..e83b2a6 100755
--- a/t/t5510-fetch.sh
+++ b/t/t5510-fetch.sh
@@ -1051,7 +1051,7 @@
 		git fetch --prune origin 2>&1 | head -n1 >../actual
 	) &&
 	echo "From ${D}/." >expect &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'branchname D/F conflict resolved by --prune' '
@@ -1097,7 +1097,7 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'fetch aligned output' '
+test_expect_success 'fetch aligned output' '
 	git clone . full-output &&
 	test_commit looooooooooooong-tag &&
 	(
@@ -1112,7 +1112,7 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'fetch compact output' '
+test_expect_success 'fetch compact output' '
 	git clone . compact &&
 	test_commit extraaa &&
 	(
diff --git a/t/t5512-ls-remote.sh b/t/t5512-ls-remote.sh
index 4a568a2..f53f588 100755
--- a/t/t5512-ls-remote.sh
+++ b/t/t5512-ls-remote.sh
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@
 	# We could just as easily have used "main"; the "*" emphasizes its
 	# role as a pattern.
 	test_must_fail git ls-remote "$does_not_exist" >actual 2>&1 &&
-	test_i18ncmp exp actual
+	test_cmp exp actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'die with non-2 for wrong repository even with --exit-code' '
diff --git a/t/t5516-fetch-push.sh b/t/t5516-fetch-push.sh
index 15262b4..f11742e 100755
--- a/t/t5516-fetch-push.sh
+++ b/t/t5516-fetch-push.sh
@@ -820,6 +820,11 @@
 	test_must_fail git push testrepo --delete main:foo
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'push --delete refuses empty string' '
+	mk_test testrepo heads/master &&
+	test_must_fail git push testrepo --delete ""
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'warn on push to HEAD of non-bare repository' '
 	mk_test testrepo heads/main &&
 	(
diff --git a/t/t5526-fetch-submodules.sh b/t/t5526-fetch-submodules.sh
index 11513ec1..ed11569 100755
--- a/t/t5526-fetch-submodules.sh
+++ b/t/t5526-fetch-submodules.sh
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
 		git fetch --recurse-submodules >../actual.out 2>../actual.err
 	) &&
 	test_must_be_empty actual.out &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect.err actual.err
+	test_cmp expect.err actual.err
 '
 
 test_expect_success "submodule.recurse option triggers recursive fetch" '
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@
 		git -c submodule.recurse fetch >../actual.out 2>../actual.err
 	) &&
 	test_must_be_empty actual.out &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect.err actual.err
+	test_cmp expect.err actual.err
 '
 
 test_expect_success "fetch --recurse-submodules -j2 has the same output behaviour" '
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
 		GIT_TRACE="$TRASH_DIRECTORY/trace.out" git fetch --recurse-submodules -j2 2>../actual.err
 	) &&
 	test_must_be_empty actual.out &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect.err actual.err &&
+	test_cmp expect.err actual.err &&
 	grep "2 tasks" trace.out
 '
 
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@
 		git fetch >../actual.out 2>../actual.err
 	) &&
 	test_must_be_empty actual.out &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect.err actual.err
+	test_cmp expect.err actual.err
 '
 
 test_expect_success "--no-recurse-submodules overrides .gitmodules config" '
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@
 		git config --unset submodule.submodule.fetchRecurseSubmodules
 	) &&
 	test_must_be_empty actual.out &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect.err actual.err
+	test_cmp expect.err actual.err
 '
 
 test_expect_success "--quiet propagates to submodules" '
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@
 		git fetch --recurse-submodules --dry-run >../actual.out 2>../actual.err
 	) &&
 	test_must_be_empty actual.out &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect.err actual.err
+	test_cmp expect.err actual.err
 '
 
 test_expect_success "Without --dry-run propagates to submodules" '
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@
 		git fetch --recurse-submodules >../actual.out 2>../actual.err
 	) &&
 	test_must_be_empty actual.out &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect.err actual.err
+	test_cmp expect.err actual.err
 '
 
 test_expect_success "recurseSubmodules=true propagates into submodules" '
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@
 		git fetch >../actual.out 2>../actual.err
 	) &&
 	test_must_be_empty actual.out &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect.err actual.err
+	test_cmp expect.err actual.err
 '
 
 test_expect_success "--recurse-submodules overrides config in submodule" '
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@
 		git fetch --recurse-submodules >../actual.out 2>../actual.err
 	) &&
 	test_must_be_empty actual.out &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect.err actual.err
+	test_cmp expect.err actual.err
 '
 
 test_expect_success "--no-recurse-submodules overrides config setting" '
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@
 		cd downstream &&
 		git fetch >../actual.out 2>../actual.err
 	) &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect.err.sub actual.err &&
+	test_cmp expect.err.sub actual.err &&
 	test_must_be_empty actual.out
 '
 
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@
 		git fetch >../actual.out 2>../actual.err
 	) &&
 	test_must_be_empty actual.out &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect.err.file actual.err
+	test_cmp expect.err.file actual.err
 '
 
 test_expect_success "Recursion picks up config in submodule" '
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@
 			git config --unset fetch.recurseSubmodules
 		)
 	) &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect.err.sub actual.err &&
+	test_cmp expect.err.sub actual.err &&
 	test_must_be_empty actual.out
 '
 
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@
 		cd downstream &&
 		git fetch >../actual.out 2>../actual.err
 	) &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect.err.2 actual.err &&
+	test_cmp expect.err.2 actual.err &&
 	test_must_be_empty actual.out
 '
 
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@
 		)
 	) &&
 	test_must_be_empty actual.out &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect.err actual.err
+	test_cmp expect.err actual.err
 '
 
 test_expect_success "'--recurse-submodules=on-demand' stops when no new submodule commits are found in the superproject (and ignores config)" '
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@
 		git fetch --recurse-submodules=on-demand >../actual.out 2>../actual.err
 	) &&
 	test_must_be_empty actual.out &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect.err.file actual.err
+	test_cmp expect.err.file actual.err
 '
 
 test_expect_success "'fetch.recurseSubmodules=on-demand' overrides global config" '
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@
 		git config --unset fetch.recurseSubmodules
 	) &&
 	test_must_be_empty actual.out &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect.err.2 actual.err
+	test_cmp expect.err.2 actual.err
 '
 
 test_expect_success "'submodule.<sub>.fetchRecurseSubmodules=on-demand' overrides fetch.recurseSubmodules" '
@@ -465,7 +465,7 @@
 		git config --unset submodule.submodule.fetchRecurseSubmodules
 	) &&
 	test_must_be_empty actual.out &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect.err.2 actual.err
+	test_cmp expect.err.2 actual.err
 '
 
 test_expect_success "don't fetch submodule when newly recorded commits are already present" '
@@ -484,7 +484,7 @@
 		git fetch >../actual.out 2>../actual.err
 	) &&
 	test_must_be_empty actual.out &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect.err actual.err &&
+	test_cmp expect.err actual.err &&
 	(
 		cd submodule &&
 		git checkout -q sub
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@
 		git reset --hard
 	) &&
 	test_must_be_empty actual.out &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect.err.2 actual.err &&
+	test_cmp expect.err.2 actual.err &&
 	git checkout HEAD^ -- .gitmodules &&
 	git add .gitmodules &&
 	git commit -m "new submodule restored .gitmodules"
diff --git a/t/t5541-http-push-smart.sh b/t/t5541-http-push-smart.sh
index bc5ccf2..c024fa2 100755
--- a/t/t5541-http-push-smart.sh
+++ b/t/t5541-http-push-smart.sh
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@
 	git commit -m dev2 &&
 	test_must_fail git push origin dev2 2>act &&
 	sed -e "/^remote: /s/ *$//" <act >cmp &&
-	test_i18ncmp exp cmp
+	test_cmp exp cmp
 '
 rm -f "$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH/test_repo.git/hooks/update"
 
diff --git a/t/t5550-http-fetch-dumb.sh b/t/t5550-http-fetch-dumb.sh
index 2ecb06b..6d9142a 100755
--- a/t/t5550-http-fetch-dumb.sh
+++ b/t/t5550-http-fetch-dumb.sh
@@ -227,7 +227,10 @@
 
 	git init packfileclient &&
 	p=$(cd "$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH"/repo_pack.git && ls objects/pack/pack-*.pack) &&
-	git -C packfileclient http-fetch --packfile=$ARBITRARY "$HTTPD_URL"/dumb/repo_pack.git/$p >out &&
+	git -C packfileclient http-fetch --packfile=$ARBITRARY \
+		--index-pack-arg=index-pack --index-pack-arg=--stdin \
+		--index-pack-arg=--keep \
+		"$HTTPD_URL"/dumb/repo_pack.git/$p >out &&
 
 	grep "^keep.[0-9a-f]\{16,\}$" out &&
 	cut -c6- out >packhash &&
diff --git a/t/t5601-clone.sh b/t/t5601-clone.sh
index 664c913..e7e6c08 100755
--- a/t/t5601-clone.sh
+++ b/t/t5601-clone.sh
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
 
 '
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'output from clone' '
+test_expect_success 'output from clone' '
 	rm -fr dst &&
 	git clone -n "file://$(pwd)/src" dst >output 2>&1 &&
 	test $(grep Clon output | wc -l) = 1
diff --git a/t/t5702-protocol-v2.sh b/t/t5702-protocol-v2.sh
index 9113d20..994a76c 100755
--- a/t/t5702-protocol-v2.sh
+++ b/t/t5702-protocol-v2.sh
@@ -875,11 +875,10 @@
 	test -f hfound &&
 	test -f h2found &&
 
-	# Ensure that there are exactly 6 files (3 .pack and 3 .idx).
-	ls http_child/.git/objects/pack/*.pack >packlist &&
-	ls http_child/.git/objects/pack/*.idx >idxlist &&
-	test_line_count = 3 idxlist &&
-	test_line_count = 3 packlist
+	# Ensure that there are exactly 3 packfiles with associated .idx
+	ls http_child/.git/objects/pack/*.pack \
+	    http_child/.git/objects/pack/*.idx >filelist &&
+	test_line_count = 6 filelist
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'fetching with valid packfile URI but invalid hash fails' '
@@ -931,11 +930,10 @@
 		-c fetch.uriprotocols=http,https \
 		clone "$HTTPD_URL/smart/http_parent" http_child &&
 
