Documentation/git-blame.txt - git - Git at Google

 git-blame(1)
 ============

 NAME
 ----
 git-blame - Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file

 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
 'git blame' [-c] [-b] [-l] [--root] [-t] [-f] [-n] [-s] [-e] [-p] [-w] [--incremental]
 	    [-L <range>] [-S <revs-file>] [-M] [-C] [-C] [-C] [--since=<date>]
 	    [--ignore-rev <rev>] [--ignore-revs-file <file>]
 	    [--color-lines] [--color-by-age] [--progress] [--abbrev=<n>]
 	    [<rev> | --contents <file> | --reverse <rev>..<rev>] [--] <file>

 DESCRIPTION
 -----------

 Annotates each line in the given file with information from the revision which
 last modified the line. Optionally, start annotating from the given revision.

 When specified one or more times, `-L` restricts annotation to the requested
 lines.

 The origin of lines is automatically followed across whole-file
 renames (currently there is no option to turn the rename-following
 off). To follow lines moved from one file to another, or to follow
 lines that were copied and pasted from another file, etc., see the
 `-C` and `-M` options.

 The report does not tell you anything about lines which have been deleted or
 replaced; you need to use a tool such as 'git diff' or the "pickaxe"
 interface briefly mentioned in the following paragraph.

 Apart from supporting file annotation, Git also supports searching the
 development history for when a code snippet occurred in a change. This makes it
 possible to track when a code snippet was added to a file, moved or copied
 between files, and eventually deleted or replaced. It works by searching for
 a text string in the diff. A small example of the pickaxe interface
 that searches for `blame_usage`:

 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 $ git log --pretty=oneline -S'blame_usage'
 5040f17eba15504bad66b14a645bddd9b015ebb7 blame -S <ancestry-file>
 ea4c7f9bf69e781dd0cd88d2bccb2bf5cc15c9a7 git-blame: Make the output
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

 OPTIONS
 -------
 include::blame-options.txt[]

 -c::
 	Use the same output mode as linkgit:git-annotate[1] (Default: off).

 --score-debug::
 	Include debugging information related to the movement of
 	lines between files (see `-C`) and lines moved within a
 	file (see `-M`).  The first number listed is the score.
 	This is the number of alphanumeric characters detected
 	as having been moved between or within files.  This must be above
 	a certain threshold for 'git blame' to consider those lines
 	of code to have been moved.

 -f::
 --show-name::
 	Show the filename in the original commit.  By default
 	the filename is shown if there is any line that came from a
 	file with a different name, due to rename detection.

 -n::
 --show-number::
 	Show the line number in the original commit (Default: off).

 -s::
 	Suppress the author name and timestamp from the output.

 -e::
 --show-email::
 	Show the author email instead of author name (Default: off).
 	This can also be controlled via the `blame.showEmail` config
 	option.

 -w::
 	Ignore whitespace when comparing the parent's version and
 	the child's to find where the lines came from.

 --abbrev=<n>::
 	Instead of using the default 7+1 hexadecimal digits as the
 	abbreviated object name, use <m>+1 digits, where <m> is at
 	least <n> but ensures the commit object names are unique.
 	Note that 1 column
 	is used for a caret to mark the boundary commit.


 THE DEFAULT FORMAT
 ------------------

 When neither `--porcelain` nor `--incremental` option is specified,
 `git blame` will output annotation for each line with:

 - abbreviated object name for the commit the line came from;
 - author ident (by default author name and date, unless `-s` or `-e`
   is specified); and
 - line number

 before the line contents.

 THE PORCELAIN FORMAT
 --------------------

 In this format, each line is output after a header; the
 header at the minimum has the first line which has:

 - 40-byte SHA-1 of the commit the line is attributed to;
 - the line number of the line in the original file;
 - the line number of the line in the final file;
 - on a line that starts a group of lines from a different
   commit than the previous one, the number of lines in this
   group.  On subsequent lines this field is absent.

