Merge branch 'cw/log-updates-for-all-refs-really'

The "core.logAllRefUpdates" that used to be boolean has been
enhanced to take 'always' as well, to record ref updates to refs
other than the ones that are expected to be updated (i.e. branches,
remote-tracking branches and notes).

* cw/log-updates-for-all-refs-really:
  doc: add note about ignoring '--no-create-reflog'
  update-ref: add test cases for bare repository
  refs: add option core.logAllRefUpdates = always
  config: add markup to core.logAllRefUpdates doc
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 6722f78..b1020b8 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -118,7 +118,6 @@
 /git-rebase--merge
 /git-receive-pack
 /git-reflog
-/git-relink
 /git-remote
 /git-remote-http
 /git-remote-https
diff --git a/.mailmap b/.mailmap
index 9c87a38..ab59b2f 100644
--- a/.mailmap
+++ b/.mailmap
@@ -225,6 +225,7 @@
 Steven Walter <stevenrwalter@gmail.com> <swalter@lpdev.prtdev.lexmark.com>
 Sven Verdoolaege <skimo@kotnet.org> <Sven.Verdoolaege@cs.kuleuven.ac.be>
 Sven Verdoolaege <skimo@kotnet.org> <skimo@liacs.nl>
+SZEDER Gábor <szeder.dev@gmail.com> <szeder@ira.uka.de>
 Tay Ray Chuan <rctay89@gmail.com>
 Ted Percival <ted@midg3t.net> <ted.percival@quest.com>
 Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 3843967..9c63c8c 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -75,20 +75,12 @@
       popd
       ;;
     osx)
-      brew_force_set_latest_binary_hash () {
-        FORMULA=$1
-        SHA=$(brew fetch --force $FORMULA 2>&1 | grep ^SHA256: | cut -d ' ' -f 2)
-        sed -E -i.bak "s/sha256 \"[0-9a-f]{64}\"/sha256 \"$SHA\"/g" \
-          "$(brew --repository homebrew/homebrew-binary)/$FORMULA.rb"
-      }
       brew update --quiet
-      brew tap homebrew/binary --quiet
-      brew_force_set_latest_binary_hash perforce
-      brew_force_set_latest_binary_hash perforce-server
       # Uncomment this if you want to run perf tests:
       # brew install gnu-time
-      brew install git-lfs perforce-server perforce gettext
+      brew install git-lfs gettext
       brew link --force gettext
+      brew install caskroom/cask/perforce
       ;;
     esac;
     echo "$(tput setaf 6)Perforce Server Version$(tput sgr0)";
diff --git a/Documentation/CodingGuidelines b/Documentation/CodingGuidelines
index 4cd95da..a4191aa 100644
--- a/Documentation/CodingGuidelines
+++ b/Documentation/CodingGuidelines
@@ -206,11 +206,38 @@
 		x = 1;
 	}
 
-   is frowned upon.  A gray area is when the statement extends
-   over a few lines, and/or you have a lengthy comment atop of
-   it.  Also, like in the Linux kernel, if there is a long list
-   of "else if" statements, it can make sense to add braces to
-   single line blocks.
+   is frowned upon. But there are a few exceptions:
+
+	- When the statement extends over a few lines (e.g., a while loop
+	  with an embedded conditional, or a comment). E.g.:
+
+		while (foo) {
+			if (x)
+				one();
+			else
+				two();
+		}
+
+		if (foo) {
+			/*
+			 * This one requires some explanation,
+			 * so we're better off with braces to make
+			 * it obvious that the indentation is correct.
+			 */
+			doit();
+		}
+
+	- When there are multiple arms to a conditional and some of them
+	  require braces, enclose even a single line block in braces for
+	  consistency. E.g.:
+
+		if (foo) {
+			doit();
+		} else {
+			one();
+			two();
+			three();
+		}
 
  - We try to avoid assignments in the condition of an "if" statement.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/Makefile b/Documentation/Makefile
index a9fb497..b5be2e2 100644
--- a/Documentation/Makefile
+++ b/Documentation/Makefile
@@ -120,6 +120,7 @@
 DOCBOOK2X_TEXI = docbook2x-texi
 DBLATEX = dblatex
 ASCIIDOC_DBLATEX_DIR = /etc/asciidoc/dblatex
+DBLATEX_COMMON = -p $(ASCIIDOC_DBLATEX_DIR)/asciidoc-dblatex.xsl -s $(ASCIIDOC_DBLATEX_DIR)/asciidoc-dblatex.sty
 ifndef PERL_PATH
 	PERL_PATH = /usr/bin/perl
 endif
@@ -173,6 +174,16 @@
 XMLTO_EXTRA += -m manpage-quote-apos.xsl
 endif
 
+ifdef USE_ASCIIDOCTOR
+ASCIIDOC = asciidoctor
+ASCIIDOC_CONF =
+ASCIIDOC_HTML = xhtml5
+ASCIIDOC_DOCBOOK = docbook45
+ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -I. -rasciidoctor-extensions
+ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -alitdd='&\#x2d;&\#x2d;'
+DBLATEX_COMMON =
+endif
+
 SHELL_PATH ?= $(SHELL)
 # Shell quote;
 SHELL_PATH_SQ = $(subst ','\'',$(SHELL_PATH))
@@ -368,13 +379,14 @@
 
 user-manual.pdf: user-manual.xml
 	$(QUIET_DBLATEX)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \
-	$(DBLATEX) -o $@+ -p $(ASCIIDOC_DBLATEX_DIR)/asciidoc-dblatex.xsl -s $(ASCIIDOC_DBLATEX_DIR)/asciidoc-dblatex.sty $< && \
+	$(DBLATEX) -o $@+ $(DBLATEX_COMMON) $< && \
 	mv $@+ $@
 
-gitman.texi: $(MAN_XML) cat-texi.perl
+gitman.texi: $(MAN_XML) cat-texi.perl texi.xsl
 	$(QUIET_DB2TEXI)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \
-	($(foreach xml,$(MAN_XML),$(DOCBOOK2X_TEXI) --encoding=UTF-8 \
-		--to-stdout $(xml) &&) true) > $@++ && \
+	($(foreach xml,$(sort $(MAN_XML)),xsltproc -o $(xml)+ texi.xsl $(xml) && \
+		$(DOCBOOK2X_TEXI) --encoding=UTF-8 --to-stdout $(xml)+ && \
+		rm $(xml)+ &&) true) > $@++ && \
 	$(PERL_PATH) cat-texi.perl $@ <$@++ >$@+ && \
 	rm $@++ && \
 	mv $@+ $@
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.11.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.11.1.txt
index 74b193f..9cd14c8 100644
--- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.11.1.txt
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.11.1.txt
@@ -116,5 +116,53 @@
    will never come.  Teach the client side to notice this condition
    and abort the transfer.
 
+ * Some platforms no longer understand "latin-1" that is still seen in
+   the wild in e-mail headers; replace them with "iso-8859-1" that is
+   more widely known when conversion fails from/to it.
+
+ * Update the procedure to generate "tags" for developer support.
+
+ * Update the definition of the MacOSX test environment used by
+   TravisCI.
+
+ * A few git-svn updates.
+
+ * Compression setting for producing packfiles were spread across
+   three codepaths, one of which did not honor any configuration.
+   Unify these so that all of them honor core.compression and
+   pack.compression variables the same way.
+
+ * "git fast-import" sometimes mishandled while rebalancing notes
+   tree, which has been fixed.
+
+ * Recent update to the default abbreviation length that auto-scales
+   lacked documentation update, which has been corrected.
+
+ * Leakage of lockfiles in the config subsystem has been fixed.
+
+ * It is natural that "git gc --auto" may not attempt to pack
+   everything into a single pack, and there is no point in warning
+   when the user has configured the system to use the pack bitmap,
+   leading to disabling further "gc".
+
+ * "git archive" did not read the standard configuration files, and
+   failed to notice a file that is marked as binary via the userdiff
+   driver configuration.
+
+ * "git blame --porcelain" misidentified the "previous" <commit, path>
+   pair (aka "source") when contents came from two or more files.
+
+ * "git rebase -i" with a recent update started showing an incorrect
+   count when squashing more than 10 commits.
+
+ * "git <cmd> @{push}" on a detached HEAD used to segfault; it has
+   been corrected to error out with a message.
+
+ * Tighten a test to avoid mistaking an extended ERE regexp engine as
+   a PRE regexp engine.
+
+ * Typing ^C to pager, which usually does not kill it, killed Git and
+   took the pager down as a collateral damage in certain process-tree
+   structure.  This has been fixed.
 
 Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups.
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.12.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.12.0.txt
index 17409fa..9c3f94a 100644
--- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.12.0.txt
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.12.0.txt
@@ -11,8 +11,10 @@
    is not scheduled to happen in the upcoming release (yet).
 
  * The historical argument order "git merge <msg> HEAD <commit>..."
-   has been deprecated for quite some time, and will be removed in the
-   upcoming release.
+   has been deprecated for quite some time, and will be removed in a
+   future release.
+
+ * An ancient script "git relink" has been removed.
 
 
 Updates since v2.11
@@ -64,7 +66,6 @@
  * Some platforms no longer understand "latin-1" that is still seen in
    the wild in e-mail headers; replace them with "iso-8859-1" that is
    more widely known when conversion fails from/to it.
-   (merge df3755888b jc/latin-1 later to maint).
 
  * "git grep" has been taught to optionally recurse into submodules.
 
@@ -85,6 +86,30 @@
    same release were present (e.g. when 2.0, 2.0-beta1, and 2.0-beta2
    are there and the code needs to compare 2.0-beta1 and 2.0-beta2).
 
+ * "git submodule push" learned "--recurse-submodules=only option to
+   push submodules out without pushing the top-level superproject.
+
+ * "git tag" and "git verify-tag" learned to put GPG verification
+   status in their "--format=<placeholders>" output format.
+
+ * An ancient repository conversion tool left in contrib/ has been
+   removed.
+
+ * "git show-ref HEAD" used with "--verify" because the user is not
+   interested in seeing refs/remotes/origin/HEAD, and used with
+   "--head" because the user does not want HEAD to be filtered out,
+   i.e. "git show-ref --head --verify HEAD", did not work as expected.
+
+ * "git submodule add" used to be confused and refused to add a
+   locally created repository; users can now use "--force" option
+   to add them.
+   (merge 619acfc78c sb/submodule-add-force later to maint).
+
+ * Some people feel the default set of colors used by "git log --graph"
+   rather limiting.  A mechanism to customize the set of colors has
+   been introduced.
+   (merge 512aba261a nd/log-graph-configurable-colors later to maint).
+
 
 Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc.
 
@@ -101,7 +126,6 @@
  * The character width table has been updated to match Unicode 9.0
 
  * Update the procedure to generate "tags" for developer support.
-   (merge 046e4c1c09 jk/make-tags-find-sources-tweak later to maint).
 
  * The codeflow of setting NOATIME and CLOEXEC on file descriptors Git
    opens has been simplified.
@@ -131,6 +155,15 @@
  * Adjust documentation to help AsciiDoctor render better while not
    breaking the rendering done by AsciiDoc.
 
+ * The sequencer machinery has been further enhanced so that a later
+   set of patches can start using it to reimplement "rebase -i".
+
+ * Update the definition of the MacOSX test environment used by
+   TravisCI.
+
+ * Rewrite a scripted porcelain "git difftool" in C.
+   (merge 94d3997ecc js/difftool-builtin later to maint).
+
 
 Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups.
 
@@ -148,7 +181,6 @@
 
  * "git svn" did not work well with path components that are "0", and
    some configuration variable it uses were not documented.
-   (merge ea9a93dcc2 ew/svn-fixes later to maint).
 
  * "git rev-parse --symbolic" failed with a more recent notation like
    "HEAD^-1" and "HEAD^!".
@@ -271,41 +303,32 @@
    three codepaths, one of which did not honor any configuration.
    Unify these so that all of them honor core.compression and
    pack.compression variables the same way.
-   (merge 8de7eeb54b jc/compression-config later to maint).
 
  * "git fast-import" sometimes mishandled while rebalancing notes
    tree, which has been fixed.
-   (merge 405d7f4af6 mh/fast-import-notes-fix-new later to maint).
 
  * Recent update to the default abbreviation length that auto-scales
    lacked documentation update, which has been corrected.
-   (merge 48d5014dd4 jc/abbrev-autoscale-config later to maint).
 
  * Leakage of lockfiles in the config subsystem has been fixed.
-   (merge c06fa62dfc nd/config-misc-fixes later to maint).
 
  * It is natural that "git gc --auto" may not attempt to pack
    everything into a single pack, and there is no point in warning
    when the user has configured the system to use the pack bitmap,
    leading to disabling further "gc".
-   (merge 1c409a705c dt/disable-bitmap-in-auto-gc later to maint).
 
  * "git archive" did not read the standard configuration files, and
    failed to notice a file that is marked as binary via the userdiff
    driver configuration.
-   (merge 965cba2e7e jk/archive-zip-userdiff-config later to maint).
 
  * "git blame --porcelain" misidentified the "previous" <commit, path>
    pair (aka "source") when contents came from two or more files.
-   (merge 4e76832984 jk/blame-fixes later to maint).
 
  * "git rebase -i" with a recent update started showing an incorrect
    count when squashing more than 10 commits.
-   (merge 356b8ecff1 jk/rebase-i-squash-count-fix later to maint).
 
  * "git <cmd> @{push}" on a detached HEAD used to segfault; it has
    been corrected to error out with a message.
-   (merge b10731f43d km/branch-get-push-while-detached later to maint).
 
  * Running "git add a/b" when "a" is a submodule correctly errored
    out, but without a meaningful error message.
@@ -314,7 +337,6 @@
  * Typing ^C to pager, which usually does not kill it, killed Git and
    took the pager down as a collateral damage in certain process-tree
    structure.  This has been fixed.
-   (merge 46df6906f3 jk/execv-dashed-external later to maint).
 
  * "git mergetool" without any pathspec on the command line that is
    run from a subdirectory became no-op in Git v2.11 by mistake, which
@@ -325,11 +347,77 @@
 
  * Tighten a test to avoid mistaking an extended ERE regexp engine as
    a PRE regexp engine.
-   (merge 7675c7bd01 jk/grep-e-could-be-extended-beyond-posix later to maint).
+
+ * An error message with an ASCII control character like '\r' in it
+   can alter the message to hide its early part, which is problematic
+   when a remote side gives such an error message that the local side
+   will relay with a "remote: " prefix.
+   (merge f290089879 jk/vreport-sanitize later to maint).
+
+ * "git fsck" inspects loose objects more carefully now.
+   (merge cce044df7f jk/loose-object-fsck later to maint).
+
+ * A crashing bug introduced in v2.11 timeframe has been found (it is
+   triggerable only in fast-import) and fixed.
+   (merge abd5a00268 jk/clear-delta-base-cache-fix later to maint).
+
+ * With an anticipatory tweak for remotes defined in ~/.gitconfig
+   (e.g. "remote.origin.prune" set to true, even though there may or
+   may not actually be "origin" remote defined in a particular Git
+   repository), "git remote rename" and other commands misinterpreted
+   and behaved as if such a non-existing remote actually existed.
+   (merge e459b073fb js/remote-rename-with-half-configured-remote later to maint).
+
+ * A few codepaths had to rely on a global variable when sorting
+   elements of an array because sort(3) API does not allow extra data
+   to be passed to the comparison function.  Use qsort_s() when
+   natively available, and a fallback implementation of it when not,
+   to eliminate the need, which is a prerequisite for making the
+   codepath reentrant.
+   (merge 83fc4d64fe rs/qsort-s later to maint).
+
+ * "git fsck --connectivity-check" was not working at all.
+   (merge a2b22854bd jk/fsck-connectivity-check-fix later to maint).
+
+ * After starting "git rebase -i", which first opens the user's editor
+   to edit the series of patches to apply, but before saving the
+   contents of that file, "git status" failed to show the current
+   state (i.e. you are in an interactive rebase session, but you have
+   applied no steps yet) correctly.
+   (merge df9ded4984 js/status-pre-rebase-i later to maint).
+
+ * Test tweak for FreeBSD where /usr/bin/unzip is unsuitable to run
+   our tests but /usr/local/bin/unzip is usable.
+   (merge d98b2c5fce js/unzip-in-usr-bin-workaround later to maint).
+
+ * "git p4" did not work well with multiple git-p4.mapUser entries on
+   Windows.
+   (merge c3c2b05776 gv/mingw-p4-mapuser later to maint).
+
+ * "git help" enumerates executable files in $PATH; the implementation
+   of "is this file executable?" on Windows has been optimized.
+   (merge c755015f79 hv/mingw-help-is-executable later to maint).
+
+ * Test tweaks for those who have default ACL in their git source tree
+   that interfere with the umask test.
+   (merge d549d21307 mm/reset-facl-before-umask-test later to maint).
+
+ * Names of the various hook scripts must be spelled exactly, but on
+   Windows, an .exe binary must be named with .exe suffix; notice
+   $GIT_DIR/hooks/<hookname>.exe as a valid <hookname> hook.
+   (merge 235be51fbe js/mingw-hooks-with-exe-suffix later to maint).
+
+ * Asciidoctor, an alternative reimplementation of AsciiDoc, still
+   needs some changes to work with documents meant to be formatted
+   with AsciiDoc.  "make USE_ASCIIDOCTOR=YesPlease" to use it out of
+   the box to document our pages is getting closer to reality.
+   (merge 55d2d812e4 bc/use-asciidoctor-opt later to maint).
 
  * Other minor doc, test and build updates and code cleanups.
    (merge f2627d9b19 sb/submodule-config-cleanup later to maint).
    (merge 384f1a167b sb/unpack-trees-cleanup later to maint).
-   (merge 3f05402ac0 ad/bisect-terms later to maint).
    (merge 874444b704 rh/diff-orderfile-doc later to maint).
-   (merge c68d2d7c2b ws/request-pull-code-cleanup later to maint).
+   (merge eafd5d9483 cw/doc-sign-off later to maint).
+   (merge 0aaad415bc rs/absolute-pathdup later to maint).
+   (merge 4432dd6b5b rs/receive-pack-cleanup later to maint).
+   (merge 540a398e9c sg/mailmap-self later to maint).
diff --git a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches
index 08352de..3faf7eb 100644
--- a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches
+++ b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches
@@ -216,12 +216,11 @@
 Exception:  If your mailer is mangling patches then someone may ask
 you to re-send them using MIME, that is OK.
 
-Do not PGP sign your patch, at least for now.  Most likely, your
-maintainer or other people on the list would not have your PGP
-key and would not bother obtaining it anyway.  Your patch is not
-judged by who you are; a good patch from an unknown origin has a
-far better chance of being accepted than a patch from a known,
-respected origin that is done poorly or does incorrect things.
+Do not PGP sign your patch. Most likely, your maintainer or other people on the
+list would not have your PGP key and would not bother obtaining it anyway.
+Your patch is not judged by who you are; a good patch from an unknown origin
+has a far better chance of being accepted than a patch from a known, respected
+origin that is done poorly or does incorrect things.
 
 If you really really really really want to do a PGP signed
 patch, format it as "multipart/signed", not a text/plain message
@@ -246,7 +245,7 @@
      *2* The mailing list: git@vger.kernel.org
 
 
-(5) Sign your work
+(5) Certify your work by adding your "Signed-off-by: " line
 
 To improve tracking of who did what, we've borrowed the
 "sign-off" procedure from the Linux kernel project on patches
diff --git a/Documentation/asciidoctor-extensions.rb b/Documentation/asciidoctor-extensions.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec83b49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/asciidoctor-extensions.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+require 'asciidoctor'
+require 'asciidoctor/extensions'
+
+module Git
+  module Documentation
+    class LinkGitProcessor < Asciidoctor::Extensions::InlineMacroProcessor
+      use_dsl
+
+      named :chrome
+
+      def process(parent, target, attrs)
+        if parent.document.basebackend? 'html'
+          prefix = parent.document.attr('git-relative-html-prefix')
+          %(<a href="#{prefix}#{target}.html">#{target}(#{attrs[1]})</a>\n)
+        elsif parent.document.basebackend? 'docbook'
+          "<citerefentry>\n" \
+            "<refentrytitle>#{target}</refentrytitle>" \
+            "<manvolnum>#{attrs[1]}</manvolnum>\n" \
+          "</citerefentry>\n"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+Asciidoctor::Extensions.register do
+  inline_macro Git::Documentation::LinkGitProcessor, :linkgit
+end
diff --git a/Documentation/cat-texi.perl b/Documentation/cat-texi.perl
index 87437f8..14d2f83 100755
--- a/Documentation/cat-texi.perl
+++ b/Documentation/cat-texi.perl
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 #!/usr/bin/perl -w
 
+use strict;
+use warnings;
+
 my @menu = ();
 my $output = $ARGV[0];
 
-open TMP, '>', "$output.tmp";
+open my $tmp, '>', "$output.tmp";
 
 while (<STDIN>) {
 	next if (/^\\input texinfo/../\@node Top/);
@@ -11,13 +14,13 @@
 	if (s/^\@top (.*)/\@node $1,,,Top/) {
 		push @menu, $1;
 	}
-	s/\(\@pxref{\[(URLS|REMOTES)\]}\)//;
+	s/\(\@pxref\{\[(URLS|REMOTES)\]}\)//;
 	s/\@anchor\{[^{}]*\}//g;
-	print TMP;
+	print $tmp $_;
 }
-close TMP;
+close $tmp;
 
-printf '\input texinfo
+print '\input texinfo
 @setfilename gitman.info
 @documentencoding UTF-8
 @dircategory Development
@@ -28,16 +31,16 @@
 @top Git Manual Pages
 @documentlanguage en
 @menu
-', $menu[0];
+';
 
 for (@menu) {
 	print "* ${_}::\n";
 }
 print "\@end menu\n";
-open TMP, '<', "$output.tmp";
-while (<TMP>) {
+open $tmp, '<', "$output.tmp";
+while (<$tmp>) {
 	print;
 }
-close TMP;
+close $tmp;
 print "\@bye\n";
 unlink "$output.tmp";
diff --git a/Documentation/config.txt b/Documentation/config.txt
index d1fab67..fc5a28a 100644
--- a/Documentation/config.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config.txt
@@ -170,6 +170,9 @@
 be turned off by prefixing them with `no` or `no-` (e.g., `noreverse`,
 `no-ul`, etc).
 +
+An empty color string produces no color effect at all. This can be used
+to avoid coloring specific elements without disabling color entirely.
++
 For git's pre-defined color slots, the attributes are meant to be reset
 at the beginning of each item in the colored output. So setting
 `color.decorate.branch` to `black` will paint that branch name in a
@@ -2038,6 +2041,10 @@
 	i.e. it cannot be used to follow multiple files and does not work well
 	on non-linear history.
 
+log.graphColors::
+	A list of colors, separated by commas, that can be used to draw
+	history lines in `git log --graph`.
+
 log.showRoot::
 	If true, the initial commit will be shown as a big creation event.
 	This is equivalent to a diff against an empty tree.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-relink.txt b/Documentation/git-relink.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 3b33c99..0000000
--- a/Documentation/git-relink.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-git-relink(1)
-=============
-
-NAME
-----
-git-relink - Hardlink common objects in local repositories
-
-SYNOPSIS
---------
-[verse]
-'git relink' [--safe] <dir>... <master_dir>
-
-DESCRIPTION
------------
-This will scan 1 or more object repositories and look for objects in common
-with a master repository. Objects not already hardlinked to the master
-repository will be replaced with a hardlink to the master repository.
-
-OPTIONS
--------
---safe::
-	Stops if two objects with the same hash exist but have different sizes.
-	Default is to warn and continue.
-
-<dir>::
-	Directories containing a .git/objects/ subdirectory.
-
-GIT
----
-Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite
diff --git a/Documentation/git-tag.txt b/Documentation/git-tag.txt
index 1d2e9a0..525737a 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-tag.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-tag.txt
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 'git tag' [-n[<num>]] -l [--contains <commit>] [--points-at <object>]
 	[--column[=<options>] | --no-column] [--create-reflog] [--sort=<key>]
 	[--format=<format>] [--[no-]merged [<commit>]] [<pattern>...]
-'git tag' -v <tagname>...
+'git tag' -v [--format=<format>] <tagname>...
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-verify-tag.txt b/Documentation/git-verify-tag.txt
index d590edc..0b8075d 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-verify-tag.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-verify-tag.txt
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git verify-tag' <tag>...
+'git verify-tag' [--format=<format>] <tag>...
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-hashmap.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-hashmap.txt
index 28f5a8b..a3f020c 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/api-hashmap.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/api-hashmap.txt
@@ -188,7 +188,9 @@
 `void *hashmap_iter_next(struct hashmap_iter *iter)`::
 `void *hashmap_iter_first(struct hashmap *map, struct hashmap_iter *iter)`::
 
-	Used to iterate over all entries of a hashmap.
+	Used to iterate over all entries of a hashmap. Note that it is
+	not safe to add or remove entries to the hashmap while
+	iterating.
 +
 `hashmap_iter_init` initializes a `hashmap_iter` structure.
 +
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-in-core-index.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-in-core-index.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index adbdbf5..0000000
--- a/Documentation/technical/api-in-core-index.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-in-core index API
-=================
-
-Talk about <read-cache.c> and <cache-tree.c>, things like:
-
-* cache -> the_index macros
-* read_index()
-* write_index()
-* ie_match_stat() and ie_modified(); how they are different and when to
-  use which.
-* index_name_pos()
-* remove_index_entry_at()
-* remove_file_from_index()
-* add_file_to_index()
-* add_index_entry()
-* refresh_index()
-* discard_index()
-* cache_tree_invalidate_path()
-* cache_tree_update()
-
-(JC, Linus)
diff --git a/Documentation/texi.xsl b/Documentation/texi.xsl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0f8ff07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/texi.xsl
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+<!-- texi.xsl:
+     convert refsection elements into refsect elements that docbook2texi can
+     understand -->
+<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"
+		version="1.0">
+
+<xsl:output method="xml"
+	    encoding="UTF-8"
+	    doctype-public="-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
+	    doctype-system="http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" />
+
+<xsl:template match="//refsection">
+	<xsl:variable name="element">refsect<xsl:value-of select="count(ancestor-or-self::refsection)" /></xsl:variable>
+	<xsl:element name="{$element}">
+		<xsl:apply-templates select="@*|node()" />
+	</xsl:element>
+</xsl:template>
+
+<!-- Copy all other nodes through. -->
+<xsl:template match="node()|@*">
+	<xsl:copy>
+		<xsl:apply-templates select="@*|node()" />
+	</xsl:copy>
+</xsl:template>
+
+</xsl:stylesheet>
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 27afd0f..8e4081e 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -250,6 +250,12 @@
 # apostrophes to be ASCII so that cut&pasting examples to the shell
 # will work.
 #
+# Define USE_ASCIIDOCTOR to use Asciidoctor instead of AsciiDoc to build the
+# documentation.
+#
+# Define ASCIIDOCTOR_EXTENSIONS_LAB to point to the location of the Asciidoctor
+# Extensions Lab if you have it available.
+#
 # Define PERL_PATH to the path of your Perl binary (usually /usr/bin/perl).
 #
 # Define NO_PERL_MAKEMAKER if you cannot use Makefiles generated by perl's
@@ -279,6 +285,9 @@
 # is a simplified version of the merge sort used in glibc. This is
 # recommended if Git triggers O(n^2) behavior in your platform's qsort().
 #
+# Define HAVE_ISO_QSORT_S if your platform provides a qsort_s() that's
+# compatible with the one described in C11 Annex K.
+#
 # Define UNRELIABLE_FSTAT if your system's fstat does not return the same
 # information on a not yet closed file that lstat would return for the same
 # file after it was closed.
@@ -522,12 +531,10 @@
 SCRIPT_LIB += git-sh-i18n
 
 SCRIPT_PERL += git-add--interactive.perl
-SCRIPT_PERL += git-difftool.perl
 SCRIPT_PERL += git-archimport.perl
 SCRIPT_PERL += git-cvsexportcommit.perl
 SCRIPT_PERL += git-cvsimport.perl
 SCRIPT_PERL += git-cvsserver.perl
-SCRIPT_PERL += git-relink.perl
 SCRIPT_PERL += git-send-email.perl
 SCRIPT_PERL += git-svn.perl
 
@@ -883,6 +890,7 @@
 BUILTIN_OBJS += builtin/diff-index.o
 BUILTIN_OBJS += builtin/diff-tree.o
 BUILTIN_OBJS += builtin/diff.o
+BUILTIN_OBJS += builtin/difftool.o
 BUILTIN_OBJS += builtin/fast-export.o
 BUILTIN_OBJS += builtin/fetch-pack.o
 BUILTIN_OBJS += builtin/fetch.o
@@ -1418,6 +1426,11 @@
 	COMPAT_CFLAGS += -DINTERNAL_QSORT
 	COMPAT_OBJS += compat/qsort.o
 endif
+ifdef HAVE_ISO_QSORT_S
+	COMPAT_CFLAGS += -DHAVE_ISO_QSORT_S
+else
+	COMPAT_OBJS += compat/qsort_s.o
+endif
 ifdef RUNTIME_PREFIX
 	COMPAT_CFLAGS += -DRUNTIME_PREFIX
 endif
diff --git a/abspath.c b/abspath.c
index fce40fd..2f0c26e 100644
--- a/abspath.c
+++ b/abspath.c
@@ -239,6 +239,13 @@
 	return sb.buf;
 }
 
+char *absolute_pathdup(const char *path)
+{
+	struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
+	strbuf_add_absolute_path(&sb, path);
+	return strbuf_detach(&sb, NULL);
+}
+
 /*
  * Unlike prefix_path, this should be used if the named file does
  * not have to interact with index entry; i.e. name of a random file
diff --git a/builtin.h b/builtin.h
index b9122bc..67f8051 100644
--- a/builtin.h
+++ b/builtin.h
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@
 extern int cmd_diff_index(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix);
 extern int cmd_diff(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix);
 extern int cmd_diff_tree(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix);
+extern int cmd_difftool(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix);
 extern int cmd_fast_export(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix);
 extern int cmd_fetch(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix);
 extern int cmd_fetch_pack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix);
diff --git a/builtin/blame.c b/builtin/blame.c
index 126b8c9..cffc626 100644
--- a/builtin/blame.c
+++ b/builtin/blame.c
@@ -1901,7 +1901,7 @@
 	struct origin *suspect = ent->suspect;
 	char hex[GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ + 1];
 
-	sha1_to_hex_r(hex, suspect->commit->object.oid.hash);
+	oid_to_hex_r(hex, &suspect->commit->object.oid);
 	printf("%s %d %d %d\n",
 	       hex,
 	       ent->s_lno + 1,
@@ -1941,7 +1941,7 @@
 	int show_raw_time = !!(opt & OUTPUT_RAW_TIMESTAMP);
 
 	get_commit_info(suspect->commit, &ci, 1);
-	sha1_to_hex_r(hex, suspect->commit->object.oid.hash);
+	oid_to_hex_r(hex, &suspect->commit->object.oid);
 
 	cp = nth_line(sb, ent->lno);
 	for (cnt = 0; cnt < ent->num_lines; cnt++) {
diff --git a/builtin/checkout.c b/builtin/checkout.c
index 569912c..f174f50 100644
--- a/builtin/checkout.c
+++ b/builtin/checkout.c
@@ -56,8 +56,8 @@
 			      int changed)
 {
 	return run_hook_le(NULL, "post-checkout",
-			   sha1_to_hex(old ? old->object.oid.hash : null_sha1),
-			   sha1_to_hex(new ? new->object.oid.hash : null_sha1),
+			   oid_to_hex(old ? &old->object.oid : &null_oid),
+			   oid_to_hex(new ? &new->object.oid : &null_oid),
 			   changed ? "1" : "0", NULL);
 	/* "new" can be NULL when checking out from the index before
 	   a commit exists. */
diff --git a/builtin/clone.c b/builtin/clone.c
index 5ef8192..3f63edb 100644
--- a/builtin/clone.c
+++ b/builtin/clone.c
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@
 
 	strbuf_addstr(&path, repo);
 	raw = get_repo_path_1(&path, is_bundle);
-	canon = raw ? xstrdup(absolute_path(raw)) : NULL;
+	canon = raw ? absolute_pathdup(raw) : NULL;
 	strbuf_release(&path);
 	return canon;
 }
@@ -894,7 +894,7 @@
 
 	path = get_repo_path(repo_name, &is_bundle);
 	if (path)
-		repo = xstrdup(absolute_path(repo_name));
+		repo = absolute_pathdup(repo_name);
 	else if (!strchr(repo_name, ':'))
 		die(_("repository '%s' does not exist"), repo_name);
 	else
diff --git a/builtin/commit.c b/builtin/commit.c
index 711f96c..2de5f6c 100644
--- a/builtin/commit.c
+++ b/builtin/commit.c
@@ -960,15 +960,15 @@
 		return 0;
 
 	if (use_editor) {
-		char index[PATH_MAX];
-		const char *env[2] = { NULL };
-		env[0] =  index;
-		snprintf(index, sizeof(index), "GIT_INDEX_FILE=%s", index_file);
-		if (launch_editor(git_path_commit_editmsg(), NULL, env)) {
+		struct argv_array env = ARGV_ARRAY_INIT;
+
+		argv_array_pushf(&env, "GIT_INDEX_FILE=%s", index_file);
+		if (launch_editor(git_path_commit_editmsg(), NULL, env.argv)) {
 			fprintf(stderr,
 			_("Please supply the message using either -m or -F option.\n"));
 			exit(1);
 		}
+		argv_array_clear(&env);
 	}
 
 	if (!no_verify &&
@@ -1525,12 +1525,10 @@
 static int run_rewrite_hook(const unsigned char *oldsha1,
 			    const unsigned char *newsha1)
 {
-	/* oldsha1 SP newsha1 LF NUL */
-	static char buf[2*40 + 3];
 	struct child_process proc = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 	const char *argv[3];
 	int code;
-	size_t n;
+	struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	argv[0] = find_hook("post-rewrite");
 	if (!argv[0])
@@ -1546,34 +1544,33 @@
 	code = start_command(&proc);
 	if (code)
 		return code;
-	n = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s %s\n",
-		     sha1_to_hex(oldsha1), sha1_to_hex(newsha1));
+	strbuf_addf(&sb, "%s %s\n", sha1_to_hex(oldsha1), sha1_to_hex(newsha1));
 	sigchain_push(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
-	write_in_full(proc.in, buf, n);
+	write_in_full(proc.in, sb.buf, sb.len);
 	close(proc.in);
+	strbuf_release(&sb);
 	sigchain_pop(SIGPIPE);
 	return finish_command(&proc);
 }
 
 int run_commit_hook(int editor_is_used, const char *index_file, const char *name, ...)
 {
-	const char *hook_env[3] =  { NULL };
-	char index[PATH_MAX];
+	struct argv_array hook_env = ARGV_ARRAY_INIT;
 	va_list args;
 	int ret;
 
-	snprintf(index, sizeof(index), "GIT_INDEX_FILE=%s", index_file);
-	hook_env[0] = index;
+	argv_array_pushf(&hook_env, "GIT_INDEX_FILE=%s", index_file);
 