-	# Ensure that there are exactly 4 files (2 .pack and 2 .idx).
-	ls http_child/.git/objects/pack/*.pack >packlist &&
-	ls http_child/.git/objects/pack/*.idx >idxlist &&
-	test_line_count = 2 idxlist &&
-	test_line_count = 2 packlist
+	# Ensure that there are exactly 2 packfiles with associated .idx
+	ls http_child/.git/objects/pack/*.pack \
+	    http_child/.git/objects/pack/*.idx >filelist &&
+	test_line_count = 4 filelist
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'packfile-uri with transfer.fsckobjects fails on bad object' '
@@ -968,6 +966,54 @@
 	test_i18ngrep "invalid author/committer line - missing email" error
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'packfile-uri with transfer.fsckobjects succeeds when .gitmodules is separate from tree' '
+	P="$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH/http_parent" &&
+	rm -rf "$P" http_child &&
+
+	git init "$P" &&
+	git -C "$P" config "uploadpack.allowsidebandall" "true" &&
+
+	echo "[submodule libfoo]" >"$P/.gitmodules" &&
+	echo "path = include/foo" >>"$P/.gitmodules" &&
+	echo "url = git://example.com/git/lib.git" >>"$P/.gitmodules" &&
+	git -C "$P" add .gitmodules &&
+	git -C "$P" commit -m x &&
+
+	configure_exclusion "$P" .gitmodules >h &&
+
+	sane_unset GIT_TEST_SIDEBAND_ALL &&
+	git -c protocol.version=2 -c transfer.fsckobjects=1 \
+		-c fetch.uriprotocols=http,https \
+		clone "$HTTPD_URL/smart/http_parent" http_child &&
+
+	# Ensure that there are exactly 2 packfiles with associated .idx
+	ls http_child/.git/objects/pack/*.pack \
+	    http_child/.git/objects/pack/*.idx >filelist &&
+	test_line_count = 4 filelist
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'packfile-uri with transfer.fsckobjects fails when .gitmodules separate from tree is invalid' '
+	P="$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH/http_parent" &&
+	rm -rf "$P" http_child err &&
+
+	git init "$P" &&
+	git -C "$P" config "uploadpack.allowsidebandall" "true" &&
+
+	echo "[submodule \"..\"]" >"$P/.gitmodules" &&
+	echo "path = include/foo" >>"$P/.gitmodules" &&
+	echo "url = git://example.com/git/lib.git" >>"$P/.gitmodules" &&
+	git -C "$P" add .gitmodules &&
+	git -C "$P" commit -m x &&
+
+	configure_exclusion "$P" .gitmodules >h &&
+
+	sane_unset GIT_TEST_SIDEBAND_ALL &&
+	test_must_fail git -c protocol.version=2 -c transfer.fsckobjects=1 \
+		-c fetch.uriprotocols=http,https \
+		clone "$HTTPD_URL/smart/http_parent" http_child 2>err &&
+	test_i18ngrep "disallowed submodule name" err
+'
+
 # DO NOT add non-httpd-specific tests here, because the last part of this
 # test script is only executed when httpd is available and enabled.
 
diff --git a/t/t6020-bundle-misc.sh b/t/t6020-bundle-misc.sh
index da5fe1b..881f72f 100755
--- a/t/t6020-bundle-misc.sh
+++ b/t/t6020-bundle-misc.sh
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@
 	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
 	<COMMIT-P> refs/heads/main
 	EOF
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
 
 	git bundle verify special-rev.bdl |
 		make_user_friendly_and_stable_output >actual &&
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
 	The bundle requires this ref:
 	<COMMIT-O>
 	EOF
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
 
 	test_bundle_object_count special-rev.bdl 3
 '
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@
 	The bundle requires this ref:
 	<COMMIT-O>
 	EOF
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
 
 	test_bundle_object_count max-count.bdl 4
 '
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@
 	<COMMIT-M>
 	<COMMIT-K>
 	EOF
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
 
 	test_bundle_object_count --thin since.bdl 13
 '
@@ -262,11 +262,11 @@
 	# verify bundle, which has no prerequisites
 	git bundle verify 1.bdl |
 		make_user_friendly_and_stable_output >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
 
 	git bundle verify stdin-1.bdl |
 		make_user_friendly_and_stable_output >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
 
 	test_bundle_object_count       1.bdl 24 &&
 	test_bundle_object_count stdin-1.bdl 24
@@ -304,11 +304,11 @@
 
 	git bundle verify 2.bdl |
 		make_user_friendly_and_stable_output >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
 
 	git bundle verify stdin-2.bdl |
 		make_user_friendly_and_stable_output >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
 
 	test_bundle_object_count       2.bdl 16 &&
 	test_bundle_object_count stdin-2.bdl 16
@@ -326,11 +326,11 @@
 
 	test_must_fail git -C test1.git bundle verify ../2.bdl 2>&1 |
 		make_user_friendly_and_stable_output >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
 
 	test_must_fail git -C test1.git bundle verify ../stdin-2.bdl 2>&1 |
 		make_user_friendly_and_stable_output >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'create bundle 3 - two refs, same object' '
@@ -363,11 +363,11 @@
 
 	git bundle verify 3.bdl |
 		make_user_friendly_and_stable_output >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
 
 	git bundle verify stdin-3.bdl |
 		make_user_friendly_and_stable_output >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
 
 	test_bundle_object_count       3.bdl 4 &&
 	test_bundle_object_count stdin-3.bdl 4
@@ -404,11 +404,11 @@
 
 	git bundle verify 4.bdl |
 		make_user_friendly_and_stable_output >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
 
 	git bundle verify stdin-4.bdl |
 		make_user_friendly_and_stable_output >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
 
 	test_bundle_object_count       4.bdl 3 &&
 	test_bundle_object_count stdin-4.bdl 3
diff --git a/t/t6030-bisect-porcelain.sh b/t/t6030-bisect-porcelain.sh
index 7bcde05..0ba5a91 100755
--- a/t/t6030-bisect-porcelain.sh
+++ b/t/t6030-bisect-porcelain.sh
@@ -578,9 +578,9 @@
 	test "$para3" = "$PARA_HASH3"
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'erroring out when using bad path parameters' '
+test_expect_success 'erroring out when using bad path arguments' '
 	test_must_fail git bisect start $PARA_HASH7 $HASH1 -- foobar 2> error.txt &&
-	test_i18ngrep "bad path parameters" error.txt
+	test_i18ngrep "bad path arguments" error.txt
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'test bisection on bare repo - --no-checkout specified' '
@@ -829,7 +829,7 @@
 	test_must_fail git bisect terms 1 2 &&
 	test_must_fail git bisect terms 2>actual &&
 	echo "error: no terms defined" >expected &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'bisect terms shows good/bad after start' '
@@ -903,7 +903,7 @@
 	Your current terms are two for the old state
 	and one for the new state.
 	EOF
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual &&
 	git bisect terms --term-bad >actual &&
 	echo one >expected &&
 	test_cmp expected actual &&
diff --git a/t/t6040-tracking-info.sh b/t/t6040-tracking-info.sh
index a160b2b..a313849 100755
--- a/t/t6040-tracking-info.sh
+++ b/t/t6040-tracking-info.sh
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
 		git branch -v
 	) |
 	sed -n -e "$t6040_script" >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 cat >expect <<\EOF
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@
 		git branch -vv
 	) |
 	sed -n -e "$t6040_script" >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'checkout (diverged from upstream)' '
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@
 		git checkout b1 >/dev/null &&
 		git status -s -b | head -1
 	) >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 cat >expect <<\EOF
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@
 		git checkout b1 >/dev/null &&
 		git status -s -b --no-ahead-behind | head -1
 	) >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 cat >expect <<\EOF
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@
 		git checkout b1 >/dev/null &&
 		git -c status.aheadbehind=false status -s -b | head -1
 	) >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 cat >expect <<\EOF
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@
 		git checkout b1 >/dev/null &&
 		git status --long -b | head -3
 	) >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'status --long --branch' '
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@
 		git checkout b1 >/dev/null &&
 		git -c status.aheadbehind=true status --long -b | head -3
 	) >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 cat >expect <<\EOF
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@
 		git checkout b1 >/dev/null &&
 		git status --long -b --no-ahead-behind | head -2
 	) >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'status.aheadbehind=false status --long --branch' '
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@
 		git checkout b1 >/dev/null &&
 		git -c status.aheadbehind=false status --long -b | head -2
 	) >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 cat >expect <<\EOF
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@
 		git checkout b5 >/dev/null &&
 		git status -s -b | head -1
 	) >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 cat >expect <<\EOF
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@
 		git checkout b6 >/dev/null &&
 		git status -s -b | head -1
 	) >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'fail to track lightweight tags' '
diff --git a/t/t6115-rev-list-du.sh b/t/t6115-rev-list-du.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..b4aef32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t6115-rev-list-du.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+test_description='basic tests of rev-list --disk-usage'
+. ./test-lib.sh
+
+# we want a mix of reachable and unreachable, as well as
+# objects in the bitmapped pack and some outside of it
+test_expect_success 'set up repository' '
+	test_commit --no-tag one &&
+	test_commit --no-tag two &&
+	git repack -adb &&
+	git reset --hard HEAD^ &&
+	test_commit --no-tag three &&
+	test_commit --no-tag four &&
+	git reset --hard HEAD^
+'
+
+# We don't want to hardcode sizes, because they depend on the exact details of
+# packing, zlib, etc. We'll assume that the regular rev-list and cat-file
+# machinery works and compare the --disk-usage output to that.
+disk_usage_slow () {
+	git rev-list --no-object-names "$@" |
+	git cat-file --batch-check="%(objectsize:disk)" |
+	perl -lne '$total += $_; END { print $total}'
+}
+
+# check behavior with given rev-list options; note that
+# whitespace is not preserved in args
+check_du () {
+	args=$*
+
+	test_expect_success "generate expected size ($args)" "
+		disk_usage_slow $args >expect
+	"
+
+	test_expect_success "rev-list --disk-usage without bitmaps ($args)" "
+		git rev-list --disk-usage $args >actual &&
+		test_cmp expect actual
+	"
+
+	test_expect_success "rev-list --disk-usage with bitmaps ($args)" "
+		git rev-list --disk-usage --use-bitmap-index $args >actual &&
+		test_cmp expect actual
+	"
+}
+
+check_du HEAD
+check_du --objects HEAD
+check_du --objects HEAD^..HEAD
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/t6120-describe.sh b/t/t6120-describe.sh
index 546796f..e89b674 100755
--- a/t/t6120-describe.sh
+++ b/t/t6120-describe.sh
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@
 EOF
 check_describe A-* HEAD
 test_expect_success 'warning was displayed for Q' '
-	test_i18ncmp err.expect err.actual
+	test_cmp err.expect err.actual
 '
 test_expect_success 'misnamed annotated tag forces long output' '
 	description=$(git describe --no-long Q^0) &&
diff --git a/t/t6134-pathspec-in-submodule.sh b/t/t6134-pathspec-in-submodule.sh
index c670668..0f1cb49 100755
--- a/t/t6134-pathspec-in-submodule.sh
+++ b/t/t6134-pathspec-in-submodule.sh
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 test_expect_success 'error message for path inside submodule' '
 	echo a >sub/a &&
 	test_must_fail git add sub/a 2>actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'error message for path inside submodule from within submodule' '
diff --git a/t/t6301-for-each-ref-errors.sh b/t/t6301-for-each-ref-errors.sh
index 809854f..40edf9d 100755
--- a/t/t6301-for-each-ref-errors.sh
+++ b/t/t6301-for-each-ref-errors.sh
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@
 	test_when_finished "rm -f .git/$r" &&
 	echo "warning: ignoring broken ref $r" >broken-err &&
 	git for-each-ref >out 2>err &&
-	test_i18ncmp full-list out &&
-	test_i18ncmp broken-err err
+	test_cmp full-list out &&
+	test_cmp broken-err err
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'NULL_SHA1 refs are reported correctly' '
@@ -31,10 +31,10 @@
 	echo "warning: ignoring broken ref $r" >zeros-err &&
 	git for-each-ref >out 2>err &&
 	test_cmp full-list out &&
-	test_i18ncmp zeros-err err &&
+	test_cmp zeros-err err &&
 	git for-each-ref --format="%(objectname) %(refname)" >brief-out 2>brief-err &&
 	test_cmp brief-list brief-out &&
-	test_i18ncmp zeros-err brief-err
+	test_cmp zeros-err brief-err
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'Missing objects are reported correctly' '
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 	test_when_finished "rm -f .git/$r" &&
 	echo "fatal: missing object $MISSING for $r" >missing-err &&
 	test_must_fail git for-each-ref 2>err &&
-	test_i18ncmp missing-err err &&
+	test_cmp missing-err err &&
 	(
 		cat brief-list &&
 		echo "$MISSING $r"
diff --git a/t/t6423-merge-rename-directories.sh b/t/t6423-merge-rename-directories.sh
index 4ab133f..5d3b711 100755
--- a/t/t6423-merge-rename-directories.sh
+++ b/t/t6423-merge-rename-directories.sh
@@ -2905,7 +2905,7 @@
 	)
 }
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT '9e: N-to-1 whammo' '
+test_expect_success '9e: N-to-1 whammo' '
 	test_setup_9e &&
 	(
 		cd 9e &&
diff --git a/t/t6436-merge-overwrite.sh b/t/t6436-merge-overwrite.sh
index 362ae37..84b4aac 100755
--- a/t/t6436-merge-overwrite.sh
+++ b/t/t6436-merge-overwrite.sh
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@
 	cp important sub &&
 	cp important sub2 &&
 	test_must_fail git merge sub 2>out &&
-	test_i18ncmp out expect &&
+	test_cmp out expect &&
 	test_path_is_missing .git/MERGE_HEAD &&
 	test_cmp important sub &&
 	test_cmp important sub2 &&
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@
 	git checkout --orphan new &&
 	cp important c0.c &&
 	test_must_fail git merge c0 2>out &&
-	test_i18ncmp out expect
+	test_cmp out expect
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'will not overwrite untracked file on unborn branch .git/MERGE_HEAD sanity etc.' '
diff --git a/t/t6439-merge-co-error-msgs.sh b/t/t6439-merge-co-error-msgs.sh
index e176475..5bfb027 100755
--- a/t/t6439-merge-co-error-msgs.sh
+++ b/t/t6439-merge-co-error-msgs.sh
@@ -40,14 +40,14 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'untracked files overwritten by merge (fast and non-fast forward)' '
 	test_must_fail git merge branch 2>out &&
-	test_i18ncmp out expect &&
+	test_cmp out expect &&
 	git commit --allow-empty -m empty &&
 	(
 		GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY=0 &&
 		export GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY &&
 		test_must_fail git merge branch 2>out2
 	) &&
-	test_i18ncmp out2 expect &&
+	test_cmp out2 expect &&
 	git reset --hard HEAD^
 '
 