 This header line is followed by the following information
 at least once for each commit:

 - the author name ("author"), email ("author-mail"), time
   ("author-time"), and time zone ("author-tz"); similarly
   for committer.
 - the filename in the commit that the line is attributed to.
 - the first line of the commit log message ("summary").

 The contents of the actual line is output after the above
 header, prefixed by a TAB. This is to allow adding more
 header elements later.

 The porcelain format generally suppresses commit information that has
 already been seen. For example, two lines that are blamed to the same
 commit will both be shown, but the details for that commit will be shown
 only once. This is more efficient, but may require more state be kept by
 the reader. The `--line-porcelain` option can be used to output full
 commit information for each line, allowing simpler (but less efficient)
 usage like:

 	# count the number of lines attributed to each author
 	git blame --line-porcelain file |
 	sed -n 's/^author //p' |
 	sort | uniq -c | sort -rn


 SPECIFYING RANGES
 -----------------

 Unlike 'git blame' and 'git annotate' in older versions of git, the extent
 of the annotation can be limited to both line ranges and revision
 ranges. The `-L` option, which limits annotation to a range of lines, may be
 specified multiple times.

 When you are interested in finding the origin for
 lines 40-60 for file `foo`, you can use the `-L` option like so
 (they mean the same thing -- both ask for 21 lines starting at
 line 40):

 	git blame -L 40,60 foo
 	git blame -L 40,+21 foo

 Also you can use a regular expression to specify the line range:

 	git blame -L '/^sub hello {/,/^}$/' foo

 which limits the annotation to the body of the `hello` subroutine.

 When you are not interested in changes older than version
 v2.6.18, or changes older than 3 weeks, you can use revision
 range specifiers  similar to 'git rev-list':

 	git blame v2.6.18.. -- foo
 	git blame --since=3.weeks -- foo

 When revision range specifiers are used to limit the annotation,
 lines that have not changed since the range boundary (either the
 commit v2.6.18 or the most recent commit that is more than 3
 weeks old in the above example) are blamed for that range
 boundary commit.

 A particularly useful way is to see if an added file has lines
 created by copy-and-paste from existing files.  Sometimes this
 indicates that the developer was being sloppy and did not
 refactor the code properly.  You can first find the commit that
 introduced the file with:

 	git log --diff-filter=A --pretty=short -- foo

 and then annotate the change between the commit and its
 parents, using `commit^!` notation:

 	git blame -C -C -f $commit^! -- foo


 INCREMENTAL OUTPUT
 ------------------

 When called with `--incremental` option, the command outputs the
 result as it is built.  The output generally will talk about
 lines touched by more recent commits first (i.e. the lines will
 be annotated out of order) and is meant to be used by
 interactive viewers.

 The output format is similar to the Porcelain format, but it
 does not contain the actual lines from the file that is being
 annotated.

 . Each blame entry always starts with a line of:

 	<40-byte hex sha1> <sourceline> <resultline> <num_lines>
 +
 Line numbers count from 1.

 . The first time that a commit shows up in the stream, it has various
   other information about it printed out with a one-word tag at the
   beginning of each line describing the extra commit information (author,
   email, committer, dates, summary, etc.).

 . Unlike the Porcelain format, the filename information is always
   given and terminates the entry:

 	"filename" <whitespace-quoted-filename-goes-here>
 +
 and thus it is really quite easy to parse for some line- and word-oriented
 parser (which should be quite natural for most scripting languages).
 +
 [NOTE]
 For people who do parsing: to make it more robust, just ignore any
 lines between the first and last one ("<sha1>" and "filename" lines)
 where you do not recognize the tag words (or care about that particular
 one) at the beginning of the "extended information" lines. That way, if
 there is ever added information (like the commit encoding or extended
 commit commentary), a blame viewer will not care.


 MAPPING AUTHORS
 ---------------

 See linkgit:gitmailmap[5].