 	/*
 	 * Let the hook know that no editor will be launched.
 	 */
 	if (!editor_is_used)
-		hook_env[1] = "GIT_EDITOR=:";
+		argv_array_push(&hook_env, "GIT_EDITOR=:");
 
 	va_start(args, name);
-	ret = run_hook_ve(hook_env, name, args);
+	ret = run_hook_ve(hook_env.argv,name, args);
 	va_end(args);
+	argv_array_clear(&hook_env);
 
 	return ret;
 }
diff --git a/builtin/difftool.c b/builtin/difftool.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b5e85ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin/difftool.c
@@ -0,0 +1,692 @@
+/*
+ * "git difftool" builtin command
+ *
+ * This is a wrapper around the GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF-compatible
+ * git-difftool--helper script.
+ *
+ * This script exports GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF and GIT_PAGER for use by git.
+ * The GIT_DIFF* variables are exported for use by git-difftool--helper.
+ *
+ * Any arguments that are unknown to this script are forwarded to 'git diff'.
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 Johannes Schindelin
+ */
+#include "cache.h"
+#include "builtin.h"
+#include "run-command.h"
+#include "exec_cmd.h"
+#include "parse-options.h"
+#include "argv-array.h"
+#include "strbuf.h"
+#include "lockfile.h"
+#include "dir.h"
+
+static char *diff_gui_tool;
+static int trust_exit_code;
+
+static const char *const builtin_difftool_usage[] = {
+	N_("git difftool [<options>] [<commit> [<commit>]] [--] [<path>...]"),
+	NULL
+};
+
+static int difftool_config(const char *var, const char *value, void *cb)
+{
+	if (!strcmp(var, "diff.guitool")) {
+		diff_gui_tool = xstrdup(value);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	if (!strcmp(var, "difftool.trustexitcode")) {
+		trust_exit_code = git_config_bool(var, value);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	return git_default_config(var, value, cb);
+}
+
+static int print_tool_help(void)
+{
+	const char *argv[] = { "mergetool", "--tool-help=diff", NULL };
+	return run_command_v_opt(argv, RUN_GIT_CMD);
+}
+
+static int parse_index_info(char *p, int *mode1, int *mode2,
+			    struct object_id *oid1, struct object_id *oid2,
+			    char *status)
+{
+	if (*p != ':')
+		return error("expected ':', got '%c'", *p);
+	*mode1 = (int)strtol(p + 1, &p, 8);
+	if (*p != ' ')
+		return error("expected ' ', got '%c'", *p);
+	*mode2 = (int)strtol(p + 1, &p, 8);
+	if (*p != ' ')
+		return error("expected ' ', got '%c'", *p);
+	if (get_oid_hex(++p, oid1))
+		return error("expected object ID, got '%s'", p + 1);
+	p += GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ;
+	if (*p != ' ')
+		return error("expected ' ', got '%c'", *p);
+	if (get_oid_hex(++p, oid2))
+		return error("expected object ID, got '%s'", p + 1);
+	p += GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ;
+	if (*p != ' ')
+		return error("expected ' ', got '%c'", *p);
+	*status = *++p;
+	if (!*status)
+		return error("missing status");
+	if (p[1] && !isdigit(p[1]))
+		return error("unexpected trailer: '%s'", p + 1);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Remove any trailing slash from $workdir
+ * before starting to avoid double slashes in symlink targets.
+ */
+static void add_path(struct strbuf *buf, size_t base_len, const char *path)
+{
+	strbuf_setlen(buf, base_len);
+	if (buf->len && buf->buf[buf->len - 1] != '/')
+		strbuf_addch(buf, '/');
+	strbuf_addstr(buf, path);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Determine whether we can simply reuse the file in the worktree.
+ */
+static int use_wt_file(const char *workdir, const char *name,
+		       struct object_id *oid)
+{
+	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct stat st;
+	int use = 0;
+
+	strbuf_addstr(&buf, workdir);
+	add_path(&buf, buf.len, name);
+
+	if (!lstat(buf.buf, &st) && !S_ISLNK(st.st_mode)) {
+		struct object_id wt_oid;
+		int fd = open(buf.buf, O_RDONLY);
+
+		if (fd >= 0 &&
+		    !index_fd(wt_oid.hash, fd, &st, OBJ_BLOB, name, 0)) {
+			if (is_null_oid(oid)) {
+				oidcpy(oid, &wt_oid);
+				use = 1;
+			} else if (!oidcmp(oid, &wt_oid))
+				use = 1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	strbuf_release(&buf);
+
+	return use;
+}
+
+struct working_tree_entry {
+	struct hashmap_entry entry;
+	char path[FLEX_ARRAY];
+};
+
+static int working_tree_entry_cmp(struct working_tree_entry *a,
+				  struct working_tree_entry *b, void *keydata)
+{
+	return strcmp(a->path, b->path);
+}
+
+/*
+ * The `left` and `right` entries hold paths for the symlinks hashmap,
+ * and a SHA-1 surrounded by brief text for submodules.
+ */
+struct pair_entry {
+	struct hashmap_entry entry;
+	char left[PATH_MAX], right[PATH_MAX];
+	const char path[FLEX_ARRAY];
+};
+
+static int pair_cmp(struct pair_entry *a, struct pair_entry *b, void *keydata)
+{
+	return strcmp(a->path, b->path);
+}
+
+static void add_left_or_right(struct hashmap *map, const char *path,
+			      const char *content, int is_right)
+{
+	struct pair_entry *e, *existing;
+
+	FLEX_ALLOC_STR(e, path, path);
+	hashmap_entry_init(e, strhash(path));
+	existing = hashmap_get(map, e, NULL);
+	if (existing) {
+		free(e);
+		e = existing;
+	} else {
+		e->left[0] = e->right[0] = '\0';
+		hashmap_add(map, e);
+	}
+	strlcpy(is_right ? e->right : e->left, content, PATH_MAX);
+}
+
+struct path_entry {
+	struct hashmap_entry entry;
+	char path[FLEX_ARRAY];
+};
+
+static int path_entry_cmp(struct path_entry *a, struct path_entry *b, void *key)
+{
+	return strcmp(a->path, key ? key : b->path);
+}
+
+static void changed_files(struct hashmap *result, const char *index_path,
+			  const char *workdir)
+{
+	struct child_process update_index = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+	struct child_process diff_files = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+	struct strbuf index_env = STRBUF_INIT, buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+	const char *git_dir = absolute_path(get_git_dir()), *env[] = {
+		NULL, NULL
+	};
+	FILE *fp;
+
+	strbuf_addf(&index_env, "GIT_INDEX_FILE=%s", index_path);
+	env[0] = index_env.buf;
+
+	argv_array_pushl(&update_index.args,
+			 "--git-dir", git_dir, "--work-tree", workdir,
+			 "update-index", "--really-refresh", "-q",
+			 "--unmerged", NULL);
+	update_index.no_stdin = 1;
+	update_index.no_stdout = 1;
+	update_index.no_stderr = 1;
+	update_index.git_cmd = 1;
+	update_index.use_shell = 0;
+	update_index.clean_on_exit = 1;
+	update_index.dir = workdir;
+	update_index.env = env;
+	/* Ignore any errors of update-index */
+	run_command(&update_index);
+
+	argv_array_pushl(&diff_files.args,
+			 "--git-dir", git_dir, "--work-tree", workdir,
+			 "diff-files", "--name-only", "-z", NULL);
+	diff_files.no_stdin = 1;
+	diff_files.git_cmd = 1;
+	diff_files.use_shell = 0;
+	diff_files.clean_on_exit = 1;
+	diff_files.out = -1;
+	diff_files.dir = workdir;
+	diff_files.env = env;
+	if (start_command(&diff_files))
+		die("could not obtain raw diff");
+	fp = xfdopen(diff_files.out, "r");
+	while (!strbuf_getline_nul(&buf, fp)) {
+		struct path_entry *entry;
+		FLEX_ALLOC_STR(entry, path, buf.buf);
+		hashmap_entry_init(entry, strhash(buf.buf));
+		hashmap_add(result, entry);
+	}
+	if (finish_command(&diff_files))
+		die("diff-files did not exit properly");
+	strbuf_release(&index_env);
+	strbuf_release(&buf);
+}
+
+static NORETURN void exit_cleanup(const char *tmpdir, int exit_code)
+{
+	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+	strbuf_addstr(&buf, tmpdir);
+	remove_dir_recursively(&buf, 0);
+	if (exit_code)
+		warning(_("failed: %d"), exit_code);
+	exit(exit_code);
+}
+
+static int ensure_leading_directories(char *path)
+{
+	switch (safe_create_leading_directories(path)) {
+		case SCLD_OK:
+		case SCLD_EXISTS:
+			return 0;
+		default:
+			return error(_("could not create leading directories "
+				       "of '%s'"), path);
+	}
+}
+
+static int run_dir_diff(const char *extcmd, int symlinks, const char *prefix,
+			int argc, const char **argv)
+{
+	char tmpdir[PATH_MAX];
+	struct strbuf info = STRBUF_INIT, lpath = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct strbuf rpath = STRBUF_INIT, buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct strbuf ldir = STRBUF_INIT, rdir = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct strbuf wtdir = STRBUF_INIT;
+	size_t ldir_len, rdir_len, wtdir_len;
+	struct cache_entry *ce = xcalloc(1, sizeof(ce) + PATH_MAX + 1);
+	const char *workdir, *tmp;
+	int ret = 0, i;
+	FILE *fp;
+	struct hashmap working_tree_dups, submodules, symlinks2;
+	struct hashmap_iter iter;
+	struct pair_entry *entry;
+	enum object_type type;
+	unsigned long size;
+	struct index_state wtindex;
+	struct checkout lstate, rstate;
+	int rc, flags = RUN_GIT_CMD, err = 0;
+	struct child_process child = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+	const char *helper_argv[] = { "difftool--helper", NULL, NULL, NULL };
+	struct hashmap wt_modified, tmp_modified;
+	int indices_loaded = 0;
+
+	workdir = get_git_work_tree();
+
+	/* Setup temp directories */
+	tmp = getenv("TMPDIR");
+	xsnprintf(tmpdir, sizeof(tmpdir), "%s/git-difftool.XXXXXX", tmp ? tmp : "/tmp");
+	if (!mkdtemp(tmpdir))
+		return error("could not create '%s'", tmpdir);
+	strbuf_addf(&ldir, "%s/left/", tmpdir);
+	strbuf_addf(&rdir, "%s/right/", tmpdir);
+	strbuf_addstr(&wtdir, workdir);
+	if (!wtdir.len || !is_dir_sep(wtdir.buf[wtdir.len - 1]))
+		strbuf_addch(&wtdir, '/');
+	mkdir(ldir.buf, 0700);
+	mkdir(rdir.buf, 0700);
+
+	memset(&wtindex, 0, sizeof(wtindex));
+
+	memset(&lstate, 0, sizeof(lstate));
+	lstate.base_dir = ldir.buf;
+	lstate.base_dir_len = ldir.len;
+	lstate.force = 1;
+	memset(&rstate, 0, sizeof(rstate));
+	rstate.base_dir = rdir.buf;
+	rstate.base_dir_len = rdir.len;
+	rstate.force = 1;
+
+	ldir_len = ldir.len;
+	rdir_len = rdir.len;
+	wtdir_len = wtdir.len;
+
+	hashmap_init(&working_tree_dups,
+		     (hashmap_cmp_fn)working_tree_entry_cmp, 0);
+	hashmap_init(&submodules, (hashmap_cmp_fn)pair_cmp, 0);
+	hashmap_init(&symlinks2, (hashmap_cmp_fn)pair_cmp, 0);
+
+	child.no_stdin = 1;
+	child.git_cmd = 1;
+	child.use_shell = 0;
+	child.clean_on_exit = 1;
+	child.dir = prefix;
+	child.out = -1;
+	argv_array_pushl(&child.args, "diff", "--raw", "--no-abbrev", "-z",
+			 NULL);
+	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++)
+		argv_array_push(&child.args, argv[i]);
+	if (start_command(&child))
+		die("could not obtain raw diff");
+	fp = xfdopen(child.out, "r");
+
+	/* Build index info for left and right sides of the diff */
+	i = 0;
+	while (!strbuf_getline_nul(&info, fp)) {
+		int lmode, rmode;
+		struct object_id loid, roid;
+		char status;
+		const char *src_path, *dst_path;
+		size_t src_path_len, dst_path_len;
+
+		if (starts_with(info.buf, "::"))
+			die(N_("combined diff formats('-c' and '--cc') are "
+			       "not supported in\n"
+			       "directory diff mode('-d' and '--dir-diff')."));
+
+		if (parse_index_info(info.buf, &lmode, &rmode, &loid, &roid,
+				     &status))
+			break;
+		if (strbuf_getline_nul(&lpath, fp))
+			break;
+		src_path = lpath.buf;
+		src_path_len = lpath.len;
+
+		i++;
+		if (status != 'C' && status != 'R') {
+			dst_path = src_path;
+			dst_path_len = src_path_len;
+		} else {
+			if (strbuf_getline_nul(&rpath, fp))
+				break;
+			dst_path = rpath.buf;
+			dst_path_len = rpath.len;
+		}
+
+		if (S_ISGITLINK(lmode) || S_ISGITLINK(rmode)) {
+			strbuf_reset(&buf);
+			strbuf_addf(&buf, "Subproject commit %s",
+				    oid_to_hex(&loid));
+			add_left_or_right(&submodules, src_path, buf.buf, 0);
+			strbuf_reset(&buf);
+			strbuf_addf(&buf, "Subproject commit %s",
+				    oid_to_hex(&roid));
+			if (!oidcmp(&loid, &roid))
+				strbuf_addstr(&buf, "-dirty");
+			add_left_or_right(&submodules, dst_path, buf.buf, 1);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (S_ISLNK(lmode)) {
+			char *content = read_sha1_file(loid.hash, &type, &size);
+			add_left_or_right(&symlinks2, src_path, content, 0);
+			free(content);
+		}
+
+		if (S_ISLNK(rmode)) {
+			char *content = read_sha1_file(roid.hash, &type, &size);
+			add_left_or_right(&symlinks2, dst_path, content, 1);
+			free(content);
+		}
+
+		if (lmode && status != 'C') {
+			ce->ce_mode = lmode;
+			oidcpy(&ce->oid, &loid);
+			strcpy(ce->name, src_path);
+			ce->ce_namelen = src_path_len;
+			if (checkout_entry(ce, &lstate, NULL))
+				return error("could not write '%s'", src_path);
+		}
+
+		if (rmode) {
+			struct working_tree_entry *entry;
+
+			/* Avoid duplicate working_tree entries */
+			FLEX_ALLOC_STR(entry, path, dst_path);
+			hashmap_entry_init(entry, strhash(dst_path));
+			if (hashmap_get(&working_tree_dups, entry, NULL)) {
+				free(entry);
+				continue;
+			}
+			hashmap_add(&working_tree_dups, entry);
+
+			if (!use_wt_file(workdir, dst_path, &roid)) {
+				ce->ce_mode = rmode;
+				oidcpy(&ce->oid, &roid);
+				strcpy(ce->name, dst_path);
+				ce->ce_namelen = dst_path_len;
+				if (checkout_entry(ce, &rstate, NULL))
+					return error("could not write '%s'",
+						     dst_path);
+			} else if (!is_null_oid(&roid)) {
+				/*
+				 * Changes in the working tree need special
+				 * treatment since they are not part of the
+				 * index.
+				 */
+				struct cache_entry *ce2 =
+					make_cache_entry(rmode, roid.hash,
+							 dst_path, 0, 0);
+
+				add_index_entry(&wtindex, ce2,
+						ADD_CACHE_JUST_APPEND);
+
+				add_path(&rdir, rdir_len, dst_path);
+				if (ensure_leading_directories(rdir.buf))
+					return error("could not create "
+						     "directory for '%s'",
+						     dst_path);
+				add_path(&wtdir, wtdir_len, dst_path);
+				if (symlinks) {
+					if (symlink(wtdir.buf, rdir.buf)) {
+						ret = error_errno("could not symlink '%s' to '%s'", wtdir.buf, rdir.buf);
+						goto finish;
+					}
+				} else {
+					struct stat st;
+					if (stat(wtdir.buf, &st))
+						st.st_mode = 0644;
+					if (copy_file(rdir.buf, wtdir.buf,
+						      st.st_mode)) {
+						ret = error("could not copy '%s' to '%s'", wtdir.buf, rdir.buf);
+						goto finish;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (finish_command(&child)) {
+		ret = error("error occurred running diff --raw");
+		goto finish;
+	}
+
+	if (!i)
+		return 0;
+
+	/*
+	 * Changes to submodules require special treatment.This loop writes a
+	 * temporary file to both the left and right directories to show the
+	 * change in the recorded SHA1 for the submodule.
+	 */
+	hashmap_iter_init(&submodules, &iter);
+	while ((entry = hashmap_iter_next(&iter))) {
+		if (*entry->left) {
+			add_path(&ldir, ldir_len, entry->path);
+			ensure_leading_directories(ldir.buf);
+			write_file(ldir.buf, "%s", entry->left);
+		}
+		if (*entry->right) {
+			add_path(&rdir, rdir_len, entry->path);
+			ensure_leading_directories(rdir.buf);
+			write_file(rdir.buf, "%s", entry->right);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Symbolic links require special treatment.The standard "git diff"
+	 * shows only the link itself, not the contents of the link target.
+	 * This loop replicates that behavior.
+	 */
+	hashmap_iter_init(&symlinks2, &iter);
+	while ((entry = hashmap_iter_next(&iter))) {
+		if (*entry->left) {
+			add_path(&ldir, ldir_len, entry->path);
+			ensure_leading_directories(ldir.buf);
+			write_file(ldir.buf, "%s", entry->left);
+		}
+		if (*entry->right) {
+			add_path(&rdir, rdir_len, entry->path);
+			ensure_leading_directories(rdir.buf);
+			write_file(rdir.buf, "%s", entry->right);
+		}
+	}
+
+	strbuf_release(&buf);
+
+	strbuf_setlen(&ldir, ldir_len);
+	helper_argv[1] = ldir.buf;
+	strbuf_setlen(&rdir, rdir_len);
+	helper_argv[2] = rdir.buf;
+
+	if (extcmd) {
+		helper_argv[0] = extcmd;
+		flags = 0;
+	} else
+		setenv("GIT_DIFFTOOL_DIRDIFF", "true", 1);
+	rc = run_command_v_opt(helper_argv, flags);
+
+	/*
+	 * If the diff includes working copy files and those
+	 * files were modified during the diff, then the changes
+	 * should be copied back to the working tree.
+	 * Do not copy back files when symlinks are used and the
+	 * external tool did not replace the original link with a file.
+	 *
+	 * These hashes are loaded lazily since they aren't needed
+	 * in the common case of --symlinks and the difftool updating
+	 * files through the symlink.
+	 */
+	hashmap_init(&wt_modified, (hashmap_cmp_fn)path_entry_cmp,
+		     wtindex.cache_nr);
+	hashmap_init(&tmp_modified, (hashmap_cmp_fn)path_entry_cmp,
+		     wtindex.cache_nr);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < wtindex.cache_nr; i++) {
+		struct hashmap_entry dummy;
+		const char *name = wtindex.cache[i]->name;
+		struct stat st;
+
+		add_path(&rdir, rdir_len, name);
+		if (lstat(rdir.buf, &st))
+			continue;
+
+		if ((symlinks && S_ISLNK(st.st_mode)) || !S_ISREG(st.st_mode))
+			continue;
+
+		if (!indices_loaded) {
+			static struct lock_file lock;
+			strbuf_reset(&buf);
+			strbuf_addf(&buf, "%s/wtindex", tmpdir);
+			if (hold_lock_file_for_update(&lock, buf.buf, 0) < 0 ||
+			    write_locked_index(&wtindex, &lock, COMMIT_LOCK)) {
+				ret = error("could not write %s", buf.buf);
+				rollback_lock_file(&lock);
+				goto finish;
+			}
+			changed_files(&wt_modified, buf.buf, workdir);
+			strbuf_setlen(&rdir, rdir_len);
+			changed_files(&tmp_modified, buf.buf, rdir.buf);
+			add_path(&rdir, rdir_len, name);
+			indices_loaded = 1;
+		}
+
+		hashmap_entry_init(&dummy, strhash(name));
+		if (hashmap_get(&tmp_modified, &dummy, name)) {
+			add_path(&wtdir, wtdir_len, name);
+			if (hashmap_get(&wt_modified, &dummy, name)) {
+				warning(_("both files modified: '%s' and '%s'."),
+					wtdir.buf, rdir.buf);
+				warning(_("working tree file has been left."));
+				warning("%s", "");
+				err = 1;
+			} else if (unlink(wtdir.buf) ||
+				   copy_file(wtdir.buf, rdir.buf, st.st_mode))
+				warning_errno(_("could not copy '%s' to '%s'"),
+					      rdir.buf, wtdir.buf);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (err) {
+		warning(_("temporary files exist in '%s'."), tmpdir);
+		warning(_("you may want to cleanup or recover these."));
+		exit(1);
+	} else
+		exit_cleanup(tmpdir, rc);
+
+finish:
+	free(ce);
+	strbuf_release(&ldir);
+	strbuf_release(&rdir);
+	strbuf_release(&wtdir);
+	strbuf_release(&buf);
+
+	return ret;
+}
+
+static int run_file_diff(int prompt, const char *prefix,
+			 int argc, const char **argv)
+{
+	struct argv_array args = ARGV_ARRAY_INIT;
+	const char *env[] = {
+		"GIT_PAGER=", "GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF=git-difftool--helper", NULL,
+		NULL
+	};
+	int ret = 0, i;
+
+	if (prompt > 0)
+		env[2] = "GIT_DIFFTOOL_PROMPT=true";
+	else if (!prompt)
+		env[2] = "GIT_DIFFTOOL_NO_PROMPT=true";
+
+
+	argv_array_push(&args, "diff");
+	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++)
+		argv_array_push(&args, argv[i]);
+	ret = run_command_v_opt_cd_env(args.argv, RUN_GIT_CMD, prefix, env);
+	exit(ret);
+}
+
+int cmd_difftool(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
+{
+	int use_gui_tool = 0, dir_diff = 0, prompt = -1, symlinks = 0,
+	    tool_help = 0;
+	static char *difftool_cmd = NULL, *extcmd = NULL;
+	struct option builtin_difftool_options[] = {
+		OPT_BOOL('g', "gui", &use_gui_tool,
+			 N_("use `diff.guitool` instead of `diff.tool`")),
+		OPT_BOOL('d', "dir-diff", &dir_diff,
+			 N_("perform a full-directory diff")),
+		{ OPTION_SET_INT, 'y', "no-prompt", &prompt, NULL,
+			N_("do not prompt before launching a diff tool"),
+			PARSE_OPT_NOARG | PARSE_OPT_NONEG, NULL, 0},
+		{ OPTION_SET_INT, 0, "prompt", &prompt, NULL, NULL,
+			PARSE_OPT_NOARG | PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_HIDDEN,
+			NULL, 1 },
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "symlinks", &symlinks,
+			 N_("use symlinks in dir-diff mode")),
+		OPT_STRING('t', "tool", &difftool_cmd, N_("<tool>"),
+			   N_("use the specified diff tool")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "tool-help", &tool_help,
+			 N_("print a list of diff tools that may be used with "
+			    "`--tool`")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "trust-exit-code", &trust_exit_code,
+			 N_("make 'git-difftool' exit when an invoked diff "
+			    "tool returns a non - zero exit code")),
+		OPT_STRING('x', "extcmd", &extcmd, N_("<command>"),
+			   N_("specify a custom command for viewing diffs")),
+		OPT_END()
+	};
+
+	/* NEEDSWORK: once we no longer spawn anything, remove this */
+	setenv(GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT, absolute_path(get_git_dir()), 1);
+	setenv(GIT_WORK_TREE_ENVIRONMENT, absolute_path(get_git_work_tree()), 1);
+
+	git_config(difftool_config, NULL);
+	symlinks = has_symlinks;
+
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, builtin_difftool_options,
+			     builtin_difftool_usage, PARSE_OPT_KEEP_UNKNOWN |
+			     PARSE_OPT_KEEP_DASHDASH);
+
+	if (tool_help)
+		return print_tool_help();
+
+	if (use_gui_tool && diff_gui_tool && *diff_gui_tool)
+		setenv("GIT_DIFF_TOOL", diff_gui_tool, 1);
+	else if (difftool_cmd) {
+		if (*difftool_cmd)
+			setenv("GIT_DIFF_TOOL", difftool_cmd, 1);
+		else
+			die(_("no <tool> given for --tool=<tool>"));
+	}
+
+	if (extcmd) {
+		if (*extcmd)
+			setenv("GIT_DIFFTOOL_EXTCMD", extcmd, 1);
+		else
+			die(_("no <cmd> given for --extcmd=<cmd>"));
+	}
+
+	setenv("GIT_DIFFTOOL_TRUST_EXIT_CODE",
+	       trust_exit_code ? "true" : "false", 1);
+
+	/*
+	 * In directory diff mode, 'git-difftool--helper' is called once
+	 * to compare the a / b directories. In file diff mode, 'git diff'
+	 * will invoke a separate instance of 'git-difftool--helper' for
+	 * each file that changed.
+	 */
+	if (dir_diff)
+		return run_dir_diff(extcmd, symlinks, prefix, argc, argv);
+	return run_file_diff(prompt, prefix, argc, argv);
+}
diff --git a/builtin/fetch.c b/builtin/fetch.c
index f1570e3..b5ad09d 100644
--- a/builtin/fetch.c
+++ b/builtin/fetch.c
@@ -1177,7 +1177,7 @@
 	git_config(get_remote_group, &g);
 	if (list->nr == prev_nr) {
 		struct remote *remote = remote_get(name);
-		if (!remote_is_configured(remote))
+		if (!remote_is_configured(remote, 0))
 			return 0;
 		string_list_append(list, remote->name);
 	}
diff --git a/builtin/fsck.c b/builtin/fsck.c
index f01b81e..1a5cacc 100644
--- a/builtin/fsck.c
+++ b/builtin/fsck.c
@@ -56,6 +56,23 @@
 	return buf.buf;
 }
 
+static const char *printable_type(struct object *obj)
+{
+	const char *ret;
+
+	if (obj->type == OBJ_NONE) {
+		enum object_type type = sha1_object_info(obj->oid.hash, NULL);
+		if (type > 0)
+			object_as_type(obj, type, 0);
+	}
+
+	ret = typename(obj->type);
+	if (!ret)
+		ret = "unknown";
+
+	return ret;
+}
+
 static int fsck_config(const char *var, const char *value, void *cb)
 {
 	if (strcmp(var, "fsck.skiplist") == 0) {
@@ -83,7 +100,7 @@
 			const char *err)
 {
 	fprintf(stderr, "%s in %s %s: %s\n",
-		msg_type, typename(obj->type), describe_object(obj), err);
+		msg_type, printable_type(obj), describe_object(obj), err);
 }
 
 static int objerror(struct object *obj, const char *err)
@@ -114,7 +131,7 @@
 	if (!obj) {
 		/* ... these references to parent->fld are safe here */
 		printf("broken link from %7s %s\n",
-			   typename(parent->type), describe_object(parent));
+			   printable_type(parent), describe_object(parent));
 		printf("broken link from %7s %s\n",
 			   (type == OBJ_ANY ? "unknown" : typename(type)), "unknown");
 		errors_found |= ERROR_REACHABLE;
@@ -131,9 +148,9 @@
 	if (!(obj->flags & HAS_OBJ)) {
 		if (parent && !has_object_file(&obj->oid)) {
 			printf("broken link from %7s %s\n",
-				 typename(parent->type), describe_object(parent));
+				 printable_type(parent), describe_object(parent));
 			printf("              to %7s %s\n",
-				 typename(obj->type), describe_object(obj));
+				 printable_type(obj), describe_object(obj));
 			errors_found |= ERROR_REACHABLE;
 		}
 		return 1;
@@ -205,9 +222,7 @@
 	if (!(obj->flags & HAS_OBJ)) {
 		if (has_sha1_pack(obj->oid.hash))
 			return; /* it is in pack - forget about it */
-		if (connectivity_only && has_object_file(&obj->oid))
-			return;
-		printf("missing %s %s\n", typename(obj->type),
+		printf("missing %s %s\n", printable_type(obj),
 			describe_object(obj));
 		errors_found |= ERROR_REACHABLE;
 		return;
@@ -225,7 +240,7 @@
 	 * to complain about it being unreachable (since it does
 	 * not exist).
 	 */
-	if (!obj->parsed)
+	if (!(obj->flags & HAS_OBJ))
 		return;
 
 	/*
@@ -233,7 +248,7 @@
 	 * since this is something that is prunable.
 	 */
 	if (show_unreachable) {
-		printf("unreachable %s %s\n", typename(obj->type),
+		printf("unreachable %s %s\n", printable_type(obj),
 			describe_object(obj));
 		return;
 	}
@@ -252,7 +267,7 @@
 	 */
 	if (!obj->used) {
 		if (show_dangling)
-			printf("dangling %s %s\n", typename(obj->type),
+			printf("dangling %s %s\n", printable_type(obj),
 			       describe_object(obj));
 		if (write_lost_and_found) {
 			char *filename = git_pathdup("lost-found/%s/%s",
@@ -326,7 +341,7 @@
 
 	if (verbose)
 		fprintf(stderr, "Checking %s %s\n",
-			typename(obj->type), describe_object(obj));
+			printable_type(obj), describe_object(obj));
 
 	if (fsck_walk(obj, NULL, &fsck_obj_options))
 		objerror(obj, "broken links");
@@ -352,7 +367,7 @@
 		struct tag *tag = (struct tag *) obj;
 
 		if (show_tags && tag->tagged) {
-			printf("tagged %s %s", typename(tag->tagged->type),
+			printf("tagged %s %s", printable_type(tag->tagged),
 				describe_object(tag->tagged));
 			printf(" (%s) in %s\n", tag->tag,
 				describe_object(&tag->object));
@@ -362,18 +377,6 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int fsck_sha1(const unsigned char *sha1)
-{
-	struct object *obj = parse_object(sha1);
-	if (!obj) {
-		errors_found |= ERROR_OBJECT;
-		return error("%s: object corrupt or missing",
-			     sha1_to_hex(sha1));
-	}
-	obj->flags |= HAS_OBJ;
-	return fsck_obj(obj);
-}
-
 static int fsck_obj_buffer(const unsigned char *sha1, enum object_type type,
 			   unsigned long size, void *buffer, int *eaten)
 {
@@ -400,7 +403,7 @@
 
 	if (!is_null_sha1(sha1)) {
 		obj = lookup_object(sha1);
-		if (obj) {
+		if (obj && (obj->flags & HAS_OBJ)) {
 			if (timestamp && name_objects)
 				add_decoration(fsck_walk_options.object_names,
 					obj,
@@ -488,9 +491,41 @@
 	}
 }
 
+static struct object *parse_loose_object(const unsigned char *sha1,
+					 const char *path)
+{
+	struct object *obj;
+	void *contents;
+	enum object_type type;
+	unsigned long size;
+	int eaten;
+
+	if (read_loose_object(path, sha1, &type, &size, &contents) < 0)
+		return NULL;
+
+	if (!contents && type != OBJ_BLOB)
+		die("BUG: read_loose_object streamed a non-blob");
+
+	obj = parse_object_buffer(sha1, type, size, contents, &eaten);
+
+	if (!eaten)
+		free(contents);
+	return obj;
+}
+
 static int fsck_loose(const unsigned char *sha1, const char *path, void *data)
 {
-	if (fsck_sha1(sha1))
+	struct object *obj = parse_loose_object(sha1, path);
+
+	if (!obj) {
+		errors_found |= ERROR_OBJECT;
+		error("%s: object corrupt or missing: %s",
+		      sha1_to_hex(sha1), path);
+		return 0; /* keep checking other objects */
+	}
+
+	obj->flags = HAS_OBJ;
+	if (fsck_obj(obj))
 		errors_found |= ERROR_OBJECT;
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -584,6 +619,29 @@
 	return err;
 }
 
+static void mark_object_for_connectivity(const unsigned char *sha1)
+{
+	struct object *obj = lookup_unknown_object(sha1);
+	obj->flags |= HAS_OBJ;
+}
+
+static int mark_loose_for_connectivity(const unsigned char *sha1,
+				       const char *path,
+				       void *data)
+{
+	mark_object_for_connectivity(sha1);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int mark_packed_for_connectivity(const unsigned char *sha1,
+					struct packed_git *pack,
+					uint32_t pos,
+					void *data)
+{
+	mark_object_for_connectivity(sha1);
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static char const * const fsck_usage[] = {
 	N_("git fsck [<options>] [<object>...]"),
 	NULL
@@ -640,38 +698,41 @@
 	git_config(fsck_config, NULL);
 
 	fsck_head_link();
-	if (!connectivity_only) {
+	if (connectivity_only) {
+		for_each_loose_object(mark_loose_for_connectivity, NULL, 0);
+		for_each_packed_object(mark_packed_for_connectivity, NULL, 0);
+	} else {
 		fsck_object_dir(get_object_directory());
 
 		prepare_alt_odb();
 		for (alt = alt_odb_list; alt; alt = alt->next)
 			fsck_object_dir(alt->path);
-	}
 
-	if (check_full) {
-		struct packed_git *p;
-		uint32_t total = 0, count = 0;
-		struct progress *progress = NULL;
+		if (check_full) {
+			struct packed_git *p;
+			uint32_t total = 0, count = 0;
+			struct progress *progress = NULL;
 
-		prepare_packed_git();
+			prepare_packed_git();
 
-		if (show_progress) {
-			for (p = packed_git; p; p = p->next) {
-				if (open_pack_index(p))
-					continue;
-				total += p->num_objects;
+			if (show_progress) {
+				for (p = packed_git; p; p = p->next) {
+					if (open_pack_index(p))
+						continue;
+					total += p->num_objects;
+				}
+
+				progress = start_progress(_("Checking objects"), total);
 			}
-
-			progress = start_progress(_("Checking objects"), total);
+			for (p = packed_git; p; p = p->next) {
+				/* verify gives error messages itself */
+				if (verify_pack(p, fsck_obj_buffer,
+						progress, count))
+					errors_found |= ERROR_PACK;
+				count += p->num_objects;
+			}
+			stop_progress(&progress);
 		}
-		for (p = packed_git; p; p = p->next) {
-			/* verify gives error messages itself */
-			if (verify_pack(p, fsck_obj_buffer,
-					progress, count))
-				errors_found |= ERROR_PACK;
-			count += p->num_objects;
-		}
-		stop_progress(&progress);
 	}
 
 	heads = 0;
@@ -681,9 +742,11 @@
 		if (!get_sha1(arg, sha1)) {
 			struct object *obj = lookup_object(sha1);
 
-			/* Error is printed by lookup_object(). */
-			if (!obj)
+			if (!obj || !(obj->flags & HAS_OBJ)) {
+				error("%s: object missing", sha1_to_hex(sha1));
+				errors_found |= ERROR_OBJECT;
 				continue;
+			}
 
 			obj->used = 1;
 			if (name_objects)
@@ -694,6 +757,7 @@
 			continue;
 		}
 		error("invalid parameter: expected sha1, got '%s'", arg);
+		errors_found |= ERROR_OBJECT;
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -701,7 +765,7 @@
 	 * default ones from .git/refs. We also consider the index file
 	 * in this case (ie this implies --cache).
 	 */
-	if (!heads) {
+	if (!argc) {
 		get_default_heads();
 		keep_cache_objects = 1;
 	}
diff --git a/builtin/merge-index.c b/builtin/merge-index.c
index ce356b1..2d1b6db 100644
--- a/builtin/merge-index.c
+++ b/builtin/merge-index.c
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 		if (strcmp(ce->name, path))
 			break;
 		found++;
-		sha1_to_hex_r(hexbuf[stage], ce->oid.hash);
+		oid_to_hex_r(hexbuf[stage], &ce->oid);
 		xsnprintf(ownbuf[stage], sizeof(ownbuf[stage]), "%o", ce->ce_mode);
 		arguments[stage] = hexbuf[stage];
 		arguments[stage + 4] = ownbuf[stage];
diff --git a/builtin/push.c b/builtin/push.c
index 9307ad5..5c22e9f 100644
--- a/builtin/push.c
+++ b/builtin/push.c
@@ -568,6 +568,8 @@
 		flags |= TRANSPORT_RECURSE_SUBMODULES_CHECK;
 	else if (recurse_submodules == RECURSE_SUBMODULES_ON_DEMAND)
 		flags |= TRANSPORT_RECURSE_SUBMODULES_ON_DEMAND;
+	else if (recurse_submodules == RECURSE_SUBMODULES_ONLY)
+		flags |= TRANSPORT_RECURSE_SUBMODULES_ONLY;
 
 	if (tags)
 		add_refspec("refs/tags/*");
diff --git a/builtin/read-tree.c b/builtin/read-tree.c
index fa6edb3..8ba64bc 100644
--- a/builtin/read-tree.c
+++ b/builtin/read-tree.c
@@ -109,34 +109,34 @@
 		{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "index-output", NULL, N_("file"),
 		  N_("write resulting index to <file>"),
 		  PARSE_OPT_NONEG, index_output_cb },
-		OPT_SET_INT(0, "empty", &read_empty,
-			    N_("only empty the index"), 1),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "empty", &read_empty,
+			    N_("only empty the index")),
 		OPT__VERBOSE(&opts.verbose_update, N_("be verbose")),
 		OPT_GROUP(N_("Merging")),
-		OPT_SET_INT('m', NULL, &opts.merge,
-			    N_("perform a merge in addition to a read"), 1),
-		OPT_SET_INT(0, "trivial", &opts.trivial_merges_only,
-			    N_("3-way merge if no file level merging required"), 1),
-		OPT_SET_INT(0, "aggressive", &opts.aggressive,
-			    N_("3-way merge in presence of adds and removes"), 1),
-		OPT_SET_INT(0, "reset", &opts.reset,
-			    N_("same as -m, but discard unmerged entries"), 1),
+		OPT_BOOL('m', NULL, &opts.merge,
+			 N_("perform a merge in addition to a read")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "trivial", &opts.trivial_merges_only,
+			 N_("3-way merge if no file level merging required")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "aggressive", &opts.aggressive,
+			 N_("3-way merge in presence of adds and removes")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "reset", &opts.reset,
+			 N_("same as -m, but discard unmerged entries")),
 		{ OPTION_STRING, 0, "prefix", &opts.prefix, N_("<subdirectory>/"),
 		  N_("read the tree into the index under <subdirectory>/"),
 		  PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_LITERAL_ARGHELP },
-		OPT_SET_INT('u', NULL, &opts.update,
-			    N_("update working tree with merge result"), 1),
+		OPT_BOOL('u', NULL, &opts.update,
+			 N_("update working tree with merge result")),
 		{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "exclude-per-directory", &opts,
 		  N_("gitignore"),
 		  N_("allow explicitly ignored files to be overwritten"),
 		  PARSE_OPT_NONEG, exclude_per_directory_cb },
-		OPT_SET_INT('i', NULL, &opts.index_only,
-			    N_("don't check the working tree after merging"), 1),
+		OPT_BOOL('i', NULL, &opts.index_only,
+			 N_("don't check the working tree after merging")),
 		OPT__DRY_RUN(&opts.dry_run, N_("don't update the index or the work tree")),
-		OPT_SET_INT(0, "no-sparse-checkout", &opts.skip_sparse_checkout,
-			    N_("skip applying sparse checkout filter"), 1),
-		OPT_SET_INT(0, "debug-unpack", &opts.debug_unpack,
-			    N_("debug unpack-trees"), 1),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "no-sparse-checkout", &opts.skip_sparse_checkout,
+			 N_("skip applying sparse checkout filter")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "debug-unpack", &opts.debug_unpack,
+			 N_("debug unpack-trees")),
 		OPT_END()
 	};
 
diff --git a/builtin/receive-pack.c b/builtin/receive-pack.c
index 6b97cbd..1dbb8a0 100644
--- a/builtin/receive-pack.c
+++ b/builtin/receive-pack.c
@@ -1942,8 +1942,7 @@
 		run_receive_hook(commands, "post-receive", 1,
 				 &push_options);
 		run_update_post_hook(commands);
-		if (push_options.nr)
-			string_list_clear(&push_options, 0);
+		string_list_clear(&push_options, 0);
 		if (auto_gc) {
 			const char *argv_gc_auto[] = {
 				"gc", "--auto", "--quiet", NULL,
diff --git a/builtin/remote.c b/builtin/remote.c
index e52cf39..5339ed6 100644
--- a/builtin/remote.c
+++ b/builtin/remote.c
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@
 	url = argv[1];
 
 	remote = remote_get(name);
-	if (remote_is_configured(remote))
+	if (remote_is_configured(remote, 1))
 		die(_("remote %s already exists."), name);
 
 	strbuf_addf(&buf2, "refs/heads/test:refs/remotes/%s/test", name);
@@ -618,14 +618,14 @@
 	rename.remote_branches = &remote_branches;
 
 	oldremote = remote_get(rename.old);
-	if (!remote_is_configured(oldremote))
+	if (!remote_is_configured(oldremote, 1))
 		die(_("No such remote: %s"), rename.old);
 
 	if (!strcmp(rename.old, rename.new) && oldremote->origin != REMOTE_CONFIG)
 		return migrate_file(oldremote);
 
 	newremote = remote_get(rename.new);
-	if (remote_is_configured(newremote))
+	if (remote_is_configured(newremote, 1))
 		die(_("remote %s already exists."), rename.new);
 
 	strbuf_addf(&buf, "refs/heads/test:refs/remotes/%s/test", rename.new);
@@ -753,7 +753,7 @@
 		usage_with_options(builtin_remote_rm_usage, options);
 
 	remote = remote_get(argv[1]);
-	if (!remote_is_configured(remote))
+	if (!remote_is_configured(remote, 1))
 		die(_("No such remote: %s"), argv[1]);
 
 	known_remotes.to_delete = remote;
@@ -1415,7 +1415,7 @@
 	strbuf_addf(&key, "remote.%s.fetch", remotename);
 
 	remote = remote_get(remotename);
-	if (!remote_is_configured(remote))
+	if (!remote_is_configured(remote, 1))
 		die(_("No such remote '%s'"), remotename);
 
 	if (!add_mode && remove_all_fetch_refspecs(remotename, key.buf)) {
@@ -1469,7 +1469,7 @@
 	remotename = argv[0];
 
 	remote = remote_get(remotename);
-	if (!remote_is_configured(remote))
+	if (!remote_is_configured(remote, 1))
 		die(_("No such remote '%s'"), remotename);
 
 	url_nr = 0;
@@ -1537,7 +1537,7 @@
 		oldurl = newurl;
 
 	remote = remote_get(remotename);
-	if (!remote_is_configured(remote))
+	if (!remote_is_configured(remote, 1))
 		die(_("No such remote '%s'"), remotename);
 
 	if (push_mode) {
diff --git a/builtin/rev-list.c b/builtin/rev-list.c
index c43decd..0aa93d5 100644
--- a/builtin/rev-list.c
+++ b/builtin/rev-list.c
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@
 		cnt = reaches;
 
 	if (revs->commits)
-		sha1_to_hex_r(hex, revs->commits->item->object.oid.hash);
+		oid_to_hex_r(hex, &revs->commits->item->object.oid);
 
 	if (flags & BISECT_SHOW_ALL) {
 		traverse_commit_list(revs, show_commit, show_object, info);
diff --git a/builtin/show-ref.c b/builtin/show-ref.c
index 6d4e669..013d241 100644
--- a/builtin/show-ref.c
+++ b/builtin/show-ref.c
@@ -19,19 +19,34 @@
 
 static void show_one(const char *refname, const struct object_id *oid)
 {
-	const char *hex = find_unique_abbrev(oid->hash, abbrev);
+	const char *hex;
+	struct object_id peeled;
+
+	if (!has_sha1_file(oid->hash))
+		die("git show-ref: bad ref %s (%s)", refname,
+		    oid_to_hex(oid));
+
+	if (quiet)
+		return;
+
+	hex = find_unique_abbrev(oid->hash, abbrev);
 	if (hash_only)
 		printf("%s\n", hex);
 	else
 		printf("%s %s\n", hex, refname);
+
+	if (!deref_tags)
+		return;
+
+	if (!peel_ref(refname, peeled.hash)) {
+		hex = find_unique_abbrev(peeled.hash, abbrev);
+		printf("%s %s^{}\n", hex, refname);
+	}
 }
 
 static int show_ref(const char *refname, const struct object_id *oid,
 		    int flag, void *cbdata)
 {
-	const char *hex;
-	struct object_id peeled;
-
 	if (show_head && !strcmp(refname, "HEAD"))
 		goto match;
 
@@ -54,9 +69,6 @@
 				continue;
 			if (len == reflen)
 				goto match;
-			/* "--verify" requires an exact match */
-			if (verify)
-				continue;
 			if (refname[reflen - len - 1] == '/')
 				goto match;
 		}
@@ -66,26 +78,8 @@
 match:
 	found_match++;
 
-	/* This changes the semantics slightly that even under quiet we
-	 * detect and return error if the repository is corrupt and
-	 * ref points at a nonexistent object.
-	 */
-	if (!has_sha1_file(oid->hash))
-		die("git show-ref: bad ref %s (%s)", refname,
-		    oid_to_hex(oid));
-
-	if (quiet)
-		return 0;
-
 	show_one(refname, oid);
 
-	if (!deref_tags)
-		return 0;
-
-	if (!peel_ref(refname, peeled.hash)) {
-		hex = find_unique_abbrev(peeled.hash, abbrev);
-		printf("%s %s^{}\n", hex, refname);
-	}
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -202,10 +196,9 @@
 		while (*pattern) {
 			struct object_id oid;
 
-			if (starts_with(*pattern, "refs/") &&
+			if ((starts_with(*pattern, "refs/") || !strcmp(*pattern, "HEAD")) &&
 			    !read_ref(*pattern, oid.hash)) {
-				if (!quiet)
-					show_one(*pattern, &oid);
+				show_one(*pattern, &oid);
 			}
 			else if (!quiet)
 				die("'%s' - not a valid ref", *pattern);
diff --git a/builtin/submodule--helper.c b/builtin/submodule--helper.c
index 74614a9..899dc33 100644
--- a/builtin/submodule--helper.c
+++ b/builtin/submodule--helper.c
@@ -626,7 +626,7 @@
 				   module_clone_options);
 
 	strbuf_addf(&sb, "%s/modules/%s", get_git_dir(), name);
-	sm_gitdir = xstrdup(absolute_path(sb.buf));
+	sm_gitdir = absolute_pathdup(sb.buf);
 	strbuf_reset(&sb);
 
 	if (!is_absolute_path(path)) {
diff --git a/builtin/tag.c b/builtin/tag.c
index 73df728..e40c4a9 100644
--- a/builtin/tag.c
+++ b/builtin/tag.c
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 	N_("git tag -d <tagname>..."),
 	N_("git tag -l [-n[<num>]] [--contains <commit>] [--points-at <object>]"
 		"\n\t\t[--format=<format>] [--[no-]merged [<commit>]] [<pattern>...]"),
-	N_("git tag -v <tagname>..."),
+	N_("git tag -v [--format=<format>] <tagname>..."),
 	NULL
 };
 
@@ -66,9 +66,10 @@
 }
 
 typedef int (*each_tag_name_fn)(const char *name, const char *ref,
-				const unsigned char *sha1);
+				const unsigned char *sha1, const void *cb_data);
 
-static int for_each_tag_name(const char **argv, each_tag_name_fn fn)
+static int for_each_tag_name(const char **argv, each_tag_name_fn fn,
+			     const void *cb_data)
 {
 	const char **p;
 	char ref[PATH_MAX];
@@ -87,14 +88,14 @@
 			had_error = 1;
 			continue;
 		}
-		if (fn(*p, ref, sha1))
+		if (fn(*p, ref, sha1, cb_data))
 			had_error = 1;
 	}
 	return had_error;
 }
 
 static int delete_tag(const char *name, const char *ref,
-				const unsigned char *sha1)
+		      const unsigned char *sha1, const void *cb_data)
 {
 	if (delete_ref(ref, sha1, 0))
 		return 1;
@@ -103,9 +104,22 @@
 }
 
 static int verify_tag(const char *name, const char *ref,
-				const unsigned char *sha1)
+		      const unsigned char *sha1, const void *cb_data)
 {
-	return gpg_verify_tag(sha1, name, GPG_VERIFY_VERBOSE);
+	int flags;
+	const char *fmt_pretty = cb_data;
+	flags = GPG_VERIFY_VERBOSE;
+
+	if (fmt_pretty)
+		flags = GPG_VERIFY_OMIT_STATUS;
+
+	if (gpg_verify_tag(sha1, name, flags))
+		return -1;
+
+	if (fmt_pretty)
+		pretty_print_ref(name, sha1, fmt_pretty);
+
+	return 0;
 }
 
 static int do_sign(struct strbuf *buffer)
@@ -428,9 +442,12 @@
 	if (filter.merge_commit)
 		die(_("--merged and --no-merged option are only allowed with -l"));
 	if (cmdmode == 'd')
-		return for_each_tag_name(argv, delete_tag);
-	if (cmdmode == 'v')
-		return for_each_tag_name(argv, verify_tag);
+		return for_each_tag_name(argv, delete_tag, NULL);
+	if (cmdmode == 'v') {
+		if (format)
+			verify_ref_format(format);
+		return for_each_tag_name(argv, verify_tag, format);
+	}
 
 	if (msg.given || msgfile) {
 		if (msg.given && msgfile)
diff --git a/builtin/verify-tag.c b/builtin/verify-tag.c
index 99f8148..5199553 100644
--- a/builtin/verify-tag.c
+++ b/builtin/verify-tag.c
@@ -12,9 +12,10 @@
 #include <signal.h>
 #include "parse-options.h"
 #include "gpg-interface.h"
+#include "ref-filter.h"
 
 static const char * const verify_tag_usage[] = {
-		N_("git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] <tag>..."),
+		N_("git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<format>] <tag>..."),
 		NULL
 };
 
@@ -30,9 +31,11 @@
 {
 	int i = 1, verbose = 0, had_error = 0;
 	unsigned flags = 0;
+	char *fmt_pretty = NULL;
 	const struct option verify_tag_options[] = {
 		OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose, N_("print tag contents")),
 		OPT_BIT(0, "raw", &flags, N_("print raw gpg status output"), GPG_VERIFY_RAW),
+		OPT_STRING(  0 , "format", &fmt_pretty, N_("format"), N_("format to use for the output")),
 		OPT_END()
 	};
 
@@ -46,13 +49,26 @@
 	if (verbose)
 		flags |= GPG_VERIFY_VERBOSE;
 
+	if (fmt_pretty) {
+		verify_ref_format(fmt_pretty);
+		flags |= GPG_VERIFY_OMIT_STATUS;
+	}
+
 	while (i < argc) {
 		unsigned char sha1[20];
 		const char *name = argv[i++];
-		if (get_sha1(name, sha1))
+		if (get_sha1(name, sha1)) {
 			had_error = !!error("tag '%s' not found.", name);
-		else if (gpg_verify_tag(sha1, name, flags))
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (gpg_verify_tag(sha1, name, flags)) {
 			had_error = 1;
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (fmt_pretty)
+			pretty_print_ref(name, sha1, fmt_pretty);
 	}
 	return had_error;
 }
diff --git a/cache.h b/cache.h
index 96eeaaf..61fc86e 100644
--- a/cache.h
+++ b/cache.h
@@ -507,9 +507,12 @@
 #define READ_GITFILE_ERR_NO_PATH 6
 #define READ_GITFILE_ERR_NOT_A_REPO 7
 #define READ_GITFILE_ERR_TOO_LARGE 8
+extern void read_gitfile_error_die(int error_code, const char *path, const char *dir);
 extern const char *read_gitfile_gently(const char *path, int *return_error_code);
 #define read_gitfile(path) read_gitfile_gently((path), NULL)
-extern const char *resolve_gitdir(const char *suspect);
+extern const char *resolve_gitdir_gently(const char *suspect, int *return_error_code);
+#define resolve_gitdir(path) resolve_gitdir_gently((path), NULL)
+
 extern void set_git_work_tree(const char *tree);
 
 #define ALTERNATE_DB_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES"
@@ -574,7 +577,26 @@
 extern int index_dir_exists(struct index_state *istate, const char *name, int namelen);
 extern void adjust_dirname_case(struct index_state *istate, char *name);
 extern struct cache_entry *index_file_exists(struct index_state *istate, const char *name, int namelen, int igncase);
+
+/*
+ * Searches for an entry defined by name and namelen in the given index.
+ * If the return value is positive (including 0) it is the position of an
+ * exact match. If the return value is negative, the negated value minus 1
+ * is the position where the entry would be inserted.
+ * Example: The current index consists of these files and its stages:
+ *
+ *   b#0, d#0, f#1, f#3
+ *
+ * index_name_pos(&index, "a", 1) -> -1
+ * index_name_pos(&index, "b", 1) ->  0
+ * index_name_pos(&index, "c", 1) -> -2
+ * index_name_pos(&index, "d", 1) ->  1
+ * index_name_pos(&index, "e", 1) -> -3
+ * index_name_pos(&index, "f", 1) -> -3
+ * index_name_pos(&index, "g", 1) -> -5
+ */
 extern int index_name_pos(const struct index_state *, const char *name, int namelen);
+
 #define ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_ADD 1		/* Ok to add */
 #define ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_REPLACE 2	/* Ok to replace file/directory */
 #define ADD_CACHE_SKIP_DFCHECK 4	/* Ok to skip DF conflict checks */
@@ -583,7 +605,10 @@
 #define ADD_CACHE_KEEP_CACHE_TREE 32	/* Do not invalidate cache-tree */
 extern int add_index_entry(struct index_state *, struct cache_entry *ce, int option);
 extern void rename_index_entry_at(struct index_state *, int pos, const char *new_name);
+
+/* Remove entry, return true if there are more entries to go. */
 extern int remove_index_entry_at(struct index_state *, int pos);
+
 extern void remove_marked_cache_entries(struct index_state *istate);
 extern int remove_file_from_index(struct index_state *, const char *path);
 #define ADD_CACHE_VERBOSE 1
@@ -591,8 +616,18 @@
 #define ADD_CACHE_IGNORE_ERRORS	4
 #define ADD_CACHE_IGNORE_REMOVAL 8
 #define ADD_CACHE_INTENT 16
+/*
+ * These two are used to add the contents of the file at path
+ * to the index, marking the working tree up-to-date by storing
+ * the cached stat info in the resulting cache entry.  A caller
+ * that has already run lstat(2) on the path can call
+ * add_to_index(), and all others can call add_file_to_index();
+ * the latter will do necessary lstat(2) internally before
+ * calling the former.
+ */
 extern int add_to_index(struct index_state *, const char *path, struct stat *, int flags);
 extern int add_file_to_index(struct index_state *, const char *path, int flags);
+
 extern struct cache_entry *make_cache_entry(unsigned int mode, const unsigned char *sha1, const char *path, int stage, unsigned int refresh_options);
 extern int chmod_index_entry(struct index_state *, struct cache_entry *ce, char flip);
 extern int ce_same_name(const struct cache_entry *a, const struct cache_entry *b);
@@ -1076,6 +1111,7 @@
 const char *real_path_if_valid(const char *path);
 char *real_pathdup(const char *path);
 const char *absolute_path(const char *path);
+char *absolute_pathdup(const char *path);
 const char *remove_leading_path(const char *in, const char *prefix);
 const char *relative_path(const char *in, const char *prefix, struct strbuf *sb);
 int normalize_path_copy_len(char *dst, const char *src, int *prefix_len);
@@ -1150,6 +1186,19 @@
 extern int has_sha1_pack(const unsigned char *sha1);
 
 /*
+ * Open the loose object at path, check its sha1, and return the contents,
+ * type, and size. If the object is a blob, then "contents" may return NULL,
+ * to allow streaming of large blobs.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 on success, negative on error (details may be written to stderr).
+ */
+int read_loose_object(const char *path,
+		      const unsigned char *expected_sha1,
+		      enum object_type *type,
+		      unsigned long *size,
+		      void **contents);
+
+/*
  * Return true iff we have an object named sha1, whether local or in
  * an alternate object database, and whether packed or loose.  This
  * function does not respect replace references.
diff --git a/color.c b/color.c
index 1b95e6b..dee6155 100644
--- a/color.c
+++ b/color.c
@@ -207,7 +207,17 @@
 	struct color fg = { COLOR_UNSPECIFIED };
 	struct color bg = { COLOR_UNSPECIFIED };
 
-	if (!strncasecmp(value, "reset", len)) {
+	while (len > 0 && isspace(*ptr)) {
+		ptr++;
+		len--;
+	}
+
+	if (!len) {
+		dst[0] = '\0';
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	if (!strncasecmp(ptr, "reset", len)) {
 		xsnprintf(dst, end - dst, GIT_COLOR_RESET);
 		return 0;
 	}
diff --git a/command-list.txt b/command-list.txt
index 2a94137..a1fad28 100644
--- a/command-list.txt
+++ b/command-list.txt
@@ -107,7 +107,6 @@
 git-rebase                              mainporcelain           history
 git-receive-pack                        synchelpers
 git-reflog                              ancillarymanipulators
-git-relink                              ancillarymanipulators
 git-remote                              ancillarymanipulators
 git-repack                              ancillarymanipulators
 git-replace                             ancillarymanipulators
diff --git a/compat/qsort_s.c b/compat/qsort_s.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..52d1f0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compat/qsort_s.c
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#include "../git-compat-util.h"
+
+/*
+ * A merge sort implementation, simplified from the qsort implementation
+ * by Mike Haertel, which is a part of the GNU C Library.
+ * Added context pointer, safety checks and return value.
+ */
+
+static void msort_with_tmp(void *b, size_t n, size_t s,
+			   int (*cmp)(const void *, const void *, void *),
+			   char *t, void *ctx)
+{
+	char *tmp;
+	char *b1, *b2;
+	size_t n1, n2;
+
+	if (n <= 1)
+		return;
+
+	n1 = n / 2;
+	n2 = n - n1;
+	b1 = b;
+	b2 = (char *)b + (n1 * s);
+
+	msort_with_tmp(b1, n1, s, cmp, t, ctx);
+	msort_with_tmp(b2, n2, s, cmp, t, ctx);
+
+	tmp = t;
+
+	while (n1 > 0 && n2 > 0) {
+		if (cmp(b1, b2, ctx) <= 0) {
+			memcpy(tmp, b1, s);
+			tmp += s;
+			b1 += s;
+			--n1;
+		} else {
+			memcpy(tmp, b2, s);
+			tmp += s;
+			b2 += s;
+			--n2;
+		}
+	}
+	if (n1 > 0)
+		memcpy(tmp, b1, n1 * s);
+	memcpy(b, t, (n - n2) * s);
+}
+
+int git_qsort_s(void *b, size_t n, size_t s,
+		int (*cmp)(const void *, const void *, void *), void *ctx)
+{
+	const size_t size = st_mult(n, s);
+	char buf[1024];
+
+	if (!n)
+		return 0;
+	if (!b || !cmp)
+		return -1;
+
+	if (size < sizeof(buf)) {
+		/* The temporary array fits on the small on-stack buffer. */
+		msort_with_tmp(b, n, s, cmp, buf, ctx);
+	} else {
+		/* It's somewhat large, so malloc it.  */
+		char *tmp = xmalloc(size);
+		msort_with_tmp(b, n, s, cmp, tmp, ctx);
+		free(tmp);
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
diff --git a/compat/winansi.c b/compat/winansi.c
index 3c9ed3c..82b89ab 100644
--- a/compat/winansi.c
+++ b/compat/winansi.c
@@ -494,19 +494,16 @@
 	 * It is because of this implicit close() that we created the
 	 * copy of the original.
 	 *
-	 * Note that the OS can recycle HANDLE (numbers) just like it
-	 * recycles fd (numbers), so we must update the cached value
-	 * of "console".  You can use GetFileType() to see that
-	 * handle and _get_osfhandle(fd) may have the same number
-	 * value, but they refer to different actual files now.
+	 * Note that we need to update the cached console handle to the
+	 * duplicated one because the dup2() call will implicitly close
+	 * the original one.
 	 *
 	 * Note that dup2() when given target := {0,1,2} will also
 	 * call SetStdHandle(), so we don't need to worry about that.
 	 */
-	dup2(new_fd, fd);
 	if (console == handle)
 		console = duplicate;
-	handle = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
+	dup2(new_fd, fd);
 
 	/* Close the temp fd.  This explicitly closes "new_handle"
 	 * (because it has been associated with it).
diff --git a/contrib/coccinelle/xstrdup_or_null.cocci b/contrib/coccinelle/xstrdup_or_null.cocci
index 3fceef1..8e05d1c 100644
--- a/contrib/coccinelle/xstrdup_or_null.cocci
+++ b/contrib/coccinelle/xstrdup_or_null.cocci
@@ -5,3 +5,9 @@
 - if (E)
 -    V = xstrdup(E);
 + V = xstrdup_or_null(E);
+
+@@
+expression E;
+@@
+- xstrdup(absolute_path(E))
++ absolute_pathdup(E)
diff --git a/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash b/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash
index 6721ff8..97d73ad 100644
--- a/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash
+++ b/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash
@@ -1206,7 +1206,7 @@
 
 __git_diff_algorithms="myers minimal patience histogram"
 
-__git_diff_submodule_formats="log short"
+__git_diff_submodule_formats="diff log short"
 
 __git_diff_common_options="--stat --numstat --shortstat --summary
 			--patch-with-stat --name-only --name-status --color
diff --git a/contrib/convert-objects/convert-objects.c b/contrib/convert-objects/convert-objects.c
deleted file mode 100644
index f3b57bf..0000000
--- a/contrib/convert-objects/convert-objects.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,329 +0,0 @@
-#include "cache.h"
-#include "blob.h"
-#include "commit.h"
-#include "tree.h"
-
-struct entry {
-	unsigned char old_sha1[20];
-	unsigned char new_sha1[20];
-	int converted;
-};
-
-#define MAXOBJECTS (1000000)
-
-static struct entry *convert[MAXOBJECTS];
-static int nr_convert;
-
-static struct entry * convert_entry(unsigned char *sha1);
-
-static struct entry *insert_new(unsigned char *sha1, int pos)
-{
-	struct entry *new = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct entry));
-	hashcpy(new->old_sha1, sha1);
-	memmove(convert + pos + 1, convert + pos, (nr_convert - pos) * sizeof(struct entry *));
-	convert[pos] = new;
-	nr_convert++;
-	if (nr_convert == MAXOBJECTS)
-		die("you're kidding me - hit maximum object limit");
-	return new;
-}
-
-static struct entry *lookup_entry(unsigned char *sha1)
-{
-	int low = 0, high = nr_convert;
-
-	while (low < high) {
-		int next = (low + high) / 2;
-		struct entry *n = convert[next];
-		int cmp = hashcmp(sha1, n->old_sha1);
-		if (!cmp)
-			return n;
-		if (cmp < 0) {
-			high = next;
-			continue;
-		}
-		low = next+1;
-	}
-	return insert_new(sha1, low);
-}
-
-static void convert_binary_sha1(void *buffer)
-{
-	struct entry *entry = convert_entry(buffer);
-	hashcpy(buffer, entry->new_sha1);
-}
-
-static void convert_ascii_sha1(void *buffer)
-{
-	unsigned char sha1[20];
-	struct entry *entry;
-
-	if (get_sha1_hex(buffer, sha1))
-		die("expected sha1, got '%s'", (char *) buffer);
-	entry = convert_entry(sha1);
-	memcpy(buffer, sha1_to_hex(entry->new_sha1), 40);
-}
-
-static unsigned int convert_mode(unsigned int mode)
-{
-	unsigned int newmode;
-
-	newmode = mode & S_IFMT;
-	if (S_ISREG(mode))
-		newmode |= (mode & 0100) ? 0755 : 0644;
-	return newmode;
-}
-
-static int write_subdirectory(void *buffer, unsigned long size, const char *base, int baselen, unsigned char *result_sha1)
-{
-	char *new = xmalloc(size);
-	unsigned long newlen = 0;
-	unsigned long used;
-
-	used = 0;
-	while (size) {
-		int len = 21 + strlen(buffer);
-		char *path = strchr(buffer, ' ');
-		unsigned char *sha1;
-		unsigned int mode;
-		char *slash, *origpath;
-
-		if (!path || strtoul_ui(buffer, 8, &mode))
-			die("bad tree conversion");
-		mode = convert_mode(mode);
-		path++;
-		if (memcmp(path, base, baselen))
-			break;
-		origpath = path;
-		path += baselen;
-		slash = strchr(path, '/');
-		if (!slash) {
-			newlen += sprintf(new + newlen, "%o %s", mode, path);
-			new[newlen++] = '\0';
-			hashcpy((unsigned char *)new + newlen, (unsigned char *) buffer + len - 20);
-			newlen += 20;
-
-			used += len;
-			size -= len;
-			buffer = (char *) buffer + len;
-			continue;
-		}
-
-		newlen += sprintf(new + newlen, "%o %.*s", S_IFDIR, (int)(slash - path), path);
-		new[newlen++] = 0;
-		sha1 = (unsigned char *)(new + newlen);
-		newlen += 20;
-
-		len = write_subdirectory(buffer, size, origpath, slash-origpath+1, sha1);
-
-		used += len;
-		size -= len;
-		buffer = (char *) buffer + len;
-	}
-
-	write_sha1_file(new, newlen, tree_type, result_sha1);
-	free(new);
-	return used;
-}
-
-static void convert_tree(void *buffer, unsigned long size, unsigned char *result_sha1)
-{
-	void *orig_buffer = buffer;
-	unsigned long orig_size = size;
-
-	while (size) {
-		size_t len = 1+strlen(buffer);
-
-		convert_binary_sha1((char *) buffer + len);
-
-		len += 20;
-		if (len > size)
-			die("corrupt tree object");
-		size -= len;
-		buffer = (char *) buffer + len;
-	}
-
-	write_subdirectory(orig_buffer, orig_size, "", 0, result_sha1);
-}
-
-static unsigned long parse_oldstyle_date(const char *buf)
-{
-	char c, *p;
-	char buffer[100];
-	struct tm tm;
-	const char *formats[] = {
-		"%c",
-		"%a %b %d %T",
-		"%Z",
-		"%Y",
-		" %Y",
-		NULL
-	};
-	/* We only ever did two timezones in the bad old format .. */
-	const char *timezones[] = {
-		"PDT", "PST", "CEST", NULL
-	};
-	const char **fmt = formats;
-
-	p = buffer;
-	while (isspace(c = *buf))
-		buf++;
-	while ((c = *buf++) != '\n')
-		*p++ = c;
-	*p++ = 0;
-	buf = buffer;
-	memset(&tm, 0, sizeof(tm));
-	do {
-		const char *next = strptime(buf, *fmt, &tm);
-		if (next) {
-			if (!*next)
-				return mktime(&tm);
-			buf = next;
-		} else {
-			const char **p = timezones;
-			while (isspace(*buf))
-				buf++;
-			while (*p) {
-				if (!memcmp(buf, *p, strlen(*p))) {
-					buf += strlen(*p);
-					break;
-				}
-				p++;
-			}
-		}
-		fmt++;
-	} while (*buf && *fmt);
-	printf("left: %s\n", buf);
-	return mktime(&tm);
-}
-
-static int convert_date_line(char *dst, void **buf, unsigned long *sp)
-{
-	unsigned long size = *sp;
-	char *line = *buf;
-	char *next = strchr(line, '\n');
-	char *date = strchr(line, '>');
-	int len;
-
-	if (!next || !date)
-		die("missing or bad author/committer line %s", line);
-	next++; date += 2;
-
-	*buf = next;
-	*sp = size - (next - line);
-
-	len = date - line;
-	memcpy(dst, line, len);
-	dst += len;
-
-	/* Is it already in new format? */
-	if (isdigit(*date)) {
-		int datelen = next - date;
-		memcpy(dst, date, datelen);
-		return len + datelen;
-	}
-
-	/*
-	 * Hacky hacky: one of the sparse old-style commits does not have
-	 * any date at all, but we can fake it by using the committer date.
-	 */
-	if (*date == '\n' && strchr(next, '>'))
-		date = strchr(next, '>')+2;
-
-	return len + sprintf(dst, "%lu -0700\n", parse_oldstyle_date(date));
-}
-
-static void convert_date(void *buffer, unsigned long size, unsigned char *result_sha1)
-{
-	char *new = xmalloc(size + 100);
-	unsigned long newlen = 0;
-
-	/* "tree <sha1>\n" */
-	memcpy(new + newlen, buffer, 46);
-	newlen += 46;
-	buffer = (char *) buffer + 46;
-	size -= 46;
-
-	/* "parent <sha1>\n" */
-	while (!memcmp(buffer, "parent ", 7)) {
-		memcpy(new + newlen, buffer, 48);
-		newlen += 48;
-		buffer = (char *) buffer + 48;
-		size -= 48;
-	}
-
-	/* "author xyz <xyz> date" */
-	newlen += convert_date_line(new + newlen, &buffer, &size);
-	/* "committer xyz <xyz> date" */
-	newlen += convert_date_line(new + newlen, &buffer, &size);
-
-	/* Rest */
-	memcpy(new + newlen, buffer, size);
-	newlen += size;
-
-	write_sha1_file(new, newlen, commit_type, result_sha1);
-	free(new);
-}
-
-static void convert_commit(void *buffer, unsigned long size, unsigned char *result_sha1)
-{
-	void *orig_buffer = buffer;
-	unsigned long orig_size = size;
-
-	if (memcmp(buffer, "tree ", 5))
-		die("Bad commit '%s'", (char *) buffer);
-	convert_ascii_sha1((char *) buffer + 5);
-	buffer = (char *) buffer + 46;    /* "tree " + "hex sha1" + "\n" */
-	while (!memcmp(buffer, "parent ", 7)) {
-		convert_ascii_sha1((char *) buffer + 7);
-		buffer = (char *) buffer + 48;
-	}
-	convert_date(orig_buffer, orig_size, result_sha1);
-}
-
-static struct entry * convert_entry(unsigned char *sha1)
-{
-	struct entry *entry = lookup_entry(sha1);
-	enum object_type type;
-	void *buffer, *data;
-	unsigned long size;
-
-	if (entry->converted)
-		return entry;
-	data = read_sha1_file(sha1, &type, &size);
-	if (!data)
-		die("unable to read object %s", sha1_to_hex(sha1));
-
-	buffer = xmalloc(size);
-	memcpy(buffer, data, size);
-
-	if (type == OBJ_BLOB) {
-		write_sha1_file(buffer, size, blob_type, entry->new_sha1);
-	} else if (type == OBJ_TREE)
-		convert_tree(buffer, size, entry->new_sha1);
-	else if (type == OBJ_COMMIT)
-		convert_commit(buffer, size, entry->new_sha1);
-	else
-		die("unknown object type %d in %s", type, sha1_to_hex(sha1));
-	entry->converted = 1;
-	free(buffer);
-	free(data);
-	return entry;
-}
-
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
-{
-	unsigned char sha1[20];
-	struct entry *entry;
-
-	setup_git_directory();
-
-	if (argc != 2)
-		usage("git-convert-objects <sha1>");
-	if (get_sha1(argv[1], sha1))
-		die("Not a valid object name %s", argv[1]);
-
-	entry = convert_entry(sha1);
-	printf("new sha1: %s\n", sha1_to_hex(entry->new_sha1));
-	return 0;
-}
diff --git a/contrib/convert-objects/git-convert-objects.txt b/contrib/convert-objects/git-convert-objects.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index f871880..0000000
--- a/contrib/convert-objects/git-convert-objects.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-git-convert-objects(1)
-======================
-
-NAME
-----
-git-convert-objects - Converts old-style git repository
-
-
-SYNOPSIS
---------
-[verse]
-'git-convert-objects'
-
-DESCRIPTION
------------
-Converts old-style git repository to the latest format
-
-
-Author
-------
-Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
-
-Documentation
---------------
-Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
-
-GIT
----
-Part of the linkgit:git[7] suite
diff --git a/git-difftool.perl b/contrib/examples/git-difftool.perl
similarity index 100%
rename from git-difftool.perl
rename to contrib/examples/git-difftool.perl
diff --git a/diff.c b/diff.c
index f08cd8e..d91a344 100644
--- a/diff.c
+++ b/diff.c
@@ -3015,7 +3015,7 @@
 			if (!one->oid_valid)
 				sha1_to_hex_r(temp->hex, null_sha1);
 			else
-				sha1_to_hex_r(temp->hex, one->oid.hash);
+				oid_to_hex_r(temp->hex, &one->oid);
 			/* Even though we may sometimes borrow the
 			 * contents from the work tree, we always want
 			 * one->mode.  mode is trustworthy even when
diff --git a/exec_cmd.c b/exec_cmd.c
index 19ac214..fb94aeb 100644
--- a/exec_cmd.c
+++ b/exec_cmd.c
@@ -64,17 +64,19 @@
 /* Returns the highest-priority, location to look for git programs. */
 const char *git_exec_path(void)
 {
-	const char *env;
+	static char *cached_exec_path;
 
 	if (argv_exec_path)
 		return argv_exec_path;
 
-	env = getenv(EXEC_PATH_ENVIRONMENT);
-	if (env && *env) {
-		return env;
+	if (!cached_exec_path) {
+		const char *env = getenv(EXEC_PATH_ENVIRONMENT);
+		if (env && *env)
+			cached_exec_path = xstrdup(env);
+		else
+			cached_exec_path = system_path(GIT_EXEC_PATH);
 	}
-
-	return system_path(GIT_EXEC_PATH);
+	return cached_exec_path;
 }
 
 static void add_path(struct strbuf *out, const char *path)
diff --git a/fsck.c b/fsck.c
index 4a3069e..9397927 100644
--- a/fsck.c
+++ b/fsck.c
@@ -458,6 +458,10 @@
 {
 	if (!obj)
 		return -1;
+
+	if (obj->type == OBJ_NONE)
+		parse_object(obj->oid.hash);
+
 	switch (obj->type) {
 	case OBJ_BLOB:
 		return 0;
diff --git a/git-compat-util.h b/git-compat-util.h
index 87237b0..f46d40e 100644
--- a/git-compat-util.h
+++ b/git-compat-util.h
@@ -988,6 +988,17 @@
 		qsort(base, nmemb, size, compar);
 }
 
+#ifndef HAVE_ISO_QSORT_S
+int git_qsort_s(void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
+		int (*compar)(const void *, const void *, void *), void *ctx);
+#define qsort_s git_qsort_s
+#endif
+
+#define QSORT_S(base, n, compar, ctx) do {			\
+	if (qsort_s((base), (n), sizeof(*(base)), compar, ctx))	\
+		die("BUG: qsort_s() failed");			\
+} while (0)
+
 #ifndef REG_STARTEND
 #error "Git requires REG_STARTEND support. Compile with NO_REGEX=NeedsStartEnd"
 #endif
diff --git a/git-p4.py b/git-p4.py
index 7bda915..9695d2e 100755
--- a/git-p4.py
+++ b/git-p4.py
@@ -674,7 +674,7 @@
 def gitConfigList(key):
     if not _gitConfig.has_key(key):
         s = read_pipe(["git", "config", "--get-all", key], ignore_error=True)
-        _gitConfig[key] = s.strip().split(os.linesep)
+        _gitConfig[key] = s.strip().splitlines()
         if _gitConfig[key] == ['']:
             _gitConfig[key] = []
     return _gitConfig[key]
diff --git a/git-relink.perl b/git-relink.perl
deleted file mode 100755
index 236a352..0000000
--- a/git-relink.perl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,173 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/perl
-# Copyright 2005, Ryan Anderson <ryan@michonline.com>
-# Distribution permitted under the GPL v2, as distributed
-# by the Free Software Foundation.
-# Later versions of the GPL at the discretion of Linus Torvalds
-#
-# Scan two git object-trees, and hardlink any common objects between them.
-
-use 5.008;
-use strict;
-use warnings;
-use Getopt::Long;
-
-sub get_canonical_form($);
-sub do_scan_directory($$$);
-sub compare_two_files($$);
-sub usage();
-sub link_two_files($$);
-
-# stats
-my $total_linked = 0;
-my $total_already = 0;
-my ($linked,$already);
-
-my $fail_on_different_sizes = 0;
-my $help = 0;
-GetOptions("safe" => \$fail_on_different_sizes,
-	   "help" => \$help);
-
-usage() if $help;
-
-my (@dirs) = @ARGV;
-
-usage() if (!defined $dirs[0] || !defined $dirs[1]);
-
-$_ = get_canonical_form($_) foreach (@dirs);
-
-my $master_dir = pop @dirs;
-
-opendir(D,$master_dir . "objects/")
-	or die "Failed to open $master_dir/objects/ : $!";
-
-my @hashdirs = grep { ($_ eq 'pack') || /^[0-9a-f]{2}$/ } readdir(D);
-
-foreach my $repo (@dirs) {
-	$linked = 0;
-	$already = 0;
-	printf("Searching '%s' and '%s' for common objects and hardlinking them...\n",
-		$master_dir,$repo);
-
-	foreach my $hashdir (@hashdirs) {
-		do_scan_directory($master_dir, $hashdir, $repo);
-	}
-
-	printf("Linked %d files, %d were already linked.\n",$linked, $already);
-
-	$total_linked += $linked;
-	$total_already += $already;
-}
-
-printf("Totals: Linked %d files, %d were already linked.\n",
-	$total_linked, $total_already);
-
-
-sub do_scan_directory($$$) {
-	my ($srcdir, $subdir, $dstdir) = @_;
-
-	my $sfulldir = sprintf("%sobjects/%s/",$srcdir,$subdir);
-	my $dfulldir = sprintf("%sobjects/%s/",$dstdir,$subdir);
-
-	opendir(S,$sfulldir)
-		or die "Failed to opendir $sfulldir: $!";
-
-	foreach my $file (grep(!/\.{1,2}$/, readdir(S))) {
-		my $sfilename = $sfulldir . $file;
-		my $dfilename = $dfulldir . $file;
-
-		compare_two_files($sfilename,$dfilename);
-
-	}
-	closedir(S);
-}
-
-sub compare_two_files($$) {
-	my ($sfilename, $dfilename) = @_;
-
-	# Perl's stat returns relevant information as follows:
-	# 0 = dev number
-	# 1 = inode number
-	# 7 = size
-	my @sstatinfo = stat($sfilename);
-	my @dstatinfo = stat($dfilename);
-
-	if (@sstatinfo == 0 && @dstatinfo == 0) {
-		die sprintf("Stat of both %s and %s failed: %s\n",$sfilename, $dfilename, $!);
-
-	} elsif (@dstatinfo == 0) {
-		return;
-	}
-
-	if ( ($sstatinfo[0] == $dstatinfo[0]) &&
-	     ($sstatinfo[1] != $dstatinfo[1])) {
-		if ($sstatinfo[7] == $dstatinfo[7]) {
-			link_two_files($sfilename, $dfilename);
-
-		} else {
-			my $err = sprintf("ERROR: File sizes are not the same, cannot relink %s to %s.\n",
-				$sfilename, $dfilename);
-			if ($fail_on_different_sizes) {
-				die $err;
-			} else {
-				warn $err;
-			}
-		}
-
-	} elsif ( ($sstatinfo[0] == $dstatinfo[0]) &&
-	     ($sstatinfo[1] == $dstatinfo[1])) {
-		$already++;
-	}
-}
-
-sub get_canonical_form($) {
-	my $dir = shift;
-	my $original = $dir;
-
-	die "$dir is not a directory." unless -d $dir;
-
-	$dir .= "/" unless $dir =~ m#/$#;
-	$dir .= ".git/" unless $dir =~ m#\.git/$#;
-
-	die "$original does not have a .git/ subdirectory.\n" unless -d $dir;
-
-	return $dir;
-}
-
-sub link_two_files($$) {
-	my ($sfilename, $dfilename) = @_;
-	my $tmpdname = sprintf("%s.old",$dfilename);
-	rename($dfilename,$tmpdname)
-		or die sprintf("Failure renaming %s to %s: %s",
-			$dfilename, $tmpdname, $!);
-
-	if (! link($sfilename,$dfilename)) {
-		my $failtxt = "";
-		unless (rename($tmpdname,$dfilename)) {
-			$failtxt = sprintf(
-				"Git Repository containing %s is probably corrupted, " .
-				"please copy '%s' to '%s' to fix.\n",
-				$tmpdname, $dfilename);
-		}
-
-		die sprintf("Failed to link %s to %s: %s\n%s" .
-			$sfilename, $dfilename,
-			$!, $dfilename, $failtxt);
-	}
-
-	unlink($tmpdname)
-		or die sprintf("Unlink of %s failed: %s\n",
-			$dfilename, $!);
-
-	$linked++;
-}
-
-
-sub usage() {
-	print("usage: git relink [--safe] <dir>... <master_dir> \n");
-	print("All directories should contain a .git/objects/ subdirectory.\n");
-	print("Options\n");
-	print("\t--safe\t" .
-		"Stops if two objects with the same hash exist but " .
-		"have different sizes.  Default is to warn and continue.\n");
-	exit(1);
-}
diff --git a/git-submodule.sh b/git-submodule.sh
index 9788175..136e26a 100755
--- a/git-submodule.sh
+++ b/git-submodule.sh
@@ -204,8 +204,14 @@
 			tstart
 			s|/*$||
 		')
-	git ls-files --error-unmatch "$sm_path" > /dev/null 2>&1 &&
-	die "$(eval_gettext "'\$sm_path' already exists in the index")"
+	if test -z "$force"
+	then
+		git ls-files --error-unmatch "$sm_path" > /dev/null 2>&1 &&
+		die "$(eval_gettext "'\$sm_path' already exists in the index")"
+	else
+		git ls-files -s "$sm_path" | sane_grep -v "^160000" > /dev/null 2>&1 &&
+		die "$(eval_gettext "'\$sm_path' already exists in the index and is not a submodule")"
+	fi
 
 	if test -z "$force" && ! git add --dry-run --ignore-missing "$sm_path" > /dev/null 2>&1
 	then
@@ -607,7 +613,10 @@
 		if test $just_cloned -eq 1
 		then
 			subsha1=
-			update_module=checkout
+			case "$update_module" in
+			merge | rebase | none)
+				update_module=checkout ;;
+			esac
 		else
 			subsha1=$(sanitize_submodule_env; cd "$sm_path" &&
 				git rev-parse --verify HEAD) ||
diff --git a/git.c b/git.c
index b367cf6..c887272 100644
--- a/git.c
+++ b/git.c
@@ -424,6 +424,7 @@
 	{ "diff-files", cmd_diff_files, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },
 	{ "diff-index", cmd_diff_index, RUN_SETUP },
 	{ "diff-tree", cmd_diff_tree, RUN_SETUP },
+	{ "difftool", cmd_difftool, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },
 	{ "fast-export", cmd_fast_export, RUN_SETUP },
 	{ "fetch", cmd_fetch, RUN_SETUP },
 	{ "fetch-pack", cmd_fetch_pack, RUN_SETUP },
@@ -471,7 +472,7 @@
 	{ "prune-packed", cmd_prune_packed, RUN_SETUP },
 	{ "pull", cmd_pull, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },
 	{ "push", cmd_push, RUN_SETUP },
-	{ "read-tree", cmd_read_tree, RUN_SETUP },
+	{ "read-tree", cmd_read_tree, RUN_SETUP | SUPPORT_SUPER_PREFIX},
 	{ "receive-pack", cmd_receive_pack },
 	{ "reflog", cmd_reflog, RUN_SETUP },
 	{ "remote", cmd_remote, RUN_SETUP },
diff --git a/gpg-interface.h b/gpg-interface.h
index ea68885..d2d4fd3 100644
--- a/gpg-interface.h
+++ b/gpg-interface.h
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 #ifndef GPG_INTERFACE_H
 #define GPG_INTERFACE_H
 
-#define GPG_VERIFY_VERBOSE	1
-#define GPG_VERIFY_RAW		2
+#define GPG_VERIFY_VERBOSE		1
+#define GPG_VERIFY_RAW			2
+#define GPG_VERIFY_OMIT_STATUS	4
 
 struct signature_check {
 	char *payload;
diff --git a/graph.c b/graph.c
index d4e8519..0649007 100644
--- a/graph.c
+++ b/graph.c
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include "color.h"
 #include "graph.h"
 #include "revision.h"
+#include "argv-array.h"
 
 /* Internal API */
 
@@ -79,6 +80,26 @@
 static const char **column_colors;
 static unsigned short column_colors_max;
 
+static void parse_graph_colors_config(struct argv_array *colors, const char *string)
+{
+	const char *end, *start;
+
+	start = string;
+	end = string + strlen(string);
+	while (start < end) {
+		const char *comma = strchrnul(start, ',');
+		char color[COLOR_MAXLEN];
+
+		if (!color_parse_mem(start, comma - start, color))
+			argv_array_push(colors, color);
+		else
+			warning(_("ignore invalid color '%.*s' in log.graphColors"),
+				(int)(comma - start), start);
+		start = comma + 1;
+	}
+	argv_array_push(colors, GIT_COLOR_RESET);
+}
+
 void graph_set_column_colors(const char **colors, unsigned short colors_max)
 {
 	column_colors = colors;
@@ -238,9 +259,22 @@
 {
 	struct git_graph *graph = xmalloc(sizeof(struct git_graph));
 
-	if (!column_colors)
-		graph_set_column_colors(column_colors_ansi,
-					column_colors_ansi_max);
+	if (!column_colors) {
+		char *string;
+		if (git_config_get_string("log.graphcolors", &string)) {
+			/* not configured -- use default */
+			graph_set_column_colors(column_colors_ansi,
+						column_colors_ansi_max);
+		} else {
+			static struct argv_array custom_colors = ARGV_ARRAY_INIT;
+			argv_array_clear(&custom_colors);
+			parse_graph_colors_config(&custom_colors, string);
+			free(string);
+			/* graph_set_column_colors takes a max-index, not a count */
+			graph_set_column_colors(custom_colors.argv,
+						custom_colors.argc - 1);
+		}
+	}
 
 	graph->commit = NULL;
 	graph->revs = opt;
diff --git a/help.c b/help.c
index 53e2a67..bc6cd19 100644
--- a/help.c
+++ b/help.c
@@ -105,7 +105,22 @@
 		return 0;
 
 #if defined(GIT_WINDOWS_NATIVE)
-{	/* cannot trust the executable bit, peek into the file instead */
+	/*
+	 * On Windows there is no executable bit. The file extension
+	 * indicates whether it can be run as an executable, and Git
+	 * has special-handling to detect scripts and launch them
+	 * through the indicated script interpreter. We test for the
+	 * file extension first because virus scanners may make
+	 * it quite expensive to open many files.
+	 */
+	if (ends_with(name, ".exe"))
+		return S_IXUSR;
+
+{
+	/*
+	 * Now that we know it does not have an executable extension,
+	 * peek into the file instead.
+	 */
 	char buf[3] = { 0 };
 	int n;
 	int fd = open(name, O_RDONLY);
@@ -113,8 +128,8 @@
 	if (fd >= 0) {
 		n = read(fd, buf, 2);
 		if (n == 2)
-			/* DOS executables start with "MZ" */
-			if (!strcmp(buf, "#!") || !strcmp(buf, "MZ"))
+			/* look for a she-bang */
+			if (!strcmp(buf, "#!"))
 				st.st_mode |= S_IXUSR;
 		close(fd);
 	}
diff --git a/read-cache.c b/read-cache.c
index 7a9a7de..9054369 100644
--- a/read-cache.c
+++ b/read-cache.c
@@ -503,7 +503,6 @@
 	return index_name_stage_pos(istate, name, namelen, 0);
 }
 
-/* Remove entry, return true if there are more entries to go.. */
 int remove_index_entry_at(struct index_state *istate, int pos)
 {
 	struct cache_entry *ce = istate->cache[pos];
diff --git a/ref-filter.c b/ref-filter.c
index 1a97840..3820b21 100644
--- a/ref-filter.c
+++ b/ref-filter.c
@@ -1361,7 +1361,7 @@
 	return ref;
 }
 
-static int filter_ref_kind(struct ref_filter *filter, const char *refname)
+static int ref_kind_from_refname(const char *refname)
 {
 	unsigned int i;
 
@@ -1374,11 +1374,7 @@
 		{ "refs/tags/", FILTER_REFS_TAGS}
 	};
 
-	if (filter->kind == FILTER_REFS_BRANCHES ||
-	    filter->kind == FILTER_REFS_REMOTES ||
-	    filter->kind == FILTER_REFS_TAGS)
-		return filter->kind;
-	else if (!strcmp(refname, "HEAD"))
+	if (!strcmp(refname, "HEAD"))
 		return FILTER_REFS_DETACHED_HEAD;
 
 	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(ref_kind); i++) {
@@ -1389,6 +1385,15 @@
 	return FILTER_REFS_OTHERS;
 }
 
+static int filter_ref_kind(struct ref_filter *filter, const char *refname)
+{
+	if (filter->kind == FILTER_REFS_BRANCHES ||
+	    filter->kind == FILTER_REFS_REMOTES ||
+	    filter->kind == FILTER_REFS_TAGS)
+		return filter->kind;
+	return ref_kind_from_refname(refname);
+}
+
 /*
  * A call-back given to for_each_ref().  Filter refs and keep them for
  * later object processing.
@@ -1589,8 +1594,7 @@
 	return (s->reverse) ? -cmp : cmp;
 }
 
-static struct ref_sorting *ref_sorting;
-static int compare_refs(const void *a_, const void *b_)
+static int compare_refs(const void *a_, const void *b_, void *ref_sorting)
 {
 	struct ref_array_item *a = *((struct ref_array_item **)a_);
 	struct ref_array_item *b = *((struct ref_array_item **)b_);
@@ -1606,8 +1610,7 @@
 
 void ref_array_sort(struct ref_sorting *sorting, struct ref_array *array)
 {
-	ref_sorting = sorting;
-	QSORT(array->items, array->nr, compare_refs);
+	QSORT_S(array->items, array->nr, compare_refs, sorting);
 }
 
 static void append_literal(const char *cp, const char *ep, struct ref_formatting_state *state)
@@ -1671,6 +1674,16 @@
 	putchar('\n');
 }
 
+void pretty_print_ref(const char *name, const unsigned char *sha1,
+		const char *format)
+{
+	struct ref_array_item *ref_item;
+	ref_item = new_ref_array_item(name, sha1, 0);
+	ref_item->kind = ref_kind_from_refname(name);
+	show_ref_array_item(ref_item, format, 0);
+	free_array_item(ref_item);
+}
+
 /*  If no sorting option is given, use refname to sort as default */
 struct ref_sorting *ref_default_sorting(void)
 {
diff --git a/ref-filter.h b/ref-filter.h
index fc55fa3..7b05592 100644
--- a/ref-filter.h
+++ b/ref-filter.h
@@ -109,4 +109,11 @@
 /*  Function to parse --merged and --no-merged options */
 int parse_opt_merge_filter(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int unset);
 
+/*
+ * Print a single ref, outside of any ref-filter. Note that the
+ * name must be a fully qualified refname.
+ */
+void pretty_print_ref(const char *name, const unsigned char *sha1,
+		const char *format);
+
 #endif /*  REF_FILTER_H  */
diff --git a/refs/files-backend.c b/refs/files-backend.c
index 14b17a6..c041d4b 100644
--- a/refs/files-backend.c
+++ b/refs/files-backend.c
@@ -697,7 +697,7 @@
 
 	if (peel_entry(entry, 0))
 		return -1;
-	hashcpy(peeled->hash, entry->u.value.peeled.hash);
+	oidcpy(peeled, &entry->u.value.peeled);
 	return 0;
 }
 
diff --git a/remote.c b/remote.c
index d5eaec7..bf1bf23 100644
--- a/remote.c
+++ b/remote.c
@@ -255,6 +255,7 @@
 
 	if (!f)
 		return;
+	remote->configured_in_repo = 1;
 	remote->origin = REMOTE_REMOTES;
 	while (strbuf_getline(&buf, f) != EOF) {
 		const char *v;
@@ -289,6 +290,7 @@
 		return;
 	}
 
+	remote->configured_in_repo = 1;
 	remote->origin = REMOTE_BRANCHES;
 
 	/*
@@ -371,6 +373,8 @@
 	}
 	remote = make_remote(name, namelen);
 	remote->origin = REMOTE_CONFIG;
+	if (current_config_scope() == CONFIG_SCOPE_REPO)
+		remote->configured_in_repo = 1;
 	if (!strcmp(subkey, "mirror"))
 		remote->mirror = git_config_bool(key, value);
 	else if (!strcmp(subkey, "skipdefaultupdate"))
@@ -714,9 +718,13 @@
 	return remote_get_1(name, pushremote_for_branch);
 }
 
-int remote_is_configured(struct remote *remote)
+int remote_is_configured(struct remote *remote, int in_repo)
 {
-	return remote && remote->origin;
+	if (!remote)
+		return 0;
+	if (in_repo)
+		return remote->configured_in_repo;
+	return !!remote->origin;
 }
 
 int for_each_remote(each_remote_fn fn, void *priv)
diff --git a/remote.h b/remote.h
index 9248811..a5bbbe0 100644
--- a/remote.h
+++ b/remote.h
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 	struct hashmap_entry ent;  /* must be first */
 
 	const char *name;
-	int origin;
+	int origin, configured_in_repo;
 
 	const char *foreign_vcs;
 
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
 
 struct remote *remote_get(const char *name);
 struct remote *pushremote_get(const char *name);
-int remote_is_configured(struct remote *remote);
+int remote_is_configured(struct remote *remote, int in_repo);
 
 typedef int each_remote_fn(struct remote *remote, void *priv);
 int for_each_remote(each_remote_fn fn, void *priv);
diff --git a/run-command.c b/run-command.c
index 73bfba7..5227f78 100644
--- a/run-command.c
+++ b/run-command.c
@@ -871,8 +871,14 @@
 
 	strbuf_reset(&path);
 	strbuf_git_path(&path, "hooks/%s", name);
-	if (access(path.buf, X_OK) < 0)
+	if (access(path.buf, X_OK) < 0) {
+#ifdef STRIP_EXTENSION
+		strbuf_addstr(&path, STRIP_EXTENSION);
+		if (access(path.buf, X_OK) >= 0)
+			return path.buf;
+#endif
 		return NULL;
+	}
 	return path.buf;
 }
 
diff --git a/sequencer.c b/sequencer.c
index 9adb7bb..1f729b0 100644
--- a/sequencer.c
+++ b/sequencer.c
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 #include "argv-array.h"
 #include "quote.h"
 #include "trailer.h"
+#include "log-tree.h"
+#include "wt-status.h"
 
 #define GIT_REFLOG_ACTION "GIT_REFLOG_ACTION"
 
@@ -30,6 +32,59 @@
 static GIT_PATH_FUNC(git_path_head_file, "sequencer/head")
 static GIT_PATH_FUNC(git_path_abort_safety_file, "sequencer/abort-safety")
 
+static GIT_PATH_FUNC(rebase_path, "rebase-merge")
+/*
+ * The file containing rebase commands, comments, and empty lines.
+ * This file is created by "git rebase -i" then edited by the user. As
+ * the lines are processed, they are removed from the front of this
+ * file and written to the tail of 'done'.
+ */
+static GIT_PATH_FUNC(rebase_path_todo, "rebase-merge/git-rebase-todo")
+/*
+ * The rebase command lines that have already been processed. A line
+ * is moved here when it is first handled, before any associated user
+ * actions.
+ */
+static GIT_PATH_FUNC(rebase_path_done, "rebase-merge/done")
+/*
+ * The file to keep track of how many commands were already processed (e.g.
+ * for the prompt).
+ */
+static GIT_PATH_FUNC(rebase_path_msgnum, "rebase-merge/msgnum");
+/*
+ * The file to keep track of how many commands are to be processed in total
+ * (e.g. for the prompt).
+ */
+static GIT_PATH_FUNC(rebase_path_msgtotal, "rebase-merge/end");
+/*
+ * The commit message that is planned to be used for any changes that
+ * need to be committed following a user interaction.
+ */
+static GIT_PATH_FUNC(rebase_path_message, "rebase-merge/message")
+/*
+ * The file into which is accumulated the suggested commit message for
+ * squash/fixup commands. When the first of a series of squash/fixups
+ * is seen, the file is created and the commit message from the
+ * previous commit and from the first squash/fixup commit are written
+ * to it. The commit message for each subsequent squash/fixup commit
+ * is appended to the file as it is processed.
+ *
+ * The first line of the file is of the form
+ *     # This is a combination of $count commits.
+ * where $count is the number of commits whose messages have been
+ * written to the file so far (including the initial "pick" commit).
+ * Each time that a commit message is processed, this line is read and
+ * updated. It is deleted just before the combined commit is made.
+ */
+static GIT_PATH_FUNC(rebase_path_squash_msg, "rebase-merge/message-squash")
+/*
+ * If the current series of squash/fixups has not yet included a squash
+ * command, then this file exists and holds the commit message of the
+ * original "pick" commit.  (If the series ends without a "squash"
+ * command, then this can be used as the commit message of the combined
+ * commit without opening the editor.)
+ */
+static GIT_PATH_FUNC(rebase_path_fixup_msg, "rebase-merge/message-fixup")
 /*
  * A script to set the GIT_AUTHOR_NAME, GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL, and
  * GIT_AUTHOR_DATE that will be used for the commit that is currently
@@ -37,24 +92,57 @@
  */
 static GIT_PATH_FUNC(rebase_path_author_script, "rebase-merge/author-script")
 /*
+ * When an "edit" rebase command is being processed, the SHA1 of the
+ * commit to be edited is recorded in this file.  When "git rebase
+ * --continue" is executed, if there are any staged changes then they
+ * will be amended to the HEAD commit, but only provided the HEAD
+ * commit is still the commit to be edited.  When any other rebase
+ * command is processed, this file is deleted.
+ */
+static GIT_PATH_FUNC(rebase_path_amend, "rebase-merge/amend")
+/*
+ * When we stop at a given patch via the "edit" command, this file contains
+ * the abbreviated commit name of the corresponding patch.
+ */
+static GIT_PATH_FUNC(rebase_path_stopped_sha, "rebase-merge/stopped-sha")
+/*
+ * For the post-rewrite hook, we make a list of rewritten commits and
+ * their new sha1s.  The rewritten-pending list keeps the sha1s of
+ * commits that have been processed, but not committed yet,
+ * e.g. because they are waiting for a 'squash' command.
+ */
+static GIT_PATH_FUNC(rebase_path_rewritten_list, "rebase-merge/rewritten-list")
+static GIT_PATH_FUNC(rebase_path_rewritten_pending,
+	"rebase-merge/rewritten-pending")
+/*
  * The following files are written by git-rebase just after parsing the
  * command-line (and are only consumed, not modified, by the sequencer).
  */
 static GIT_PATH_FUNC(rebase_path_gpg_sign_opt, "rebase-merge/gpg_sign_opt")
+static GIT_PATH_FUNC(rebase_path_orig_head, "rebase-merge/orig-head")
+static GIT_PATH_FUNC(rebase_path_verbose, "rebase-merge/verbose")
+static GIT_PATH_FUNC(rebase_path_head_name, "rebase-merge/head-name")
+static GIT_PATH_FUNC(rebase_path_onto, "rebase-merge/onto")
+static GIT_PATH_FUNC(rebase_path_autostash, "rebase-merge/autostash")
+static GIT_PATH_FUNC(rebase_path_strategy, "rebase-merge/strategy")
+static GIT_PATH_FUNC(rebase_path_strategy_opts, "rebase-merge/strategy_opts")
 
-/* We will introduce the 'interactive rebase' mode later */
 static inline int is_rebase_i(const struct replay_opts *opts)
 {
-	return 0;
+	return opts->action == REPLAY_INTERACTIVE_REBASE;
 }
 
 static const char *get_dir(const struct replay_opts *opts)
 {
+	if (is_rebase_i(opts))
+		return rebase_path();
 	return git_path_seq_dir();
 }
 
 static const char *get_todo_path(const struct replay_opts *opts)
 {
+	if (is_rebase_i(opts))
+		return rebase_path_todo();
 	return git_path_todo_file();
 }
 
@@ -122,7 +210,15 @@
 
 static const char *action_name(const struct replay_opts *opts)
 {
-	return opts->action == REPLAY_REVERT ? N_("revert") : N_("cherry-pick");
+	switch (opts->action) {
+	case REPLAY_REVERT:
+		return N_("revert");
+	case REPLAY_PICK:
+		return N_("cherry-pick");
+	case REPLAY_INTERACTIVE_REBASE:
+		return N_("rebase -i");
+	}
+	die(_("Unknown action: %d"), opts->action);
 }
 
 struct commit_message {
@@ -347,6 +443,8 @@
 	o.ancestor = base ? base_label : "(empty tree)";
 	o.branch1 = "HEAD";
 	o.branch2 = next ? next_label : "(empty tree)";
+	if (is_rebase_i(opts))
+		o.buffer_output = 2;
 
 	head_tree = parse_tree_indirect(head);
 	next_tree = next ? next->tree : empty_tree();
@@ -358,13 +456,17 @@
 	clean = merge_trees(&o,
 			    head_tree,
 			    next_tree, base_tree, &result);
+	if (is_rebase_i(opts) && clean <= 0)
+		fputs(o.obuf.buf, stdout);
 	strbuf_release(&o.obuf);
 	if (clean < 0)
 		return clean;
 
 	if (active_cache_changed &&
 	    write_locked_index(&the_index, &index_lock, COMMIT_LOCK))
-		/* TRANSLATORS: %s will be "revert" or "cherry-pick" */
+		/* TRANSLATORS: %s will be "revert", "cherry-pick" or
+		 * "rebase -i".
+		 */
 		return error(_("%s: Unable to write new index file"),
 			_(action_name(opts)));
 	rollback_lock_file(&index_lock);
@@ -409,19 +511,64 @@
 	return !hashcmp(active_cache_tree->sha1, head_commit->tree->object.oid.hash);
 }
 
+static int write_author_script(const char *message)
+{
+	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+	const char *eol;
+	int res;
+
+	for (;;)
+		if (!*message || starts_with(message, "\n")) {
+missing_author:
+			/* Missing 'author' line? */
+			unlink(rebase_path_author_script());
+			return 0;
+		} else if (skip_prefix(message, "author ", &message))
+			break;
+		else if ((eol = strchr(message, '\n')))
+			message = eol + 1;
+		else
+			goto missing_author;
+
+	strbuf_addstr(&buf, "GIT_AUTHOR_NAME='");
+	while (*message && *message != '\n' && *message != '\r')
+		if (skip_prefix(message, " <", &message))
+			break;
+		else if (*message != '\'')
+			strbuf_addch(&buf, *(message++));
+		else
+			strbuf_addf(&buf, "'\\\\%c'", *(message++));
+	strbuf_addstr(&buf, "'\nGIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL='");
+	while (*message && *message != '\n' && *message != '\r')
+		if (skip_prefix(message, "> ", &message))
+			break;
+		else if (*message != '\'')
+			strbuf_addch(&buf, *(message++));
+		else
+			strbuf_addf(&buf, "'\\\\%c'", *(message++));
+	strbuf_addstr(&buf, "'\nGIT_AUTHOR_DATE='@");
+	while (*message && *message != '\n' && *message != '\r')
+		if (*message != '\'')
+			strbuf_addch(&buf, *(message++));
+		else
+			strbuf_addf(&buf, "'\\\\%c'", *(message++));
+	res = write_message(buf.buf, buf.len, rebase_path_author_script(), 1);
+	strbuf_release(&buf);
+	return res;
+}
+
 /*
- * Read the author-script file into an environment block, ready for use in
- * run_command(), that can be free()d afterwards.
+ * Read a list of environment variable assignments (such as the author-script
+ * file) into an environment block. Returns -1 on error, 0 otherwise.
  */
-static char **read_author_script(void)
+static int read_env_script(struct argv_array *env)
 {
 	struct strbuf script = STRBUF_INIT;
 	int i, count = 0;
-	char *p, *p2, **env;
-	size_t env_size;
+	char *p, *p2;
 
 	if (strbuf_read_file(&script, rebase_path_author_script(), 256) <= 0)
-		return NULL;
+		return -1;
 
 	for (p = script.buf; *p; p++)
 		if (skip_prefix(p, "'\\\\''", (const char **)&p2))
@@ -433,19 +580,12 @@
 			count++;
 		}
 
-	env_size = (count + 1) * sizeof(*env);
-	strbuf_grow(&script, env_size);
-	memmove(script.buf + env_size, script.buf, script.len);
-	p = script.buf + env_size;
-	env = (char **)strbuf_detach(&script, NULL);
-
-	for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-		env[i] = p;
+	for (i = 0, p = script.buf; i < count; i++) {
+		argv_array_push(env, p);
 		p += strlen(p) + 1;
 	}
-	env[count] = NULL;
 
-	return env;
+	return 0;
 }
 
 static const char staged_changes_advice[] =
@@ -478,14 +618,18 @@
 			  int allow_empty, int edit, int amend,
 			  int cleanup_commit_message)
 {
-	char **env = NULL;
-	struct argv_array array;
-	int rc;
+	struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 	const char *value;
 
+	cmd.git_cmd = 1;
+
 	if (is_rebase_i(opts)) {
-		env = read_author_script();
-		if (!env) {
+		if (!edit) {
+			cmd.stdout_to_stderr = 1;
+			cmd.err = -1;
+		}
+
+		if (read_env_script(&cmd.env_array)) {
 			const char *gpg_opt = gpg_sign_opt_quoted(opts);
 
 			return error(_(staged_changes_advice),
@@ -493,39 +637,47 @@
 		}
 	}
 
-	argv_array_init(&array);
-	argv_array_push(&array, "commit");
-	argv_array_push(&array, "-n");
+	argv_array_push(&cmd.args, "commit");
+	argv_array_push(&cmd.args, "-n");
 
 	if (amend)
-		argv_array_push(&array, "--amend");
+		argv_array_push(&cmd.args, "--amend");
 	if (opts->gpg_sign)
-		argv_array_pushf(&array, "-S%s", opts->gpg_sign);
+		argv_array_pushf(&cmd.args, "-S%s", opts->gpg_sign);
 	if (opts->signoff)
-		argv_array_push(&array, "-s");
+		argv_array_push(&cmd.args, "-s");
 	if (defmsg)
-		argv_array_pushl(&array, "-F", defmsg, NULL);
+		argv_array_pushl(&cmd.args, "-F", defmsg, NULL);
 	if (cleanup_commit_message)
-		argv_array_push(&array, "--cleanup=strip");
+		argv_array_push(&cmd.args, "--cleanup=strip");
 	if (edit)
-		argv_array_push(&array, "-e");
+		argv_array_push(&cmd.args, "-e");
 	else if (!cleanup_commit_message &&
 		 !opts->signoff && !opts->record_origin &&
 		 git_config_get_value("commit.cleanup", &value))
-		argv_array_push(&array, "--cleanup=verbatim");
+		argv_array_push(&cmd.args, "--cleanup=verbatim");
 
 	if (allow_empty)
-		argv_array_push(&array, "--allow-empty");
+		argv_array_push(&cmd.args, "--allow-empty");
 
 	if (opts->allow_empty_message)
-		argv_array_push(&array, "--allow-empty-message");
+		argv_array_push(&cmd.args, "--allow-empty-message");
 
-	rc = run_command_v_opt_cd_env(array.argv, RUN_GIT_CMD, NULL,
-			(const char *const *)env);
-	argv_array_clear(&array);
-	free(env);
+	if (cmd.err == -1) {
+		/* hide stderr on success */
+		struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+		int rc = pipe_command(&cmd,
+				      NULL, 0,
+				      /* stdout is already redirected */
+				      NULL, 0,
+				      &buf, 0);
+		if (rc)
+			fputs(buf.buf, stderr);
+		strbuf_release(&buf);
+		return rc;
+	}
 
-	return rc;
+	return run_command(&cmd);
 }
 
 static int is_original_commit_empty(struct commit *commit)
@@ -586,33 +738,202 @@
 		return 1;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Note that ordering matters in this enum. Not only must it match the mapping
+ * below, it is also divided into several sections that matter.  When adding
+ * new commands, make sure you add it in the right section.
+ */
 enum todo_command {
+	/* commands that handle commits */
 	TODO_PICK = 0,
-	TODO_REVERT
+	TODO_REVERT,
+	TODO_EDIT,
+	TODO_REWORD,
+	TODO_FIXUP,
+	TODO_SQUASH,
+	/* commands that do something else than handling a single commit */
+	TODO_EXEC,
+	/* commands that do nothing but are counted for reporting progress */
+	TODO_NOOP,
+	TODO_DROP,
+	/* comments (not counted for reporting progress) */
+	TODO_COMMENT
 };
 
-static const char *todo_command_strings[] = {
-	"pick",
-	"revert"
+static struct {
+	char c;
+	const char *str;
+} todo_command_info[] = {
+	{ 'p', "pick" },
+	{ 0,   "revert" },
+	{ 'e', "edit" },
+	{ 'r', "reword" },
+	{ 'f', "fixup" },
+	{ 's', "squash" },
+	{ 'x', "exec" },
+	{ 0,   "noop" },
+	{ 'd', "drop" },
+	{ 0,   NULL }
 };
 
 static const char *command_to_string(const enum todo_command command)
 {
-	if ((size_t)command < ARRAY_SIZE(todo_command_strings))
-		return todo_command_strings[command];
+	if (command < TODO_COMMENT)
+		return todo_command_info[command].str;
 	die("Unknown command: %d", command);
 }
 
+static int is_noop(const enum todo_command command)
+{
+	return TODO_NOOP <= command;
+}
+
+static int is_fixup(enum todo_command command)
+{
+	return command == TODO_FIXUP || command == TODO_SQUASH;
+}
+
+static int update_squash_messages(enum todo_command command,
+		struct commit *commit, struct replay_opts *opts)
+{
+	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+	int count, res;
+	const char *message, *body;
+
+	if (file_exists(rebase_path_squash_msg())) {
+		struct strbuf header = STRBUF_INIT;
+		char *eol, *p;
+
+		if (strbuf_read_file(&buf, rebase_path_squash_msg(), 2048) <= 0)
+			return error(_("could not read '%s'"),
+				rebase_path_squash_msg());
+
+		p = buf.buf + 1;
+		eol = strchrnul(buf.buf, '\n');
+		if (buf.buf[0] != comment_line_char ||
+		    (p += strcspn(p, "0123456789\n")) == eol)
+			return error(_("unexpected 1st line of squash message:"
+				       "\n\n\t%.*s"),
+				     (int)(eol - buf.buf), buf.buf);
+		count = strtol(p, NULL, 10);
+
+		if (count < 1)
+			return error(_("invalid 1st line of squash message:\n"
+				       "\n\t%.*s"),
+				     (int)(eol - buf.buf), buf.buf);
+
+		strbuf_addf(&header, "%c ", comment_line_char);
+		strbuf_addf(&header,
+			    _("This is a combination of %d commits."), ++count);
+		strbuf_splice(&buf, 0, eol - buf.buf, header.buf, header.len);
+		strbuf_release(&header);
+	} else {
+		unsigned char head[20];
+		struct commit *head_commit;
+		const char *head_message, *body;
+
+		if (get_sha1("HEAD", head))
+			return error(_("need a HEAD to fixup"));
+		if (!(head_commit = lookup_commit_reference(head)))
+			return error(_("could not read HEAD"));
+		if (!(head_message = get_commit_buffer(head_commit, NULL)))
+			return error(_("could not read HEAD's commit message"));
+
+		find_commit_subject(head_message, &body);
+		if (write_message(body, strlen(body),
+				  rebase_path_fixup_msg(), 0)) {
+			unuse_commit_buffer(head_commit, head_message);
+			return error(_("cannot write '%s'"),
+				     rebase_path_fixup_msg());
+		}
+
+		count = 2;
+		strbuf_addf(&buf, "%c ", comment_line_char);
+		strbuf_addf(&buf, _("This is a combination of %d commits."),
+			    count);
+		strbuf_addf(&buf, "\n%c ", comment_line_char);
+		strbuf_addstr(&buf, _("This is the 1st commit message:"));
+		strbuf_addstr(&buf, "\n\n");
+		strbuf_addstr(&buf, body);
+
+		unuse_commit_buffer(head_commit, head_message);
+	}
+
+	if (!(message = get_commit_buffer(commit, NULL)))
+		return error(_("could not read commit message of %s"),
+			     oid_to_hex(&commit->object.oid));
+	find_commit_subject(message, &body);
+
+	if (command == TODO_SQUASH) {
+		unlink(rebase_path_fixup_msg());
+		strbuf_addf(&buf, "\n%c ", comment_line_char);
+		strbuf_addf(&buf, _("This is the commit message #%d:"), count);
+		strbuf_addstr(&buf, "\n\n");
+		strbuf_addstr(&buf, body);
+	} else if (command == TODO_FIXUP) {
+		strbuf_addf(&buf, "\n%c ", comment_line_char);
+		strbuf_addf(&buf, _("The commit message #%d will be skipped:"),
+			    count);
+		strbuf_addstr(&buf, "\n\n");
+		strbuf_add_commented_lines(&buf, body, strlen(body));
+	} else
+		return error(_("unknown command: %d"), command);
+	unuse_commit_buffer(commit, message);
+
+	res = write_message(buf.buf, buf.len, rebase_path_squash_msg(), 0);
+	strbuf_release(&buf);
+	return res;
+}
+
+static void flush_rewritten_pending(void) {
+	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+	unsigned char newsha1[20];
+	FILE *out;
+
+	if (strbuf_read_file(&buf, rebase_path_rewritten_pending(), 82) > 0 &&
+			!get_sha1("HEAD", newsha1) &&
+			(out = fopen(rebase_path_rewritten_list(), "a"))) {
+		char *bol = buf.buf, *eol;
+
+		while (*bol) {
+			eol = strchrnul(bol, '\n');
+			fprintf(out, "%.*s %s\n", (int)(eol - bol),
+					bol, sha1_to_hex(newsha1));
+			if (!*eol)
+				break;
+			bol = eol + 1;
+		}
+		fclose(out);
+		unlink(rebase_path_rewritten_pending());
+	}
+	strbuf_release(&buf);
+}
+
+static void record_in_rewritten(struct object_id *oid,
+		enum todo_command next_command) {
+	FILE *out = fopen(rebase_path_rewritten_pending(), "a");
+
+	if (!out)
+		return;
+
+	fprintf(out, "%s\n", oid_to_hex(oid));
+	fclose(out);
+
+	if (!is_fixup(next_command))
+		flush_rewritten_pending();
+}
 
 static int do_pick_commit(enum todo_command command, struct commit *commit,
-		struct replay_opts *opts)
+		struct replay_opts *opts, int final_fixup)
 {
+	int edit = opts->edit, cleanup_commit_message = 0;
+	const char *msg_file = edit ? NULL : git_path_merge_msg();
 	unsigned char head[20];
 	struct commit *base, *next, *parent;
 	const char *base_label, *next_label;
 	struct commit_message msg = { NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL };
 	struct strbuf msgbuf = STRBUF_INIT;
-	int res, unborn = 0, allow;
+	int res, unborn = 0, amend = 0, allow = 0;
 
 	if (opts->no_commit) {
 		/*
@@ -632,9 +953,8 @@
 	}
 	discard_cache();
 
-	if (!commit->parents) {
+	if (!commit->parents)
 		parent = NULL;
-	}
 	else if (commit->parents->next) {
 		/* Reverting or cherry-picking a merge commit */
 		int cnt;
@@ -658,11 +978,23 @@
 	else
 		parent = commit->parents->item;
 
-	if (opts->allow_ff &&
-	    ((parent && !hashcmp(parent->object.oid.hash, head)) ||
-	     (!parent && unborn)))
-		return fast_forward_to(commit->object.oid.hash, head, unborn, opts);
+	if (get_message(commit, &msg) != 0)
+		return error(_("cannot get commit message for %s"),
+			oid_to_hex(&commit->object.oid));
 
+	if (opts->allow_ff && !is_fixup(command) &&
+	    ((parent && !hashcmp(parent->object.oid.hash, head)) ||
+	     (!parent && unborn))) {
+		if (is_rebase_i(opts))
+			write_author_script(msg.message);
+		res = fast_forward_to(commit->object.oid.hash, head, unborn,
+			opts);
+		if (res || command != TODO_REWORD)
+			goto leave;
+		edit = amend = 1;
+		msg_file = NULL;
+		goto fast_forward_edit;
+	}
 	if (parent && parse_commit(parent) < 0)
 		/* TRANSLATORS: The first %s will be a "todo" command like
 		   "revert" or "pick", the second %s a SHA1. */
@@ -670,10 +1002,6 @@
 			command_to_string(command),
 			oid_to_hex(&parent->object.oid));
 
-	if (get_message(commit, &msg) != 0)
-		return error(_("cannot get commit message for %s"),
-			oid_to_hex(&commit->object.oid));
-
 	/*
 	 * "commit" is an existing commit.  We would want to apply
 	 * the difference it introduces since its first parent "prev"
@@ -704,14 +1032,9 @@
 		next = commit;
 		next_label = msg.label;
 
-		/*
-		 * Append the commit log message to msgbuf; it starts
-		 * after the tree, parent, author, committer
-		 * information followed by "\n\n".
-		 */
-		p = strstr(msg.message, "\n\n");
-		if (p)
-			strbuf_addstr(&msgbuf, skip_blank_lines(p + 2));
+		/* Append the commit log message to msgbuf. */
+		if (find_commit_subject(msg.message, &p))
+			strbuf_addstr(&msgbuf, p);
 
 		if (opts->record_origin) {
 			if (!has_conforming_footer(&msgbuf, NULL, 0))
@@ -722,7 +1045,32 @@
 		}
 	}
 
-	if (!opts->strategy || !strcmp(opts->strategy, "recursive") || command == TODO_REVERT) {
+	if (command == TODO_REWORD)
+		edit = 1;
+	else if (is_fixup(command)) {
+		if (update_squash_messages(command, commit, opts))
+			return -1;
+		amend = 1;
+		if (!final_fixup)
+			msg_file = rebase_path_squash_msg();
+		else if (file_exists(rebase_path_fixup_msg())) {
+			cleanup_commit_message = 1;
+			msg_file = rebase_path_fixup_msg();
+		} else {
+			const char *dest = git_path("SQUASH_MSG");
+			unlink(dest);
+			if (copy_file(dest, rebase_path_squash_msg(), 0666))
+				return error(_("could not rename '%s' to '%s'"),
+					     rebase_path_squash_msg(), dest);
+			unlink(git_path("MERGE_MSG"));
+			msg_file = dest;
+			edit = 1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (is_rebase_i(opts) && write_author_script(msg.message) < 0)
+		res = -1;
+	else if (!opts->strategy || !strcmp(opts->strategy, "recursive") || command == TODO_REVERT) {
 		res = do_recursive_merge(base, next, base_label, next_label,
 					 head, &msgbuf, opts);
 		if (res < 0)
@@ -777,8 +1125,14 @@
 		goto leave;
 	}
 	if (!opts->no_commit)
-		res = run_git_commit(opts->edit ? NULL : git_path_merge_msg(),
-				     opts, allow, opts->edit, 0, 0);
+fast_forward_edit:
+		res = run_git_commit(msg_file, opts, allow, edit, amend,
+				     cleanup_commit_message);
+
+	if (!res && final_fixup) {
+		unlink(rebase_path_fixup_msg());
+		unlink(rebase_path_squash_msg());
+	}
 
 leave:
 	free_message(commit, &msg);
@@ -837,6 +1191,7 @@
 	struct strbuf buf;
 	struct todo_item *items;
 	int nr, alloc, current;
+	int done_nr, total_nr;
 };
 
 #define TODO_LIST_INIT { STRBUF_INIT }
@@ -864,20 +1219,45 @@
 	/* left-trim */
 	bol += strspn(bol, " \t");
 
-	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(todo_command_strings); i++)
-		if (skip_prefix(bol, todo_command_strings[i], &bol)) {
+	if (bol == eol || *bol == '\r' || *bol == comment_line_char) {
+		item->command = TODO_COMMENT;
+		item->commit = NULL;
+		item->arg = bol;
+		item->arg_len = eol - bol;
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	for (i = 0; i < TODO_COMMENT; i++)
+		if (skip_prefix(bol, todo_command_info[i].str, &bol)) {
+			item->command = i;
+			break;
+		} else if (bol[1] == ' ' && *bol == todo_command_info[i].c) {
+			bol++;
 			item->command = i;
 			break;
 		}
-	if (i >= ARRAY_SIZE(todo_command_strings))
+	if (i >= TODO_COMMENT)
 		return -1;
 
+	if (item->command == TODO_NOOP) {
+		item->commit = NULL;
+		item->arg = bol;
+		item->arg_len = eol - bol;
+		return 0;
+	}
+
 	/* Eat up extra spaces/ tabs before object name */
 	padding = strspn(bol, " \t");
 	if (!padding)
 		return -1;
 	bol += padding;
 
+	if (item->command == TODO_EXEC) {
+		item->arg = bol;
+		item->arg_len = (int)(eol - bol);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
 	end_of_object_name = (char *) bol + strcspn(bol, " \t\n");
 	saved = *end_of_object_name;
 	*end_of_object_name = '\0';
@@ -898,7 +1278,7 @@
 {
 	struct todo_item *item;
 	char *p = buf, *next_p;
-	int i, res = 0;
+	int i, res = 0, fixup_okay = file_exists(rebase_path_done());
 
 	for (i = 1; *p; i++, p = next_p) {
 		char *eol = strchrnul(p, '\n');
@@ -913,14 +1293,32 @@
 		if (parse_insn_line(item, p, eol)) {
 			res = error(_("invalid line %d: %.*s"),
 				i, (int)(eol - p), p);
-			item->command = -1;
+			item->command = TODO_NOOP;
 		}
+
+		if (fixup_okay)
+			; /* do nothing */
+		else if (is_fixup(item->command))
+			return error(_("cannot '%s' without a previous commit"),
+				command_to_string(item->command));
+		else if (!is_noop(item->command))
+			fixup_okay = 1;
 	}
-	if (!todo_list->nr)
-		return error(_("no commits parsed."));
+
 	return res;
 }
 
+static int count_commands(struct todo_list *todo_list)
+{
+	int count = 0, i;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < todo_list->nr; i++)
+		if (todo_list->items[i].command != TODO_COMMENT)
+			count++;
+
+	return count;
+}
+
 static int read_populate_todo(struct todo_list *todo_list,
 			struct replay_opts *opts)
 {
@@ -938,8 +1336,16 @@
 	close(fd);
 
 	res = parse_insn_buffer(todo_list->buf.buf, todo_list);
-	if (res)
+	if (res) {
+		if (is_rebase_i(opts))
+			return error(_("please fix this using "
+				       "'git rebase --edit-todo'."));
 		return error(_("unusable instruction sheet: '%s'"), todo_file);
+	}
+
+	if (!todo_list->nr &&
+	    (!is_rebase_i(opts) || !file_exists(rebase_path_done())))
+		return error(_("no commits parsed."));
 
 	if (!is_rebase_i(opts)) {
 		enum todo_command valid =
@@ -955,6 +1361,26 @@
 				return error(_("cannot revert during a cherry-pick."));
 	}
 
+	if (is_rebase_i(opts)) {
+		struct todo_list done = TODO_LIST_INIT;
+		FILE *f = fopen(rebase_path_msgtotal(), "w");
+
+		if (strbuf_read_file(&done.buf, rebase_path_done(), 0) > 0 &&
+				!parse_insn_buffer(done.buf.buf, &done))
+			todo_list->done_nr = count_commands(&done);
+		else
+			todo_list->done_nr = 0;
+
+		todo_list->total_nr = todo_list->done_nr
+			+ count_commands(todo_list);
+		todo_list_release(&done);
+
+		if (f) {
+			fprintf(f, "%d\n", todo_list->total_nr);
+			fclose(f);
+		}
+	}
+
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -1003,6 +1429,26 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static void read_strategy_opts(struct replay_opts *opts, struct strbuf *buf)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	strbuf_reset(buf);
+	if (!read_oneliner(buf, rebase_path_strategy(), 0))
+		return;
+	opts->strategy = strbuf_detach(buf, NULL);
+	if (!read_oneliner(buf, rebase_path_strategy_opts(), 0))
+		return;
+
+	opts->xopts_nr = split_cmdline(buf->buf, (const char ***)&opts->xopts);
+	for (i = 0; i < opts->xopts_nr; i++) {
+		const char *arg = opts->xopts[i];
+
+		skip_prefix(arg, "--", &arg);
+		opts->xopts[i] = xstrdup(arg);
+	}
+}
+
 static int read_populate_opts(struct replay_opts *opts)
 {
 	if (is_rebase_i(opts)) {
@@ -1016,6 +1462,11 @@
 				opts->gpg_sign = xstrdup(buf.buf + 2);
 			}
 		}
+
+		if (file_exists(rebase_path_verbose()))
+			opts->verbose = 1;
+
+		read_strategy_opts(opts, &buf);
 		strbuf_release(&buf);
 
 		return 0;
@@ -1040,7 +1491,7 @@
 {
 	enum todo_command command = opts->action == REPLAY_PICK ?
 		TODO_PICK : TODO_REVERT;
-	const char *command_string = todo_command_strings[command];
+	const char *command_string = todo_command_info[command].str;
 	struct commit *commit;
 
 	if (prepare_revs(opts))
@@ -1071,8 +1522,7 @@
 		error(_("a cherry-pick or revert is already in progress"));
 		advise(_("try \"git cherry-pick (--continue | --quit | --abort)\""));
 		return -1;
-	}
-	else if (mkdir(git_path_seq_dir(), 0777) < 0)
+	} else if (mkdir(git_path_seq_dir(), 0777) < 0)
 		return error_errno(_("could not create sequencer directory '%s'"),
 				   git_path_seq_dir());
 	return 0;
@@ -1205,6 +1655,13 @@
 	const char *todo_path = get_todo_path(opts);
 	int next = todo_list->current, offset, fd;
 
+	/*
+	 * rebase -i writes "git-rebase-todo" without the currently executing
+	 * command, appending it to "done" instead.
+	 */
+	if (is_rebase_i(opts))
+		next++;
+
 	fd = hold_lock_file_for_update(&todo_lock, todo_path, 0);
 	if (fd < 0)
 		return error_errno(_("could not lock '%s'"), todo_path);
@@ -1215,6 +1672,23 @@
 		return error_errno(_("could not write to '%s'"), todo_path);
 	if (commit_lock_file(&todo_lock) < 0)
 		return error(_("failed to finalize '%s'."), todo_path);
+
+	if (is_rebase_i(opts)) {
+		const char *done_path = rebase_path_done();
+		int fd = open(done_path, O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_APPEND, 0666);
+		int prev_offset = !next ? 0 :
+			todo_list->items[next - 1].offset_in_buf;
+
+		if (fd >= 0 && offset > prev_offset &&
+		    write_in_full(fd, todo_list->buf.buf + prev_offset,
+				  offset - prev_offset) < 0) {
+			close(fd);
+			return error_errno(_("could not write to '%s'"),
+					   done_path);
+		}
+		if (fd >= 0)
+			close(fd);
+	}
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -1253,9 +1727,228 @@
 	return res;
 }
 
+static int make_patch(struct commit *commit, struct replay_opts *opts)
+{
+	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct rev_info log_tree_opt;
+	const char *subject, *p;
+	int res = 0;
+
+	p = short_commit_name(commit);
+	if (write_message(p, strlen(p), rebase_path_stopped_sha(), 1) < 0)
+		return -1;
+
+	strbuf_addf(&buf, "%s/patch", get_dir(opts));
+	memset(&log_tree_opt, 0, sizeof(log_tree_opt));
+	init_revisions(&log_tree_opt, NULL);
+	log_tree_opt.abbrev = 0;
+	log_tree_opt.diff = 1;
+	log_tree_opt.diffopt.output_format = DIFF_FORMAT_PATCH;
+	log_tree_opt.disable_stdin = 1;
+	log_tree_opt.no_commit_id = 1;
+	log_tree_opt.diffopt.file = fopen(buf.buf, "w");
+	log_tree_opt.diffopt.use_color = GIT_COLOR_NEVER;
+	if (!log_tree_opt.diffopt.file)
+		res |= error_errno(_("could not open '%s'"), buf.buf);
+	else {
+		res |= log_tree_commit(&log_tree_opt, commit);
+		fclose(log_tree_opt.diffopt.file);
+	}
+	strbuf_reset(&buf);
+
+	strbuf_addf(&buf, "%s/message", get_dir(opts));
+	if (!file_exists(buf.buf)) {
+		const char *commit_buffer = get_commit_buffer(commit, NULL);
+		find_commit_subject(commit_buffer, &subject);
+		res |= write_message(subject, strlen(subject), buf.buf, 1);
+		unuse_commit_buffer(commit, commit_buffer);
+	}
+	strbuf_release(&buf);
+
+	return res;
+}
+
+static int intend_to_amend(void)
+{
+	unsigned char head[20];
+	char *p;
+
+	if (get_sha1("HEAD", head))
+		return error(_("cannot read HEAD"));
+
+	p = sha1_to_hex(head);
+	return write_message(p, strlen(p), rebase_path_amend(), 1);
+}
+
+static int error_with_patch(struct commit *commit,
+	const char *subject, int subject_len,
+	struct replay_opts *opts, int exit_code, int to_amend)
+{
+	if (make_patch(commit, opts))
+		return -1;
+
+	if (to_amend) {
+		if (intend_to_amend())
+			return -1;
+
+		fprintf(stderr, "You can amend the commit now, with\n"
+			"\n"
+			"  git commit --amend %s\n"
+			"\n"
+			"Once you are satisfied with your changes, run\n"
+			"\n"
+			"  git rebase --continue\n", gpg_sign_opt_quoted(opts));
+	} else if (exit_code)
+		fprintf(stderr, "Could not apply %s... %.*s\n",
+			short_commit_name(commit), subject_len, subject);
+
+	return exit_code;
+}
+
+static int error_failed_squash(struct commit *commit,
+	struct replay_opts *opts, int subject_len, const char *subject)
+{
+	if (rename(rebase_path_squash_msg(), rebase_path_message()))
+		return error(_("could not rename '%s' to '%s'"),
+			rebase_path_squash_msg(), rebase_path_message());
+	unlink(rebase_path_fixup_msg());
+	unlink(git_path("MERGE_MSG"));
+	if (copy_file(git_path("MERGE_MSG"), rebase_path_message(), 0666))
+		return error(_("could not copy '%s' to '%s'"),
+			     rebase_path_message(), git_path("MERGE_MSG"));
+	return error_with_patch(commit, subject, subject_len, opts, 1, 0);
+}
+
+static int do_exec(const char *command_line)
+{
+	const char *child_argv[] = { NULL, NULL };
+	int dirty, status;
+
+	fprintf(stderr, "Executing: %s\n", command_line);
+	child_argv[0] = command_line;
+	status = run_command_v_opt(child_argv, RUN_USING_SHELL);
+
+	/* force re-reading of the cache */
+	if (discard_cache() < 0 || read_cache() < 0)
+		return error(_("could not read index"));
+
+	dirty = require_clean_work_tree("rebase", NULL, 1, 1);
+
+	if (status) {
+		warning(_("execution failed: %s\n%s"
+			  "You can fix the problem, and then run\n"
+			  "\n"
+			  "  git rebase --continue\n"
+			  "\n"),
+			command_line,
+			dirty ? N_("and made changes to the index and/or the "
+				"working tree\n") : "");
+		if (status == 127)
+			/* command not found */
+			status = 1;
+	} else if (dirty) {
+		warning(_("execution succeeded: %s\nbut "
+			  "left changes to the index and/or the working tree\n"
+			  "Commit or stash your changes, and then run\n"
+			  "\n"
+			  "  git rebase --continue\n"
+			  "\n"), command_line);
+		status = 1;
+	}
+
+	return status;
+}
+
+static int is_final_fixup(struct todo_list *todo_list)
+{
+	int i = todo_list->current;
+
+	if (!is_fixup(todo_list->items[i].command))
+		return 0;
+
+	while (++i < todo_list->nr)
+		if (is_fixup(todo_list->items[i].command))
+			return 0;
+		else if (!is_noop(todo_list->items[i].command))
+			break;
+	return 1;
+}
+
+static enum todo_command peek_command(struct todo_list *todo_list, int offset)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	for (i = todo_list->current + offset; i < todo_list->nr; i++)
+		if (!is_noop(todo_list->items[i].command))
+			return todo_list->items[i].command;
+
+	return -1;
+}
+
+static int apply_autostash(struct replay_opts *opts)
+{
+	struct strbuf stash_sha1 = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct child_process child = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+	int ret = 0;
+
+	if (!read_oneliner(&stash_sha1, rebase_path_autostash(), 1)) {
+		strbuf_release(&stash_sha1);
+		return 0;
+	}
+	strbuf_trim(&stash_sha1);
+
+	child.git_cmd = 1;
+	argv_array_push(&child.args, "stash");
+	argv_array_push(&child.args, "apply");
+	argv_array_push(&child.args, stash_sha1.buf);
+	if (!run_command(&child))
+		printf(_("Applied autostash."));
+	else {
+		struct child_process store = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+
+		store.git_cmd = 1;
+		argv_array_push(&store.args, "stash");
+		argv_array_push(&store.args, "store");
+		argv_array_push(&store.args, "-m");
+		argv_array_push(&store.args, "autostash");
+		argv_array_push(&store.args, "-q");
+		argv_array_push(&store.args, stash_sha1.buf);
+		if (run_command(&store))
+			ret = error(_("cannot store %s"), stash_sha1.buf);
+		else
+			printf(_("Applying autostash resulted in conflicts.\n"
+				"Your changes are safe in the stash.\n"
+				"You can run \"git stash pop\" or"
+				" \"git stash drop\" at any time.\n"));
+	}
+
+	strbuf_release(&stash_sha1);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+static const char *reflog_message(struct replay_opts *opts,
+	const char *sub_action, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	va_list ap;
+	static struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+	va_start(ap, fmt);
+	strbuf_reset(&buf);
+	strbuf_addstr(&buf, action_name(opts));
+	if (sub_action)
+		strbuf_addf(&buf, " (%s)", sub_action);
+	if (fmt) {
+		strbuf_addstr(&buf, ": ");
+		strbuf_vaddf(&buf, fmt, ap);
+	}
+	va_end(ap);
+
+	return buf.buf;
+}
+
 static int pick_commits(struct todo_list *todo_list, struct replay_opts *opts)
 {
-	int res;
+	int res = 0;
 
 	setenv(GIT_REFLOG_ACTION, action_name(opts), 0);
 	if (opts->allow_ff)
@@ -1268,12 +1961,179 @@
 		struct todo_item *item = todo_list->items + todo_list->current;
 		if (save_todo(todo_list, opts))
 			return -1;
-		res = do_pick_commit(item->command, item->commit, opts);
+		if (is_rebase_i(opts)) {
+			if (item->command != TODO_COMMENT) {
+				FILE *f = fopen(rebase_path_msgnum(), "w");
+
+				todo_list->done_nr++;
+
+				if (f) {
+					fprintf(f, "%d\n", todo_list->done_nr);
+					fclose(f);
+				}
+				fprintf(stderr, "Rebasing (%d/%d)%s",
+					todo_list->done_nr,
+					todo_list->total_nr,
+					opts->verbose ? "\n" : "\r");
+			}
+			unlink(rebase_path_message());
+			unlink(rebase_path_author_script());
+			unlink(rebase_path_stopped_sha());
+			unlink(rebase_path_amend());
+		}
+		if (item->command <= TODO_SQUASH) {
+			if (is_rebase_i(opts))
+				setenv("GIT_REFLOG_ACTION", reflog_message(opts,
+					command_to_string(item->command), NULL),
+					1);
+			res = do_pick_commit(item->command, item->commit,
+					opts, is_final_fixup(todo_list));
+			if (is_rebase_i(opts) && res < 0) {
+				/* Reschedule */
+				todo_list->current--;
+				if (save_todo(todo_list, opts))
+					return -1;
+			}
+			if (item->command == TODO_EDIT) {
+				struct commit *commit = item->commit;
+				if (!res)
+					warning(_("stopped at %s... %.*s"),
+						short_commit_name(commit),
+						item->arg_len, item->arg);
+				return error_with_patch(commit,
+					item->arg, item->arg_len, opts, res,
+					!res);
+			}
+			if (is_rebase_i(opts) && !res)
+				record_in_rewritten(&item->commit->object.oid,
+					peek_command(todo_list, 1));
+			if (res && is_fixup(item->command)) {
+				if (res == 1)
+					intend_to_amend();
+				return error_failed_squash(item->commit, opts,
+					item->arg_len, item->arg);
+			} else if (res && is_rebase_i(opts))
+				return res | error_with_patch(item->commit,
+					item->arg, item->arg_len, opts, res,
+					item->command == TODO_REWORD);
+		} else if (item->command == TODO_EXEC) {
+			char *end_of_arg = (char *)(item->arg + item->arg_len);
+			int saved = *end_of_arg;
+
+			*end_of_arg = '\0';
+			res = do_exec(item->arg);
+			*end_of_arg = saved;
+		} else if (!is_noop(item->command))
+			return error(_("unknown command %d"), item->command);
+
 		todo_list->current++;
 		if (res)
 			return res;
 	}
 
+	if (is_rebase_i(opts)) {
+		struct strbuf head_ref = STRBUF_INIT, buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+		struct stat st;
+
+		/* Stopped in the middle, as planned? */
+		if (todo_list->current < todo_list->nr)
+			return 0;
+
+		if (read_oneliner(&head_ref, rebase_path_head_name(), 0) &&
+				starts_with(head_ref.buf, "refs/")) {
+			const char *msg;
+			unsigned char head[20], orig[20];
+			int res;
+
+			if (get_sha1("HEAD", head)) {
+				res = error(_("cannot read HEAD"));
+cleanup_head_ref:
+				strbuf_release(&head_ref);
+				strbuf_release(&buf);
+				return res;
+			}
+			if (!read_oneliner(&buf, rebase_path_orig_head(), 0) ||
+					get_sha1_hex(buf.buf, orig)) {
+				res = error(_("could not read orig-head"));
+				goto cleanup_head_ref;
+			}
+			if (!read_oneliner(&buf, rebase_path_onto(), 0)) {
+				res = error(_("could not read 'onto'"));
+				goto cleanup_head_ref;
+			}
+			msg = reflog_message(opts, "finish", "%s onto %s",
+				head_ref.buf, buf.buf);
+			if (update_ref(msg, head_ref.buf, head, orig,
+					REF_NODEREF, UPDATE_REFS_MSG_ON_ERR)) {
+				res = error(_("could not update %s"),
+					head_ref.buf);
+				goto cleanup_head_ref;
+			}
+			msg = reflog_message(opts, "finish", "returning to %s",
+				head_ref.buf);
+			if (create_symref("HEAD", head_ref.buf, msg)) {
+				res = error(_("could not update HEAD to %s"),
+					head_ref.buf);
+				goto cleanup_head_ref;
+			}
+			strbuf_reset(&buf);
+		}
+
+		if (opts->verbose) {
+			struct rev_info log_tree_opt;
+			struct object_id orig, head;
+
+			memset(&log_tree_opt, 0, sizeof(log_tree_opt));
+			init_revisions(&log_tree_opt, NULL);
+			log_tree_opt.diff = 1;
+			log_tree_opt.diffopt.output_format =
+				DIFF_FORMAT_DIFFSTAT;
+			log_tree_opt.disable_stdin = 1;
+
+			if (read_oneliner(&buf, rebase_path_orig_head(), 0) &&
+			    !get_sha1(buf.buf, orig.hash) &&
+			    !get_sha1("HEAD", head.hash)) {
+				diff_tree_sha1(orig.hash, head.hash,
+					       "", &log_tree_opt.diffopt);
+				log_tree_diff_flush(&log_tree_opt);
+			}
+		}
+		flush_rewritten_pending();
+		if (!stat(rebase_path_rewritten_list(), &st) &&
+				st.st_size > 0) {
+			struct child_process child = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+			const char *post_rewrite_hook =
+				find_hook("post-rewrite");
+
+			child.in = open(rebase_path_rewritten_list(), O_RDONLY);
+			child.git_cmd = 1;
+			argv_array_push(&child.args, "notes");
+			argv_array_push(&child.args, "copy");
+			argv_array_push(&child.args, "--for-rewrite=rebase");
+			/* we don't care if this copying failed */
+			run_command(&child);
+
+			if (post_rewrite_hook) {
+				struct child_process hook = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+
+				hook.in = open(rebase_path_rewritten_list(),
+					O_RDONLY);
+				hook.stdout_to_stderr = 1;
+				argv_array_push(&hook.args, post_rewrite_hook);
+				argv_array_push(&hook.args, "rebase");
+				/* we don't care if this hook failed */
+				run_command(&hook);
+			}
+		}
+		apply_autostash(opts);
+
+		fprintf(stderr, "Successfully rebased and updated %s.\n",
+			head_ref.buf);
+
+		strbuf_release(&buf);
+		strbuf_release(&head_ref);
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * Sequence of picks finished successfully; cleanup by
 	 * removing the .git/sequencer directory
@@ -1291,6 +2151,47 @@
 	return run_command_v_opt(argv, RUN_GIT_CMD);
 }
 
+static int commit_staged_changes(struct replay_opts *opts)
+{
+	int amend = 0;
+
+	if (has_unstaged_changes(1))
+		return error(_("cannot rebase: You have unstaged changes."));
+	if (!has_uncommitted_changes(0)) {
+		const char *cherry_pick_head = git_path("CHERRY_PICK_HEAD");
+
+		if (file_exists(cherry_pick_head) && unlink(cherry_pick_head))
+			return error(_("could not remove CHERRY_PICK_HEAD"));
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	if (file_exists(rebase_path_amend())) {
+		struct strbuf rev = STRBUF_INIT;
+		unsigned char head[20], to_amend[20];
+
+		if (get_sha1("HEAD", head))
+			return error(_("cannot amend non-existing commit"));
+		if (!read_oneliner(&rev, rebase_path_amend(), 0))
+			return error(_("invalid file: '%s'"), rebase_path_amend());
+		if (get_sha1_hex(rev.buf, to_amend))
+			return error(_("invalid contents: '%s'"),
+				rebase_path_amend());
+		if (hashcmp(head, to_amend))
+			return error(_("\nYou have uncommitted changes in your "
+				       "working tree. Please, commit them\n"
+				       "first and then run 'git rebase "
+				       "--continue' again."));
+
+		strbuf_release(&rev);
+		amend = 1;
+	}
+
+	if (run_git_commit(rebase_path_message(), opts, 1, 1, amend, 0))
+		return error(_("could not commit staged changes."));
+	unlink(rebase_path_amend());
+	return 0;
+}
+
 int sequencer_continue(struct replay_opts *opts)
 {
 	struct todo_list todo_list = TODO_LIST_INIT;
@@ -1299,25 +2200,39 @@
 	if (read_and_refresh_cache(opts))
 		return -1;
 
-	if (!file_exists(get_todo_path(opts)))
+	if (is_rebase_i(opts)) {
+		if (commit_staged_changes(opts))
+			return -1;
+	} else if (!file_exists(get_todo_path(opts)))
 		return continue_single_pick();
 	if (read_populate_opts(opts))
 		return -1;
 	if ((res = read_populate_todo(&todo_list, opts)))
 		goto release_todo_list;
 