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@
 	git add three &&
 	git add four &&
 	test_must_fail git merge branch 2>out &&
-	test_i18ncmp out expect
+	test_cmp out expect
 '
 
 cat >expect <<\EOF
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@
 	echo uno >rep/one &&
 	echo dos >rep/two &&
 	test_must_fail git checkout branch 2>out &&
-	test_i18ncmp out expect
+	test_cmp out expect
 '
 
 cat >expect <<\EOF
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@
 test_expect_success 'not uptodate file porcelain checkout error' '
 	git add rep/one rep/two &&
 	test_must_fail git checkout branch 2>out &&
-	test_i18ncmp out expect
+	test_cmp out expect
 '
 
 cat >expect <<\EOF
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@
 	>rep/untracked-file &&
 	>rep2/untracked-file &&
 	test_must_fail git checkout branch 2>out &&
-	test_i18ncmp out ../expect
+	test_cmp out ../expect
 '
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t7001-mv.sh b/t/t7001-mv.sh
index 63d5f41..25bb9bb 100755
--- a/t/t7001-mv.sh
+++ b/t/t7001-mv.sh
@@ -3,74 +3,74 @@
 test_description='git mv in subdirs'
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'prepare reference tree' \
-    'mkdir path0 path1 &&
-     cp "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/../COPYING path0/COPYING &&
-     git add path0/COPYING &&
-     git commit -m add -a'
+test_expect_success 'prepare reference tree' '
+	mkdir path0 path1 &&
+	cp "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/../COPYING path0/COPYING &&
+	git add path0/COPYING &&
+	git commit -m add -a
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'moving the file out of subdirectory' \
-    'cd path0 && git mv COPYING ../path1/COPYING'
+test_expect_success 'moving the file out of subdirectory' '
+	git -C path0 mv COPYING ../path1/COPYING
+'
 
 # in path0 currently
-test_expect_success \
-    'commiting the change' \
-    'cd .. && git commit -m move-out -a'
+test_expect_success 'commiting the change' '
+	git commit -m move-out -a
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'checking the commit' \
-    'git diff-tree -r -M --name-status  HEAD^ HEAD >actual &&
-    grep "^R100..*path0/COPYING..*path1/COPYING" actual'
+test_expect_success 'checking the commit' '
+	git diff-tree -r -M --name-status  HEAD^ HEAD >actual &&
+	grep "^R100..*path0/COPYING..*path1/COPYING" actual
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'moving the file back into subdirectory' \
-    'cd path0 && git mv ../path1/COPYING COPYING'
+test_expect_success 'moving the file back into subdirectory' '
+	git -C path0 mv ../path1/COPYING COPYING
+'
 
 # in path0 currently
-test_expect_success \
-    'commiting the change' \
-    'cd .. && git commit -m move-in -a'
+test_expect_success 'commiting the change' '
+	git commit -m move-in -a
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'checking the commit' \
-    'git diff-tree -r -M --name-status  HEAD^ HEAD >actual &&
-    grep "^R100..*path1/COPYING..*path0/COPYING" actual'
+test_expect_success 'checking the commit' '
+	git diff-tree -r -M --name-status  HEAD^ HEAD >actual &&
+	grep "^R100..*path1/COPYING..*path0/COPYING" actual
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'mv --dry-run does not move file' \
-    'git mv -n path0/COPYING MOVED &&
-     test -f path0/COPYING &&
-     test ! -f MOVED'
+test_expect_success 'mv --dry-run does not move file' '
+	git mv -n path0/COPYING MOVED &&
+	test -f path0/COPYING &&
+	test ! -f MOVED
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'checking -k on non-existing file' \
-    'git mv -k idontexist path0'
+test_expect_success 'checking -k on non-existing file' '
+	git mv -k idontexist path0
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'checking -k on untracked file' \
-    'touch untracked1 &&
-     git mv -k untracked1 path0 &&
-     test -f untracked1 &&
-     test ! -f path0/untracked1'
+test_expect_success 'checking -k on untracked file' '
+	>untracked1 &&
+	git mv -k untracked1 path0 &&
+	test -f untracked1 &&
+	test ! -f path0/untracked1
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'checking -k on multiple untracked files' \
-    'touch untracked2 &&
-     git mv -k untracked1 untracked2 path0 &&
-     test -f untracked1 &&
-     test -f untracked2 &&
-     test ! -f path0/untracked1 &&
-     test ! -f path0/untracked2'
+test_expect_success 'checking -k on multiple untracked files' '
+	>untracked2 &&
+	git mv -k untracked1 untracked2 path0 &&
+	test -f untracked1 &&
+	test -f untracked2 &&
+	test ! -f path0/untracked1 &&
+	test ! -f path0/untracked2
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'checking -f on untracked file with existing target' \
-    'touch path0/untracked1 &&
-     test_must_fail git mv -f untracked1 path0 &&
-     test ! -f .git/index.lock &&
-     test -f untracked1 &&
-     test -f path0/untracked1'
+test_expect_success 'checking -f on untracked file with existing target' '
+	>path0/untracked1 &&
+	test_must_fail git mv -f untracked1 path0 &&
+	test ! -f .git/index.lock &&
+	test -f untracked1 &&
+	test -f path0/untracked1
+'
 
 # clean up the mess in case bad things happen
 rm -f idontexist untracked1 untracked2 \
@@ -78,87 +78,89 @@
      .git/index.lock
 rmdir path1
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'moving to absent target with trailing slash' \
-    'test_must_fail git mv path0/COPYING no-such-dir/ &&
-     test_must_fail git mv path0/COPYING no-such-dir// &&
-     git mv path0/ no-such-dir/ &&
-     test_path_is_dir no-such-dir'
+test_expect_success 'moving to absent target with trailing slash' '
+	test_must_fail git mv path0/COPYING no-such-dir/ &&
+	test_must_fail git mv path0/COPYING no-such-dir// &&
+	git mv path0/ no-such-dir/ &&
+	test_path_is_dir no-such-dir
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'clean up' \
-    'git reset --hard'
+test_expect_success 'clean up' '
+	git reset --hard
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'moving to existing untracked target with trailing slash' \
-    'mkdir path1 &&
-     git mv path0/ path1/ &&
-     test_path_is_dir path1/path0/'
+test_expect_success 'moving to existing untracked target with trailing slash' '
+	mkdir path1 &&
+	git mv path0/ path1/ &&
+	test_path_is_dir path1/path0/
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'moving to existing tracked target with trailing slash' \
-    'mkdir path2 &&
-     >path2/file && git add path2/file &&
-     git mv path1/path0/ path2/ &&
-     test_path_is_dir path2/path0/'
+test_expect_success 'moving to existing tracked target with trailing slash' '
+	mkdir path2 &&
+	>path2/file && git add path2/file &&
+	git mv path1/path0/ path2/ &&
+	test_path_is_dir path2/path0/
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'clean up' \
-    'git reset --hard'
+test_expect_success 'clean up' '
+	git reset --hard
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'adding another file' \
-    'cp "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/../README.md path0/README &&
-     git add path0/README &&
-     git commit -m add2 -a'
+test_expect_success 'adding another file' '
+	cp "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/../README.md path0/README &&
+	git add path0/README &&
+	git commit -m add2 -a
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'moving whole subdirectory' \
-    'git mv path0 path2'
+test_expect_success 'moving whole subdirectory' '
+	git mv path0 path2
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'commiting the change' \
-    'git commit -m dir-move -a'
+test_expect_success 'commiting the change' '
+	git commit -m dir-move -a
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'checking the commit' \
-    'git diff-tree -r -M --name-status  HEAD^ HEAD >actual &&
-     grep "^R100..*path0/COPYING..*path2/COPYING" actual &&
-     grep "^R100..*path0/README..*path2/README" actual'
+test_expect_success 'checking the commit' '
+	git diff-tree -r -M --name-status  HEAD^ HEAD >actual &&
+	grep "^R100..*path0/COPYING..*path2/COPYING" actual &&
+	grep "^R100..*path0/README..*path2/README" actual
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'succeed when source is a prefix of destination' \
-    'git mv path2/COPYING path2/COPYING-renamed'
+test_expect_success 'succeed when source is a prefix of destination' '
+	git mv path2/COPYING path2/COPYING-renamed
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'moving whole subdirectory into subdirectory' \
-    'git mv path2 path1'
+test_expect_success 'moving whole subdirectory into subdirectory' '
+	git mv path2 path1
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'commiting the change' \
-    'git commit -m dir-move -a'
+test_expect_success 'commiting the change' '
+	git commit -m dir-move -a
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'checking the commit' \
-    'git diff-tree -r -M --name-status  HEAD^ HEAD >actual &&
-     grep "^R100..*path2/COPYING..*path1/path2/COPYING" actual &&
-     grep "^R100..*path2/README..*path1/path2/README" actual'
+test_expect_success 'checking the commit' '
+	git diff-tree -r -M --name-status  HEAD^ HEAD >actual &&
+	grep "^R100..*path2/COPYING..*path1/path2/COPYING" actual &&
+	grep "^R100..*path2/README..*path1/path2/README" actual
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'do not move directory over existing directory' \
-    'mkdir path0 && mkdir path0/path2 && test_must_fail git mv path2 path0'
+test_expect_success 'do not move directory over existing directory' '
+	mkdir path0 &&
+	mkdir path0/path2 &&
+	test_must_fail git mv path2 path0
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'move into "."' \
-    'git mv path1/path2/ .'
+test_expect_success 'move into "."' '
+	git mv path1/path2/ .
+'
 
 test_expect_success "Michael Cassar's test case" '
 	rm -fr .git papers partA &&
 	git init &&
 	mkdir -p papers/unsorted papers/all-papers partA &&
-	echo a > papers/unsorted/Thesis.pdf &&
-	echo b > partA/outline.txt &&
-	echo c > papers/unsorted/_another &&
+	echo a >papers/unsorted/Thesis.pdf &&
+	echo b >partA/outline.txt &&
+	echo c >papers/unsorted/_another &&
 	git add papers partA &&
 	T1=$(git write-tree) &&
 
@@ -181,43 +183,42 @@
 	git mv ab a
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'absolute pathname' '(
+test_expect_success 'absolute pathname' '
+	(
+		rm -fr mine &&
+		mkdir mine &&
+		cd mine &&
+		test_create_repo one &&
+		cd one &&
+		mkdir sub &&
+		>sub/file &&
+		git add sub/file &&
 
-	rm -fr mine &&
-	mkdir mine &&
-	cd mine &&
-	test_create_repo one &&
-	cd one &&
-	mkdir sub &&
-	>sub/file &&
-	git add sub/file &&
+		git mv sub "$(pwd)/in" &&
+		! test -d sub &&
+		test -d in &&
+		git ls-files --error-unmatch in/file
+	)
+'
 
-	git mv sub "$(pwd)/in" &&
-	! test -d sub &&
-	test -d in &&
-	git ls-files --error-unmatch in/file
+test_expect_success 'absolute pathname outside should fail' '
+	(
+		rm -fr mine &&
+		mkdir mine &&
+		cd mine &&
+		out=$(pwd) &&
+		test_create_repo one &&
+		cd one &&
+		mkdir sub &&
+		>sub/file &&
+		git add sub/file &&
 
-
-)'
-
-test_expect_success 'absolute pathname outside should fail' '(
-
-	rm -fr mine &&
-	mkdir mine &&
-	cd mine &&
-	out=$(pwd) &&
-	test_create_repo one &&
-	cd one &&
-	mkdir sub &&
-	>sub/file &&
-	git add sub/file &&
-
-	test_must_fail git mv sub "$out/out" &&
-	test -d sub &&
-	! test -d ../in &&
-	git ls-files --error-unmatch sub/file
-
-)'
+		test_must_fail git mv sub "$out/out" &&
+		test -d sub &&
+		! test -d ../in &&
+		git ls-files --error-unmatch sub/file
+	)
+'
 
 test_expect_success 'git mv to move multiple sources into a directory' '
 	rm -fr .git && git init &&
@@ -227,23 +228,24 @@
 	git add dir/?.txt &&
 	git mv dir/a.txt dir/b.txt other &&
 	git ls-files >actual &&
-	{ echo other/a.txt; echo other/b.txt; } >expect &&
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	other/a.txt
+	other/b.txt
+	EOF
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'git mv should not change sha1 of moved cache entry' '
-
 	rm -fr .git &&
 	git init &&
 	echo 1 >dirty &&
 	git add dirty &&
 	entry="$(git ls-files --stage dirty | cut -f 1)" &&
 	git mv dirty dirty2 &&
-	[ "$entry" = "$(git ls-files --stage dirty2 | cut -f 1)" ] &&
+	test "$entry" = "$(git ls-files --stage dirty2 | cut -f 1)" &&
 	echo 2 >dirty2 &&
 	git mv dirty2 dirty &&
-	[ "$entry" = "$(git ls-files --stage dirty | cut -f 1)" ]
-
+	test "$entry" = "$(git ls-files --stage dirty | cut -f 1)"
 '
 
 rm -f dirty dirty2
@@ -266,7 +268,6 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'git mv should overwrite symlink to a file' '
-
 	rm -fr .git &&
 	git init &&
 	echo 1 >moved &&
@@ -279,13 +280,11 @@
 	test "$(cat symlink)" = 1 &&
 	git update-index --refresh &&
 	git diff-files --quiet
-
 '
 
 rm -f moved symlink
 
 test_expect_success 'git mv should overwrite file with a symlink' '
-
 	rm -fr .git &&
 	git init &&
 	echo 1 >moved &&
@@ -296,11 +295,9 @@
 	! test -e symlink &&
 	git update-index --refresh &&
 	git diff-files --quiet
-
 '
 
 test_expect_success SYMLINKS 'check moved symlink' '
-
 	test -h moved
 '
 
@@ -335,11 +332,8 @@
 	mkdir mod &&
 	git mv sub mod/sub &&
 	! test -e sub &&
-	[ "$entry" = "$(git ls-files --stage mod/sub | cut -f 1)" ] &&
-	(
-		cd mod/sub &&
-		git status
-	) &&
+	test "$entry" = "$(git ls-files --stage mod/sub | cut -f 1)" &&
+	git -C mod/sub status &&
 	git update-index --refresh &&
 	git diff-files --quiet
 '
@@ -358,11 +352,8 @@
 	mkdir mod &&
 	git mv sub mod/sub &&
 	! test -e sub &&
-	[ "$entry" = "$(git ls-files --stage mod/sub | cut -f 1)" ] &&
-	(
-		cd mod/sub &&
-		git status
-	) &&
+	test "$entry" = "$(git ls-files --stage mod/sub | cut -f 1)" &&
+	git -C mod/sub status &&
 	echo mod/sub >expected &&
 	git config -f .gitmodules submodule.sub.path >actual &&
 	test_cmp expected actual &&
@@ -376,16 +367,10 @@
 	git submodule update &&
 	entry="$(git ls-files --stage sub | cut -f 1)" &&
 	mkdir mod &&
-	(
-		cd mod &&
-		git mv ../sub/ .
-	) &&
+	git -C mod mv ../sub/ . &&
 	! test -e sub &&
-	[ "$entry" = "$(git ls-files --stage mod/sub | cut -f 1)" ] &&
-	(
-		cd mod/sub &&
-		git status
-	) &&
+	test "$entry" = "$(git ls-files --stage mod/sub | cut -f 1)" &&
+	git -C mod/sub status &&
 	echo mod/sub >expected &&
 	git config -f .gitmodules submodule.sub.path >actual &&
 	test_cmp expected actual &&
@@ -403,11 +388,8 @@
 	git mv sub mod/sub 2>actual.err &&
 	test_must_be_empty actual.err &&
 	! test -e sub &&
-	[ "$entry" = "$(git ls-files --stage mod/sub | cut -f 1)" ] &&
-	(
-		cd mod/sub &&
-		git status
-	) &&
+	test "$entry" = "$(git ls-files --stage mod/sub | cut -f 1)" &&
+	git -C mod/sub status &&
 	git update-index --refresh &&
 	git diff-files --quiet
 '
@@ -427,11 +409,8 @@
 	git mv sub mod/sub 2>actual.err &&
 	test_must_be_empty actual.err &&
 	! test -e sub &&
-	[ "$entry" = "$(git ls-files --stage mod/sub | cut -f 1)" ] &&
-	(
-		cd mod/sub &&
-		git status
-	) &&
+	test "$entry" = "$(git ls-files --stage mod/sub | cut -f 1)" &&
+	git -C mod/sub status &&
 	git update-index --refresh &&
 	git diff-files --quiet
 '
@@ -446,13 +425,10 @@
 	echo "warning: Could not find section in .gitmodules where path=sub" >expect.err &&
 	mkdir mod &&
 	git mv sub mod/sub 2>actual.err &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect.err actual.err &&
+	test_cmp expect.err actual.err &&
 	! test -e sub &&
-	[ "$entry" = "$(git ls-files --stage mod/sub | cut -f 1)" ] &&
-	(
-		cd mod/sub &&
-		git status
-	) &&
+	test "$entry" = "$(git ls-files --stage mod/sub | cut -f 1)" &&
+	git -C mod/sub status &&
 	git update-index --refresh &&
 	git diff-files --quiet
 '
@@ -515,15 +491,17 @@
 test_expect_success 'moving nested submodules' '
 	git commit -am "cleanup commit" &&
 	mkdir sub_nested_nested &&
-	(cd sub_nested_nested &&
-		touch nested_level2 &&
+	(
+		cd sub_nested_nested &&
+		>nested_level2 &&
 		git init &&
 		git add . &&
 		git commit -m "nested level 2"
 	) &&
 	mkdir sub_nested &&
-	(cd sub_nested &&
-		touch nested_level1 &&
+	(
+		cd sub_nested &&
+		>nested_level1 &&
 		git init &&
 		git add . &&
 		git commit -m "nested level 1" &&
diff --git a/t/t7004-tag.sh b/t/t7004-tag.sh
index 400b83a..2f72c5c 100755
--- a/t/t7004-tag.sh
+++ b/t/t7004-tag.sh
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@
 	git tag --create-reflog tag_with_reflog &&
 	git reflog exists refs/tags/tag_with_reflog &&
 	sed -e "s/^.*	//" .git/logs/refs/tags/tag_with_reflog >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'annotated tag with --create-reflog has correct message' '
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
 	git tag -m "annotated tag" --create-reflog tag_with_reflog &&
 	git reflog exists refs/tags/tag_with_reflog &&
 	sed -e "s/^.*	//" .git/logs/refs/tags/tag_with_reflog >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success '--create-reflog does not create reflog on failure' '
@@ -1434,7 +1434,7 @@
 	# check the first line --- should be empty
 	echo >first.expect &&
 	sed -e 1q <actual >first.actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp first.expect first.actual
+	test_cmp first.expect first.actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success \
@@ -1757,7 +1757,7 @@
 	hint: Disable this message with "git config advice.nestedTag false"
 	EOF
 	git tag -m nested nested annotated-v4.0 2>actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'multiple --points-at are OR-ed together' '
diff --git a/t/t7011-skip-worktree-reading.sh b/t/t7011-skip-worktree-reading.sh
index 37525ca..2685258 100755
--- a/t/t7011-skip-worktree-reading.sh
+++ b/t/t7011-skip-worktree-reading.sh
@@ -109,15 +109,6 @@
 	test -z "$(git ls-files -m)"
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'grep with skip-worktree file' '
-	git update-index --no-skip-worktree 1 &&
-	echo test > 1 &&
-	git update-index 1 &&
-	git update-index --skip-worktree 1 &&
-	rm 1 &&
-	test "$(git grep --no-ext-grep test)" = "1:test"
-'
-
 echo ":000000 100644 $ZERO_OID $EMPTY_BLOB A	1" > expected
 test_expect_success 'diff-index does not examine skip-worktree absent entries' '
 	setup_absent &&
diff --git a/t/t7012-skip-worktree-writing.sh b/t/t7012-skip-worktree-writing.sh
index e5c6a03..f2a8e76 100755
--- a/t/t7012-skip-worktree-writing.sh
+++ b/t/t7012-skip-worktree-writing.sh
@@ -125,13 +125,13 @@
 test_expect_success 'git-clean, absent case' '
 	setup_absent &&
 	git clean -n > result &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected result
+	test_cmp expected result
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'git-clean, dirty case' '
 	setup_dirty &&
 	git clean -n > result &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected result
+	test_cmp expected result
 '
 
 test_expect_success '--ignore-skip-worktree-entries leaves worktree alone' '
diff --git a/t/t7060-wtstatus.sh b/t/t7060-wtstatus.sh
index 72fb418..0f4344c 100755
--- a/t/t7060-wtstatus.sh
+++ b/t/t7060-wtstatus.sh
@@ -56,9 +56,9 @@
 		git commit -m delete &&
 		test_must_fail git merge main &&
 		test_must_fail git commit --dry-run >../actual &&
-		test_i18ncmp ../expect ../actual &&
+		test_cmp ../expect ../actual &&
 		git status >../actual &&
-		test_i18ncmp ../expect ../actual
+		test_cmp ../expect ../actual
 	)
 '
 
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@
 no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
 no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@
 Untracked files not listed (use -u option to show untracked files)
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual &&
 	git reset --hard &&
 	git checkout main
 '
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@
 	?? expected
 	?? mdconflict/
 	EOF
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 ## Duplicate the above test and verify --porcelain=v1 arg parsing.
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@
 	?? expected
 	?? mdconflict/
 	EOF
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 ## Verify parser error on invalid --porcelain argument.
diff --git a/t/t7063-status-untracked-cache.sh b/t/t7063-status-untracked-cache.sh
index f01bf27..accefde 100755
--- a/t/t7063-status-untracked-cache.sh
+++ b/t/t7063-status-untracked-cache.sh
@@ -731,7 +731,7 @@
 	cp -R done dthree dtwo four three ../other_worktree &&
 	GIT_WORK_TREE=../other_worktree git status 2>../err &&
 	echo "warning: untracked cache is disabled on this system or location" >../expect &&
-	test_i18ncmp ../expect ../err
+	test_cmp ../expect ../err
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'untracked cache survives a checkout' '
diff --git a/t/t7102-reset.sh b/t/t7102-reset.sh
index 7d8fb18..601b2bf 100755
--- a/t/t7102-reset.sh
+++ b/t/t7102-reset.sh
@@ -75,14 +75,14 @@
 	hex=$(git log -1 --format="%h") &&
 	git reset --hard >.actual &&
 	echo HEAD is now at $hex $(commit_msg) >.expected &&
-	test_i18ncmp .expected .actual
+	test_cmp .expected .actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'reset --hard message (ISO8859-1 logoutputencoding)' '
 	hex=$(git log -1 --format="%h") &&
 	git -c "i18n.logOutputEncoding=$test_encoding" reset --hard >.actual &&
 	echo HEAD is now at $hex $(commit_msg $test_encoding) >.expected &&
-	test_i18ncmp .expected .actual
+	test_cmp .expected .actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'giving a non existing revision should fail' '
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@
 	EOF
 	echo 123 >>file2 &&
 	git reset --mixed HEAD >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'resetting specific path that is unmerged' '
diff --git a/t/t7300-clean.sh b/t/t7300-clean.sh
index cb5e34d..a74816c 100755
--- a/t/t7300-clean.sh
+++ b/t/t7300-clean.sh
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@
 
 '
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'git clean with relative prefix' '
+test_expect_success 'git clean with relative prefix' '
 
 	mkdir -p build docs &&
 	touch a.out src/part3.c docs/manual.txt obj.o build/lib.so &&
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@
 	verbose test "$would_clean" = ../src/part3.c
 '
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'git clean with absolute path' '
+test_expect_success 'git clean with absolute path' '
 
 	mkdir -p build docs &&
 	touch a.out src/part3.c docs/manual.txt obj.o build/lib.so &&
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@
 
 '
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'core.excludesfile' '
+test_expect_success 'core.excludesfile' '
 
 	echo excludes >excludes &&
 	echo included >included &&
diff --git a/t/t7400-submodule-basic.sh b/t/t7400-submodule-basic.sh
index d44f696..a924fdb 100755
--- a/t/t7400-submodule-basic.sh
+++ b/t/t7400-submodule-basic.sh
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
 	EOF
 	git init repo-no-commits &&
 	test_must_fail git submodule add ../a ./repo-no-commits 2>actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'status should ignore inner git repo when not added' '
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
 		git add --force .gitignore &&
 		git commit -m"Ignore everything" &&
 		! git submodule add "$submodurl" submod >actual 2>&1 &&
-		test_i18ncmp expect actual
+		test_cmp expect actual
 	)
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t7401-submodule-summary.sh b/t/t7401-submodule-summary.sh
index 7608814..9c3cc4c 100755
--- a/t/t7401-submodule-summary.sh
+++ b/t/t7401-submodule-summary.sh
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@
 	  < Add foo5
 
 	EOF
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 test_expect_success 'typechanged submodule(submodule->blob), --files' "
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@
 	  > Add foo5
 
 	EOF
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 rm -rf sm1 &&
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@
 	* sm1 $head4(submodule)->$head5(blob):
 
 	EOF
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 rm -f sm1 &&
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@
 	  Warn: sm1 doesn't contain commit $head4_full
 
 	EOF
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 commit_file
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@
 	  > Add foo7
 
 	EOF
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 "
 
 commit_file sm1 &&
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@
 
 test_expect_success '--for-status' "
 	git submodule summary --for-status HEAD^ >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp - actual <<-EOF
+	test_cmp - actual <<-EOF
 	* sm1 $head6...0000000:
 
 	* sm2 0000000...$head7 (2):
diff --git a/t/t7406-submodule-update.sh b/t/t7406-submodule-update.sh
index b9c1624..ff3ba54 100755
--- a/t/t7406-submodule-update.sh
+++ b/t/t7406-submodule-update.sh
@@ -155,9 +155,9 @@
 	 cd tmp &&
 	 git submodule update --init --recursive ../super >../../actual 2>../../actual2
 	) &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
 	sort actual2 >actual2.sorted &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect2 actual2.sorted
+	test_cmp expect2 actual2.sorted
 '
 
 cat <<EOF >expect2
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@
 	  git submodule update --init sub 2>../../actual2
 	 )
 	) &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect2 actual2
+	test_cmp expect2 actual2
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'submodule update does not fetch already present commits' '
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@
 	(cd super &&
 	  git submodule update > ../actual 2> ../actual.err
 	) &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual &&
 	test_must_be_empty actual.err
 '
 
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@
 	(cd super &&
 	 test_must_fail git submodule update submodule 2>../actual
 	) &&
-	test_i18ncmp actual expect
+	test_cmp actual expect
 '
 
 cat << EOF >expect
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@
 	 mkdir tmp && cd tmp &&
 	 test_must_fail git submodule update ../submodule 2>../../actual
 	) &&
-	test_i18ncmp actual expect
+	test_cmp actual expect
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'submodule update - command run for initial population of submodule' '
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@
 	EOF
 	rm -rf super/submodule &&
 	test_must_fail git -C super submodule update 2>actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
 	git -C super submodule update --checkout
 '
 
@@ -509,7 +509,7 @@
 	 mkdir -p tmp && cd tmp &&
 	 test_must_fail git submodule update --recursive ../super 2>../../actual
 	) &&
-	test_i18ncmp actual expect
+	test_cmp actual expect
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'submodule init does not copy command into .git/config' '
diff --git a/t/t7407-submodule-foreach.sh b/t/t7407-submodule-foreach.sh
index 79981b5..e2f110b 100755
--- a/t/t7407-submodule-foreach.sh
+++ b/t/t7407-submodule-foreach.sh
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
 		git config foo.bar zar &&
 		git submodule foreach "git config --file \"\$toplevel/.git/config\" foo.bar"
 	) &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 cat >expect <<EOF
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
 		cd clone/sub &&
 		git submodule foreach "echo \$toplevel-\$name-\$sm_path-\$displaypath-\$sha1" >../../actual
 	) &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'setup nested submodules' '
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@
 		cd clone2 &&
 		git submodule foreach --recursive "true" > ../actual
 	) &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 cat > expect <<EOF
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@
 		cd untracked &&
 		git submodule foreach --recursive >../../actual
 	) &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 sub1sha1=$(cd clone2/sub1 && git rev-parse HEAD)
 sub2sha1=$(cd clone2/sub2 && git rev-parse HEAD)
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@
 		cd clone2/untracked &&
 		git submodule foreach --recursive "echo toplevel: \$toplevel name: \$name path: \$sm_path displaypath: \$displaypath hash: \$sha1" >../../actual
 	) &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 cat > expect <<EOF
diff --git a/t/t7500-commit-template-squash-signoff.sh b/t/t7500-commit-template-squash-signoff.sh
index 6d19ece..e41ac18 100755
--- a/t/t7500-commit-template-squash-signoff.sh
+++ b/t/t7500-commit-template-squash-signoff.sh
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 
 	printf "%s" "$(git log --pretty=format:%s%b -1)" >"$actual" &&
 	printf "%s" "$1" >"$expect" &&
-	test_i18ncmp "$expect" "$actual"
+	test_cmp "$expect" "$actual"
 }
 
 # A sanity check to see if commit is working at all.
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@
 	touch commit-template-check &&
 	git add commit-template-check &&
 	GIT_EDITOR="cat >editor-input" git commit --untracked-files=no --allow-empty-message &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected-template editor-input
+	test_cmp expected-template editor-input
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'setup empty commit with unstaged rename and copy' '
diff --git a/t/t7502-commit-porcelain.sh b/t/t7502-commit-porcelain.sh
index e5332ad..6396897 100755
--- a/t/t7502-commit-porcelain.sh
+++ b/t/t7502-commit-porcelain.sh
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 	printf "%s" "$(git log --pretty=format:%s%b -1)" >$actual &&
 	printf "%s" "$1" >$expect &&
-	test_i18ncmp $expect $actual
+	test_cmp $expect $actual
 }
 
 # Arguments: [<prefix] [<commit message>] [<commit options>]
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 	SUMMARY_POSTFIX="$(git log -1 --pretty='format:%h')"
 	echo "[$SUMMARY_PREFIX $SUMMARY_POSTFIX] $2" >exp &&
 
-	test_i18ncmp exp act
+	test_cmp exp act
 }
 
 test_expect_success 'output summary format' '
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@
 # with '#' will be ignored, and an empty message aborts the commit." >expect
 
 test_expect_success 'cleanup commit messages (strip option,-F,-e): output' '
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'cleanup commit message (fail on invalid cleanup mode option)' '
diff --git a/t/t7505-prepare-commit-msg-hook.sh b/t/t7505-prepare-commit-msg-hook.sh
index 321b4bc..7a8194c 100755
--- a/t/t7505-prepare-commit-msg-hook.sh
+++ b/t/t7505-prepare-commit-msg-hook.sh
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@
 test_rebase () {
 	expect=$1 &&
 	mode=$2 &&
-	test_expect_$expect C_LOCALE_OUTPUT "with hook (rebase ${mode:--i})" '
+	test_expect_$expect "with hook (rebase ${mode:--i})" '
 		test_when_finished "\
 			git rebase --abort
 			git checkout -f main
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@
 
 '
 
-test_expect_success C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'with failing hook (cherry-pick)' '
+test_expect_success 'with failing hook (cherry-pick)' '
 	test_when_finished "git checkout -f main" &&
 	git checkout -B other b &&
 	test_must_fail git cherry-pick rebase-1 2>actual &&
diff --git a/t/t7508-status.sh b/t/t7508-status.sh
index d01aacb..2b72451 100755
--- a/t/t7508-status.sh
+++ b/t/t7508-status.sh
@@ -109,13 +109,13 @@
 #
 EOF
 	COLUMNS=50 git -c status.displayCommentPrefix=true status --column="column dense" >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'status --column status.displayCommentPrefix=false' '
 	strip_comments expect &&
 	COLUMNS=49 git -c status.displayCommentPrefix=false status --column="column dense" >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 cat >expect <<\EOF
@@ -144,19 +144,19 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'status with status.displayCommentPrefix=true' '
 	git -c status.displayCommentPrefix=true status >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'status with status.displayCommentPrefix=false' '
 	strip_comments expect &&
 	git -c status.displayCommentPrefix=false status >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'status -v' '
 	(cat expect && git diff --cached) >expect-with-v &&
 	git status -v >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect-with-v output
+	test_cmp expect-with-v output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'status -v -v' '
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@
 	 echo "Changes not staged for commit:" &&
 	 git -c diff.mnemonicprefix=true diff) >expect-with-v &&
 	git status -v -v >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect-with-v output
+	test_cmp expect-with-v output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'setup fake editor' '
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@
 test_expect_success 'status (advice.statusHints false)' '
 	test_config advice.statusHints false &&
 	git status >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 
 '
 
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@
 
 EOF
 	git status --ignored >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'status with gitignore (nothing untracked)' '
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@
 
 EOF
 	git status --ignored >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 cat >.gitignore <<\EOF
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@
 test_expect_success 'status -s -b' '
 
 	git status -s -b >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 
 '
 
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@
 	git status -s -z -b >output &&
 	nul_to_q <output >output.q &&
 	mv output.q output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'setup dir3' '
@@ -418,13 +418,13 @@
 Untracked files not listed (use -u option to show untracked files)
 EOF
 	git status -uno >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'status (status.showUntrackedFiles no)' '
 	test_config status.showuntrackedfiles no &&
 	git status >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'status -uno (advice.statusHints false)' '
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@
 EOF
 	test_config advice.statusHints false &&
 	git status -uno >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 cat >expect << EOF
@@ -487,13 +487,13 @@
 
 EOF
 	git status -unormal >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'status (status.showUntrackedFiles normal)' '
 	test_config status.showuntrackedfiles normal &&
 	git status >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 cat >expect <<EOF
@@ -543,13 +543,13 @@
 
 EOF
 	git status -uall >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'status (status.showUntrackedFiles all)' '
 	test_config status.showuntrackedfiles all &&
 	git status >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'teardown dir3' '
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@
 
 EOF
 	(cd dir1 && git status) >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 cat >expect <<\EOF
@@ -670,13 +670,13 @@
 EOF
 	test_config color.ui auto &&
 	test_terminal git status | test_decode_color >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success TTY 'status with color.status' '
 	test_config color.status auto &&
 	test_terminal git status | test_decode_color >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 cat >expect <<\EOF
@@ -718,7 +718,7 @@
 test_expect_success TTY 'status -s -b with color.status' '
 
 	test_terminal git status -s -b | test_decode_color >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 
 '
 
@@ -793,7 +793,7 @@
 EOF
 	test_config status.relativePaths false &&
 	(cd dir1 && git status) >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 
 '
 
@@ -860,7 +860,7 @@
 
 EOF
 	git commit --dry-run dir1/modified >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 cat >expect <<EOF
@@ -921,13 +921,13 @@
 
 EOF
 	git status >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 # we expect the same as the previous test
 test_expect_success 'status --untracked-files=all does not show submodule' '
 	git status --untracked-files=all >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 cat >expect <<EOF
@@ -984,13 +984,13 @@
 EOF
 	git config status.submodulesummary 10 &&
 	git status >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'status submodule summary with status.displayCommentPrefix=false' '
 	strip_comments expect &&
 	git -c status.displayCommentPrefix=false status >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'commit with submodule summary ignores status.displayCommentPrefix' '
@@ -1035,9 +1035,9 @@
 	git commit -m "commit submodule" &&
 	git config status.submodulesummary 10 &&
 	test_must_fail git commit --dry-run >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output &&
+	test_cmp expect output &&
 	git status >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 cat >expect <<EOF
@@ -1091,7 +1091,7 @@
 EOF
 	git config status.submodulesummary 10 &&
 	git commit --dry-run --amend >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success POSIXPERM,SANITY 'status succeeds in a read-only repository' '
@@ -1143,17 +1143,17 @@
 EOF
 	echo modified  sm/untracked &&
 	git status --ignore-submodules=untracked >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success '.gitmodules ignore=untracked suppresses submodules with untracked content' '
 	test_config diff.ignoreSubmodules dirty &&
 	git status >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output &&
+	test_cmp expect output &&
 	git config --add -f .gitmodules submodule.subname.ignore untracked &&
 	git config --add -f .gitmodules submodule.subname.path sm &&
 	git status >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output &&
+	test_cmp expect output &&
 	git config -f .gitmodules  --remove-section submodule.subname
 '
 
@@ -1163,14 +1163,14 @@
 	git config --add submodule.subname.ignore untracked &&
 	git config --add submodule.subname.path sm &&
 	git status >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output &&
+	test_cmp expect output &&
 	git config --remove-section submodule.subname &&
 	git config --remove-section -f .gitmodules submodule.subname
 '
 
 test_expect_success '--ignore-submodules=dirty suppresses submodules with untracked content' '
 	git status --ignore-submodules=dirty >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success '.gitmodules ignore=dirty suppresses submodules with untracked content' '
@@ -1180,7 +1180,7 @@
 	git config --add -f .gitmodules submodule.subname.ignore dirty &&
 	git config --add -f .gitmodules submodule.subname.path sm &&
 	git status >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output &&
+	test_cmp expect output &&
 	git config -f .gitmodules  --remove-section submodule.subname
 '
 
@@ -1190,7 +1190,7 @@
 	git config --add submodule.subname.ignore dirty &&
 	git config --add submodule.subname.path sm &&
 	git status >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output &&
+	test_cmp expect output &&
 	git config --remove-section submodule.subname &&
 	git config -f .gitmodules  --remove-section submodule.subname
 '
@@ -1198,14 +1198,14 @@
 test_expect_success '--ignore-submodules=dirty suppresses submodules with modified content' '
 	echo modified >sm/foo &&
 	git status --ignore-submodules=dirty >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success '.gitmodules ignore=dirty suppresses submodules with modified content' '
 	git config --add -f .gitmodules submodule.subname.ignore dirty &&
 	git config --add -f .gitmodules submodule.subname.path sm &&
 	git status >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output &&
+	test_cmp expect output &&
 	git config -f .gitmodules  --remove-section submodule.subname
 '
 
@@ -1215,7 +1215,7 @@
 	git config --add submodule.subname.ignore dirty &&
 	git config --add submodule.subname.path sm &&
 	git status >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output &&
+	test_cmp expect output &&
 	git config --remove-section submodule.subname &&
 	git config -f .gitmodules  --remove-section submodule.subname
 '
@@ -1253,14 +1253,14 @@
 
 EOF
 	git status --ignore-submodules=untracked > output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success ".gitmodules ignore=untracked doesn't suppress submodules with modified content" '
 	git config --add -f .gitmodules submodule.subname.ignore untracked &&
 	git config --add -f .gitmodules submodule.subname.path sm &&
 	git status >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output &&
+	test_cmp expect output &&
 	git config -f .gitmodules  --remove-section submodule.subname
 '
 
@@ -1270,7 +1270,7 @@
 	git config --add submodule.subname.ignore untracked &&
 	git config --add submodule.subname.path sm &&
 	git status >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output &&
+	test_cmp expect output &&
 	git config --remove-section submodule.subname &&
 	git config -f .gitmodules  --remove-section submodule.subname
 '
@@ -1314,14 +1314,14 @@
 
 EOF
 	git status --ignore-submodules=untracked > output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success ".gitmodules ignore=untracked doesn't suppress submodule summary" '
 	git config --add -f .gitmodules submodule.subname.ignore untracked &&
 	git config --add -f .gitmodules submodule.subname.path sm &&
 	git status >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output &&
+	test_cmp expect output &&
 	git config -f .gitmodules  --remove-section submodule.subname
 '
 
@@ -1331,20 +1331,20 @@
 	git config --add submodule.subname.ignore untracked &&
 	git config --add submodule.subname.path sm &&
 	git status >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output &&
+	test_cmp expect output &&
 	git config --remove-section submodule.subname &&
 	git config -f .gitmodules  --remove-section submodule.subname
 '
 
 test_expect_success "--ignore-submodules=dirty doesn't suppress submodule summary" '
 	git status --ignore-submodules=dirty > output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 test_expect_success ".gitmodules ignore=dirty doesn't suppress submodule summary" '
 	git config --add -f .gitmodules submodule.subname.ignore dirty &&
 	git config --add -f .gitmodules submodule.subname.path sm &&
 	git status >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output &&
+	test_cmp expect output &&
 	git config -f .gitmodules  --remove-section submodule.subname
 '
 
@@ -1354,7 +1354,7 @@
 	git config --add submodule.subname.ignore dirty &&
 	git config --add submodule.subname.path sm &&
 	git status >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output &&
+	test_cmp expect output &&
 	git config --remove-section submodule.subname &&
 	git config -f .gitmodules  --remove-section submodule.subname
 '
@@ -1398,7 +1398,7 @@
 test_expect_success "status (core.commentchar with submodule summary)" '
 	test_config core.commentchar ";" &&
 	git -c status.displayCommentPrefix=true status >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success "status (core.commentchar with two chars with submodule summary)" '
@@ -1429,7 +1429,7 @@
 no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
 EOF
 	git status --ignore-submodules=all > output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success '.gitmodules ignore=all suppresses unstaged submodule summary' '
@@ -1460,7 +1460,7 @@
 	git config --add -f .gitmodules submodule.subname.ignore all &&
 	git config --add -f .gitmodules submodule.subname.path sm &&
 	git status > output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output &&
+	test_cmp expect output &&
 	git config -f .gitmodules  --remove-section submodule.subname
 '
 
@@ -1470,7 +1470,7 @@
 	git config --add submodule.subname.ignore all &&
 	git config --add submodule.subname.path sm &&
 	git status > output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output &&
+	test_cmp expect output &&
 	git config --remove-section submodule.subname &&
 	git config -f .gitmodules  --remove-section submodule.subname
 '
@@ -1571,7 +1571,7 @@
 Untracked files not listed (use -u option to show untracked files)
 EOF
 	git commit -uno --dry-run >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output &&
+	test_cmp expect output &&
 	git status -s --ignore-submodules=dirty >output &&
 	test_i18ngrep "^M. sm" output
 '
diff --git a/t/t7512-status-help.sh b/t/t7512-status-help.sh
index 9f5e3ce..7f2956d 100755
--- a/t/t7512-status-help.sh
+++ b/t/t7512-status-help.sh
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
 no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
 Untracked files not listed (use -u option to show untracked files)
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@
 no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@
 Untracked files not listed (use -u option to show untracked files)
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@
 no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@
 Untracked files not listed (use -u option to show untracked files)
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@
 nothing to commit (use -u to show untracked files)
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@
 no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@
 nothing to commit (use -u to show untracked files)
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@
 nothing to commit (use -u to show untracked files)
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@
 no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@
 nothing to commit (use -u to show untracked files)
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@
 nothing to commit (use -u to show untracked files)
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@
 no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@
 nothing to commit (use -u to show untracked files)
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 
@@ -519,7 +519,7 @@
 nothing to commit (use -u to show untracked files)
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 
@@ -557,7 +557,7 @@
 no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 
@@ -591,7 +591,7 @@
 nothing to commit (use -u to show untracked files)
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 
@@ -619,7 +619,7 @@
 nothing to commit (use -u to show untracked files)
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 
@@ -641,7 +641,7 @@
 nothing to commit (use -u to show untracked files)
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 
@@ -664,7 +664,7 @@
 nothing to commit (use -u to show untracked files)
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 
@@ -687,7 +687,7 @@
 nothing to commit (use -u to show untracked files)
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 
@@ -712,7 +712,7 @@
 no changes added to commit
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 
@@ -746,7 +746,7 @@
 no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 
@@ -770,7 +770,7 @@
 Untracked files not listed (use -u option to show untracked files)
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'status when cherry-picking after committing conflict resolution' '
@@ -789,7 +789,7 @@
 nothing to commit (use -u to show untracked files)
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'status shows cherry-pick with invalid oid' '
@@ -798,7 +798,7 @@
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual 2>err &&
 	git cherry-pick --quit &&
 	test_must_be_empty err &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'status does not show error if .git/sequencer is a file' '
@@ -816,7 +816,7 @@
 nothing to commit (use -u to show untracked files)
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual &&
 
 	git reset --hard HEAD^ &&
 	cat >expected <<\EOF &&
@@ -824,7 +824,7 @@
 nothing to commit (use -u to show untracked files)
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'status while reverting commit (conflicts)' '
@@ -852,7 +852,7 @@
 no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'status while reverting commit (conflicts resolved)' '
@@ -872,7 +872,7 @@
 Untracked files not listed (use -u option to show untracked files)
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'status after reverting commit' '
@@ -882,7 +882,7 @@
 nothing to commit (use -u to show untracked files)
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'status while reverting after committing conflict resolution' '
@@ -901,7 +901,7 @@
 nothing to commit (use -u to show untracked files)
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'prepare for different number of commits rebased' '
@@ -931,7 +931,7 @@
 nothing to commit (use -u to show untracked files)
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'status: two commands done with some white lines in done file' '
@@ -959,7 +959,7 @@
 nothing to commit (use -u to show untracked files)
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'status: two remaining commands with some white lines in todo file' '
@@ -988,7 +988,7 @@
 nothing to commit (use -u to show untracked files)
 EOF
 	git status --untracked-files=no >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'status: handle not-yet-started rebase -i gracefully' '
@@ -1007,7 +1007,7 @@
 
 nothing to commit (use -u to show untracked files)
 EOF
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t7519-status-fsmonitor.sh b/t/t7519-status-fsmonitor.sh
index fbfdcca..45d025f 100755
--- a/t/t7519-status-fsmonitor.sh
+++ b/t/t7519-status-fsmonitor.sh
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@
 	git reset HEAD~1 &&
 	git status >actual &&
 	git -c core.fsmonitor= status >expect &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 # test fsmonitor with and without preloadIndex
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@
 			git add dir2/new &&
 			git status >actual &&
 			git -c core.fsmonitor= status >expect &&
-			test_i18ncmp expect actual
+			test_cmp expect actual
 		'
 
 		# Make sure it's actually skipping the check for modified and untracked
diff --git a/t/t7521-ignored-mode.sh b/t/t7521-ignored-mode.sh
index 9179094..a88b02b 100755
--- a/t/t7521-ignored-mode.sh
+++ b/t/t7521-ignored-mode.sh
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 		dir/ignored/ignored_1.ign dir/ignored/ignored_2.ign &&
 
 	git status --porcelain=v2 --ignored=matching --untracked-files=all >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'Verify status behavior on directory with tracked & ignored files' '
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
 	git commit -m "commit tracked files" &&
 
 	git status --porcelain=v2 --ignored=matching --untracked-files=all >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'Verify status behavior on directory with untracked and ignored files' '
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
 		dir/untracked_ignored/ignored_1.ign dir/untracked_ignored/ignored_2.ign &&
 
 	git status --porcelain=v2 --ignored=matching --untracked-files=all >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'Verify status matching ignored files on ignored directory' '
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
 		ignored_dir/ignored_1.ign ignored_dir/ignored_2.ign &&
 
 	git status --porcelain=v2 --ignored=matching --untracked-files=all >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'Verify status behavior on ignored directory containing tracked file' '
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@
 	git add -f ignored_dir/tracked &&
 	git commit -m "Force add file in ignored directory" &&
 	git status --porcelain=v2 --ignored=matching --untracked-files=all >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'Verify matching ignored files with --untracked-files=normal' '
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@
 		ignored_files/ignored_1.ign ignored_files/ignored_2.ign \
 		untracked_dir/untracked &&
 	git status --porcelain=v2 --ignored=matching --untracked-files=normal >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'Verify matching ignored files with --untracked-files=normal' '
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@
 		ignored_files/ignored_1.ign ignored_files/ignored_2.ign \
 		untracked_dir/untracked &&
 	git status --porcelain=v2 --ignored=matching --untracked-files=normal >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'Verify status behavior on ignored directory containing tracked file' '
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@
 	git add -f ignored_dir/tracked &&
 	git commit -m "Force add file in ignored directory" &&
 	git status --porcelain=v2 --ignored=matching --untracked-files=normal >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'Verify behavior of status with --ignored=no' '
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@
 		dir/ignored/ignored_1.ign dir/ignored/ignored_2.ign &&
 
 	git status --porcelain=v2 --ignored=no --untracked-files=all >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'Verify behavior of status with --ignored=traditional and --untracked-files=all' '
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@
 		dir/ignored/ignored_1.ign dir/ignored/ignored_2.ign &&
 
 	git status --porcelain=v2 --ignored=traditional --untracked-files=all >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'Verify behavior of status with --ignored=traditional and --untracked-files=normal' '
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@
 		dir/ignored/ignored_1.ign dir/ignored/ignored_2.ign &&
 
 	git status --porcelain=v2 --ignored=traditional --untracked-files=normal >output &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect output
+	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t7600-merge.sh b/t/t7600-merge.sh
index b2c1d86..1cbc971 100755
--- a/t/t7600-merge.sh
+++ b/t/t7600-merge.sh
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@
 	EOF
 	git cat-file commit HEAD >raw &&
 	sed -e "1,/^$/d" raw >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'merge c3 with c7 with --squash commit.cleanup = scissors' '
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@
 	EOF
 	git cat-file commit HEAD >raw &&
 	sed -e "1,/^$/d" raw >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expect actual
+	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_debug 'git log --graph --decorate --oneline --all'
diff --git a/t/t7602-merge-octopus-many.sh b/t/t7602-merge-octopus-many.sh
index 13859ec..a9c816b 100755
--- a/t/t7602-merge-octopus-many.sh
+++ b/t/t7602-merge-octopus-many.sh
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@
 test_expect_success 'merge output uses pretty names' '
 	git reset --hard c1 &&
 	git merge c2 c3 c4 >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 cat >expected <<\EOF
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@
 		rm expected.tmp
 	fi &&
 	GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY=0 git merge c4 c5 >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 cat >expected <<\EOF
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@
 test_expect_success 'merge fast-forward output uses pretty names' '
 	git reset --hard c0 &&
 	git merge c1 c2 >actual &&
-	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t7800-difftool.sh b/t/t7800-difftool.sh
index 9192c14..3e041e8 100755
--- a/t/t7800-difftool.sh
+++ b/t/t7800-difftool.sh
@@ -762,4 +762,36 @@
 	test_must_fail git difftool --gui --tool=test-tool --extcmd=cat
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'difftool --rotate-to' '
+	difftool_test_setup &&
+	test_when_finished git reset --hard &&
+	echo 1 >1 &&
+	echo 2 >2 &&
+	echo 4 >4 &&
+	git add 1 2 4 &&
+	git commit -a -m "124" &&
+	git difftool --no-prompt --extcmd=cat --rotate-to="2" HEAD^ >output&&
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	2
+	4
+	1
+	EOF
+	test_cmp output expect
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'difftool --skip-to' '
+	difftool_test_setup &&
+	test_when_finished git reset --hard &&
+	git difftool --no-prompt --extcmd=cat --skip-to="2" HEAD^ >output &&
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	2
+	4
+	EOF
+	test_cmp output expect
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'difftool --rotate/skip-to error condition' '
+	test_must_fail git difftool --no-prompt --extcmd=cat --rotate-to="3" HEAD^ &&
+	test_must_fail git difftool --no-prompt --extcmd=cat --skip-to="3" HEAD^
+'
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t7810-grep.sh b/t/t7810-grep.sh
index 8f7591c..edfaa9a 100755
--- a/t/t7810-grep.sh
+++ b/t/t7810-grep.sh
@@ -969,7 +969,7 @@
 	"
 done
 
-test_expect_success !PTHREADS,C_LOCALE_OUTPUT 'grep --threads=N or pack.threads=N warns when no pthreads' '
+test_expect_success !PTHREADS 'grep --threads=N or pack.threads=N warns when no pthreads' '
 	git grep --threads=2 Hello hello_world 2>err &&
 	grep ^warning: err >warnings &&
 	test_line_count = 1 warnings &&
diff --git a/t/t7817-grep-sparse-checkout.sh b/t/t7817-grep-sparse-checkout.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..590b99b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t7817-grep-sparse-checkout.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+test_description='grep in sparse checkout
+
+This test creates a repo with the following structure:
+
+.
+|-- a
+|-- b
+|-- dir
+|   `-- c
+|-- sub
+|   |-- A
+|   |   `-- a
+|   `-- B
+|       `-- b
+`-- sub2
+    `-- a
+
+Where the outer repository has non-cone mode sparsity patterns, sub is a
+submodule with cone mode sparsity patterns and sub2 is a submodule that is
+excluded by the superproject sparsity patterns. The resulting sparse checkout
+should leave the following structure in the working tree:
+
+.
+|-- a
+|-- sub
+|   `-- B
+|       `-- b
+`-- sub2
+    `-- a
+
+But note that sub2 should have the SKIP_WORKTREE bit set.
+'
+
+. ./test-lib.sh
+
+test_expect_success 'setup' '
+	echo "text" >a &&
+	echo "text" >b &&
+	mkdir dir &&
+	echo "text" >dir/c &&
+
+	git init sub &&
+	(
+		cd sub &&
+		mkdir A B &&
+		echo "text" >A/a &&
+		echo "text" >B/b &&
+		git add A B &&
+		git commit -m sub &&
+		git sparse-checkout init --cone &&
+		git sparse-checkout set B
+	) &&
+
+	git init sub2 &&
+	(
+		cd sub2 &&
+		echo "text" >a &&
+		git add a &&
+		git commit -m sub2
+	) &&
+
+	git submodule add ./sub &&
+	git submodule add ./sub2 &&
+	git add a b dir &&
+	git commit -m super &&
+	git sparse-checkout init --no-cone &&
+	git sparse-checkout set "/*" "!b" "!/*/" "sub" &&
+
+	git tag -am tag-to-commit tag-to-commit HEAD &&
+	tree=$(git rev-parse HEAD^{tree}) &&
+	git tag -am tag-to-tree tag-to-tree $tree &&
+
+	test_path_is_missing b &&
+	test_path_is_missing dir &&
+	test_path_is_missing sub/A &&
+	test_path_is_file a &&
+	test_path_is_file sub/B/b &&
+	test_path_is_file sub2/a &&
+	git branch -m main
+'
+
+# The test below covers a special case: the sparsity patterns exclude '/b' and
+# sparse checkout is enabled, but the path exists in the working tree (e.g.
+# manually created after `git sparse-checkout init`). git grep should skip it.
+test_expect_success 'working tree grep honors sparse checkout' '
+	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
+	a:text
+	EOF
+	test_when_finished "rm -f b" &&
+	echo "new-text" >b &&
+	git grep "text" >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'grep searches unmerged file despite not matching sparsity patterns' '
+	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
+	b:modified-b-in-branchX
+	b:modified-b-in-branchY
+	EOF
+	test_when_finished "test_might_fail git merge --abort && \
+			    git checkout main && git sparse-checkout init" &&
+
+	git sparse-checkout disable &&
+	git checkout -b branchY main &&
+	test_commit modified-b-in-branchY b &&
+	git checkout -b branchX main &&
+	test_commit modified-b-in-branchX b &&
+
+	git sparse-checkout init &&
+	test_path_is_missing b &&
+	test_must_fail git merge branchY &&
+	git grep "modified-b" >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'grep --cached searches entries with the SKIP_WORKTREE bit' '
+	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
+	a:text
+	b:text
+	dir/c:text
+	EOF
+	git grep --cached "text" >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+# Note that sub2/ is present in the worktree but it is excluded by the sparsity
+# patterns, so grep should not recurse into it.
+test_expect_success 'grep --recurse-submodules honors sparse checkout in submodule' '
+	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
+	a:text
+	sub/B/b:text
+	EOF
+	git grep --recurse-submodules "text" >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'grep --recurse-submodules --cached searches entries with the SKIP_WORKTREE bit' '
+	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
+	a:text
+	b:text
+	dir/c:text
+	sub/A/a:text
+	sub/B/b:text
+	sub2/a:text
+	EOF
+	git grep --recurse-submodules --cached "text" >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'working tree grep does not search the index with CE_VALID and SKIP_WORKTREE' '
+	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
+	a:text
+	EOF
+	test_when_finished "git update-index --no-assume-unchanged b" &&
+	git update-index --assume-unchanged b &&
+	git grep text >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'grep --cached searches index entries with both CE_VALID and SKIP_WORKTREE' '
+	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
+	a:text
+	b:text
+	dir/c:text
+	EOF
+	test_when_finished "git update-index --no-assume-unchanged b" &&
+	git update-index --assume-unchanged b &&
+	git grep --cached text >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/t7900-maintenance.sh b/t/t7900-maintenance.sh
index 286b18d..2412d8c 100755
--- a/t/t7900-maintenance.sh
+++ b/t/t7900-maintenance.sh
@@ -632,4 +632,17 @@
 	nongit test_must_fail git maintenance unregister
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'register and unregister bare repo' '
+	test_when_finished "git config --global --unset-all maintenance.repo || :" &&
+	test_might_fail git config --global --unset-all maintenance.repo &&
+	git init --bare barerepo &&
+	(
+		cd barerepo &&
+		git maintenance register &&
+		git config --get --global --fixed-value maintenance.repo "$(pwd)" &&
+		git maintenance unregister &&
+		test_must_fail git config --global --get-all maintenance.repo
+	)
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9003-help-autocorrect.sh b/t/t9003-help-autocorrect.sh
index 03cd5c5..f00deaf 100755
--- a/t/t9003-help-autocorrect.sh
+++ b/t/t9003-help-autocorrect.sh
@@ -56,11 +56,8 @@
 	git config help.autocorrect never &&
 
 	test_must_fail git lfg 2>actual &&
-	if test_have_prereq C_LOCALE_OUTPUT
-	then
-		grep "is not a git command" actual &&
-		test_line_count = 1 actual
-	fi
+	grep "is not a git command" actual &&
+	test_line_count = 1 actual
 '
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/test-lib-functions.sh b/t/test-lib-functions.sh
index c96a555..6348e8d 100644
--- a/t/test-lib-functions.sh
+++ b/t/test-lib-functions.sh
@@ -190,6 +190,7 @@
 	author= &&
 	signoff= &&
 	indir= &&
+	no_tag= &&
 	while test $# != 0
 	do
 		case "$1" in
@@ -216,6 +217,9 @@
 			indir="$2"
 			shift
 			;;
+		--no-tag)
+			no_tag=yes
+			;;
 		*)
 			break
 			;;
@@ -238,7 +242,10 @@
 	git ${indir:+ -C "$indir"} commit \
 	    ${author:+ --author "$author"} \
 	    $signoff -m "$1" &&
-	git ${indir:+ -C "$indir"} tag "${4:-$1}"
+	if test -z "$no_tag"
+	then
+		git ${indir:+ -C "$indir"} tag "${4:-$1}"
+	fi
 }
 
 # Call test_merge with the arguments "<message> <commit>", where <commit>
diff --git a/t/test-lib.sh b/t/test-lib.sh
index 987a6c1..d3f6af6 100644
--- a/t/test-lib.sh
+++ b/t/test-lib.sh
@@ -1489,11 +1489,6 @@
 test -n "$USE_LIBPCRE2" && test_set_prereq LIBPCRE2
 test -z "$NO_GETTEXT" && test_set_prereq GETTEXT
 
-# Used to be used for GIT_TEST_GETTEXT_POISON=false. Only here as a
-# shim for other in-flight changes. Should not be used and will be
-# removed soon.
-test_set_prereq C_LOCALE_OUTPUT
-
 if test -z "$GIT_TEST_CHECK_CACHE_TREE"
 then
 	GIT_TEST_CHECK_CACHE_TREE=true