 SEE ALSO
 --------
 linkgit:git-annotate[1]

 GIT
 ---
 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite
	git-blame(1)
	============

	NAME
	----
	git-blame - Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file

	SYNOPSIS
	--------
	[verse]
	'git blame' [-c] [-b] [-l] [--root] [-t] [-f] [-n] [-s] [-e] [-p] [-w] [--incremental]
	[-L <range>] [-S <revs-file>] [-M] [-C] [-C] [-C] [--since=<date>]
	[--ignore-rev <rev>] [--ignore-revs-file <file>]
	[--color-lines] [--color-by-age] [--progress] [--abbrev=<n>]
	[<rev> \| --contents <file> \| --reverse <rev>..<rev>] [--] <file>

	DESCRIPTION
	-----------

	Annotates each line in the given file with information from the revision which
	last modified the line. Optionally, start annotating from the given revision.

	When specified one or more times, `-L` restricts annotation to the requested
	lines.

	The origin of lines is automatically followed across whole-file
	renames (currently there is no option to turn the rename-following
	off). To follow lines moved from one file to another, or to follow
	lines that were copied and pasted from another file, etc., see the
	`-C` and `-M` options.

	The report does not tell you anything about lines which have been deleted or
	replaced; you need to use a tool such as 'git diff' or the "pickaxe"
	interface briefly mentioned in the following paragraph.

	Apart from supporting file annotation, Git also supports searching the
	development history for when a code snippet occurred in a change. This makes it
	possible to track when a code snippet was added to a file, moved or copied
	between files, and eventually deleted or replaced. It works by searching for
	a text string in the diff. A small example of the pickaxe interface
	that searches for `blame_usage`:

	-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
	$ git log --pretty=oneline -S'blame_usage'
	5040f17eba15504bad66b14a645bddd9b015ebb7 blame -S <ancestry-file>
	ea4c7f9bf69e781dd0cd88d2bccb2bf5cc15c9a7 git-blame: Make the output
	-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

	OPTIONS
	-------
	include::blame-options.txt[]

	-c::
	Use the same output mode as linkgit:git-annotate[1] (Default: off).

	--score-debug::
	Include debugging information related to the movement of
	lines between files (see `-C`) and lines moved within a
	file (see `-M`). The first number listed is the score.
	This is the number of alphanumeric characters detected
	as having been moved between or within files. This must be above
	a certain threshold for 'git blame' to consider those lines
	of code to have been moved.

	-f::
	--show-name::
	Show the filename in the original commit. By default
	the filename is shown if there is any line that came from a
	file with a different name, due to rename detection.

	-n::
	--show-number::
	Show the line number in the original commit (Default: off).

	-s::
	Suppress the author name and timestamp from the output.

	-e::
	--show-email::
	Show the author email instead of author name (Default: off).
	This can also be controlled via the `blame.showEmail` config
	option.

	-w::
	Ignore whitespace when comparing the parent's version and
	the child's to find where the lines came from.

	--abbrev=<n>::
	Instead of using the default 7+1 hexadecimal digits as the
	abbreviated object name, use <m>+1 digits, where <m> is at
	least <n> but ensures the commit object names are unique.
	Note that 1 column
	is used for a caret to mark the boundary commit.


	THE DEFAULT FORMAT
	------------------

	When neither `--porcelain` nor `--incremental` option is specified,
	`git blame` will output annotation for each line with:

	- abbreviated object name for the commit the line came from;
	- author ident (by default author name and date, unless `-s` or `-e`
	is specified); and
	- line number

	before the line contents.

	THE PORCELAIN FORMAT
	--------------------

	In this format, each line is output after a header; the
	header at the minimum has the first line which has:

	- 40-byte SHA-1 of the commit the line is attributed to;
	- the line number of the line in the original file;
	- the line number of the line in the final file;
	- on a line that starts a group of lines from a different
	commit than the previous one, the number of lines in this
	group. On subsequent lines this field is absent.

	This header line is followed by the following information
	at least once for each commit:

	- the author name ("author"), email ("author-mail"), time
	("author-time"), and time zone ("author-tz"); similarly
	for committer.
	- the filename in the commit that the line is attributed to.
	- the first line of the commit log message ("summary").

	The contents of the actual line is output after the above
	header, prefixed by a TAB. This is to allow adding more
	header elements later.

	The porcelain format generally suppresses commit information that has
	already been seen. For example, two lines that are blamed to the same
	commit will both be shown, but the details for that commit will be shown
	only once. This is more efficient, but may require more state be kept by
	the reader. The `--line-porcelain` option can be used to output full
	commit information for each line, allowing simpler (but less efficient)
	usage like:

	# count the number of lines attributed to each author
	git blame --line-porcelain file \|
	sed -n 's/^author //p' \|
	sort \| uniq -c \| sort -rn


	SPECIFYING RANGES
	-----------------

	Unlike 'git blame' and 'git annotate' in older versions of git, the extent
	of the annotation can be limited to both line ranges and revision
	ranges. The `-L` option, which limits annotation to a range of lines, may be
	specified multiple times.

	When you are interested in finding the origin for
	lines 40-60 for file `foo`, you can use the `-L` option like so
	(they mean the same thing -- both ask for 21 lines starting at
	line 40):

	git blame -L 40,60 foo
	git blame -L 40,+21 foo

	Also you can use a regular expression to specify the line range:

	git blame -L '/^sub hello {/,/^}$/' foo

	which limits the annotation to the body of the `hello` subroutine.

	When you are not interested in changes older than version
	v2.6.18, or changes older than 3 weeks, you can use revision
	range specifiers similar to 'git rev-list':

	git blame v2.6.18.. -- foo
	git blame --since=3.weeks -- foo

	When revision range specifiers are used to limit the annotation,
	lines that have not changed since the range boundary (either the
	commit v2.6.18 or the most recent commit that is more than 3
	weeks old in the above example) are blamed for that range
	boundary commit.

	A particularly useful way is to see if an added file has lines
	created by copy-and-paste from existing files. Sometimes this
	indicates that the developer was being sloppy and did not
	refactor the code properly. You can first find the commit that
	introduced the file with:

	git log --diff-filter=A --pretty=short -- foo

	and then annotate the change between the commit and its
	parents, using `commit^!` notation:

	git blame -C -C -f $commit^! -- foo


	INCREMENTAL OUTPUT
	------------------

	When called with `--incremental` option, the command outputs the
	result as it is built. The output generally will talk about
	lines touched by more recent commits first (i.e. the lines will
	be annotated out of order) and is meant to be used by
	interactive viewers.

	The output format is similar to the Porcelain format, but it
	does not contain the actual lines from the file that is being
	annotated.

	. Each blame entry always starts with a line of:

	<40-byte hex sha1> <sourceline> <resultline> <num_lines>
	+
	Line numbers count from 1.

	. The first time that a commit shows up in the stream, it has various
	other information about it printed out with a one-word tag at the
	beginning of each line describing the extra commit information (author,
	email, committer, dates, summary, etc.).

	. Unlike the Porcelain format, the filename information is always
	given and terminates the entry:

	"filename" <whitespace-quoted-filename-goes-here>
	+
	and thus it is really quite easy to parse for some line- and word-oriented
	parser (which should be quite natural for most scripting languages).
	+
	[NOTE]
	For people who do parsing: to make it more robust, just ignore any
	lines between the first and last one ("<sha1>" and "filename" lines)
	where you do not recognize the tag words (or care about that particular
	one) at the beginning of the "extended information" lines. That way, if
	there is ever added information (like the commit encoding or extended
	commit commentary), a blame viewer will not care.


	MAPPING AUTHORS
	---------------

	See linkgit:gitmailmap[5].


	SEE ALSO
	--------
	linkgit:git-annotate[1]

	GIT
	---
	Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite