Documentation/git-bundle.txt - git - Git at Google


            
            git-bundle(1)

            
            =============


            NAME

            
            ----

            
            git-bundle - Move objects and refs by archive


            SYNOPSIS

            
            --------

            
            [verse]

            
            'git bundle' create [-q | --quiet | --progress]

            
            		    [--version=<version>] <file> <git-rev-list-args>

            
            'git bundle' verify [-q | --quiet] <file>

            
            'git bundle' list-heads <file> [<refname>...]

            
            'git bundle' unbundle [--progress] <file> [<refname>...]


            DESCRIPTION

            
            -----------


            Create, unpack, and manipulate "bundle" files. Bundles are used for

            
            the "offline" transfer of Git objects without an active "server"

            
            sitting on the other side of the network connection.


            They can be used to create both incremental and full backups of a

            
            repository, and to relay the state of the references in one repository

            
            to another.


            Git commands that fetch or otherwise "read" via protocols such as

            
            `ssh://` and `https://` can also operate on bundle files. It is

            
            possible linkgit:git-clone[1] a new repository from a bundle, to use

            
            linkgit:git-fetch[1] to fetch from one, and to list the references

            
            contained within it with linkgit:git-ls-remote[1]. There's no

            
            corresponding "write" support, i.e.a 'git push' into a bundle is not

            
            supported.


            See the "EXAMPLES" section below for examples of how to use bundles.


            BUNDLE FORMAT

            
            -------------


            Bundles are `.pack` files (see linkgit:git-pack-objects[1]) with a

            
            header indicating what references are contained within the bundle.


            Like the packed archive format itself bundles can either be

            
            self-contained, or be created using exclusions.

            
            See the "OBJECT PREREQUISITES" section below.


            Bundles created using revision exclusions are "thin packs" created

            
            using the `--thin` option to linkgit:git-pack-objects[1], and

            
            unbundled using the `--fix-thin` option to linkgit:git-index-pack[1].


            There is no option to create a "thick pack" when using revision

            
            exclusions, and users should not be concerned about the difference. By

            
            using "thin packs", bundles created using exclusions are smaller in

            
            size. That they're "thin" under the hood is merely noted here as a

            
            curiosity, and as a reference to other documentation.


            See linkgit:gitformat-bundle[5] for more details and the discussion of

            
            "thin pack" in linkgit:gitformat-pack[5] for further details.


            OPTIONS

            
            -------


            create [options] <file> <git-rev-list-args>::

            
            	Used to create a bundle named 'file'.  This requires the

            
            	'<git-rev-list-args>' arguments to define the bundle contents.

            
            	'options' contains the options specific to the 'git bundle create'

            
            	subcommand. If 'file' is `-`, the bundle is written to stdout.


            verify <file>::

            
            	Used to check that a bundle file is valid and will apply

            
            	cleanly to the current repository.  This includes checks on the

            
            	bundle format itself as well as checking that the prerequisite

            
            	commits exist and are fully linked in the current repository.

            
            	Then, 'git bundle' prints a list of missing commits, if any.

            
            	Finally, information about additional capabilities, such as "object

            
            	filter", is printed. See "Capabilities" in linkgit:gitformat-bundle[5]

            
            	for more information. The exit code is zero for success, but will

            
            	be nonzero if the bundle file is invalid. If 'file' is `-`, the

            
            	bundle is read from stdin.


            list-heads <file>::

            
            	Lists the references defined in the bundle.  If followed by a

            
            	list of references, only references matching those given are

            
            	printed out. If 'file' is `-`, the bundle is read from stdin.


            unbundle <file>::

            
            	Passes the objects in the bundle to 'git index-pack'

            
            	for storage in the repository, then prints the names of all

            
            	defined references. If a list of references is given, only

            
            	references matching those in the list are printed. This command is

            
            	really plumbing, intended to be called only by 'git fetch'.

            
            	If 'file' is `-`, the bundle is read from stdin.


            <git-rev-list-args>::

            
            	A list of arguments, acceptable to 'git rev-parse' and

            
            	'git rev-list' (and containing a named ref, see SPECIFYING REFERENCES

            
            	below), that specifies the specific objects and references

            
            	to transport.  For example, `master~10..master` causes the

            
            	current master reference to be packaged along with all objects

            
            	added since its 10th ancestor commit.  There is no explicit

            
            	limit to the number of references and objects that may be

            
            	packaged.


            [<refname>...]::

            
            	A list of references used to limit the references reported as

            
            	available. This is principally of use to 'git fetch', which

            
            	expects to receive only those references asked for and not

            
            	necessarily everything in the pack (in this case, 'git bundle' acts

            
            	like 'git fetch-pack').


            --progress::

            
            	Progress status is reported on the standard error stream

            
            	by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless -q

            
            	is specified. This flag forces progress status even if

            
            	the standard error stream is not directed to a terminal.


            --version=<version>::

            
            	Specify the bundle version.  Version 2 is the older format and can only be

            
            	used with SHA-1 repositories; the newer version 3 contains capabilities that

            
            	permit extensions. The default is the oldest supported format, based on the

            
            	hash algorithm in use.


            -q::

            
            --quiet::

            
            	This flag makes the command not to report its progress

            
            	on the standard error stream.


            SPECIFYING REFERENCES

            
            ---------------------


            Revisions must be accompanied by reference names to be packaged in a

            
            bundle.


            More than one reference may be packaged, and more than one set of prerequisite objects can

            
            be specified.  The objects packaged are those not contained in the

            
            union of the prerequisites.


            The 'git bundle create' command resolves the reference names for you

            
            using the same rules as `git rev-parse --abbrev-ref=loose`. Each

            
            prerequisite can be specified explicitly (e.g. `^master~10`), or implicitly

            
            (e.g. `master~10..master`, `--since=10.days.ago master`).


            All of these simple cases are OK (assuming we have a "master" and

            
            "next" branch):


            ----------------

            
            $ git bundle create master.bundle master

            
            $ echo master | git bundle create master.bundle --stdin

            
            $ git bundle create master-and-next.bundle master next

            
            $ (echo master; echo next) | git bundle create master-and-next.bundle --stdin

            
            ----------------


            And so are these (and the same but omitted `--stdin` examples):


            ----------------

            
            $ git bundle create recent-master.bundle master~10..master

            
            $ git bundle create recent-updates.bundle master~10..master next~5..next

            
            ----------------


            A revision name or a range whose right-hand-side cannot be resolved to

            
            a reference is not accepted:


            ----------------

            
            $ git bundle create HEAD.bundle $(git rev-parse HEAD)

            
            fatal: Refusing to create empty bundle.

            
            $ git bundle create master-yesterday.bundle master~10..master~5

            
            fatal: Refusing to create empty bundle.

            
            ----------------


            OBJECT PREREQUISITES

            
            --------------------


            When creating bundles it is possible to create a self-contained bundle

            
            that can be unbundled in a repository with no common history, as well

            
            as providing negative revisions to exclude objects needed in the

            
            earlier parts of the history.


            Feeding a revision such as `new` to `git bundle create` will create a

            
            bundle file that contains all the objects reachable from the revision

            
            `new`. That bundle can be unbundled in any repository to obtain a full

            
            history that leads to the revision `new`:


            ----------------

            
            $ git bundle create full.bundle new

            
            ----------------


            A revision range such as `old..new` will produce a bundle file that

            
            will require the revision `old` (and any objects reachable from it)

            
            to exist for the bundle to be "unbundle"-able:


            ----------------

            
            $ git bundle create full.bundle old..new

            
            ----------------


            A self-contained bundle without any prerequisites can be extracted

            
            into anywhere, even into an empty repository, or be cloned from

            
            (i.e., `new`, but not `old..new`).


            It is okay to err on the side of caution, causing the bundle file

            
            to contain objects already in the destination, as these are ignored

            
            when unpacking at the destination.


            If you want to match `git clone --mirror`, which would include your

            
            refs such as `refs/remotes/*`, use `--all`.

            
            If you want to provide the same set of refs that a clone directly

            
            from the source repository would get, use `--branches --tags` for

            
            the `<git-rev-list-args>`.


            The 'git bundle verify' command can be used to check whether your

            
            recipient repository has the required prerequisite commits for a

            
            bundle.


            EXAMPLES

            
            --------


            Assume you want to transfer the history from a repository R1 on machine A

            
            to another repository R2 on machine B.

            
            For whatever reason, direct connection between A and B is not allowed,

            
            but we can move data from A to B via some mechanism (CD, email, etc.).

            
            We want to update R2 with development made on the branch master in R1.


            To bootstrap the process, you can first create a bundle that does not have

            
            any prerequisites. You can use a tag to remember up to what commit you last

            
            processed, in order to make it easy to later update the other repository

            
            with an incremental bundle:


            ----------------

            
            machineA$ cd R1

            
            machineA$ git bundle create file.bundle master

            
            machineA$ git tag -f lastR2bundle master

            
            ----------------


            Then you transfer file.bundle to the target machine B. Because this

            
            bundle does not require any existing object to be extracted, you can

            
            create a new repository on machine B by cloning from it:


            ----------------

            
            machineB$ git clone -b master /home/me/tmp/file.bundle R2

            
            ----------------


            This will define a remote called "origin" in the resulting repository that

            
            lets you fetch and pull from the bundle. The $GIT_DIR/config file in R2 will

            
            have an entry like this:


            ------------------------

            
            [remote "origin"]

            
                url = /home/me/tmp/file.bundle

            
                fetch = refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*

            
            ------------------------


            To update the resulting mine.git repository, you can fetch or pull after

            
            replacing the bundle stored at /home/me/tmp/file.bundle with incremental

            
            updates.


            After working some more in the original repository, you can create an

            
            incremental bundle to update the other repository:


            ----------------

            
            machineA$ cd R1

            
            machineA$ git bundle create file.bundle lastR2bundle..master

            
            machineA$ git tag -f lastR2bundle master

            
            ----------------


            You then transfer the bundle to the other machine to replace

            
            /home/me/tmp/file.bundle, and pull from it.


            ----------------

            
            machineB$ cd R2

            
            machineB$ git pull

            
            ----------------


            If you know up to what commit the intended recipient repository should

            
            have the necessary objects, you can use that knowledge to specify the

            
            prerequisites, giving a cut-off point to limit the revisions and objects that go

            
            in the resulting bundle. The previous example used the lastR2bundle tag

            
            for this purpose, but you can use any other options that you would give to

            
            the linkgit:git-log[1] command. Here are more examples:


            You can use a tag that is present in both:


            ----------------

            
            $ git bundle create mybundle v1.0.0..master

            
            ----------------


            You can use a prerequisite based on time:


            ----------------

            
            $ git bundle create mybundle --since=10.days master

            
            ----------------


            You can use the number of commits:


            ----------------

            
            $ git bundle create mybundle -10 master

            
            ----------------


            You can run `git-bundle verify` to see if you can extract from a bundle

            
            that was created with a prerequisite:


            ----------------

            
            $ git bundle verify mybundle

            
            ----------------


            This will list what commits you must have in order to extract from the

            
            bundle and will error out if you do not have them.


            A bundle from a recipient repository's point of view is just like a

            
            regular repository which it fetches or pulls from. You can, for example, map

            
            references when fetching:


            ----------------

            
            $ git fetch mybundle master:localRef

            
            ----------------


            You can also see what references it offers:


            ----------------

            
            $ git ls-remote mybundle

            
            ----------------


            FILE FORMAT

            
            -----------


            See linkgit:gitformat-bundle[5].


            GIT

            
            ---

            
            Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite
	git-bundle(1)
	=============

	NAME
	----
	git-bundle - Move objects and refs by archive


	SYNOPSIS
	--------
	[verse]
	'git bundle' create [-q \| --quiet \| --progress]
	[--version=<version>] <file> <git-rev-list-args>
	'git bundle' verify [-q \| --quiet] <file>
	'git bundle' list-heads <file> [<refname>...]
	'git bundle' unbundle [--progress] <file> [<refname>...]

	DESCRIPTION
	-----------

	Create, unpack, and manipulate "bundle" files. Bundles are used for
	the "offline" transfer of Git objects without an active "server"
	sitting on the other side of the network connection.

	They can be used to create both incremental and full backups of a
	repository, and to relay the state of the references in one repository
	to another.

	Git commands that fetch or otherwise "read" via protocols such as
	`ssh://` and `https://` can also operate on bundle files. It is
	possible linkgit:git-clone[1] a new repository from a bundle, to use
	linkgit:git-fetch[1] to fetch from one, and to list the references
	contained within it with linkgit:git-ls-remote[1]. There's no
	corresponding "write" support, i.e.a 'git push' into a bundle is not
	supported.

	See the "EXAMPLES" section below for examples of how to use bundles.

	BUNDLE FORMAT
	-------------

	Bundles are `.pack` files (see linkgit:git-pack-objects[1]) with a
	header indicating what references are contained within the bundle.

	Like the packed archive format itself bundles can either be
	self-contained, or be created using exclusions.
	See the "OBJECT PREREQUISITES" section below.

	Bundles created using revision exclusions are "thin packs" created
	using the `--thin` option to linkgit:git-pack-objects[1], and
	unbundled using the `--fix-thin` option to linkgit:git-index-pack[1].