-	/* Verify that the conflict has been resolved */
-	if (file_exists(git_path_cherry_pick_head()) ||
-	    file_exists(git_path_revert_head())) {
-		res = continue_single_pick();
-		if (res)
+	if (!is_rebase_i(opts)) {
+		/* Verify that the conflict has been resolved */
+		if (file_exists(git_path_cherry_pick_head()) ||
+		    file_exists(git_path_revert_head())) {
+			res = continue_single_pick();
+			if (res)
+				goto release_todo_list;
+		}
+		if (index_differs_from("HEAD", 0, 0)) {
+			res = error_dirty_index(opts);
 			goto release_todo_list;
+		}
+		todo_list.current++;
+	} else if (file_exists(rebase_path_stopped_sha())) {
+		struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+		struct object_id oid;
+
+		if (read_oneliner(&buf, rebase_path_stopped_sha(), 1) &&
+		    !get_sha1_committish(buf.buf, oid.hash))
+			record_in_rewritten(&oid, peek_command(&todo_list, 0));
+		strbuf_release(&buf);
 	}
-	if (index_differs_from("HEAD", 0, 0)) {
-		res = error_dirty_index(opts);
-		goto release_todo_list;
-	}
-	todo_list.current++;
+
 	res = pick_commits(&todo_list, opts);
 release_todo_list:
 	todo_list_release(&todo_list);
@@ -1328,7 +2243,7 @@
 {
 	setenv(GIT_REFLOG_ACTION, action_name(opts), 0);
 	return do_pick_commit(opts->action == REPLAY_PICK ?
-		TODO_PICK : TODO_REVERT, cmit, opts);
+		TODO_PICK : TODO_REVERT, cmit, opts, 0);
 }
 
 int sequencer_pick_revisions(struct replay_opts *opts)
diff --git a/sequencer.h b/sequencer.h
index 7a513c5..f885b68 100644
--- a/sequencer.h
+++ b/sequencer.h
@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@
 
 enum replay_action {
 	REPLAY_REVERT,
-	REPLAY_PICK
+	REPLAY_PICK,
+	REPLAY_INTERACTIVE_REBASE
 };
 
 struct replay_opts {
@@ -23,6 +24,7 @@
 	int allow_empty;
 	int allow_empty_message;
 	int keep_redundant_commits;
+	int verbose;
 
 	int mainline;
 
diff --git a/setup.c b/setup.c
index 1b534a7..967f289 100644
--- a/setup.c
+++ b/setup.c
@@ -486,6 +486,30 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
+void read_gitfile_error_die(int error_code, const char *path, const char *dir)
+{
+	switch (error_code) {
+	case READ_GITFILE_ERR_STAT_FAILED:
+	case READ_GITFILE_ERR_NOT_A_FILE:
+		/* non-fatal; follow return path */
+		break;
+	case READ_GITFILE_ERR_OPEN_FAILED:
+		die_errno("Error opening '%s'", path);
+	case READ_GITFILE_ERR_TOO_LARGE:
+		die("Too large to be a .git file: '%s'", path);
+	case READ_GITFILE_ERR_READ_FAILED:
+		die("Error reading %s", path);
+	case READ_GITFILE_ERR_INVALID_FORMAT:
+		die("Invalid gitfile format: %s", path);
+	case READ_GITFILE_ERR_NO_PATH:
+		die("No path in gitfile: %s", path);
+	case READ_GITFILE_ERR_NOT_A_REPO:
+		die("Not a git repository: %s", dir);
+	default:
+		die("BUG: unknown error code");
+	}
+}
+
 /*
  * Try to read the location of the git directory from the .git file,
  * return path to git directory if found.
@@ -559,28 +583,8 @@
 cleanup_return:
 	if (return_error_code)
 		*return_error_code = error_code;
-	else if (error_code) {
-		switch (error_code) {
-		case READ_GITFILE_ERR_STAT_FAILED:
-		case READ_GITFILE_ERR_NOT_A_FILE:
-			/* non-fatal; follow return path */
-			break;
-		case READ_GITFILE_ERR_OPEN_FAILED:
-			die_errno("Error opening '%s'", path);
-		case READ_GITFILE_ERR_TOO_LARGE:
-			die("Too large to be a .git file: '%s'", path);
-		case READ_GITFILE_ERR_READ_FAILED:
-			die("Error reading %s", path);
-		case READ_GITFILE_ERR_INVALID_FORMAT:
-			die("Invalid gitfile format: %s", path);
-		case READ_GITFILE_ERR_NO_PATH:
-			die("No path in gitfile: %s", path);
-		case READ_GITFILE_ERR_NOT_A_REPO:
-			die("Not a git repository: %s", dir);
-		default:
-			assert(0);
-		}
-	}
+	else if (error_code)
+		read_gitfile_error_die(error_code, path, dir);
 
 	free(buf);
 	return error_code ? NULL : path;
@@ -1017,11 +1021,11 @@
 	return setup_git_directory_gently(NULL);
 }
 
-const char *resolve_gitdir(const char *suspect)
+const char *resolve_gitdir_gently(const char *suspect, int *return_error_code)
 {
 	if (is_git_directory(suspect))
 		return suspect;
-	return read_gitfile(suspect);
+	return read_gitfile_gently(suspect, return_error_code);
 }
 
 /* if any standard file descriptor is missing open it to /dev/null */
diff --git a/sha1_file.c b/sha1_file.c
index b5e827a..ec957db 100644
--- a/sha1_file.c
+++ b/sha1_file.c
@@ -1630,39 +1630,54 @@
 	return fd;
 }
 
-static int stat_sha1_file(const unsigned char *sha1, struct stat *st)
+/*
+ * Find "sha1" as a loose object in the local repository or in an alternate.
+ * Returns 0 on success, negative on failure.
+ *
+ * The "path" out-parameter will give the path of the object we found (if any).
+ * Note that it may point to static storage and is only valid until another
+ * call to sha1_file_name(), etc.
+ */
+static int stat_sha1_file(const unsigned char *sha1, struct stat *st,
+			  const char **path)
 {
 	struct alternate_object_database *alt;
 
-	if (!lstat(sha1_file_name(sha1), st))
+	*path = sha1_file_name(sha1);
+	if (!lstat(*path, st))
 		return 0;
 
 	prepare_alt_odb();
 	errno = ENOENT;
 	for (alt = alt_odb_list; alt; alt = alt->next) {
-		const char *path = alt_sha1_path(alt, sha1);
-		if (!lstat(path, st))
+		*path = alt_sha1_path(alt, sha1);
+		if (!lstat(*path, st))
 			return 0;
 	}
 
 	return -1;
 }
 
-static int open_sha1_file(const unsigned char *sha1)
+/*
+ * Like stat_sha1_file(), but actually open the object and return the
+ * descriptor. See the caveats on the "path" parameter above.
+ */
+static int open_sha1_file(const unsigned char *sha1, const char **path)
 {
 	int fd;
 	struct alternate_object_database *alt;
 	int most_interesting_errno;
 
-	fd = git_open(sha1_file_name(sha1));
+	*path = sha1_file_name(sha1);
+	fd = git_open(*path);
 	if (fd >= 0)
 		return fd;
 	most_interesting_errno = errno;
 
 	prepare_alt_odb();
 	for (alt = alt_odb_list; alt; alt = alt->next) {
-		const char *path = alt_sha1_path(alt, sha1);
-		fd = git_open(path);
+		*path = alt_sha1_path(alt, sha1);
+		fd = git_open(*path);
 		if (fd >= 0)
 			return fd;
 		if (most_interesting_errno == ENOENT)
@@ -1672,12 +1687,21 @@
 	return -1;
 }
 
-void *map_sha1_file(const unsigned char *sha1, unsigned long *size)
+/*
+ * Map the loose object at "path" if it is not NULL, or the path found by
+ * searching for a loose object named "sha1".
+ */
+static void *map_sha1_file_1(const char *path,
+			     const unsigned char *sha1,
+			     unsigned long *size)
 {
 	void *map;
 	int fd;
 
-	fd = open_sha1_file(sha1);
+	if (path)
+		fd = git_open(path);
+	else
+		fd = open_sha1_file(sha1, &path);
 	map = NULL;
 	if (fd >= 0) {
 		struct stat st;
@@ -1686,7 +1710,7 @@
 			*size = xsize_t(st.st_size);
 			if (!*size) {
 				/* mmap() is forbidden on empty files */
-				error("object file %s is empty", sha1_file_name(sha1));
+				error("object file %s is empty", path);
 				return NULL;
 			}
 			map = xmmap(NULL, *size, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0);
@@ -1696,6 +1720,11 @@
 	return map;
 }
 
+void *map_sha1_file(const unsigned char *sha1, unsigned long *size)
+{
+	return map_sha1_file_1(NULL, sha1, size);
+}
+
 unsigned long unpack_object_header_buffer(const unsigned char *buf,
 		unsigned long len, enum object_type *type, unsigned long *sizep)
 {
@@ -2342,11 +2371,10 @@
 
 void clear_delta_base_cache(void)
 {
-	struct hashmap_iter iter;
-	struct delta_base_cache_entry *entry;
-	for (entry = hashmap_iter_first(&delta_base_cache, &iter);
-	     entry;
-	     entry = hashmap_iter_next(&iter)) {
+	struct list_head *lru, *tmp;
+	list_for_each_safe(lru, tmp, &delta_base_cache_lru) {
+		struct delta_base_cache_entry *entry =
+			list_entry(lru, struct delta_base_cache_entry, lru);
 		release_delta_base_cache(entry);
 	}
 }
@@ -2806,8 +2834,9 @@
 	 * object even exists.
 	 */
 	if (!oi->typep && !oi->typename && !oi->sizep) {
+		const char *path;
 		struct stat st;
-		if (stat_sha1_file(sha1, &st) < 0)
+		if (stat_sha1_file(sha1, &st, &path) < 0)
 			return -1;
 		if (oi->disk_sizep)
 			*oi->disk_sizep = st.st_size;
@@ -3003,6 +3032,8 @@
 {
 	void *data;
 	const struct packed_git *p;
+	const char *path;
+	struct stat st;
 	const unsigned char *repl = lookup_replace_object_extended(sha1, flag);
 
 	errno = 0;
@@ -3018,12 +3049,9 @@
 		die("replacement %s not found for %s",
 		    sha1_to_hex(repl), sha1_to_hex(sha1));
 
-	if (has_loose_object(repl)) {
-		const char *path = sha1_file_name(sha1);
-
+	if (!stat_sha1_file(repl, &st, &path))
 		die("loose object %s (stored in %s) is corrupt",
 		    sha1_to_hex(repl), path);
-	}
 
 	if ((p = has_packed_and_bad(repl)) != NULL)
 		die("packed object %s (stored in %s) is corrupt",
@@ -3793,3 +3821,122 @@
 	}
 	return r ? r : pack_errors;
 }
+
+static int check_stream_sha1(git_zstream *stream,
+			     const char *hdr,
+			     unsigned long size,
+			     const char *path,
+			     const unsigned char *expected_sha1)
+{
+	git_SHA_CTX c;
+	unsigned char real_sha1[GIT_SHA1_RAWSZ];
+	unsigned char buf[4096];
+	unsigned long total_read;
+	int status = Z_OK;
+
+	git_SHA1_Init(&c);
+	git_SHA1_Update(&c, hdr, stream->total_out);
+
+	/*
+	 * We already read some bytes into hdr, but the ones up to the NUL
+	 * do not count against the object's content size.
+	 */
+	total_read = stream->total_out - strlen(hdr) - 1;
+
+	/*
+	 * This size comparison must be "<=" to read the final zlib packets;
+	 * see the comment in unpack_sha1_rest for details.
+	 */
+	while (total_read <= size &&
+	       (status == Z_OK || status == Z_BUF_ERROR)) {
+		stream->next_out = buf;
+		stream->avail_out = sizeof(buf);
+		if (size - total_read < stream->avail_out)
+			stream->avail_out = size - total_read;
+		status = git_inflate(stream, Z_FINISH);
+		git_SHA1_Update(&c, buf, stream->next_out - buf);
+		total_read += stream->next_out - buf;
+	}
+	git_inflate_end(stream);
+
+	if (status != Z_STREAM_END) {
+		error("corrupt loose object '%s'", sha1_to_hex(expected_sha1));
+		return -1;
+	}
+	if (stream->avail_in) {
+		error("garbage at end of loose object '%s'",
+		      sha1_to_hex(expected_sha1));
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	git_SHA1_Final(real_sha1, &c);
+	if (hashcmp(expected_sha1, real_sha1)) {
+		error("sha1 mismatch for %s (expected %s)", path,
+		      sha1_to_hex(expected_sha1));
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int read_loose_object(const char *path,
+		      const unsigned char *expected_sha1,
+		      enum object_type *type,
+		      unsigned long *size,
+		      void **contents)
+{
+	int ret = -1;
+	int fd = -1;
+	void *map = NULL;
+	unsigned long mapsize;
+	git_zstream stream;
+	char hdr[32];
+
+	*contents = NULL;
+
+	map = map_sha1_file_1(path, NULL, &mapsize);
+	if (!map) {
+		error_errno("unable to mmap %s", path);
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	if (unpack_sha1_header(&stream, map, mapsize, hdr, sizeof(hdr)) < 0) {
+		error("unable to unpack header of %s", path);
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	*type = parse_sha1_header(hdr, size);
+	if (*type < 0) {
+		error("unable to parse header of %s", path);
+		git_inflate_end(&stream);
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	if (*type == OBJ_BLOB) {
+		if (check_stream_sha1(&stream, hdr, *size, path, expected_sha1) < 0)
+			goto out;
+	} else {
+		*contents = unpack_sha1_rest(&stream, hdr, *size, expected_sha1);
+		if (!*contents) {
+			error("unable to unpack contents of %s", path);
+			git_inflate_end(&stream);
+			goto out;
+		}
+		if (check_sha1_signature(expected_sha1, *contents,
+					 *size, typename(*type))) {
+			error("sha1 mismatch for %s (expected %s)", path,
+			      sha1_to_hex(expected_sha1));
+			free(*contents);
+			goto out;
+		}
+	}
+
+	ret = 0; /* everything checks out */
+
+out:
+	if (map)
+		munmap(map, mapsize);
+	if (fd >= 0)
+		close(fd);
+	return ret;
+}
diff --git a/string-list.c b/string-list.c
index 8c83cac..45016ad 100644
--- a/string-list.c
+++ b/string-list.c
@@ -211,21 +211,18 @@
 			list->strdup_strings ? xstrdup(string) : (char *)string);
 }
 
-/* Yuck */
-static compare_strings_fn compare_for_qsort;
-
-/* Only call this from inside string_list_sort! */
-static int cmp_items(const void *a, const void *b)
+static int cmp_items(const void *a, const void *b, void *ctx)
 {
+	compare_strings_fn cmp = ctx;
 	const struct string_list_item *one = a;
 	const struct string_list_item *two = b;
-	return compare_for_qsort(one->string, two->string);
+	return cmp(one->string, two->string);
 }
 
 void string_list_sort(struct string_list *list)
 {
-	compare_for_qsort = list->cmp ? list->cmp : strcmp;
-	QSORT(list->items, list->nr, cmp_items);
+	QSORT_S(list->items, list->nr, cmp_items,
+		list->cmp ? list->cmp : strcmp);
 }
 
 struct string_list_item *unsorted_string_list_lookup(struct string_list *list,
diff --git a/submodule-config.c b/submodule-config.c
index 4bf50f3..9345390 100644
--- a/submodule-config.c
+++ b/submodule-config.c
@@ -251,6 +251,8 @@
 			return RECURSE_SUBMODULES_ON_DEMAND;
 		else if (!strcmp(arg, "check"))
 			return RECURSE_SUBMODULES_CHECK;
+		else if (!strcmp(arg, "only"))
+			return RECURSE_SUBMODULES_ONLY;
 		else if (die_on_error)
 			die("bad %s argument: %s", opt, arg);
 		else
diff --git a/submodule.c b/submodule.c
index 4c4f033..3b98766 100644
--- a/submodule.c
+++ b/submodule.c
@@ -1437,22 +1437,57 @@
 				      const char *path,
 				      unsigned flags)
 {
-	const char *sub_git_dir, *v;
-	char *real_sub_git_dir = NULL, *real_common_git_dir = NULL;
+	int err_code;
+	const char *sub_git_dir;
 	struct strbuf gitdir = STRBUF_INIT;
-
 	strbuf_addf(&gitdir, "%s/.git", path);
-	sub_git_dir = resolve_gitdir(gitdir.buf);
+	sub_git_dir = resolve_gitdir_gently(gitdir.buf, &err_code);
 
 	/* Not populated? */
-	if (!sub_git_dir)
-		goto out;
+	if (!sub_git_dir) {
+		char *real_new_git_dir;
+		const char *new_git_dir;
+		const struct submodule *sub;
 
-	/* Is it already absorbed into the superprojects git dir? */
-	real_sub_git_dir = real_pathdup(sub_git_dir);
-	real_common_git_dir = real_pathdup(get_git_common_dir());
-	if (!skip_prefix(real_sub_git_dir, real_common_git_dir, &v))
-		relocate_single_git_dir_into_superproject(prefix, path);
+		if (err_code == READ_GITFILE_ERR_STAT_FAILED) {
+			/* unpopulated as expected */
+			strbuf_release(&gitdir);
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if (err_code != READ_GITFILE_ERR_NOT_A_REPO)
+			/* We don't know what broke here. */
+			read_gitfile_error_die(err_code, path, NULL);
+
+		/*
+		* Maybe populated, but no git directory was found?
+		* This can happen if the superproject is a submodule
+		* itself and was just absorbed. The absorption of the
+		* superproject did not rewrite the git file links yet,
+		* fix it now.
+		*/
+		sub = submodule_from_path(null_sha1, path);
+		if (!sub)
+			die(_("could not lookup name for submodule '%s'"), path);
+		new_git_dir = git_path("modules/%s", sub->name);
+		if (safe_create_leading_directories_const(new_git_dir) < 0)
+			die(_("could not create directory '%s'"), new_git_dir);
+		real_new_git_dir = real_pathdup(new_git_dir);
+		connect_work_tree_and_git_dir(path, real_new_git_dir);
+
+		free(real_new_git_dir);
+	} else {
+		/* Is it already absorbed into the superprojects git dir? */
+		char *real_sub_git_dir = real_pathdup(sub_git_dir);
+		char *real_common_git_dir = real_pathdup(get_git_common_dir());
+
+		if (!starts_with(real_sub_git_dir, real_common_git_dir))
+			relocate_single_git_dir_into_superproject(prefix, path);
+
+		free(real_sub_git_dir);
+		free(real_common_git_dir);
+	}
+	strbuf_release(&gitdir);
 
 	if (flags & ABSORB_GITDIR_RECURSE_SUBMODULES) {
 		struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
@@ -1478,9 +1513,4 @@
 
 		strbuf_release(&sb);
 	}
-
-out:
-	strbuf_release(&gitdir);
-	free(real_sub_git_dir);
-	free(real_common_git_dir);
 }
diff --git a/submodule.h b/submodule.h
index b7fe4d2..05ab674 100644
--- a/submodule.h
+++ b/submodule.h
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 struct sha1_array;
 
 enum {
+	RECURSE_SUBMODULES_ONLY = -5,
 	RECURSE_SUBMODULES_CHECK = -4,
 	RECURSE_SUBMODULES_ERROR = -3,
 	RECURSE_SUBMODULES_NONE = -2,
diff --git a/t/Makefile b/t/Makefile
index d613935..1bb06c3 100644
--- a/t/Makefile
+++ b/t/Makefile
@@ -35,6 +35,12 @@
 test: pre-clean $(TEST_LINT)
 	$(MAKE) aggregate-results-and-cleanup
 
+failed:
+	@failed=$$(cd '$(TEST_RESULTS_DIRECTORY_SQ)' && \
+		grep -l '^failed [1-9]' *.counts | \
+		sed -n 's/\.counts$$/.sh/p') && \
+	test -z "$$failed" || $(MAKE) $$failed
+
 prove: pre-clean $(TEST_LINT)
 	@echo "*** prove ***"; $(PROVE) --exec '$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)' $(GIT_PROVE_OPTS) $(T) :: $(GIT_TEST_OPTS)
 	$(MAKE) clean-except-prove-cache
diff --git a/t/helper/test-string-list.c b/t/helper/test-string-list.c
index 4a68967..c502fa1 100644
--- a/t/helper/test-string-list.c
+++ b/t/helper/test-string-list.c
@@ -97,6 +97,31 @@
 		return 0;
 	}
 
+	if (argc == 2 && !strcmp(argv[1], "sort")) {
+		struct string_list list = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
+		struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
+		struct string_list_item *item;
+
+		strbuf_read(&sb, 0, 0);
+
+		/*
+		 * Split by newline, but don't create a string_list item
+		 * for the empty string after the last separator.
+		 */
+		if (sb.buf[sb.len - 1] == '\n')
+			strbuf_setlen(&sb, sb.len - 1);
+		string_list_split_in_place(&list, sb.buf, '\n', -1);
+
+		string_list_sort(&list);
+
+		for_each_string_list_item(item, &list)
+			puts(item->string);
+
+		string_list_clear(&list, 0);
+		strbuf_release(&sb);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
 	fprintf(stderr, "%s: unknown function name: %s\n", argv[0],
 		argv[1] ? argv[1] : "(there was none)");
 	return 1;
diff --git a/t/perf/p0071-sort.sh b/t/perf/p0071-sort.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..7c9a35a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/perf/p0071-sort.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+test_description='Basic sort performance tests'
+. ./perf-lib.sh
+
+test_perf_default_repo
+
+test_expect_success 'setup' '
+	git ls-files --stage "*.[ch]" "*.sh" |
+	cut -f2 -d" " |
+	git cat-file --batch >unsorted
+'
+
+test_perf 'sort(1)' '
+	sort <unsorted >expect
+'
+
+test_perf 'string_list_sort()' '
+	test-string-list sort <unsorted >actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'string_list_sort() sorts like sort(1)' '
+	test_cmp_bin expect actual
+'
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/t0001-init.sh b/t/t0001-init.sh
index b8fc588..e424de5 100755
--- a/t/t0001-init.sh
+++ b/t/t0001-init.sh
@@ -258,6 +258,9 @@
 	(
 		# Leading directories should honor umask while
 		# the repository itself should follow "shared"
+		mkdir newdir &&
+		# Remove a default ACL if possible.
+		(setfacl -k newdir 2>/dev/null || true) &&
 		umask 002 &&
 		git init --bare --shared=0660 newdir/a/b/c &&
 		test_path_is_dir newdir/a/b/c/refs &&
diff --git a/t/t1000-read-tree-m-3way.sh b/t/t1000-read-tree-m-3way.sh
index a0b79b4..3c4d2d6 100755
--- a/t/t1000-read-tree-m-3way.sh
+++ b/t/t1000-read-tree-m-3way.sh
@@ -128,29 +128,29 @@
 EOF
 
 check_result () {
-    git ls-files --stage | sed -e 's/ '"$_x40"' / X /' >current &&
-    test_cmp expected current
+	git ls-files --stage | sed -e 's/ '"$_x40"' / X /' >current &&
+	test_cmp expected current
 }
 
 # This is done on an empty work directory, which is the normal
 # merge person behaviour.
-test_expect_success \
-    '3-way merge with git read-tree -m, empty cache' \
-    "rm -fr [NDMALTS][NDMALTSF] Z &&
-     rm .git/index &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
-     check_result"
+test_expect_success '3-way merge with git read-tree -m, empty cache' '
+	rm -fr [NDMALTS][NDMALTSF] Z &&
+	rm .git/index &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
+	check_result
+'
 
 # This starts out with the first head, which is the normal
 # patch submitter behaviour.
-test_expect_success \
-    '3-way merge with git read-tree -m, match H' \
-    "rm -fr [NDMALTS][NDMALTSF] Z &&
-     rm .git/index &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed $tree_A &&
-     git checkout-index -f -u -a &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
-     check_result"
+test_expect_success '3-way merge with git read-tree -m, match H' '
+	rm -fr [NDMALTS][NDMALTSF] Z &&
+	rm .git/index &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed $tree_A &&
+	git checkout-index -f -u -a &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
+	check_result
+'
 
 : <<\END_OF_CASE_TABLE
 
@@ -208,322 +208,304 @@
 
 END_OF_CASE_TABLE
 
-test_expect_success '1 - must not have an entry not in A.' "
-     rm -f .git/index XX &&
-     echo XX >XX &&
-     git update-index --add XX &&
-     read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
-"
+test_expect_success '1 - must not have an entry not in A.' '
+	rm -f .git/index XX &&
+	echo XX >XX &&
+	git update-index --add XX &&
+	read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '2 - must match B in !O && !A && B case.' \
-    "rm -f .git/index NA &&
-     cp .orig-B/NA NA &&
-     git update-index --add NA &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B"
+test_expect_success '2 - must match B in !O && !A && B case.' '
+	rm -f .git/index NA &&
+	cp .orig-B/NA NA &&
+	git update-index --add NA &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '2 - matching B alone is OK in !O && !A && B case.' \
-    "rm -f .git/index NA &&
-     cp .orig-B/NA NA &&
-     git update-index --add NA &&
-     echo extra >>NA &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B"
+test_expect_success '2 - matching B alone is OK in !O && !A && B case.' '
+	rm -f .git/index NA &&
+	cp .orig-B/NA NA &&
+	git update-index --add NA &&
+	echo extra >>NA &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '3 - must match A in !O && A && !B case.' \
-    "rm -f .git/index AN &&
-     cp .orig-A/AN AN &&
-     git update-index --add AN &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
-     check_result"
+test_expect_success '3 - must match A in !O && A && !B case.' '
+	rm -f .git/index AN &&
+	cp .orig-A/AN AN &&
+	git update-index --add AN &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
+	check_result
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '3 - matching A alone is OK in !O && A && !B case.' \
-    "rm -f .git/index AN &&
-     cp .orig-A/AN AN &&
-     git update-index --add AN &&
-     echo extra >>AN &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B"
+test_expect_success '3 - matching A alone is OK in !O && A && !B case.' '
+	rm -f .git/index AN &&
+	cp .orig-A/AN AN &&
+	git update-index --add AN &&
+	echo extra >>AN &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '3 (fail) - must match A in !O && A && !B case.' "
-     rm -f .git/index AN &&
-     cp .orig-A/AN AN &&
-     echo extra >>AN &&
-     git update-index --add AN &&
-     read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
-"
+test_expect_success '3 (fail) - must match A in !O && A && !B case.' '
+	rm -f .git/index AN &&
+	cp .orig-A/AN AN &&
+	echo extra >>AN &&
+	git update-index --add AN &&
+	read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '4 - must match and be up-to-date in !O && A && B && A!=B case.' \
-    "rm -f .git/index AA &&
-     cp .orig-A/AA AA &&
-     git update-index --add AA &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
-     check_result"
+test_expect_success '4 - must match and be up-to-date in !O && A && B && A!=B case.' '
+	rm -f .git/index AA &&
+	cp .orig-A/AA AA &&
+	git update-index --add AA &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
+	check_result
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '4 (fail) - must match and be up-to-date in !O && A && B && A!=B case.' "
-     rm -f .git/index AA &&
-     cp .orig-A/AA AA &&
-     git update-index --add AA &&
-     echo extra >>AA &&
-     read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
-"
+test_expect_success '4 (fail) - must match and be up-to-date in !O && A && B && A!=B case.' '
+	rm -f .git/index AA &&
+	cp .orig-A/AA AA &&
+	git update-index --add AA &&
+	echo extra >>AA &&
+	read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '4 (fail) - must match and be up-to-date in !O && A && B && A!=B case.' "
-     rm -f .git/index AA &&
-     cp .orig-A/AA AA &&
-     echo extra >>AA &&
-     git update-index --add AA &&
-     read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
-"
+test_expect_success '4 (fail) - must match and be up-to-date in !O && A && B && A!=B case.' '
+	rm -f .git/index AA &&
+	cp .orig-A/AA AA &&
+	echo extra >>AA &&
+	git update-index --add AA &&
+	read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '5 - must match in !O && A && B && A==B case.' \
-    "rm -f .git/index LL &&
-     cp .orig-A/LL LL &&
-     git update-index --add LL &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
-     check_result"
+test_expect_success '5 - must match in !O && A && B && A==B case.' '
+	rm -f .git/index LL &&
+	cp .orig-A/LL LL &&
+	git update-index --add LL &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
+	check_result
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '5 - must match in !O && A && B && A==B case.' \
-    "rm -f .git/index LL &&
-     cp .orig-A/LL LL &&
-     git update-index --add LL &&
-     echo extra >>LL &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
-     check_result"
+test_expect_success '5 - must match in !O && A && B && A==B case.' '
+	rm -f .git/index LL &&
+	cp .orig-A/LL LL &&
+	git update-index --add LL &&
+	echo extra >>LL &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
+	check_result
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '5 (fail) - must match A in !O && A && B && A==B case.' "
-     rm -f .git/index LL &&
-     cp .orig-A/LL LL &&
-     echo extra >>LL &&
-     git update-index --add LL &&
-     read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
-"
+test_expect_success '5 (fail) - must match A in !O && A && B && A==B case.' '
+	rm -f .git/index LL &&
+	cp .orig-A/LL LL &&
+	echo extra >>LL &&
+	git update-index --add LL &&
+	read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '6 - must not exist in O && !A && !B case' "
-     rm -f .git/index DD &&
-     echo DD >DD &&
-     git update-index --add DD &&
-     read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
-"
+test_expect_success '6 - must not exist in O && !A && !B case' '
+	rm -f .git/index DD &&
+	echo DD >DD &&
+	git update-index --add DD &&
+	read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '7 - must not exist in O && !A && B && O!=B case' "
-     rm -f .git/index DM &&
-     cp .orig-B/DM DM &&
-     git update-index --add DM &&
-     read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
-"
+test_expect_success '7 - must not exist in O && !A && B && O!=B case' '
+	rm -f .git/index DM &&
+	cp .orig-B/DM DM &&
+	git update-index --add DM &&
+	read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '8 - must not exist in O && !A && B && O==B case' "
-     rm -f .git/index DN &&
-     cp .orig-B/DN DN &&
-     git update-index --add DN &&
-     read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
-"
+test_expect_success '8 - must not exist in O && !A && B && O==B case' '
+	rm -f .git/index DN &&
+	cp .orig-B/DN DN &&
+	git update-index --add DN &&
+	read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '9 - must match and be up-to-date in O && A && !B && O!=A case' \
-    "rm -f .git/index MD &&
-     cp .orig-A/MD MD &&
-     git update-index --add MD &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
-     check_result"
+test_expect_success '9 - must match and be up-to-date in O && A && !B && O!=A case' '
+	rm -f .git/index MD &&
+	cp .orig-A/MD MD &&
+	git update-index --add MD &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
+	check_result
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '9 (fail) - must match and be up-to-date in O && A && !B && O!=A case' "
-     rm -f .git/index MD &&
-     cp .orig-A/MD MD &&
-     git update-index --add MD &&
-     echo extra >>MD &&
-     read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
-"
+test_expect_success '9 (fail) - must match and be up-to-date in O && A && !B && O!=A case' '
+	rm -f .git/index MD &&
+	cp .orig-A/MD MD &&
+	git update-index --add MD &&
+	echo extra >>MD &&
+	read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '9 (fail) - must match and be up-to-date in O && A && !B && O!=A case' "
-     rm -f .git/index MD &&
-     cp .orig-A/MD MD &&
-     echo extra >>MD &&
-     git update-index --add MD &&
-     read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
-"
+test_expect_success '9 (fail) - must match and be up-to-date in O && A && !B && O!=A case' '
+	rm -f .git/index MD &&
+	cp .orig-A/MD MD &&
+	echo extra >>MD &&
+	git update-index --add MD &&
+	read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '10 - must match and be up-to-date in O && A && !B && O==A case' \
-    "rm -f .git/index ND &&
-     cp .orig-A/ND ND &&
-     git update-index --add ND &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
-     check_result"
+test_expect_success '10 - must match and be up-to-date in O && A && !B && O==A case' '
+	rm -f .git/index ND &&
+	cp .orig-A/ND ND &&
+	git update-index --add ND &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
+	check_result
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '10 (fail) - must match and be up-to-date in O && A && !B && O==A case' "
-     rm -f .git/index ND &&
-     cp .orig-A/ND ND &&
-     git update-index --add ND &&
-     echo extra >>ND &&
-     read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
-"
+test_expect_success '10 (fail) - must match and be up-to-date in O && A && !B && O==A case' '
+	rm -f .git/index ND &&
+	cp .orig-A/ND ND &&
+	git update-index --add ND &&
+	echo extra >>ND &&
+	read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '10 (fail) - must match and be up-to-date in O && A && !B && O==A case' "
-     rm -f .git/index ND &&
-     cp .orig-A/ND ND &&
-     echo extra >>ND &&
-     git update-index --add ND &&
-     read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
-"
+test_expect_success '10 (fail) - must match and be up-to-date in O && A && !B && O==A case' '
+	rm -f .git/index ND &&
+	cp .orig-A/ND ND &&
+	echo extra >>ND &&
+	git update-index --add ND &&
+	read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '11 - must match and be up-to-date in O && A && B && O!=A && O!=B && A!=B case' \
-    "rm -f .git/index MM &&
-     cp .orig-A/MM MM &&
-     git update-index --add MM &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
-     check_result"
+test_expect_success '11 - must match and be up-to-date in O && A && B && O!=A && O!=B && A!=B case' '
+	rm -f .git/index MM &&
+	cp .orig-A/MM MM &&
+	git update-index --add MM &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
+	check_result
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '11 (fail) - must match and be up-to-date in O && A && B && O!=A && O!=B && A!=B case' "
-     rm -f .git/index MM &&
-     cp .orig-A/MM MM &&
-     git update-index --add MM &&
-     echo extra >>MM &&
-     read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
-"
+test_expect_success '11 (fail) - must match and be up-to-date in O && A && B && O!=A && O!=B && A!=B case' '
+	rm -f .git/index MM &&
+	cp .orig-A/MM MM &&
+	git update-index --add MM &&
+	echo extra >>MM &&
+	read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '11 (fail) - must match and be up-to-date in O && A && B && O!=A && O!=B && A!=B case' "
-     rm -f .git/index MM &&
-     cp .orig-A/MM MM &&
-     echo extra >>MM &&
-     git update-index --add MM &&
-     read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
-"
+test_expect_success '11 (fail) - must match and be up-to-date in O && A && B && O!=A && O!=B && A!=B case' '
+	rm -f .git/index MM &&
+	cp .orig-A/MM MM &&
+	echo extra >>MM &&
+	git update-index --add MM &&
+	read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '12 - must match A in O && A && B && O!=A && A==B case' \
-    "rm -f .git/index SS &&
-     cp .orig-A/SS SS &&
-     git update-index --add SS &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
-     check_result"
+test_expect_success '12 - must match A in O && A && B && O!=A && A==B case' '
+	rm -f .git/index SS &&
+	cp .orig-A/SS SS &&
+	git update-index --add SS &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
+	check_result
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '12 - must match A in O && A && B && O!=A && A==B case' \
-    "rm -f .git/index SS &&
-     cp .orig-A/SS SS &&
-     git update-index --add SS &&
-     echo extra >>SS &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
-     check_result"
+test_expect_success '12 - must match A in O && A && B && O!=A && A==B case' '
+	rm -f .git/index SS &&
+	cp .orig-A/SS SS &&
+	git update-index --add SS &&
+	echo extra >>SS &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
+	check_result
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '12 (fail) - must match A in O && A && B && O!=A && A==B case' "
-     rm -f .git/index SS &&
-     cp .orig-A/SS SS &&
-     echo extra >>SS &&
-     git update-index --add SS &&
-     read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
-"
+test_expect_success '12 (fail) - must match A in O && A && B && O!=A && A==B case' '
+	rm -f .git/index SS &&
+	cp .orig-A/SS SS &&
+	echo extra >>SS &&
+	git update-index --add SS &&
+	read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '13 - must match A in O && A && B && O!=A && O==B case' \
-    "rm -f .git/index MN &&
-     cp .orig-A/MN MN &&
-     git update-index --add MN &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
-     check_result"
+test_expect_success '13 - must match A in O && A && B && O!=A && O==B case' '
+	rm -f .git/index MN &&
+	cp .orig-A/MN MN &&
+	git update-index --add MN &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
+	check_result
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '13 - must match A in O && A && B && O!=A && O==B case' \
-    "rm -f .git/index MN &&
-     cp .orig-A/MN MN &&
-     git update-index --add MN &&
-     echo extra >>MN &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
-     check_result"
+test_expect_success '13 - must match A in O && A && B && O!=A && O==B case' '
+	rm -f .git/index MN &&
+	cp .orig-A/MN MN &&
+	git update-index --add MN &&
+	echo extra >>MN &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
+	check_result
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '14 - must match and be up-to-date in O && A && B && O==A && O!=B case' \
-    "rm -f .git/index NM &&
-     cp .orig-A/NM NM &&
-     git update-index --add NM &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
-     check_result"
+test_expect_success '14 - must match and be up-to-date in O && A && B && O==A && O!=B case' '
+	rm -f .git/index NM &&
+	cp .orig-A/NM NM &&
+	git update-index --add NM &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
+	check_result
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '14 - may match B in O && A && B && O==A && O!=B case' \
-    "rm -f .git/index NM &&
-     cp .orig-B/NM NM &&
-     git update-index --add NM &&
-     echo extra >>NM &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
-     check_result"
+test_expect_success '14 - may match B in O && A && B && O==A && O!=B case' '
+	rm -f .git/index NM &&
+	cp .orig-B/NM NM &&
+	git update-index --add NM &&
+	echo extra >>NM &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
+	check_result
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '14 (fail) - must match and be up-to-date in O && A && B && O==A && O!=B case' "
-     rm -f .git/index NM &&
-     cp .orig-A/NM NM &&
-     git update-index --add NM &&
-     echo extra >>NM &&
-     read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
-"
+test_expect_success '14 (fail) - must match and be up-to-date in O && A && B && O==A && O!=B case' '
+	rm -f .git/index NM &&
+	cp .orig-A/NM NM &&
+	git update-index --add NM &&
+	echo extra >>NM &&
+	read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '14 (fail) - must match and be up-to-date in O && A && B && O==A && O!=B case' "
-     rm -f .git/index NM &&
-     cp .orig-A/NM NM &&
-     echo extra >>NM &&
-     git update-index --add NM &&
-     read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
-"
+test_expect_success '14 (fail) - must match and be up-to-date in O && A && B && O==A && O!=B case' '
+	rm -f .git/index NM &&
+	cp .orig-A/NM NM &&
+	echo extra >>NM &&
+	git update-index --add NM &&
+	read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '15 - must match A in O && A && B && O==A && O==B case' \
-    "rm -f .git/index NN &&
-     cp .orig-A/NN NN &&
-     git update-index --add NN &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
-     check_result"
+test_expect_success '15 - must match A in O && A && B && O==A && O==B case' '
+	rm -f .git/index NN &&
+	cp .orig-A/NN NN &&
+	git update-index --add NN &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
+	check_result
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '15 - must match A in O && A && B && O==A && O==B case' \
-    "rm -f .git/index NN &&
-     cp .orig-A/NN NN &&
-     git update-index --add NN &&
-     echo extra >>NN &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
-     check_result"
+test_expect_success '15 - must match A in O && A && B && O==A && O==B case' '
+	rm -f .git/index NN &&
+	cp .orig-A/NN NN &&
+	git update-index --add NN &&
+	echo extra >>NN &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B &&
+	check_result
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '15 (fail) - must match A in O && A && B && O==A && O==B case' "
-     rm -f .git/index NN &&
-     cp .orig-A/NN NN &&
-     echo extra >>NN &&
-     git update-index --add NN &&
-     read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
-"
+test_expect_success '15 (fail) - must match A in O && A && B && O==A && O==B case' '
+	rm -f .git/index NN &&
+	cp .orig-A/NN NN &&
+	echo extra >>NN &&
+	git update-index --add NN &&
+	read_tree_must_fail -m $tree_O $tree_A $tree_B
+'
 
-# #16
-test_expect_success \
-    '16 - A matches in one and B matches in another.' \
-    'rm -f .git/index F16 &&
-    echo F16 >F16 &&
-    git update-index --add F16 &&
-    tree0=$(git write-tree) &&
-    echo E16 >F16 &&
-    git update-index F16 &&
-    tree1=$(git write-tree) &&
-    read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree0 $tree1 $tree1 $tree0 &&
-    git ls-files --stage'
+test_expect_success '16 - A matches in one and B matches in another.' '
+	rm -f .git/index F16 &&
+	echo F16 >F16 &&
+	git update-index --add F16 &&
+	tree0=$(git write-tree) &&
+	echo E16 >F16 &&
+	git update-index F16 &&
+	tree1=$(git write-tree) &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed -m $tree0 $tree1 $tree1 $tree0 &&
+	git ls-files --stage
+'
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t1001-read-tree-m-2way.sh b/t/t1001-read-tree-m-2way.sh
index db1b6f5..5ededd8 100755
--- a/t/t1001-read-tree-m-2way.sh
+++ b/t/t1001-read-tree-m-2way.sh
@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@
 rules, found in <Documentation/git read-tree.txt>.
 
 In the test, these paths are used:
-        bozbar  - in H, stays in M, modified from bozbar to gnusto
-        frotz   - not in H added in M
-        nitfol  - in H, stays in M unmodified
-        rezrov  - in H, deleted in M
+	bozbar  - in H, stays in M, modified from bozbar to gnusto
+	frotz   - not in H added in M
+	nitfol  - in H, stays in M unmodified
+	rezrov  - in H, deleted in M
 	yomin   - not in H or M
 '
 . ./test-lib.sh
@@ -60,336 +60,343 @@
 
 sed -e 's/bozbar/gnusto (earlier bozbar)/' bozbar-old >bozbar-new
 
-test_expect_success \
-    setup \
-    'echo frotz >frotz &&
-     echo nitfol >nitfol &&
-     cat bozbar-old >bozbar &&
-     echo rezrov >rezrov &&
-     echo yomin >yomin &&
-     git update-index --add nitfol bozbar rezrov &&
-     treeH=$(git write-tree) &&
-     echo treeH $treeH &&
-     git ls-tree $treeH &&
+test_expect_success 'setup' '
+	echo frotz >frotz &&
+	echo nitfol >nitfol &&
+	cat bozbar-old >bozbar &&
+	echo rezrov >rezrov &&
+	echo yomin >yomin &&
+	git update-index --add nitfol bozbar rezrov &&
+	treeH=$(git write-tree) &&
+	echo treeH $treeH &&
+	git ls-tree $treeH &&
 
-     cat bozbar-new >bozbar &&
-     git update-index --add frotz bozbar --force-remove rezrov &&
-     git ls-files --stage >M.out &&
-     treeM=$(git write-tree) &&
-     echo treeM $treeM &&
-     git ls-tree $treeM &&
-     git diff-tree $treeH $treeM'
+	cat bozbar-new >bozbar &&
+	git update-index --add frotz bozbar --force-remove rezrov &&
+	git ls-files --stage >M.out &&
+	treeM=$(git write-tree) &&
+	echo treeM $treeM &&
+	git ls-tree $treeM &&
+	git diff-tree $treeH $treeM
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '1, 2, 3 - no carry forward' \
-    'rm -f .git/index &&
-     read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM &&
-     git ls-files --stage >1-3.out &&
-     test_cmp M.out 1-3.out &&
-     check_cache_at bozbar dirty &&
-     check_cache_at frotz dirty &&
-     check_cache_at nitfol dirty'
-
+test_expect_success '1, 2, 3 - no carry forward' '
+	rm -f .git/index &&
+	read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM &&
+	git ls-files --stage >1-3.out &&
+	test_cmp M.out 1-3.out &&
+	check_cache_at bozbar dirty &&
+	check_cache_at frotz dirty &&
+	check_cache_at nitfol dirty
+'
 echo '+100644 X 0	yomin' >expected
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '4 - carry forward local addition.' \
-    'rm -f .git/index &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
-     git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
-     git update-index --add yomin &&
-     read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM &&
-     git ls-files --stage >4.out &&
-     test_must_fail git diff --no-index M.out 4.out >4diff.out &&
-     compare_change 4diff.out expected &&
-     check_cache_at yomin clean'
+test_expect_success '4 - carry forward local addition.' '
+	rm -f .git/index &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
+	git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
+	git update-index --add yomin &&
+	read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM &&
+	git ls-files --stage >4.out &&
+	test_must_fail git diff --no-index M.out 4.out >4diff.out &&
+	compare_change 4diff.out expected &&
+	check_cache_at yomin clean
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '5 - carry forward local addition.' \
-    'rm -f .git/index &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
-     git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
-     echo yomin >yomin &&
-     git update-index --add yomin &&
-     echo yomin yomin >yomin &&
-     read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM &&
-     git ls-files --stage >5.out &&
-     test_must_fail git diff --no-index M.out 5.out >5diff.out &&
-     compare_change 5diff.out expected &&
-     check_cache_at yomin dirty'
+test_expect_success '5 - carry forward local addition.' '
+	rm -f .git/index &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
+	git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
+	echo yomin >yomin &&
+	git update-index --add yomin &&
+	echo yomin yomin >yomin &&
+	read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM &&
+	git ls-files --stage >5.out &&
+	test_must_fail git diff --no-index M.out 5.out >5diff.out &&
+	compare_change 5diff.out expected &&
+	check_cache_at yomin dirty
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '6 - local addition already has the same.' \
-    'rm -f .git/index &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
-     git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
-     git update-index --add frotz &&
-     read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM &&
-     git ls-files --stage >6.out &&
-     test_cmp M.out 6.out &&
-     check_cache_at frotz clean'
+test_expect_success '6 - local addition already has the same.' '
+	rm -f .git/index &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
+	git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
+	git update-index --add frotz &&
+	read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM &&
+	git ls-files --stage >6.out &&
+	test_cmp M.out 6.out &&
+	check_cache_at frotz clean
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '7 - local addition already has the same.' \
-    'rm -f .git/index &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
-     git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
-     echo frotz >frotz &&
-     git update-index --add frotz &&
-     echo frotz frotz >frotz &&
-     read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM &&
-     git ls-files --stage >7.out &&
-     test_cmp M.out 7.out &&
-     check_cache_at frotz dirty'
+test_expect_success '7 - local addition already has the same.' '
+	rm -f .git/index &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
+	git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
+	echo frotz >frotz &&
+	git update-index --add frotz &&
+	echo frotz frotz >frotz &&
+	read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM &&
+	git ls-files --stage >7.out &&
+	test_cmp M.out 7.out &&
+	check_cache_at frotz dirty
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '8 - conflicting addition.' \
-    'rm -f .git/index &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
-     git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
-     echo frotz frotz >frotz &&
-     git update-index --add frotz &&
-     if read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM; then false; else :; fi'
+test_expect_success '8 - conflicting addition.' '
+	rm -f .git/index &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
+	git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
+	echo frotz frotz >frotz &&
+	git update-index --add frotz &&
+	if read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM; then false; else :; fi
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '9 - conflicting addition.' \
-    'rm -f .git/index &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
-     git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
-     echo frotz frotz >frotz &&
-     git update-index --add frotz &&
-     echo frotz >frotz &&
-     if read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM; then false; else :; fi'
+test_expect_success '9 - conflicting addition.' '
+	rm -f .git/index &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
+	git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
+	echo frotz frotz >frotz &&
+	git update-index --add frotz &&
+	echo frotz >frotz &&
+	if read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM; then false; else :; fi
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '10 - path removed.' \
-    'rm -f .git/index &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
-     git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
-     echo rezrov >rezrov &&
-     git update-index --add rezrov &&
-     read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM &&
-     git ls-files --stage >10.out &&
-     test_cmp M.out 10.out'
+test_expect_success '10 - path removed.' '
+	rm -f .git/index &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
+	git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
+	echo rezrov >rezrov &&
+	git update-index --add rezrov &&
+	read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM &&
+	git ls-files --stage >10.out &&
+	test_cmp M.out 10.out
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '11 - dirty path removed.' \
-    'rm -f .git/index &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
-     git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
-     echo rezrov >rezrov &&
-     git update-index --add rezrov &&
-     echo rezrov rezrov >rezrov &&
-     if read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM; then false; else :; fi'
+test_expect_success '11 - dirty path removed.' '
+	rm -f .git/index &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
+	git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
+	echo rezrov >rezrov &&
+	git update-index --add rezrov &&
+	echo rezrov rezrov >rezrov &&
+	if read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM; then false; else :; fi
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '12 - unmatching local changes being removed.' \
-    'rm -f .git/index &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
-     git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
-     echo rezrov rezrov >rezrov &&
-     git update-index --add rezrov &&
-     if read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM; then false; else :; fi'
+test_expect_success '12 - unmatching local changes being removed.' '
+	rm -f .git/index &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
+	git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
+	echo rezrov rezrov >rezrov &&
+	git update-index --add rezrov &&
+	if read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM; then false; else :; fi
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '13 - unmatching local changes being removed.' \
-    'rm -f .git/index &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
-     git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
-     echo rezrov rezrov >rezrov &&
-     git update-index --add rezrov &&
-     echo rezrov >rezrov &&
-     if read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM; then false; else :; fi'
+test_expect_success '13 - unmatching local changes being removed.' '
+	rm -f .git/index &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
+	git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
+	echo rezrov rezrov >rezrov &&
+	git update-index --add rezrov &&
+	echo rezrov >rezrov &&
+	if read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM; then false; else :; fi
+'
 
 cat >expected <<EOF
 -100644 X 0	nitfol
 +100644 X 0	nitfol
 EOF
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '14 - unchanged in two heads.' \
-    'rm -f .git/index &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
-     git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
-     echo nitfol nitfol >nitfol &&
-     git update-index --add nitfol &&
-     read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM &&
-     git ls-files --stage >14.out &&
-     test_must_fail git diff --no-index M.out 14.out >14diff.out &&
-     compare_change 14diff.out expected &&
-     check_cache_at nitfol clean'
+test_expect_success '14 - unchanged in two heads.' '
+	rm -f .git/index &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
+	git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
+	echo nitfol nitfol >nitfol &&
+	git update-index --add nitfol &&
+	read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM &&
+	git ls-files --stage >14.out &&
+	test_must_fail git diff --no-index M.out 14.out >14diff.out &&
+	compare_change 14diff.out expected &&
+	check_cache_at nitfol clean
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '15 - unchanged in two heads.' \
-    'rm -f .git/index &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
-     git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
-     echo nitfol nitfol >nitfol &&
-     git update-index --add nitfol &&
-     echo nitfol nitfol nitfol >nitfol &&
-     read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM &&
-     git ls-files --stage >15.out &&
-     test_must_fail git diff --no-index M.out 15.out >15diff.out &&
-     compare_change 15diff.out expected &&
-     check_cache_at nitfol dirty'
+test_expect_success '15 - unchanged in two heads.' '
+	rm -f .git/index &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
+	git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
+	echo nitfol nitfol >nitfol &&
+	git update-index --add nitfol &&
+	echo nitfol nitfol nitfol >nitfol &&
+	read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM &&
+	git ls-files --stage >15.out &&
+	test_must_fail git diff --no-index M.out 15.out >15diff.out &&
+	compare_change 15diff.out expected &&
+	check_cache_at nitfol dirty
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '16 - conflicting local change.' \
-    'rm -f .git/index &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
-     git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
-     echo bozbar bozbar >bozbar &&
-     git update-index --add bozbar &&
-     if read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM; then false; else :; fi'
+test_expect_success '16 - conflicting local change.' '
+	rm -f .git/index &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
+	git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
+	echo bozbar bozbar >bozbar &&
+	git update-index --add bozbar &&
+	if read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM; then false; else :; fi
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '17 - conflicting local change.' \
-    'rm -f .git/index &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
-     git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
-     echo bozbar bozbar >bozbar &&
-     git update-index --add bozbar &&
-     echo bozbar bozbar bozbar >bozbar &&
-     if read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM; then false; else :; fi'
+test_expect_success '17 - conflicting local change.' '
+	rm -f .git/index &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
+	git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
+	echo bozbar bozbar >bozbar &&
+	git update-index --add bozbar &&
+	echo bozbar bozbar bozbar >bozbar &&
+	if read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM; then false; else :; fi
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '18 - local change already having a good result.' \
-    'rm -f .git/index &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
-     git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
-     cat bozbar-new >bozbar &&
-     git update-index --add bozbar &&
-     read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM &&
-     git ls-files --stage >18.out &&
-     test_cmp M.out 18.out &&
-     check_cache_at bozbar clean'
+test_expect_success '18 - local change already having a good result.' '
+	rm -f .git/index &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
+	git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
+	cat bozbar-new >bozbar &&
+	git update-index --add bozbar &&
+	read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM &&
+	git ls-files --stage >18.out &&
+	test_cmp M.out 18.out &&
+	check_cache_at bozbar clean
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '19 - local change already having a good result, further modified.' \
-    'rm -f .git/index &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
-     git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
-     cat bozbar-new >bozbar &&
-     git update-index --add bozbar &&
-     echo gnusto gnusto >bozbar &&
-     read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM &&
-     git ls-files --stage >19.out &&
-     test_cmp M.out 19.out &&
-     check_cache_at bozbar dirty'
+test_expect_success '19 - local change already having a good result, further modified.' '
+	rm -f .git/index &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
+	git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
+	cat bozbar-new >bozbar &&
+	git update-index --add bozbar &&
+	echo gnusto gnusto >bozbar &&
+	read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM &&
+	git ls-files --stage >19.out &&
+	test_cmp M.out 19.out &&
+	check_cache_at bozbar dirty
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '20 - no local change, use new tree.' \
-    'rm -f .git/index &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
-     git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
-     cat bozbar-old >bozbar &&
-     git update-index --add bozbar &&
-     read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM &&
-     git ls-files --stage >20.out &&
-     test_cmp M.out 20.out &&
-     check_cache_at bozbar dirty'
+test_expect_success '20 - no local change, use new tree.' '
+	rm -f .git/index &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
+	git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
+	cat bozbar-old >bozbar &&
+	git update-index --add bozbar &&
+	read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM &&
+	git ls-files --stage >20.out &&
+	test_cmp M.out 20.out &&
+	check_cache_at bozbar dirty
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    '21 - no local change, dirty cache.' \
-    'rm -f .git/index &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
-     git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
-     cat bozbar-old >bozbar &&
-     git update-index --add bozbar &&
-     echo gnusto gnusto >bozbar &&
-     if read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM; then false; else :; fi'
+test_expect_success '21 - no local change, dirty cache.' '
+	rm -f .git/index &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
+	git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
+	cat bozbar-old >bozbar &&
+	git update-index --add bozbar &&
+	echo gnusto gnusto >bozbar &&
+	if read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM; then false; else :; fi
+'
 
 # This fails with straight two-way fast-forward.
-test_expect_success \
-    '22 - local change cache updated.' \
-    'rm -f .git/index &&
-     read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
-     git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
-     sed -e "s/such as/SUCH AS/" bozbar-old >bozbar &&
-     git update-index --add bozbar &&
-     if read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM; then false; else :; fi'
+test_expect_success '22 - local change cache updated.' '
+	rm -f .git/index &&
+	read_tree_must_succeed $treeH &&
+	git checkout-index -u -f -q -a &&
+	sed -e "s/such as/SUCH AS/" bozbar-old >bozbar &&
+	git update-index --add bozbar &&
+	if read_tree_twoway $treeH $treeM; then false; else :; fi
+'
 
 # Also make sure we did not break DF vs DF/DF case.
-test_expect_success \
-    'DF vs DF/DF case setup.' \
-    'rm -f .git/index &&
-     echo DF >DF &&
-     git update-index --add DF &&
-     treeDF=$(git write-tree) &&
-     echo treeDF $treeDF &&
-     git ls-tree $treeDF &&
+test_expect_success 'DF vs DF/DF case setup.' '
+	rm -f .git/index &&
+	echo DF >DF &&
+	git update-index --add DF &&
+	treeDF=$(git write-tree) &&
+	echo treeDF $treeDF &&
+	git ls-tree $treeDF &&
 
-     rm -f DF &&
-     mkdir DF &&
-     echo DF/DF >DF/DF &&
-     git update-index --add --remove DF DF/DF &&
-     treeDFDF=$(git write-tree) &&
-     echo treeDFDF $treeDFDF &&
-     git ls-tree $treeDFDF &&
-     git ls-files --stage >DFDF.out'
+	rm -f DF &&
+	mkdir DF &&
+	echo DF/DF >DF/DF &&
+	git update-index --add --remove DF DF/DF &&
+	treeDFDF=$(git write-tree) &&
+	echo treeDFDF $treeDFDF &&
+	git ls-tree $treeDFDF &&
+	git ls-files --stage >DFDF.out
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'DF vs DF/DF case test.' \
-    'rm -f .git/index &&
-     rm -fr DF &&
-     echo DF >DF &&
-     git update-index --add DF &&
-     read_tree_twoway $treeDF $treeDFDF &&
-     git ls-files --stage >DFDFcheck.out &&
-     test_cmp DFDF.out DFDFcheck.out &&
-     check_cache_at DF/DF dirty &&
-     :'
+test_expect_success 'DF vs DF/DF case test.' '
+	rm -f .git/index &&
+	rm -fr DF &&
+	echo DF >DF &&
+	git update-index --add DF &&
+	read_tree_twoway $treeDF $treeDFDF &&
+	git ls-files --stage >DFDFcheck.out &&
+	test_cmp DFDF.out DFDFcheck.out &&
+	check_cache_at DF/DF dirty &&
+	:
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'a/b (untracked) vs a case setup.' \
-    'rm -f .git/index &&
-     : >a &&
-     git update-index --add a &&
-     treeM=$(git write-tree) &&
-     echo treeM $treeM &&
-     git ls-tree $treeM &&
-     git ls-files --stage >treeM.out &&
+test_expect_success 'a/b (untracked) vs a case setup.' '
+	rm -f .git/index &&
+	: >a &&
+	git update-index --add a &&
+	treeM=$(git write-tree) &&
+	echo treeM $treeM &&
+	git ls-tree $treeM &&
+	git ls-files --stage >treeM.out &&
 
-     rm -f a &&
-     git update-index --remove a &&
-     mkdir a &&
-     : >a/b &&
-     treeH=$(git write-tree) &&
-     echo treeH $treeH &&
-     git ls-tree $treeH'
+	rm -f a &&
+	git update-index --remove a &&
+	mkdir a &&
+	: >a/b &&
+	treeH=$(git write-tree) &&
+	echo treeH $treeH &&
+	git ls-tree $treeH
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'a/b (untracked) vs a, plus c/d case test.' \
-    'read_tree_u_must_fail -u -m "$treeH" "$treeM" &&
-     git ls-files --stage &&
-     test -f a/b'
+test_expect_success 'a/b (untracked) vs a, plus c/d case test.' '
+	read_tree_u_must_fail -u -m "$treeH" "$treeM" &&
+	git ls-files --stage &&
+	test -f a/b
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'a/b vs a, plus c/d case setup.' \
-    'rm -f .git/index &&
-     rm -fr a &&
-     : >a &&
-     mkdir c &&
-     : >c/d &&
-     git update-index --add a c/d &&
-     treeM=$(git write-tree) &&
-     echo treeM $treeM &&
-     git ls-tree $treeM &&
-     git ls-files --stage >treeM.out &&
+test_expect_success 'read-tree supports the super-prefix' '
+	cat <<-EOF >expect &&
+		error: Updating '\''fictional/a'\'' would lose untracked files in it
+	EOF
+	test_must_fail git --super-prefix fictional/ read-tree -u -m "$treeH" "$treeM" 2>actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
 
-     rm -f a &&
-     mkdir a &&
-     : >a/b &&
-     git update-index --add --remove a a/b &&
-     treeH=$(git write-tree) &&
-     echo treeH $treeH &&
-     git ls-tree $treeH'
+test_expect_success 'a/b vs a, plus c/d case setup.' '
+	rm -f .git/index &&
+	rm -fr a &&
+	: >a &&
+	mkdir c &&
+	: >c/d &&
+	git update-index --add a c/d &&
+	treeM=$(git write-tree) &&
+	echo treeM $treeM &&
+	git ls-tree $treeM &&
+	git ls-files --stage >treeM.out &&
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'a/b vs a, plus c/d case test.' \
-    'read_tree_u_must_succeed -u -m "$treeH" "$treeM" &&
-     git ls-files --stage | tee >treeMcheck.out &&
-     test_cmp treeM.out treeMcheck.out'
+	rm -f a &&
+	mkdir a &&
+	: >a/b &&
+	git update-index --add --remove a a/b &&
+	treeH=$(git write-tree) &&
+	echo treeH $treeH &&
+	git ls-tree $treeH
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'a/b vs a, plus c/d case test.' '
+	read_tree_u_must_succeed -u -m "$treeH" "$treeM" &&
+	git ls-files --stage | tee >treeMcheck.out &&
+	test_cmp treeM.out treeMcheck.out
+'
 
 test_expect_success '-m references the correct modified tree' '
 	echo >file-a &&
diff --git a/t/t1403-show-ref.sh b/t/t1403-show-ref.sh
index 7e10bcf..30354fd 100755
--- a/t/t1403-show-ref.sh
+++ b/t/t1403-show-ref.sh
@@ -97,6 +97,9 @@
 	git show-ref -d refs/tags/A refs/tags/C >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual &&
 
+	git show-ref --verify -d refs/tags/A refs/tags/C >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+
 	echo $(git rev-parse refs/heads/master) refs/heads/master >expect &&
 	git show-ref -d master >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual &&
@@ -116,6 +119,12 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual &&
 
 	test_must_fail git show-ref -d --verify heads/master >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+	test_must_fail git show-ref --verify -d A C >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+	test_must_fail git show-ref --verify -d tags/A tags/C >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 
 '
@@ -164,4 +173,37 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'show-ref --verify HEAD' '
+	echo $(git rev-parse HEAD) HEAD >expect &&
+	git show-ref --verify HEAD >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+	>expect &&
+
+	git show-ref --verify -q HEAD >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'show-ref --verify with dangling ref' '
+	sha1_file() {
+		echo "$*" | sed "s#..#.git/objects/&/#"
+	} &&
+
+	remove_object() {
+		file=$(sha1_file "$*") &&
+		test -e "$file" &&
+		rm -f "$file"
+	} &&
+
+	test_when_finished "rm -rf dangling" &&
+	(
+		git init dangling &&
+		cd dangling &&
+		test_commit dangling &&
+		sha=$(git rev-parse refs/tags/dangling) &&
+		remove_object $sha &&
+		test_must_fail git show-ref --verify refs/tags/dangling
+	)
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t1450-fsck.sh b/t/t1450-fsck.sh
index ee7d473..33a51c9 100755
--- a/t/t1450-fsck.sh
+++ b/t/t1450-fsck.sh
@@ -43,13 +43,13 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'setup: helpers for corruption tests' '
 	sha1_file() {
-		echo "$*" | sed "s#..#.git/objects/&/#"
+		remainder=${1#??} &&
+		firsttwo=${1%$remainder} &&
+		echo ".git/objects/$firsttwo/$remainder"
 	} &&
 
 	remove_object() {
-		file=$(sha1_file "$*") &&
-		test -e "$file" &&
-		rm -f "$file"
+		rm "$(sha1_file "$1")"
 	}
 '
 
@@ -189,14 +189,16 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'tree object with duplicate entries' '
-	test_when_finished "remove_object \$T" &&
+	test_when_finished "for i in \$T; do remove_object \$i; done" &&
 	T=$(
 		GIT_INDEX_FILE=test-index &&
 		export GIT_INDEX_FILE &&
 		rm -f test-index &&
 		>x &&
 		git add x &&
+		git rev-parse :x &&
 		T=$(git write-tree) &&
+		echo $T &&
 		(
 			git cat-file tree $T &&
 			git cat-file tree $T
@@ -521,9 +523,21 @@
 		touch empty &&
 		git add empty &&
 		test_commit empty &&
+
+		# Drop the index now; we want to be sure that we
+		# recursively notice the broken objects
+		# because they are reachable from refs, not because
+		# they are in the index.
+		rm -f .git/index &&
+
+		# corrupt the blob, but in a way that we can still identify
+		# its type. That lets us see that --connectivity-only is
+		# not actually looking at the contents, but leaves it
+		# free to examine the type if it chooses.
 		empty=.git/objects/e6/9de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391 &&
-		rm -f $empty &&
-		echo invalid >$empty &&
+		blob=$(echo unrelated | git hash-object -w --stdin) &&
+		mv -f $(sha1_file $blob) $empty &&
+
 		test_must_fail git fsck --strict &&
 		git fsck --strict --connectivity-only &&
 		tree=$(git rev-parse HEAD:) &&
@@ -535,12 +549,18 @@
 	)
 '
 
-remove_loose_object () {
-	sha1="$(git rev-parse "$1")" &&
-	remainder=${sha1#??} &&
-	firsttwo=${sha1%$remainder} &&
-	rm .git/objects/$firsttwo/$remainder
-}
+test_expect_success 'fsck --connectivity-only with explicit head' '
+	rm -rf connectivity-only &&
+	git init connectivity-only &&
+	(
+		cd connectivity-only &&
+		test_commit foo &&
+		rm -f .git/index &&
+		tree=$(git rev-parse HEAD^{tree}) &&
+		remove_object $(git rev-parse HEAD:foo.t) &&
+		test_must_fail git fsck --connectivity-only $tree
+	)
+'
 
 test_expect_success 'fsck --name-objects' '
 	rm -rf name-objects &&
@@ -550,11 +570,123 @@
 		test_commit julius caesar.t &&
 		test_commit augustus &&
 		test_commit caesar &&
-		remove_loose_object $(git rev-parse julius:caesar.t) &&
+		remove_object $(git rev-parse julius:caesar.t) &&
 		test_must_fail git fsck --name-objects >out &&
 		tree=$(git rev-parse --verify julius:) &&
 		grep "$tree (\(refs/heads/master\|HEAD\)@{[0-9]*}:" out
 	)
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'alternate objects are correctly blamed' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -rf alt.git .git/objects/info/alternates" &&
+	git init --bare alt.git &&
+	echo "../../alt.git/objects" >.git/objects/info/alternates &&
+	mkdir alt.git/objects/12 &&
+	>alt.git/objects/12/34567890123456789012345678901234567890 &&
+	test_must_fail git fsck >out 2>&1 &&
+	grep alt.git out
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'fsck errors in packed objects' '
+	git cat-file commit HEAD >basis &&
+	sed "s/</one/" basis >one &&
+	sed "s/</foo/" basis >two &&
+	one=$(git hash-object -t commit -w one) &&
+	two=$(git hash-object -t commit -w two) &&
+	pack=$(
+		{
+			echo $one &&
+			echo $two
+		} | git pack-objects .git/objects/pack/pack
+	) &&
+	test_when_finished "rm -f .git/objects/pack/pack-$pack.*" &&
+	remove_object $one &&
+	remove_object $two &&
+	test_must_fail git fsck 2>out &&
+	grep "error in commit $one.* - bad name" out &&
+	grep "error in commit $two.* - bad name" out &&
+	! grep corrupt out
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'fsck finds problems in duplicate loose objects' '
+	rm -rf broken-duplicate &&
+	git init broken-duplicate &&
+	(
+		cd broken-duplicate &&
+		test_commit duplicate &&
+		# no "-d" here, so we end up with duplicates
+		git repack &&
+		# now corrupt the loose copy
+		file=$(sha1_file "$(git rev-parse HEAD)") &&
+		rm "$file" &&
+		echo broken >"$file" &&
+		test_must_fail git fsck
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'fsck detects trailing loose garbage (commit)' '
+	git cat-file commit HEAD >basis &&
+	echo bump-commit-sha1 >>basis &&
+	commit=$(git hash-object -w -t commit basis) &&
+	file=$(sha1_file $commit) &&
+	test_when_finished "remove_object $commit" &&
+	chmod +w "$file" &&
+	echo garbage >>"$file" &&
+	test_must_fail git fsck 2>out &&
+	test_i18ngrep "garbage.*$commit" out
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'fsck detects trailing loose garbage (blob)' '
+	blob=$(echo trailing | git hash-object -w --stdin) &&
+	file=$(sha1_file $blob) &&
+	test_when_finished "remove_object $blob" &&
+	chmod +w "$file" &&
+	echo garbage >>"$file" &&
+	test_must_fail git fsck 2>out &&
+	test_i18ngrep "garbage.*$blob" out
+'
+
+# for each of type, we have one version which is referenced by another object
+# (and so while unreachable, not dangling), and another variant which really is
+# dangling.
+test_expect_success 'fsck notices dangling objects' '
+	git init dangling &&
+	(
+		cd dangling &&
+		blob=$(echo not-dangling | git hash-object -w --stdin) &&
+		dblob=$(echo dangling | git hash-object -w --stdin) &&
+		tree=$(printf "100644 blob %s\t%s\n" $blob one | git mktree) &&
+		dtree=$(printf "100644 blob %s\t%s\n" $blob two | git mktree) &&
+		commit=$(git commit-tree $tree) &&
+		dcommit=$(git commit-tree -p $commit $tree) &&
+
+		cat >expect <<-EOF &&
+		dangling blob $dblob
+		dangling commit $dcommit
+		dangling tree $dtree
+		EOF
+
+		git fsck >actual &&
+		# the output order is non-deterministic, as it comes from a hash
+		sort <actual >actual.sorted &&
+		test_cmp expect actual.sorted
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'fsck $name notices bogus $name' '
+	test_must_fail git fsck bogus &&
+	test_must_fail git fsck $_z40
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'bogus head does not fallback to all heads' '
+	# set up a case that will cause a reachability complaint
+	echo to-be-deleted >foo &&
+	git add foo &&
+	blob=$(git rev-parse :foo) &&
+	test_when_finished "git rm --cached foo" &&
+	remove_object $blob &&
+	test_must_fail git fsck $_z40 >out 2>&1 &&
+	! grep $blob out
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh b/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh
index c896a4c..e2f18d1 100755
--- a/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh
+++ b/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh
@@ -237,6 +237,22 @@
 	git show HEAD | grep "^Author: Twerp Snog"
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'retain authorship w/ conflicts' '
+	git reset --hard twerp &&
+	test_commit a conflict a conflict-a &&
+	git reset --hard twerp &&
+	GIT_AUTHOR_NAME=AttributeMe \
+	test_commit b conflict b conflict-b &&
+	set_fake_editor &&
+	test_must_fail git rebase -i conflict-a &&
+	echo resolved >conflict &&
+	git add conflict &&
+	git rebase --continue &&
+	test $(git rev-parse conflict-a^0) = $(git rev-parse HEAD^) &&
+	git show >out &&
+	grep AttributeMe out
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'squash' '
 	git reset --hard twerp &&
 	echo B > file7 &&
diff --git a/t/t3701-add-interactive.sh b/t/t3701-add-interactive.sh
index deae948..5ffe78e 100755
--- a/t/t3701-add-interactive.sh
+++ b/t/t3701-add-interactive.sh
@@ -380,4 +380,18 @@
 	test_cmp expected diff
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'diffs can be colorized' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+
+	# force color even though the test script has no terminal
+	test_config color.ui always &&
+
+	echo content >test &&
+	printf y | git add -p >output 2>&1 &&
+
+	# We do not want to depend on the exact coloring scheme
+	# git uses for diffs, so just check that we saw some kind of color.
+	grep "$(printf "\\033")" output
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t4026-color.sh b/t/t4026-color.sh
index ec78c5e..671e951 100755
--- a/t/t4026-color.sh
+++ b/t/t4026-color.sh
@@ -6,10 +6,11 @@
 test_description='Test diff/status color escape codes'
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
+ESC=$(printf '\033')
 color()
 {
 	actual=$(git config --get-color no.such.slot "$1") &&
-	test "$actual" = "$2"
+	test "$actual" = "${2:+$ESC}$2"
 }
 
 invalid_color()
@@ -21,6 +22,10 @@
 	color "reset" "[m"
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'empty color is empty' '
+	color "" ""
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'attribute before color name' '
 	color "bold red" "[1;31m"
 '
diff --git a/t/t4202-log.sh b/t/t4202-log.sh
index 1ccbd59..08ea725 100755
--- a/t/t4202-log.sh
+++ b/t/t4202-log.sh
@@ -359,6 +359,28 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+cat > expect.colors <<\EOF
+*   Merge branch 'side'
+<BLUE>|<RESET><CYAN>\<RESET>
+<BLUE>|<RESET> * side-2
+<BLUE>|<RESET> * side-1
+* <CYAN>|<RESET> Second
+* <CYAN>|<RESET> sixth
+* <CYAN>|<RESET> fifth
+* <CYAN>|<RESET> fourth
+<CYAN>|<RESET><CYAN>/<RESET>
+* third
+* second
+* initial
+EOF
+
+test_expect_success 'log --graph with merge with log.graphColors' '
+	test_config log.graphColors " blue,invalid-color, cyan, red  , " &&
+	git log --color=always --graph --date-order --pretty=tformat:%s |
+		test_decode_color | sed "s/ *\$//" >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect.colors actual
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'log --raw --graph -m with merge' '
 	git log --raw --graph --oneline -m master | head -n 500 >actual &&
 	grep "initial" actual
diff --git a/t/t5505-remote.sh b/t/t5505-remote.sh
index 8198d8e..ba46e86 100755
--- a/t/t5505-remote.sh
+++ b/t/t5505-remote.sh
@@ -764,6 +764,13 @@
 	)
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'rename succeeds with existing remote.<target>.prune' '
+	git clone one four.four &&
+	test_when_finished git config --global --unset remote.upstream.prune &&
+	git config --global remote.upstream.prune true &&
+	git -C four.four remote rename origin upstream
+'
+
 cat >remotes_origin <<EOF
 URL: $(pwd)/one
 Push: refs/heads/master:refs/heads/upstream
diff --git a/t/t5531-deep-submodule-push.sh b/t/t5531-deep-submodule-push.sh
index 1524ff5..f55137f 100755
--- a/t/t5531-deep-submodule-push.sh
+++ b/t/t5531-deep-submodule-push.sh
@@ -454,4 +454,25 @@
 	test_cmp expected_submodule actual_submodule
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'push --dry-run does not recursively update submodules' '
+	git -C work push --dry-run --recurse-submodules=only ../pub.git master &&
+
+	git -C submodule.git rev-parse master >actual_submodule &&
+	git -C pub.git rev-parse master >actual_pub &&
+	test_cmp expected_pub actual_pub &&
+	test_cmp expected_submodule actual_submodule
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'push only unpushed submodules recursively' '
+	git -C work/gar/bage rev-parse master >expected_submodule &&
+	git -C pub.git rev-parse master >expected_pub &&
+
+	git -C work push --recurse-submodules=only ../pub.git master &&
+
+	git -C submodule.git rev-parse master >actual_submodule &&
+	git -C pub.git rev-parse master >actual_pub &&
+	test_cmp expected_submodule actual_submodule &&
+	test_cmp expected_pub actual_pub
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t7004-tag.sh b/t/t7004-tag.sh
index 1bf622d..072e6c6 100755
--- a/t/t7004-tag.sh
+++ b/t/t7004-tag.sh
@@ -879,6 +879,22 @@
 	test_must_fail git tag -v forged-tag
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'verifying a proper tag with --format pass and format accordingly' '
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF
+	tagname : signed-tag
+	EOF &&
+	git tag -v --format="tagname : %(tag)" "signed-tag" >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'verifying a forged tag with --format fail and format accordingly' '
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF
+	tagname : forged-tag
+	EOF &&
+	test_must_fail git tag -v --format="tagname : %(tag)" "forged-tag" >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 # blank and empty messages for signed tags:
 
 get_tag_header empty-signed-tag $commit commit $time >expect
diff --git a/t/t7030-verify-tag.sh b/t/t7030-verify-tag.sh
index 07079a4..d62ccbb 100755
--- a/t/t7030-verify-tag.sh
+++ b/t/t7030-verify-tag.sh
@@ -125,4 +125,20 @@
 	test_cmp expect.stderr actual.stderr
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'verifying tag with --format' '
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF
+	tagname : fourth-signed
+	EOF &&
+	git verify-tag --format="tagname : %(tag)" "fourth-signed" >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'verifying a forged tag with --format fail and format accordingly' '
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF
+	tagname : 7th forged-signed
+	EOF &&
+	test_must_fail git verify-tag --format="tagname : %(tag)" $(cat forged1.tag) >actual-forged &&
+	test_cmp expect actual-forged
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t7400-submodule-basic.sh b/t/t7400-submodule-basic.sh
index b77cce8..c09ce0d 100755
--- a/t/t7400-submodule-basic.sh
+++ b/t/t7400-submodule-basic.sh
@@ -152,6 +152,20 @@
 	)
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'submodule add to reconfigure existing submodule with --force' '
+	(
+		cd addtest-ignore &&
+		git submodule add --force bogus-url submod &&
+		git submodule add -b initial "$submodurl" submod-branch &&
+		test "bogus-url" = "$(git config -f .gitmodules submodule.submod.url)" &&
+		test "bogus-url" = "$(git config submodule.submod.url)" &&
+		# Restore the url
+		git submodule add --force "$submodurl" submod
+		test "$submodurl" = "$(git config -f .gitmodules submodule.submod.url)" &&
+		test "$submodurl" = "$(git config submodule.submod.url)"
+	)
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'submodule add --branch' '
 	echo "refs/heads/initial" >expect-head &&
 	cat <<-\EOF >expect-heads &&
diff --git a/t/t7406-submodule-update.sh b/t/t7406-submodule-update.sh
index 725bbed..347857f 100755
--- a/t/t7406-submodule-update.sh
+++ b/t/t7406-submodule-update.sh
@@ -441,6 +441,16 @@
 	test_i18ncmp actual expect
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'submodule update - command run for initial population of submodule' '
+	cat <<-\ EOF >expect
+	Execution of '\''false $submodulesha1'\'' failed in submodule path '\''submodule'\''
+	EOF &&
+	rm -rf super/submodule &&
+	test_must_fail git -C super submodule update >../actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+	git -C super submodule update --checkout
+'
+
 cat << EOF >expect
 Execution of 'false $submodulesha1' failed in submodule path '../super/submodule'
 Failed to recurse into submodule path '../super'
@@ -493,6 +503,7 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'submodule update --merge  - ignores --merge  for new submodules' '
+	test_config -C super submodule.submodule.update checkout &&
 	(cd super &&
 	 rm -rf submodule &&
 	 git submodule update submodule &&
@@ -505,6 +516,7 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'submodule update --rebase - ignores --rebase for new submodules' '
+	test_config -C super submodule.submodule.update checkout &&
 	(cd super &&
 	 rm -rf submodule &&
 	 git submodule update submodule &&
diff --git a/t/t7412-submodule-absorbgitdirs.sh b/t/t7412-submodule-absorbgitdirs.sh
index 1c47780..e2bbb44 100755
--- a/t/t7412-submodule-absorbgitdirs.sh
+++ b/t/t7412-submodule-absorbgitdirs.sh
@@ -64,6 +64,33 @@
 	test_cmp expect.2 actual.2
 '
 
+test_expect_success 're-setup nested submodule' '
+	# un-absorb the direct submodule, to test if the nested submodule
+	# is still correct (needs a rewrite of the gitfile only)
+	rm -rf sub1/.git &&
+	mv .git/modules/sub1 sub1/.git &&
+	GIT_WORK_TREE=. git -C sub1 config --unset core.worktree &&
+	# fixup the nested submodule
+	echo "gitdir: ../.git/modules/nested" >sub1/nested/.git &&
+	GIT_WORK_TREE=../../../nested git -C sub1/.git/modules/nested config \
+		core.worktree "../../../nested" &&
+	# make sure this re-setup is correct
+	git status --ignore-submodules=none
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'absorb the git dir in a nested submodule' '
+	git status >expect.1 &&
+	git -C sub1/nested rev-parse HEAD >expect.2 &&
+	git submodule absorbgitdirs &&
+	test -f sub1/.git &&
+	test -f sub1/nested/.git &&
+	test -d .git/modules/sub1/modules/nested &&
+	git status >actual.1 &&
+	git -C sub1/nested rev-parse HEAD >actual.2 &&
+	test_cmp expect.1 actual.1 &&
+	test_cmp expect.2 actual.2
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'setup a gitlink with missing .gitmodules entry' '
 	git init sub2 &&
 	test_commit -C sub2 first &&
diff --git a/t/t7512-status-help.sh b/t/t7512-status-help.sh
index 5c3db65..458608c 100755
--- a/t/t7512-status-help.sh
+++ b/t/t7512-status-help.sh
@@ -944,4 +944,23 @@
 	test_i18ncmp expected actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'status: handle not-yet-started rebase -i gracefully' '
+	ONTO=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD^) &&
+	COMMIT=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD) &&
+	EDITOR="git status --untracked-files=no >actual" git rebase -i HEAD^ &&
+	cat >expected <<EOF &&
+On branch several_commits
+No commands done.
+Next command to do (1 remaining command):
+   pick $COMMIT four_commit
+  (use "git rebase --edit-todo" to view and edit)
+You are currently editing a commit while rebasing branch '\''several_commits'\'' on '\''$ONTO'\''.
+  (use "git commit --amend" to amend the current commit)
+  (use "git rebase --continue" once you are satisfied with your changes)
+
+nothing to commit (use -u to show untracked files)
+EOF
+	test_i18ncmp expected actual
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t7800-difftool.sh b/t/t7800-difftool.sh
index 99d4123..aa0ef02 100755
--- a/t/t7800-difftool.sh
+++ b/t/t7800-difftool.sh
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 }
 
 # Create a file on master and change it on branch
-test_expect_success PERL 'setup' '
+test_expect_success 'setup' '
 	echo master >file &&
 	git add file &&
 	git commit -m "added file" &&
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 '
 
 # Configure a custom difftool.<tool>.cmd and use it
-test_expect_success PERL 'custom commands' '
+test_expect_success 'custom commands' '
 	difftool_test_setup &&
 	test_config difftool.test-tool.cmd "cat \"\$REMOTE\"" &&
 	echo master >expect &&
@@ -49,21 +49,21 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
-test_expect_success PERL 'custom tool commands override built-ins' '
+test_expect_success 'custom tool commands override built-ins' '
 	test_config difftool.vimdiff.cmd "cat \"\$REMOTE\"" &&
 	echo master >expect &&
 	git difftool --tool vimdiff --no-prompt branch >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
-test_expect_success PERL 'difftool ignores bad --tool values' '
+test_expect_success 'difftool ignores bad --tool values' '
 	: >expect &&
 	test_must_fail \
 		git difftool --no-prompt --tool=bad-tool branch >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
-test_expect_success PERL 'difftool forwards arguments to diff' '
+test_expect_success 'difftool forwards arguments to diff' '
 	difftool_test_setup &&
 	>for-diff &&
 	git add for-diff &&
@@ -76,40 +76,40 @@
 	rm for-diff
 '
 
-test_expect_success PERL 'difftool ignores exit code' '
+test_expect_success 'difftool ignores exit code' '
 	test_config difftool.error.cmd false &&
 	git difftool -y -t error branch
 '
 
-test_expect_success PERL 'difftool forwards exit code with --trust-exit-code' '
+test_expect_success 'difftool forwards exit code with --trust-exit-code' '
 	test_config difftool.error.cmd false &&
 	test_must_fail git difftool -y --trust-exit-code -t error branch
 '
 
-test_expect_success PERL 'difftool forwards exit code with --trust-exit-code for built-ins' '
+test_expect_success 'difftool forwards exit code with --trust-exit-code for built-ins' '
 	test_config difftool.vimdiff.path false &&
 	test_must_fail git difftool -y --trust-exit-code -t vimdiff branch
 '
 
-test_expect_success PERL 'difftool honors difftool.trustExitCode = true' '
+test_expect_success 'difftool honors difftool.trustExitCode = true' '
 	test_config difftool.error.cmd false &&
 	test_config difftool.trustExitCode true &&
 	test_must_fail git difftool -y -t error branch
 '
 
-test_expect_success PERL 'difftool honors difftool.trustExitCode = false' '
+test_expect_success 'difftool honors difftool.trustExitCode = false' '
 	test_config difftool.error.cmd false &&
 	test_config difftool.trustExitCode false &&
 	git difftool -y -t error branch
 '
 
-test_expect_success PERL 'difftool ignores exit code with --no-trust-exit-code' '
+test_expect_success 'difftool ignores exit code with --no-trust-exit-code' '
 	test_config difftool.error.cmd false &&
 	test_config difftool.trustExitCode true &&
 	git difftool -y --no-trust-exit-code -t error branch
 '
 
-test_expect_success PERL 'difftool stops on error with --trust-exit-code' '
+test_expect_success 'difftool stops on error with --trust-exit-code' '
 	test_when_finished "rm -f for-diff .git/fail-right-file" &&
 	test_when_finished "git reset -- for-diff" &&
 	write_script .git/fail-right-file <<-\EOF &&
@@ -124,13 +124,13 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
-test_expect_success PERL 'difftool honors exit status if command not found' '
+test_expect_success 'difftool honors exit status if command not found' '
 	test_config difftool.nonexistent.cmd i-dont-exist &&
 	test_config difftool.trustExitCode false &&
 	test_must_fail git difftool -y -t nonexistent branch
 '
 
-test_expect_success PERL 'difftool honors --gui' '
+test_expect_success 'difftool honors --gui' '
 	difftool_test_setup &&
 	test_config merge.tool bogus-tool &&
 	test_config diff.tool bogus-tool &&
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
-test_expect_success PERL 'difftool --gui last setting wins' '
+test_expect_success 'difftool --gui last setting wins' '
 	difftool_test_setup &&
 	: >expect &&
 	git difftool --no-prompt --gui --no-gui >actual &&
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
-test_expect_success PERL 'difftool --gui works without configured diff.guitool' '
+test_expect_success 'difftool --gui works without configured diff.guitool' '
 	difftool_test_setup &&
 	echo branch >expect &&
 	git difftool --no-prompt --gui branch >actual &&
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@
 '
 
 # Specify the diff tool using $GIT_DIFF_TOOL
-test_expect_success PERL 'GIT_DIFF_TOOL variable' '
+test_expect_success 'GIT_DIFF_TOOL variable' '
 	difftool_test_setup &&
 	git config --unset diff.tool &&
 	echo branch >expect &&
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@
 
 # Test the $GIT_*_TOOL variables and ensure
 # that $GIT_DIFF_TOOL always wins unless --tool is specified
-test_expect_success PERL 'GIT_DIFF_TOOL overrides' '
+test_expect_success 'GIT_DIFF_TOOL overrides' '
 	difftool_test_setup &&
 	test_config diff.tool bogus-tool &&
 	test_config merge.tool bogus-tool &&
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@
 
 # Test that we don't have to pass --no-prompt to difftool
 # when $GIT_DIFFTOOL_NO_PROMPT is true
-test_expect_success PERL 'GIT_DIFFTOOL_NO_PROMPT variable' '
+test_expect_success 'GIT_DIFFTOOL_NO_PROMPT variable' '
 	difftool_test_setup &&
 	echo branch >expect &&
 	GIT_DIFFTOOL_NO_PROMPT=true git difftool branch >actual &&
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@
 
 # git-difftool supports the difftool.prompt variable.
 # Test that GIT_DIFFTOOL_PROMPT can override difftool.prompt = false
-test_expect_success PERL 'GIT_DIFFTOOL_PROMPT variable' '
+test_expect_success 'GIT_DIFFTOOL_PROMPT variable' '
 	difftool_test_setup &&
 	test_config difftool.prompt false &&
 	echo >input &&
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@
 '
 
 # Test that we don't have to pass --no-prompt when difftool.prompt is false
-test_expect_success PERL 'difftool.prompt config variable is false' '
+test_expect_success 'difftool.prompt config variable is false' '
 	difftool_test_setup &&
 	test_config difftool.prompt false &&
 	echo branch >expect &&
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@
 '
 
 # Test that we don't have to pass --no-prompt when mergetool.prompt is false
-test_expect_success PERL 'difftool merge.prompt = false' '
+test_expect_success 'difftool merge.prompt = false' '
 	difftool_test_setup &&
 	test_might_fail git config --unset difftool.prompt &&
 	test_config mergetool.prompt false &&
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@
 '
 
 # Test that the -y flag can override difftool.prompt = true
-test_expect_success PERL 'difftool.prompt can overridden with -y' '
+test_expect_success 'difftool.prompt can overridden with -y' '
 	difftool_test_setup &&
 	test_config difftool.prompt true &&
 	echo branch >expect &&
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@
 '
 
 # Test that the --prompt flag can override difftool.prompt = false
-test_expect_success PERL 'difftool.prompt can overridden with --prompt' '
+test_expect_success 'difftool.prompt can overridden with --prompt' '
 	difftool_test_setup &&
 	test_config difftool.prompt false &&
 	echo >input &&
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@
 '
 
 # Test that the last flag passed on the command-line wins
-test_expect_success PERL 'difftool last flag wins' '
+test_expect_success 'difftool last flag wins' '
 	difftool_test_setup &&
 	echo branch >expect &&
 	git difftool --prompt --no-prompt branch >actual &&
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@
 
 # git-difftool falls back to git-mergetool config variables
 # so test that behavior here
-test_expect_success PERL 'difftool + mergetool config variables' '
+test_expect_success 'difftool + mergetool config variables' '
 	test_config merge.tool test-tool &&
 	test_config mergetool.test-tool.cmd "cat \$LOCAL" &&
 	echo branch >expect &&
@@ -275,49 +275,49 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
-test_expect_success PERL 'difftool.<tool>.path' '
+test_expect_success 'difftool.<tool>.path' '
 	test_config difftool.tkdiff.path echo &&
 	git difftool --tool=tkdiff --no-prompt branch >output &&
 	lines=$(grep file output | wc -l) &&
 	test "$lines" -eq 1
 '
 
-test_expect_success PERL 'difftool --extcmd=cat' '
+test_expect_success 'difftool --extcmd=cat' '
 	echo branch >expect &&
 	echo master >>expect &&
 	git difftool --no-prompt --extcmd=cat branch >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
-test_expect_success PERL 'difftool --extcmd cat' '
+test_expect_success 'difftool --extcmd cat' '
 	echo branch >expect &&
 	echo master >>expect &&
 	git difftool --no-prompt --extcmd=cat branch >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
-test_expect_success PERL 'difftool -x cat' '
+test_expect_success 'difftool -x cat' '
 	echo branch >expect &&
 	echo master >>expect &&
 	git difftool --no-prompt -x cat branch >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
-test_expect_success PERL 'difftool --extcmd echo arg1' '
+test_expect_success 'difftool --extcmd echo arg1' '
 	echo file >expect &&
 	git difftool --no-prompt \
 		--extcmd sh\ -c\ \"echo\ \$1\" branch >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
-test_expect_success PERL 'difftool --extcmd cat arg1' '
+test_expect_success 'difftool --extcmd cat arg1' '
 	echo master >expect &&
 	git difftool --no-prompt \
 		--extcmd sh\ -c\ \"cat\ \$1\" branch >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
-test_expect_success PERL 'difftool --extcmd cat arg2' '
+test_expect_success 'difftool --extcmd cat arg2' '
 	echo branch >expect &&
 	git difftool --no-prompt \
 		--extcmd sh\ -c\ \"cat\ \$2\" branch >actual &&
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@
 '
 
 # Create a second file on master and a different version on branch
-test_expect_success PERL 'setup with 2 files different' '
+test_expect_success 'setup with 2 files different' '
 	echo m2 >file2 &&
 	git add file2 &&
 	git commit -m "added file2" &&
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@
 	git checkout master
 '
 
-test_expect_success PERL 'say no to the first file' '
+test_expect_success 'say no to the first file' '
 	(echo n && echo) >input &&
 	git difftool -x cat branch <input >output &&
 	grep m2 output &&
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@
 	! grep branch output
 '
 
-test_expect_success PERL 'say no to the second file' '
+test_expect_success 'say no to the second file' '
 	(echo && echo n) >input &&
 	git difftool -x cat branch <input >output &&
 	grep master output &&
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@
 	! grep br2 output
 '
 
-test_expect_success PERL 'ending prompt input with EOF' '
+test_expect_success 'ending prompt input with EOF' '
 	git difftool -x cat branch </dev/null >output &&
 	! grep master output &&
 	! grep branch output &&
@@ -363,12 +363,12 @@
 	! grep br2 output
 '
 
-test_expect_success PERL 'difftool --tool-help' '
+test_expect_success 'difftool --tool-help' '
 	git difftool --tool-help >output &&
 	grep tool output
 '
 
-test_expect_success PERL 'setup change in subdirectory' '
+test_expect_success 'setup change in subdirectory' '
 	git checkout master &&
 	mkdir sub &&
 	echo master >sub/sub &&
@@ -382,11 +382,11 @@
 '
 
 run_dir_diff_test () {
-	test_expect_success PERL "$1 --no-symlinks" "
+	test_expect_success "$1 --no-symlinks" "
 		symlinks=--no-symlinks &&
 		$2
 	"
-	test_expect_success PERL,SYMLINKS "$1 --symlinks" "
+	test_expect_success SYMLINKS "$1 --symlinks" "
 		symlinks=--symlinks &&
 		$2
 	"
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@
 done >actual
 EOF
 
-test_expect_success PERL,SYMLINKS 'difftool --dir-diff --symlink without unstaged changes' '
+test_expect_success SYMLINKS 'difftool --dir-diff --symlink without unstaged changes' '
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
 	file
 	$PWD/file
@@ -545,7 +545,7 @@
 echo "new content" >file
 EOF
 
-test_expect_success PERL 'difftool --no-symlinks does not overwrite working tree file ' '
+test_expect_success 'difftool --no-symlinks does not overwrite working tree file ' '
 	echo "orig content" >file &&
 	git difftool --dir-diff --no-symlinks --extcmd "$PWD/modify-file" branch &&
 	echo "new content" >expect &&
@@ -558,7 +558,7 @@
 echo "$2" >tmpdir
 EOF
 
-test_expect_success PERL 'difftool --no-symlinks detects conflict ' '
+test_expect_success 'difftool --no-symlinks detects conflict ' '
 	(
 		TMPDIR=$TRASH_DIRECTORY &&
 		export TMPDIR &&
@@ -571,7 +571,7 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success PERL 'difftool properly honors gitlink and core.worktree' '
+test_expect_success 'difftool properly honors gitlink and core.worktree' '
 	git submodule add ./. submod/ule &&
 	test_config -C submod/ule diff.tool checktrees &&
 	test_config -C submod/ule difftool.checktrees.cmd '\''
@@ -585,7 +585,7 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success PERL,SYMLINKS 'difftool --dir-diff symlinked directories' '
+test_expect_success SYMLINKS 'difftool --dir-diff symlinked directories' '
 	git init dirlinks &&
 	(
 		cd dirlinks &&
diff --git a/t/test-lib.sh b/t/test-lib.sh
index cde7fc7..86d77c1 100644
--- a/t/test-lib.sh
+++ b/t/test-lib.sh
@@ -966,7 +966,8 @@
 }
 
 # Fix some commands on Windows
-case $(uname -s) in
+uname_s=$(uname -s)
+case $uname_s in
 *MINGW*)
 	# Windows has its own (incompatible) sort and find
 	sort () {
@@ -1141,6 +1142,7 @@
 	return $status
 '
 
+test FreeBSD != $uname_s || GIT_UNZIP=${GIT_UNZIP:-/usr/local/bin/unzip}
 GIT_UNZIP=${GIT_UNZIP:-unzip}
 test_lazy_prereq UNZIP '
 	"$GIT_UNZIP" -v
diff --git a/tag.c b/tag.c
index d1dcd18..243d1fd 100644
--- a/tag.c
+++ b/tag.c
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include "commit.h"
 #include "tree.h"
 #include "blob.h"
+#include "gpg-interface.h"
 
 const char *tag_type = "tag";
 
@@ -24,7 +25,9 @@
 
 	ret = check_signature(buf, payload_size, buf + payload_size,
 				size - payload_size, &sigc);
-	print_signature_buffer(&sigc, flags);
+
+	if (!(flags & GPG_VERIFY_OMIT_STATUS))
+		print_signature_buffer(&sigc, flags);
 
 	signature_check_clear(&sigc);
 	return ret;
diff --git a/transport.c b/transport.c
index c86ba2eb..d72e089 100644
--- a/transport.c
+++ b/transport.c
@@ -1015,7 +1015,9 @@
 			if (run_pre_push_hook(transport, remote_refs))
 				return -1;
 
-		if ((flags & TRANSPORT_RECURSE_SUBMODULES_ON_DEMAND) && !is_bare_repository()) {
+		if ((flags & (TRANSPORT_RECURSE_SUBMODULES_ON_DEMAND |
+			      TRANSPORT_RECURSE_SUBMODULES_ONLY)) &&
+		    !is_bare_repository()) {
 			struct ref *ref = remote_refs;
 			struct sha1_array commits = SHA1_ARRAY_INIT;
 
@@ -1033,7 +1035,8 @@
 		}
 
 		if (((flags & TRANSPORT_RECURSE_SUBMODULES_CHECK) ||
-		     ((flags & TRANSPORT_RECURSE_SUBMODULES_ON_DEMAND) &&
+		     ((flags & (TRANSPORT_RECURSE_SUBMODULES_ON_DEMAND |
+				TRANSPORT_RECURSE_SUBMODULES_ONLY)) &&
 		      !pretend)) && !is_bare_repository()) {
 			struct ref *ref = remote_refs;
 			struct string_list needs_pushing = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
@@ -1052,7 +1055,10 @@
 			sha1_array_clear(&commits);
 		}
 
-		push_ret = transport->push_refs(transport, remote_refs, flags);
+		if (!(flags & TRANSPORT_RECURSE_SUBMODULES_ONLY))
+			push_ret = transport->push_refs(transport, remote_refs, flags);
+		else
+			push_ret = 0;
 		err = push_had_errors(remote_refs);
 		ret = push_ret | err;
 
@@ -1064,7 +1070,8 @@
 		if (flags & TRANSPORT_PUSH_SET_UPSTREAM)
 			set_upstreams(transport, remote_refs, pretend);
 
-		if (!(flags & TRANSPORT_PUSH_DRY_RUN)) {
+		if (!(flags & (TRANSPORT_PUSH_DRY_RUN |
+			       TRANSPORT_RECURSE_SUBMODULES_ONLY))) {
 			struct ref *ref;
 			for (ref = remote_refs; ref; ref = ref->next)
 				transport_update_tracking_ref(transport->remote, ref, verbose);
diff --git a/transport.h b/transport.h
index 9820f10..e597b31 100644
--- a/transport.h
+++ b/transport.h
@@ -131,21 +131,22 @@
 	enum transport_family family;
 };
 
-#define TRANSPORT_PUSH_ALL 1
-#define TRANSPORT_PUSH_FORCE 2
-#define TRANSPORT_PUSH_DRY_RUN 4
-#define TRANSPORT_PUSH_MIRROR 8
-#define TRANSPORT_PUSH_PORCELAIN 16
-#define TRANSPORT_PUSH_SET_UPSTREAM 32
-#define TRANSPORT_RECURSE_SUBMODULES_CHECK 64
-#define TRANSPORT_PUSH_PRUNE 128
-#define TRANSPORT_RECURSE_SUBMODULES_ON_DEMAND 256
-#define TRANSPORT_PUSH_NO_HOOK 512
-#define TRANSPORT_PUSH_FOLLOW_TAGS 1024
-#define TRANSPORT_PUSH_CERT_ALWAYS 2048
-#define TRANSPORT_PUSH_CERT_IF_ASKED 4096
-#define TRANSPORT_PUSH_ATOMIC 8192
-#define TRANSPORT_PUSH_OPTIONS 16384
+#define TRANSPORT_PUSH_ALL			(1<<0)
+#define TRANSPORT_PUSH_FORCE			(1<<1)
+#define TRANSPORT_PUSH_DRY_RUN			(1<<2)
+#define TRANSPORT_PUSH_MIRROR			(1<<3)
+#define TRANSPORT_PUSH_PORCELAIN		(1<<4)
+#define TRANSPORT_PUSH_SET_UPSTREAM		(1<<5)
+#define TRANSPORT_RECURSE_SUBMODULES_CHECK	(1<<6)
+#define TRANSPORT_PUSH_PRUNE			(1<<7)
+#define TRANSPORT_RECURSE_SUBMODULES_ON_DEMAND	(1<<8)
+#define TRANSPORT_PUSH_NO_HOOK			(1<<9)
+#define TRANSPORT_PUSH_FOLLOW_TAGS		(1<<10)
+#define TRANSPORT_PUSH_CERT_ALWAYS		(1<<11)
+#define TRANSPORT_PUSH_CERT_IF_ASKED		(1<<12)
+#define TRANSPORT_PUSH_ATOMIC			(1<<13)
+#define TRANSPORT_PUSH_OPTIONS			(1<<14)
+#define TRANSPORT_RECURSE_SUBMODULES_ONLY	(1<<15)
 
 extern int transport_summary_width(const struct ref *refs);
 
diff --git a/unpack-trees.c b/unpack-trees.c
index 129d49f..3a8ee19 100644
--- a/unpack-trees.c
+++ b/unpack-trees.c
@@ -52,6 +52,41 @@
 	  ? ((o)->msgs[(type)])      \
 	  : (unpack_plumbing_errors[(type)]) )
 
+static const char *super_prefixed(const char *path)
+{
+	/*
+	 * It is necessary and sufficient to have two static buffers
+	 * here, as the return value of this function is fed to
+	 * error() using the unpack_*_errors[] templates we see above.
+	 */
+	static struct strbuf buf[2] = {STRBUF_INIT, STRBUF_INIT};
+	static int super_prefix_len = -1;
+	static unsigned idx = ARRAY_SIZE(buf) - 1;
+
+	if (super_prefix_len < 0) {
+		const char *super_prefix = get_super_prefix();
+		if (!super_prefix) {
+			super_prefix_len = 0;
+		} else {
+			int i;
+			for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(buf); i++)
+				strbuf_addstr(&buf[i], super_prefix);
+			super_prefix_len = buf[0].len;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (!super_prefix_len)
+		return path;
+
+	if (++idx >= ARRAY_SIZE(buf))
+		idx = 0;
+
+	strbuf_setlen(&buf[idx], super_prefix_len);
+	strbuf_addstr(&buf[idx], path);
+
+	return buf[idx].buf;
+}
+
 void setup_unpack_trees_porcelain(struct unpack_trees_options *opts,
 				  const char *cmd)
 {
@@ -172,7 +207,7 @@
 			     const char *path)
 {
 	if (!o->show_all_errors)
-		return error(ERRORMSG(o, e), path);
+		return error(ERRORMSG(o, e), super_prefixed(path));
 
 	/*
 	 * Otherwise, insert in a list for future display by
@@ -196,7 +231,7 @@
 			something_displayed = 1;
 			for (i = 0; i < rejects->nr; i++)
 				strbuf_addf(&path, "\t%s\n", rejects->items[i].string);
-			error(ERRORMSG(o, e), path.buf);
+			error(ERRORMSG(o, e), super_prefixed(path.buf));
 			strbuf_release(&path);
 		}
 		string_list_clear(rejects, 0);
@@ -1925,7 +1960,9 @@
 			     o->merge_size);
 	if (a && old)
 		return o->gently ? -1 :
-			error(ERRORMSG(o, ERROR_BIND_OVERLAP), a->name, old->name);
+			error(ERRORMSG(o, ERROR_BIND_OVERLAP),
+			      super_prefixed(a->name),
+			      super_prefixed(old->name));
 	if (!a)
 		return keep_entry(old, o);
 	else
diff --git a/usage.c b/usage.c
index 17f52c1..ad6d291 100644
--- a/usage.c
+++ b/usage.c
@@ -7,21 +7,19 @@
 #include "cache.h"
 
 static FILE *error_handle;
-static int tweaked_error_buffering;
 
 void vreportf(const char *prefix, const char *err, va_list params)
 {
+	char msg[4096];
 	FILE *fh = error_handle ? error_handle : stderr;
+	char *p;
 
-	fflush(fh);
-	if (!tweaked_error_buffering) {
-		setvbuf(fh, NULL, _IOLBF, 0);
-		tweaked_error_buffering = 1;
+	vsnprintf(msg, sizeof(msg), err, params);
+	for (p = msg; *p; p++) {
+		if (iscntrl(*p) && *p != '\t' && *p != '\n')
+			*p = '?';
 	}
-
-	fputs(prefix, fh);
-	vfprintf(fh, err, params);
-	fputc('\n', fh);
+	fprintf(fh, "%s%s\n", prefix, msg);
 }
 
 static NORETURN void usage_builtin(const char *err, va_list params)
@@ -93,7 +91,6 @@
 void set_error_handle(FILE *fh)
 {
 	error_handle = fh;
-	tweaked_error_buffering = 0;
 }
 
 void NORETURN usagef(const char *err, ...)
diff --git a/worktree.c b/worktree.c
index 53b4771..d633761 100644
--- a/worktree.c
+++ b/worktree.c
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@
 
 static void mark_current_worktree(struct worktree **worktrees)
 {
-	char *git_dir = xstrdup(absolute_path(get_git_dir()));
+	char *git_dir = absolute_pathdup(get_git_dir());
 	int i;
 
 	for (i = 0; worktrees[i]; i++) {
diff --git a/wt-status.c b/wt-status.c
index a715e71..d470120 100644
--- a/wt-status.c
+++ b/wt-status.c
@@ -628,7 +628,7 @@
 			d->index_status = DIFF_STATUS_ADDED;
 			/* Leave {mode,oid}_head zero for adds. */
 			d->mode_index = ce->ce_mode;
-			hashcpy(d->oid_index.hash, ce->oid.hash);
+			oidcpy(&d->oid_index, &ce->oid);
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -1135,14 +1135,17 @@
 	strbuf_list_free(split);
 }
 
-static void read_rebase_todolist(const char *fname, struct string_list *lines)
+static int read_rebase_todolist(const char *fname, struct string_list *lines)
 {
 	struct strbuf line = STRBUF_INIT;
 	FILE *f = fopen(git_path("%s", fname), "r");
 
-	if (!f)
+	if (!f) {
+		if (errno == ENOENT)
+			return -1;
 		die_errno("Could not open file %s for reading",
 			  git_path("%s", fname));
+	}
 	while (!strbuf_getline_lf(&line, f)) {
 		if (line.len && line.buf[0] == comment_line_char)
 			continue;
@@ -1152,6 +1155,7 @@
 		abbrev_sha1_in_line(&line);
 		string_list_append(lines, line.buf);
 	}
+	return 0;
 }
 
 static void show_rebase_information(struct wt_status *s,
@@ -1166,8 +1170,10 @@
 		struct string_list yet_to_do = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
 
 		read_rebase_todolist("rebase-merge/done", &have_done);
-		read_rebase_todolist("rebase-merge/git-rebase-todo", &yet_to_do);
-
+		if (read_rebase_todolist("rebase-merge/git-rebase-todo",
+					 &yet_to_do))
+			status_printf_ln(s, color,
+				_("git-rebase-todo is missing."));
 		if (have_done.nr == 0)
 			status_printf_ln(s, color, _("No commands done."));
 		else {
@@ -2096,7 +2102,7 @@
 		if (strcmp(ce->name, it->string) || !stage)
 			break;
 		stages[stage - 1].mode = ce->ce_mode;
-		hashcpy(stages[stage - 1].oid.hash, ce->oid.hash);
+		oidcpy(&stages[stage - 1].oid, &ce->oid);
 		sum |= (1 << (stage - 1));
 	}
 	if (sum != d->stagemask)