	There is no option to create a "thick pack" when using revision
	exclusions, and users should not be concerned about the difference. By
	using "thin packs", bundles created using exclusions are smaller in
	size. That they're "thin" under the hood is merely noted here as a
	curiosity, and as a reference to other documentation.

	See linkgit:gitformat-bundle[5] for more details and the discussion of
	"thin pack" in linkgit:gitformat-pack[5] for further details.

	OPTIONS
	-------

	create [options] <file> <git-rev-list-args>::
	Used to create a bundle named 'file'. This requires the
	'<git-rev-list-args>' arguments to define the bundle contents.
	'options' contains the options specific to the 'git bundle create'
	subcommand. If 'file' is `-`, the bundle is written to stdout.

	verify <file>::
	Used to check that a bundle file is valid and will apply
	cleanly to the current repository. This includes checks on the
	bundle format itself as well as checking that the prerequisite
	commits exist and are fully linked in the current repository.
	Then, 'git bundle' prints a list of missing commits, if any.
	Finally, information about additional capabilities, such as "object
	filter", is printed. See "Capabilities" in linkgit:gitformat-bundle[5]
	for more information. The exit code is zero for success, but will
	be nonzero if the bundle file is invalid. If 'file' is `-`, the
	bundle is read from stdin.

	list-heads <file>::
	Lists the references defined in the bundle. If followed by a
	list of references, only references matching those given are
	printed out. If 'file' is `-`, the bundle is read from stdin.

	unbundle <file>::
	Passes the objects in the bundle to 'git index-pack'
	for storage in the repository, then prints the names of all
	defined references. If a list of references is given, only
	references matching those in the list are printed. This command is
	really plumbing, intended to be called only by 'git fetch'.
	If 'file' is `-`, the bundle is read from stdin.

	<git-rev-list-args>::
	A list of arguments, acceptable to 'git rev-parse' and
	'git rev-list' (and containing a named ref, see SPECIFYING REFERENCES
	below), that specifies the specific objects and references
	to transport. For example, `master~10..master` causes the
	current master reference to be packaged along with all objects
	added since its 10th ancestor commit. There is no explicit
	limit to the number of references and objects that may be
	packaged.


	[<refname>...]::
	A list of references used to limit the references reported as
	available. This is principally of use to 'git fetch', which
	expects to receive only those references asked for and not
	necessarily everything in the pack (in this case, 'git bundle' acts
	like 'git fetch-pack').

	--progress::
	Progress status is reported on the standard error stream
	by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless -q
	is specified. This flag forces progress status even if
	the standard error stream is not directed to a terminal.

	--version=<version>::
	Specify the bundle version. Version 2 is the older format and can only be
	used with SHA-1 repositories; the newer version 3 contains capabilities that
	permit extensions. The default is the oldest supported format, based on the
	hash algorithm in use.

	-q::
	--quiet::
	This flag makes the command not to report its progress
	on the standard error stream.

	SPECIFYING REFERENCES
	---------------------

	Revisions must be accompanied by reference names to be packaged in a
	bundle.

	More than one reference may be packaged, and more than one set of prerequisite objects can
	be specified. The objects packaged are those not contained in the
	union of the prerequisites.

	The 'git bundle create' command resolves the reference names for you
	using the same rules as `git rev-parse --abbrev-ref=loose`. Each
	prerequisite can be specified explicitly (e.g. `^master~10`), or implicitly
	(e.g. `master~10..master`, `--since=10.days.ago master`).

	All of these simple cases are OK (assuming we have a "master" and
	"next" branch):

	----------------
	$ git bundle create master.bundle master
	$ echo master \| git bundle create master.bundle --stdin
	$ git bundle create master-and-next.bundle master next
	$ (echo master; echo next) \| git bundle create master-and-next.bundle --stdin
	----------------

	And so are these (and the same but omitted `--stdin` examples):

	----------------
	$ git bundle create recent-master.bundle master~10..master
	$ git bundle create recent-updates.bundle master~10..master next~5..next
	----------------

	A revision name or a range whose right-hand-side cannot be resolved to
	a reference is not accepted:

	----------------
	$ git bundle create HEAD.bundle $(git rev-parse HEAD)
	fatal: Refusing to create empty bundle.
	$ git bundle create master-yesterday.bundle master~10..master~5
	fatal: Refusing to create empty bundle.
	----------------

	OBJECT PREREQUISITES
	--------------------

	When creating bundles it is possible to create a self-contained bundle
	that can be unbundled in a repository with no common history, as well
	as providing negative revisions to exclude objects needed in the
	earlier parts of the history.

	Feeding a revision such as `new` to `git bundle create` will create a
	bundle file that contains all the objects reachable from the revision
	`new`. That bundle can be unbundled in any repository to obtain a full
	history that leads to the revision `new`:

	----------------
	$ git bundle create full.bundle new
	----------------

	A revision range such as `old..new` will produce a bundle file that
	will require the revision `old` (and any objects reachable from it)
	to exist for the bundle to be "unbundle"-able:

	----------------
	$ git bundle create full.bundle old..new
	----------------

	A self-contained bundle without any prerequisites can be extracted
	into anywhere, even into an empty repository, or be cloned from
	(i.e., `new`, but not `old..new`).

	It is okay to err on the side of caution, causing the bundle file
	to contain objects already in the destination, as these are ignored
	when unpacking at the destination.

	If you want to match `git clone --mirror`, which would include your
	refs such as `refs/remotes/*`, use `--all`.
	If you want to provide the same set of refs that a clone directly
	from the source repository would get, use `--branches --tags` for
	the `<git-rev-list-args>`.

	The 'git bundle verify' command can be used to check whether your
	recipient repository has the required prerequisite commits for a
	bundle.

	EXAMPLES
	--------

	Assume you want to transfer the history from a repository R1 on machine A
	to another repository R2 on machine B.
	For whatever reason, direct connection between A and B is not allowed,
	but we can move data from A to B via some mechanism (CD, email, etc.).
	We want to update R2 with development made on the branch master in R1.

	To bootstrap the process, you can first create a bundle that does not have
	any prerequisites. You can use a tag to remember up to what commit you last
	processed, in order to make it easy to later update the other repository
	with an incremental bundle:

	----------------
	machineA$ cd R1
	machineA$ git bundle create file.bundle master
	machineA$ git tag -f lastR2bundle master
	----------------

	Then you transfer file.bundle to the target machine B. Because this
	bundle does not require any existing object to be extracted, you can
	create a new repository on machine B by cloning from it:

	----------------
	machineB$ git clone -b master /home/me/tmp/file.bundle R2
	----------------

	This will define a remote called "origin" in the resulting repository that
	lets you fetch and pull from the bundle. The $GIT_DIR/config file in R2 will
	have an entry like this:

	------------------------
	[remote "origin"]
	url = /home/me/tmp/file.bundle
	fetch = refs/heads/:refs/remotes/origin/
	------------------------

	To update the resulting mine.git repository, you can fetch or pull after
	replacing the bundle stored at /home/me/tmp/file.bundle with incremental
	updates.

	After working some more in the original repository, you can create an
	incremental bundle to update the other repository:

	----------------
	machineA$ cd R1
	machineA$ git bundle create file.bundle lastR2bundle..master
	machineA$ git tag -f lastR2bundle master
	----------------

	You then transfer the bundle to the other machine to replace
	/home/me/tmp/file.bundle, and pull from it.

	----------------
	machineB$ cd R2
	machineB$ git pull
	----------------

	If you know up to what commit the intended recipient repository should
	have the necessary objects, you can use that knowledge to specify the
	prerequisites, giving a cut-off point to limit the revisions and objects that go
	in the resulting bundle. The previous example used the lastR2bundle tag
	for this purpose, but you can use any other options that you would give to
	the linkgit:git-log[1] command. Here are more examples:

	You can use a tag that is present in both:

	----------------
	$ git bundle create mybundle v1.0.0..master
	----------------

	You can use a prerequisite based on time:

	----------------
	$ git bundle create mybundle --since=10.days master
	----------------

	You can use the number of commits:

	----------------
	$ git bundle create mybundle -10 master
	----------------

	You can run `git-bundle verify` to see if you can extract from a bundle
	that was created with a prerequisite:

	----------------
	$ git bundle verify mybundle
	----------------

	This will list what commits you must have in order to extract from the
	bundle and will error out if you do not have them.

	A bundle from a recipient repository's point of view is just like a
	regular repository which it fetches or pulls from. You can, for example, map
	references when fetching:

	----------------
	$ git fetch mybundle master:localRef
	----------------

	You can also see what references it offers:

	----------------
	$ git ls-remote mybundle
	----------------

	FILE FORMAT
	-----------

	See linkgit:gitformat-bundle[5].

	GIT
	---
	Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite